View source for Vivekananda Setu

{{Short description|Steel multi-span road cum railway bridge in West Bengal, India}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}

{{Infobox bridge
|bridge_name   = Vivekananda Setu
|image         = Hooghly River1.jpg
|image_size    = 
|caption       = Vivekananda Setu
|official_name =Vivekanada Setu 
|carries       = Rail cum Road bridge
|crosses       = [[Hooghly River]]
|locale        = [[Bally, Howrah|Bally]]-[[Dakshineswar]]
|maint         = 
|designer      = 
|design        = 
|material      = Steel and Stone
|spans         =  
|pierswater    =  
|mainspan      = 
|length        = {{Convert|2887|ft|order=flip}}
|width         = 
|height        = 
|load          = 
|clearance     = 
|below         = 
|traffic       = 
|begin         =1926 
|complete      =1931 
|open          = {{start date and age|1931|12|29|df=y}}
|closed        = 
|toll          = 
|map_cue       = 
|map_image     = 
|map_text      = 
|map_width     = 
|coordinates   =  {{coord|22.65319|N|88.35326|E|format=dms|region:IN-WB_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} 
|lat           = 
|long          = 
}}

'''Vivekananda Setu''' (also called '''Willingdon Bridge''' and '''Bally Bridge''') is a bridge over the [[Hooghly River]] in [[West Bengal]], India. It links the city of [[Howrah]], at [[Bally, Howrah|Bally]], to [[Kolkata]], at [[Dakshineswar]]. Completed in 1931, it is a multispan [[truss bridge]] that was built to primarily to provide direct road and rail connectivity between the [[Port of Kolkata|Calcutta Port]] and the major railhead at [[Howrah railway station]] on the West bank of the [[Hooghly River]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Symphony of Progress: The Saga of Eastern Railway 1854-2003|publisher=Eastern Railway|year=2003|location=Kolkata|pages=31}}</ref> It is {{Convert|2887|ft|order=flip}} long having 9 spans in total.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Willingdon Bridge|url=https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Willingdon_Bridge|access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref> The famous [[Dakshineswar Kali Temple]] is situated on the banks of the Hooghly River near the bridge.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Vivekananda Setu in Bally|url=https://www.ballyonline.in/city-guide/vivekananda-setu-in-bally|access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref> The bridge is one of the four bridges linking both sides of  Kolkata city. A new road bridge, the [[Nivedita Setu]], was constructed {{Convert|50|m|ft|abbr=on}} downstream in 2007 due to weakening of the Vivekanada Setu caused by its ageing.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="famous">{{cite web |title=Famous Bridges of India – Nivedita Setu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034411/http://www.indiastravelnews.com/2010/11/11/famous-bridges-of-india-nivedita-setu.html |archive-date=2015-09-24 |access-date=2011-07-06 |publisher=India Travel News|url=http://www.indiastravelnews.com/2010/11/11/famous-bridges-of-india-nivedita-setu.html }}</ref>

==Naming==
The bridge was originally named Willingdon Bridge after Viceroy of India, [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon]].<ref name="n" /><ref name=":1" /> It was eventually renamed as Bally Bridge, before officially renamed as Vivekananda Setu.<ref name=":1" />

==Construction==
[[File:Vivekananda Setu-Bally, Kolkata-West Bengal 700076-DSC 0018.jpg|thumb|Vivekananda Setu sunrise view]]
[[File:Vivekananda Setu bridge during sunset.jpg|thumb|Vivekananda Setu during sunset]]
The erection and [[Caisson (engineering)|caissoning]] of the bridge was done by the noted [[Kutchi people|Kutchi]]-[[Mistris of Kutch|Mestri]]  railway contractor and industrialist [[Rai Bahadur Jagmal Raja]].<ref name=n /><ref name=z /> His nameplate can still be seen on each girder of the bridge.<ref name=n/> The construction of bridge started in year 1926 and was completed in year 1931.<ref name=z/><ref name=n/> The fabrication of the bridge was done at works of [[Braithwaite & Co. Ltd.|Braithwaite & Company]], Calcutta.<ref name=z/><ref name=n />

