View source for Video

{{Short description|Electronic moving image}}
{{About|the storage and reproduction medium|their content and production|Film|and|Footage|other uses}}
{{distinguish|Vidio}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2024}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2025}}

[[File:How to make video.webm|thumbtime=1|thumb|upright=1.5|A one-minute animated video showing an example of a media production process|alt=Scenes in order: initial meeting, brainstorming, concept design, scripting, storyboards, shooting, initial editing, adding graphics, revising, add audio, final grading, delivery]]

'''Video''' is an [[Electronics|electronic]] medium for the recording, [[copying]], playback, [[Broadcasting|broadcast]], and display of [[Moving image|moving-image]] [[Media (communication)|media]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hidefnj.com/video.html|title=Video – HiDef Audio and Video |website=hidefnj.com|access-date=March 30, 2017|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514041225/http://hidefnj.com/video.html|archive-date=May 14, 2017}}</ref> Video was first developed for [[mechanical television]] systems, which were quickly replaced by [[cathode-ray tube]] (CRT) systems, which, in turn, were replaced by [[flat-panel display]]s.

Video systems vary in [[display resolution]], [[Display aspect ratio|aspect ratio]], [[refresh rate]], [[color reproduction]], and other qualities. Both analog and digital video can be carried on a variety of media, including [[Radio broadcasting|radio]], [[magnetic tape]], [[optical disc]]s, [[Video file format|computer files]], and [[Streaming media|network streaming]].

==Etymology==
The word ''video'' comes from the [[Latin]] ''video,'' "I see," the first-person singular present indicative of ''videre'', "to see".<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/video |title=video |work=Online Etymology Dictionary}}</ref>

==History==
{{See also|History of television}}

===Analog video===
{{See also|Analog television|Videotape}}
[[File:NTSC Signal.png|thumb|[[NTSC]] [[composite video]] signal (analog)]]
Video developed from facsimile systems developed in the mid-19th century.  Mechanical video scanners, such as the [[Nipkow disk]], were [[patent]]ed as early as 1884, but it took several decades before practical video systems could be developed. Whereas the medium of [[film]] records using a sequence of miniature photographic images visible to the naked eye, video encodes images electronically, turning them into analog or digital electronic signals for transmission and recording.<ref>{{cite web |title=Film Preservation 101: What's the Difference Between a Film and a Video? |date=June 25, 2013 |first=Audrey |last=Amidon |website=The Unwritten Record |publisher=US National Archives |url=https://unwritten-record.blogs.archives.gov/2013/06/25/film-preservation-101-whats-the-difference-between-a-film-and-a-video }}</ref>

Video was originally exclusively [[Live television|live]] technology, and was first developed for [[mechanical television]] systems. These were quickly replaced by [[cathode-ray tube]] (CRT) [[television]] systems. Live video cameras used an electron beam, which would scan a photoconductive plate with the desired image and produce a voltage signal proportional to the brightness in each part of the image. The signal could then be sent to televisions, where another beam would receive and display the image.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vocademy - Learn for Free - Electronics Technology - Analog Circuits - Analog Television |url=https://vocademy.net/textbooks/AnalogCircuits/Part7/PageSetup.php?CourseDirectory=AnalogCircuits&Page=45&FileName=AnalogTelevision |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=vocademy.net}}</ref> [[Charles Ginsburg]] led an [[Ampex]] research team to develop one of the first practical [[video tape recorder]]s (VTR). In 1951, the first of these captured live images from [[television camera]]s by writing the camera's electrical signal onto magnetic [[videotape]]. VTRs sold for around US$50,000 in 1956, and videotapes cost US$300 per one-hour reel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/technology/technology10.html |title=TV Technology 10. Roll VTR |first=Richard |last=Elen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027190500/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/technology/technology10.html |archive-date=October 27, 2011 }}</ref> However, prices gradually dropped over the years, and in 1971, Sony began selling [[videocassette recorder]] (VCR) decks and tapes into the [[consumer market]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rewindmuseum.com/umatic.htm |title=Vintage Umatic VCR – Sony VO-1600. The worlds first VCR. 1971 |access-date=February 21, 2014 |website=Rewind Museum |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20140222172720/http://www.rewindmuseum.com/umatic.htm |archive-date=February 22, 2014 }}</ref>

===Digital video===
{{Main|Digital video}}
{{See also|Digital television|Video coding format}}
Digital video is capable of higher quality and, eventually, a much lower cost than its analog predecessor. After the commercial introduction of the [[DVD]], in 1997, and later the [[Blu-ray]] Disc, in 2006, sales of videotape and recording equipment fell. Advances in [[computer]] technology allow even inexpensive [[personal computer]]s and [[smartphone]]s to capture, store, edit, and transmit digital video, further reducing the cost of [[video production]] and allowing programmers and broadcasters to move to [[tapeless production]]. The advent of [[digital broadcasting]] and the subsequent [[digital television transition]] are in the process of relegating analog video to the status of a [[legacy technology]] in most parts of the world. The development of high-resolution video cameras with improved [[dynamic range]] and broader [[Gamut|color gamuts]], along with the introduction of high-dynamic-range [[digital intermediate]] data formats with improved [[color depth]], has caused digital video technology to converge with film technology. Since 2013, the use of [[digital camera]]s in [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] has surpassed the use of film cameras.<ref>{{cite web |last=Follows |first=Stephen |title=The use of digital vs celluloid film on Hollywood movies |date=February 11, 2019 |url=https://stephenfollows.com/digital-vs-film-on-hollywood-movies/ |access-date=February 19, 2022 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411214338/https://stephenfollows.com/digital-vs-film-on-hollywood-movies/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Characteristics==
===Frame rate===
''[[Frame rate]]''—the number of still pictures per unit of time—ranges from six or eight frames per second (''frame/s'' or ''fps'') for older mechanical cameras to 120 or more for new professional cameras. The [[PAL]] and [[SECAM]] standards specify 25 fps, while [[NTSC]] specifies 29.97 fps.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Soseman|first1=Ned|title=What's the difference between 59.94fps and 60fps?|url=http://www.tvtechnology.com/media-systems/0191/whats-the-difference-between-fps-and-fps/241737|access-date=July 12, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629190309/http://www.tvtechnology.com/media-systems/0191/whats-the-difference-between-fps-and-fps/241737|archive-date=June 29, 2017}}</ref> Film is shot at a slower frame rate of 24 frames per second, which slightly complicates the process of transferring film to video. The minimum frame rate to achieve [[persistence of vision]] (the illusion of a moving image) is about 16 frames per second.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://vision.arc.nasa.gov/publications/TemporalSensitivity.pdf | title=Temporal Sensitivity | first=Andrew B. | last=Watson | year=1986 | journal=Sensory Processes and Perception | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308001647/http://vision.arc.nasa.gov/publications/TemporalSensitivity.pdf | archive-date=March 8, 2016 }}</ref>

==== Interlacing vs. progressive-scan systems ====
Video can be [[Interlaced video|interlaced]] or [[Progressive scan|progressive]]. In progressive scan systems, each refresh period updates all scan lines in each frame, in sequence. When displaying a natively progressive broadcast or recorded signal, the result is the optimum spatial resolution of both the stationary and moving parts of the image. Interlacing was invented as a way to reduce flicker in early [[mechanical television|mechanical]] and [[cathode-ray tube|CRT]] video displays, without increasing the number of complete [[frames per second]]. Interlacing retains detail while requiring lower [[Bandwidth (signal processing)|bandwidth]] compared to progressive scanning.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bovik |first=Alan C. |title=Handbook of image and video processing |date=2005 |publisher=Elsevier Academic Press |isbn=978-0-08-053361-2 |edition=2nd |location=Amsterdam |pages=14–21 |oclc=190789775 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Wright |first=Steve |title=Digital compositing for film and video |date=2002 |publisher=Focal Press |isbn=978-0-08-050436-0 |location=Boston |oclc=499054489 }}</ref>

In interlaced video, the horizontal [[scan line]]s of each complete frame are treated as if numbered consecutively and captured as two ''fields'': an ''odd field'' (upper field) consisting of the odd-numbered lines and an ''even field'' (lower field) consisting of the even-numbered lines. Analog display devices reproduce each frame, effectively doubling the frame rate as far as perceptible overall flicker is concerned. When the image capture device acquires the fields one at a time, rather than dividing up a complete frame after it is captured, the frame rate for motion is effectively doubled as well, resulting in smoother, more lifelike reproduction of rapidly moving parts of the image when viewed on an interlaced CRT display.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

NTSC, PAL, and SECAM are interlaced formats.  In video resolution notation, 'i' denotes interlaced scanning. For example, PAL video format is often described as ''576i50'', where ''576'' indicates the total number of horizontal scan lines, ''i'' indicates interlacing, and ''50'' indicates 50 fields (half-frames) per second.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Blain |title=Cinematography: Theory and Practice: Image Making for Cinematographers and Directors |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2013 |isbn=9781136047381 |pages=159–166}}</ref>