The viaduct consists of 22 spans of {{Convert|30|ft|m|order=flip}} girders built of masonry piers, whose foundations have been piled with reinforced concrete piles {{convert|40|to|50|feet|m|order=flip}} long. The bridge itself consists of seven {{Convert|350|ft|m|order=flip}} main spans and two {{Convert|80|ft|m|order=flip}} land spans. The eight main piers in the river are founded on octagonal steel caissons, {{convert|70|by|37|feet|m|order=flip}}, having two dredging holes each {{convert|19|feet|m|order=flip}} in diameter. The caissons were all floated into position and founded by loading with concrete, sustaining the load on compressed air buoyancy and releasing the air on a suitable falling tide.<ref name=":0" /> The bridge is approximately {{convert|0.5|mi|km|order=flip}} long with {{Convert|10|km|mi|adj=on}} long approach roads on both sides.<ref name=n/><ref>Conditions and Prospects of United Kingdom Trade in India: (with a Brief Account of the Trade of Burma). Great Britain. Dept. of Overseas Trade ;H.M. Stationery Office, 1928 - India pp:136.</ref> The foundation was laid with well-sinking {{Convert|100|ft|order=flip}} down the river beds. [[Girder bridge|Girding]], erection of [[abutment]]s and [[arching]] were all done by [[Rai Bahadur Jagmal Raja]].<ref name=n/> This railway bridge is also important in the annals of history of railways in India because the railway for the first time crossed over [[Hooghly River|River Hooghly]] and reached Calcutta at [[Sealdah Station|Sealdah Terminus]] thus connecting the East and West banks of the river.<ref name=n/>

The bridge was by far the most expensive and the most difficult of the railway bridges to be constructed in India up to that time. The bridge was constructed at a total cost of {{INRconvert|1.14|c|lk=off|year=1932}}

The first train that ran across the bridge was named Jagmal Raja Howrah Express by the British, acknowledging the feat of Rai Bahadur Jagmal Raja. The bridge cost over {{INRconvert|1|c}} in those years.<ref name=n/>

==Usage==
[[File:VIVEKANANDA Setu, Kolkata.jpg|thumb|Front View of Vivekananda Setu]]
The bridge serves both road and rail:
* Rail - the railway line through the bridge forms a part of the [[Calcutta Chord link line]] which connects [[Sealdah railway station|Sealdah Station]] with the [[Howrah–Bardhaman chord]] line and [[Howrah–Kharagpur line]].
* Road - the bridge connects the [[Grand Trunk Road]] (Howrah side - West bank) with the [[Barrackpore Trunk Road]] (Kolkata side - East bank).

The bridge had become weak as a result of ageing, and with heavy traffic, even repairs became difficult. Thus a second road bridge, the [[Nivedita Setu]] was constructed parallel to it and around {{convert|50|m|ft|round=5|order=flip}} downstream.<ref name="indiastravelnews-nivedita" /> It was opened to traffic in 2007. Following this the Vivekananda Setu allows traffic movement for light vehicles, namely passenger vehicles, while the Nivedita Setu helps traffic movement of heavy vehicles, like trucks. While trucks and other heavy vehicles are not allowed on the Vivekananda Setu, two and three wheelers are not allowed on the toll bridge of Nivedita Setu.<ref name="indiastravelnews-nivedita" />

==See also==
* [[Howrah Bridge]]
* [[Vidyasagar Setu]]
* [[Nivedita Setu]]

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{Reflist
|refs=
<ref name=z>[https://books.google.com/books?id=vYM1AAAAMAAJ&q=++Rai+Bahadur+Jagmal+Raja] Minutes of proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, London 1934 : Willingdon Bridge & Rai Bahadur Jagamal Raja, Volume 235, Part 1, page 83.</ref><ref name=n>Diary of Golden Days at Jharia – A Memoir & History of Gurjar Kashtriya Samaj of Kutch in Coalfields of Jharia – written by Natwarlal Devram Jethwa of Calcutta compiled by Raja Pawan Jethwa published in year 1998 in English. Life sketch of Rai Bahadur Jagmal Raja Chauhan pp:33.</ref>
<ref name="indiastravelnews-nivedita">{{cite web| url=http://www.indiastravelnews.com/2010/11/11/famous-bridges-of-india-nivedita-setu.html| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034411/http://www.indiastravelnews.com/2010/11/11/famous-bridges-of-india-nivedita-setu.html| url-status=dead| archive-date=24 September 2015| title=Famous Bridges of India – Nivedita Setu| publisher=India Travel News| access-date=6 July 2011}}</ref>
}}

{{Swami Vivekananda}}
{{Kolkata topics}}
{{Hooghly topics}}
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}

[[Category:1930 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Bridges completed in 1930]]
[[Category:Bridges in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bridges in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bridges over the Ganges]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Howrah]]
[[Category:Railway bridges in India]]
[[Category:Railway bridges in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Howrah]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]