When displaying a natively interlaced signal on a progressive scan device, the overall spatial resolution is degraded by simple [[line doubling]]—artifacts, such as flickering or comb effects in moving parts of the image, appear unless special signal processing eliminates them.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Parker |first=Michael |title=Digital Video Processing for Engineers : a Foundation for Embedded Systems Design |date=2013 |others=Suhel Dhanani |isbn=978-0-12-415761-3 |location=Amsterdam |oclc=815408915 }}</ref> A procedure known as [[deinterlacing]] can optimize the display of an interlaced video signal from an analog, DVD, or satellite source on a progressive scan device such as an [[LCD television]], digital [[video projector]], or plasma panel. Deinterlacing cannot, however, produce [[video quality]] that is equivalent to true progressive scan source material.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

===Aspect ratio===
[[Image:Aspect ratios.svg|thumbnail|250px|Comparison of common [[cinematography]] and traditional [[television]] (green) aspect ratios]]
In video, an [[Aspect ratio (image)|aspect ratio]] is the proportional relationship between the width and height of a video screen and video picture elements. All popular video formats are landscape, with a traditional television screen having an aspect ratio of 4:3, or about 1.33:1. High-definition televisions have an aspect ratio of 16:9, or about 1.78:1. The ratio of a full 35mm film frame with its sound track (the "[[Academy ratio]]") is 1.375:1.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Bing |first=Benny |title=3D and HD broadband video networking |date=2010 |publisher=Artech House |isbn=978-1-60807-052-7 |location=Boston |pages=57–70 |oclc=672322796 }}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Stump |first=David |title=Digital cinematography : fundamentals, tools, techniques, and workflows |date=2022 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-429-46885-8 |edition=2nd |location=New York, NY |pages=125–139 |oclc=1233023513 }}</ref>

[[Pixel]]s on computer monitors are usually square, but pixels used in [[digital video]] often have non-square aspect ratios, such as those used in the PAL and NTSC variants of the [[CCIR 601]] digital video standard and the corresponding anamorphic widescreen formats. The [[480p|720 by 480 pixel]] raster uses thin pixels on a 4:3 aspect ratio display and fat pixels on a 16:9 display.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" />

The popularity of video on mobile phones has led to the growth of [[vertical video]]. [[Mary Meeker]], a partner at Silicon Valley venture capital firm [[Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers]], highlighted the growth of vertical-video viewing in her 2015 Internet Trends Report, noting that it had grown from 5% of viewing in 2010 to 29% in 2015. Vertical-video ads are watched in their entirety nine times more frequently than those in landscape ratios.<ref name=Constine>{{cite news|author=Constine, Josh|date=May 27, 2015|title=The Most Important Insights From Mary Meeker's 2015 Internet Trends Report|url=https://techcrunch.com/gallery/best-of-meeker/|work=TechCrunch|access-date=August 6, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150804234031/http://techcrunch.com/gallery/best-of-meeker/|archive-date=August 4, 2015}}</ref>

===Color model and depth===
[[Image:YUV UV plane.svg|thumb|200px|Example of U-V color plane, Y value=0.5]]

The [[color model]] uses the video color representation and maps encoded color values to visible colors reproduced by the system. There are several such representations in common use: typically, [[YIQ]] is used in NTSC television, [[YUV]] is used in PAL television, [[YDbDr]] is used by SECAM television, and [[YCbCr]] is used for digital video.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last1=Li |first1=Ze-Nian |title=Fundamentals of multimedia |last2=Drew |first2=Mark S. |last3=Liu |first3=Jiangchun |date=2021 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]] |isbn=978-3-030-62124-7 |edition=3rd |location=Cham, Switzerland |pages=108–117 |oclc=1243420273 }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Banerjee |first=Sreeparna |title=Elements of multimedia |date=2019 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-429-43320-7 |location=Boca Raton |chapter=Video in Multimedia |oclc=1098279086 }}</ref>

The number of distinct colors a pixel can represent depends on the [[color depth]] expressed in the number of bits per pixel. A common way to reduce the amount of data required in digital video is by [[chroma subsampling]] (e.g., 4:4:4, 4:2:2, etc.). Because the human eye is less sensitive to details in color than brightness, the luminance data for all pixels is maintained, while the chrominance data is averaged for a number of pixels in a block, and the same value is used for all of them. For example, this results in a 50% reduction in chrominance data using 2-pixel blocks (4:2:2) or 75% using 4-pixel blocks (4:2:0). This process does not reduce the number of possible color values that can be displayed, but it reduces the number of distinct points at which the color changes.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />

===Quality===
[[Video quality]] can be measured with formal metrics like [[peak signal-to-noise ratio]] (PSNR) or through [[subjective video quality]] assessment using expert observation. Many subjective video quality methods are described in the [[ITU-T]] recommendation [[BT.500]]. One of the standardized methods is the ''Double Stimulus Impairment Scale'' (DSIS). In DSIS, each expert views an ''unimpaired'' reference video, followed by an ''impaired'' version of the same video. The expert then rates the ''impaired'' video using a scale ranging from "impairments are imperceptible" to "impairments are very annoying."

===Compression (digital only)===
{{Main|Video compression}}

[[Uncompressed video]] delivers maximum quality, but at a very high [[Uncompressed video#Data rates|data rate]]. A variety of methods are used to compress video streams, with the most effective ones using a [[group of pictures]] (GOP) to reduce spatial and temporal [[Redundancy (information theory)|redundancy]]. Broadly speaking, spatial redundancy is reduced by registering differences between parts of a single frame; this task is known as ''[[intraframe]] compression'' and is closely related to [[image compression]]. Likewise, temporal redundancy can be reduced by registering differences between frames; this task is known as ''[[interframe]] compression'', including [[motion compensation]] and other techniques. The most common modern compression standards are [[MPEG-2]], used for [[DVD]], Blu-ray, and [[satellite television]], and [[MPEG-4]], used for [[AVCHD]], mobile phones (3GP), and the Internet.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Andy Beach |title=Real World Video Compression |date=2008 |publisher=Peachpit Press |isbn=978-0-13-208951-7 |oclc=1302274863 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanz |first=Jorge L. C. |title=Image Technology : Advances in Image Processing, Multimedia and Machine Vision |date=1996 |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-642-58288-2 |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |oclc=840292528 }}</ref>

===Stereoscopy===
[[Stereoscopic video coding|Stereoscopic video]] for [[3D film]] and other applications can be displayed using several different methods:<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ekmekcioglu |first1=Erhan |title=3DTV : processing and transmission of 3D video signals |last2=Fernando |first2=Anil |last3=Worrall |first3=Stewart |date=2013 |publisher=Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-70573-5 |location=Chichester, West Sussex, United Kingdom |oclc=844775006 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Block |first1=Bruce A. |title=3D storytelling : how stereoscopic 3D works and how to use it |last2=McNally |first2=Phillip |date=2013 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-136-03881-5 |location=Burlington, MA |oclc=858027807 }}</ref>
* Two channels: a right channel for the right eye and a left channel for the left eye. Both channels may be viewed simultaneously by using [[light polarization|light-polarizing filters]] 90 degrees off-axis from each other on two video projectors. These separately polarized channels are viewed wearing eyeglasses with matching polarization filters.
* [[Anaglyph 3D]], where one channel is overlaid with two color-coded layers. This left and right layer technique is occasionally used for network broadcasts or recent anaglyph releases of 3D movies on DVD. Simple red/cyan plastic glasses provide the means to view the images discretely to form a stereoscopic view of the content.
* One channel with alternating left and right frames for the corresponding eye, using [[LCD shutter glasses]] that synchronize to the video to alternately block the image for each eye, so the appropriate eye sees the correct frame. This method is most common in computer [[virtual reality]] applications, such as in a [[Cave Automatic Virtual Environment]], but reduces effective video framerate by a factor of two.

==Formats{{anchor|Video formats}}==
Different layers of video transmission and storage each provide their own set of formats to choose from.

For transmission, there is a physical connector and signal protocol (see [[List of video connectors]]).  A given physical link can carry certain [[#Display standards|display standards]] that specify a particular refresh rate, [[display resolution]], and [[color space]].

Many analog and digital [[recording format]]s are in use, and [[digital video]] clips can also be stored on a [[computer file system]] as files, which have their own formats. In addition to the physical format used by the [[data storage device]] or transmission medium, the stream of ones and zeros that is sent must be in a particular digital [[video coding format]], for which a number is available.

===Analog video===
Analog video is a video signal represented by one or more [[analog signal]]s. Analog color video signals include [[Luma (video)|luminance]] (Y) and [[chrominance]] (C). When combined into one channel, as is the case among others with [[NTSC]], [[PAL]], and [[SECAM]], it is called [[composite video]]. Analog video may be carried in separate channels, as in two-channel [[S-Video]] (YC) and multi-channel [[component video]] formats.

Analog video is used in both consumer and professional [[television production]] applications.
<gallery>
Composite-video-cable.jpg|[[Composite video]]<br />(single channel RCA)
Close-up_of_S-video_female_connector.jpg|[[S-Video]]<br />(2-channel YC)
Component-cables.jpg|[[Component video]]<br />(3-channel [[YPbPr]])
SCART_20050724_002.jpg|[[SCART]]
Vga-cable.jpg|[[VGA connector|VGA]]
3.5mm.jpg|[[Phone connector (audio)|TRRS]]
D4_video_connector.jpg|[[D-Terminal]]
</gallery>

===Digital video===
[[Digital video]] signal formats have been adopted, including [[serial digital interface]] (SDI), [[Digital Visual Interface]] (DVI), [[High-Definition Multimedia Interface]] (HDMI) and [[DisplayPort]] Interface.

<gallery>
BNC_connector_%28male%29.jpg|[[Serial digital interface]] (SDI)
Dvi-cable.jpg|[[Digital Visual Interface]] (DVI)
HDMI-Connector.jpg|[[HDMI]]
Displayport-cable.jpg|[[DisplayPort]]
</gallery>

==Transport medium==
Video can be transmitted or transported in a variety of ways including wireless [[terrestrial television]] as an analog or digital signal, coaxial cable in a closed-circuit system as an analog signal. Broadcast or studio cameras use a single or dual coaxial cable system using [[serial digital interface]] (SDI). See [[List of video connectors]] for information about physical connectors and related signal standards.

Video may be transported over networks and other shared digital communications links using, for instance, [[MPEG transport stream]], [[SMPTE 2022]] and [[SMPTE 2110]].

==Display standards==
{{Further|Display technology|List of common resolutions|Broadcast television systems}}

===Digital television===
[[Digital television]] broadcasts use the [[MPEG-2]] and other [[video coding format]]s and include:
* [[ATSC]] – United States, [[Canada]], [[Mexico]], [[Korea]]
* [[Digital Video Broadcasting]] (DVB) – [[Europe]]
* [[ISDB]] – [[Japan]]
** [[ISDB-Tb]] – uses the MPEG-4 video coding format – [[Brazil]], [[Argentina]]
* [[Digital multimedia broadcasting]] (DMB) – [[Korea]]

===Analog television===
[[Analog television]] broadcast standards include:
* [[Field-sequential color system]] (FCS) – US, Russia; obsolete
* [[Multiplexed Analogue Components]] (MAC) – Europe; obsolete
* [[Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding]] (MUSE) – Japan
* [[NTSC]] – [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Japan]]
** [[Clear-Vision|EDTV-II Clear-Vision]] - NTSC extension, Japan
* [[PAL]]  – [[Europe]], [[Asia]], [[Oceania]]
** [[PAL-M]] – PAL variation, [[Brazil]]
** [[PAL-N]] – PAL variation, [[Argentina]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Uruguay]]
** [[PALplus]] – PAL extension, [[Europe]]
* [[RS-343]] (military)
* [[SECAM]] – [[France]], former [[Soviet Union]], [[Central Africa]]
* [[CCIR System A]]
* [[CCIR System B]]
* [[CCIR System G]]
* [[CCIR System H]]
* [[CCIR System I]]
* [[CCIR System M]]

An analog video format consists of more information than the visible content of the frame. Preceding and following the image are lines and pixels containing metadata and synchronization information. This surrounding margin is known as a ''blanking interval'' or ''blanking region''; the horizontal and vertical [[Analog television#Structure of a video signal|front porch and back porch]] are the building blocks of the blanking interval.

===Computer displays===
[[Computer display standard]]s specify a combination of aspect ratio, display size, display resolution, color depth, and refresh rate. A [[list of common resolutions]] is available.

==Recording==
[[File:VHS-Video-Tape-Top-Flat.jpg|thumb|right|A [[VHS]] video cassette tape]]
Early television was almost exclusively a live medium, with some programs recorded to film for historical purposes using [[Kinescope]]. The analog [[video tape recorder]] was commercially introduced in 1951. The following list is in rough chronological order. All formats listed were sold to and used by broadcasters, video producers, or consumers; or were important historically.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Tozer |first=E.P.J. |title=Broadcast engineer's reference book |date=2013 |isbn=978-1-136-02417-7 |edition=1st |location=New York |pages=470–476 |oclc=1300579454 }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last1=Pizzi |first1=Skip |title=A Broadcast Engineering Tutorial for Non-Engineers. |last2=Jones |first2=Graham |date=2014 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |isbn=978-1-317-90683-4 |edition=4th |location=Hoboken |pages=145–152 |oclc=879025861 }}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[VERA videotape format|VERA]] ([[BBC]] experimental format ca. 1952)
* [[2" Quadruplex videotape]] ([[Ampex]] 1956)
* [[Type A videotape|1" Type A videotape]] ([[Ampex]])
* [[EIAJ-1|1/2" EIAJ]] (1969)
* [[U-matic]] 3/4" ([[Sony]])
* [[Cartrivision|1/2" Cartrivision]] ([[Avco]])
* [[Video Cassette Recording|VCR, VCR-LP, SVR]]
* [[1 inch type B videotape|1" Type B videotape]] ([[Robert Bosch GmbH]])
* [[1" Type C videotape]] ([[Ampex]], [[Marconi Company|Marconi]] and [[Sony]])
* [[IVC videotape format|2" Helical Scan Videotape]] ([[International Video Corporation|IVC]]) (1975)
* [[Betamax]] (Sony) (1975)
* [[VHS]] ([[JVC]]) (1976)
* [[Video 2000]] ([[Philips]]) (1979)
* [[Compact Video Cassette|1/4" CVC]] ([[Funai]]) (1980)
* [[Betacam]] (Sony) (1982)
* [[VHS-C]] ([[JVC]]) (1982)
* [[HDVS]] (Sony) (1984)<ref name="SonyFmt">{{cite web|title=Sony HD Formats Guide (2008)|url=https://pro.sony.com/bbsccms/assets/files/micro/xdcam/solutions/Sony_HD_Formats_Guide.pdf|website=pro.sony.com|access-date=November 16, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306093659/http://pro.sony.com/bbsccms/assets/files/micro/xdcam/solutions/Sony_HD_Formats_Guide.pdf|archive-date=March 6, 2015}}</ref>
* [[Video8]] ([[Sony]]) (1986)
* [[Betacam SP]] (Sony) (1987)
* [[S-VHS]] ([[JVC]]) (1987)
* [[Pixelvision]] ([[Fisher-Price]]) (1987)
* [[UniHi 1/2" HD]] (1988)<ref name="SonyFmt" />
* [[Hi8]] (Sony) (mid-1990s)
* [[W-VHS]] ([[JVC]]) (1994)
{{div col end}}

Digital video tape recorders offered improved quality compared to analog recorders.<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ward |first=Peter |title=Multiskilling for television production |date=2015 |publisher=Focal Press |others=Alan Bermingham, Chris Wherry |isbn=978-0-08-051230-3 |location=New York |chapter=Video Recording Formats |oclc=958102392 }}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Betacam IMX]] ([[Sony]])
* [[D-VHS]] ([[JVC]])
* [[D-Theater]]
* [[D1 (Sony)|D1]] ([[Sony]])
* [[D2 (video format)|D2]] ([[Sony]])
* [[D3 (video)|D3]]
* [[D5 HD]]
* [[D6 HDTV VTR|D6]] ([[Philips]])
* [[Digital-S]] D9 ([[JVC]])
* [[Digital Betacam]] ([[Sony]])
* [[Digital8]] ([[Sony]])
* [[DV (video format)|DV]] (including DVC-Pro)
* [[HDCAM]] ([[Sony]])
* [[HDV]]
* [[ProHD]] ([[JVC]])
* [[MicroMV]]
* [[MiniDV]]
{{div col end}}

Optical storage mediums offered an alternative, especially in consumer applications, to bulky tape formats.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Sage international encyclopedia of mass media and society |date=2020 |isbn=978-1-4833-7551-9 |editor-last=Merskin |editor-first=Debra L. |location=Thousand Oaks, California |oclc=1130315057 }}</ref>
* [[Blu-ray Disc]] ([[Sony]])
* [[China Blue High-definition Disc]] (CBHD)
* [[DVD]] (was [[Super Density Disc]], [[DVD Forum]])
* [[Professional Disc]]
* [[Universal Media Disc]] (UMD) ([[Sony]])
* [[Enhanced Versatile Disc]] (EVD, Chinese government-sponsored)
* [[HD DVD]] ([[NEC]] and [[Toshiba]])
* [[HD-VMD]]
* [[Capacitance Electronic Disc]]
* [[Laserdisc]] ([[Music Corporation of America|MCA]] and [[Philips]])
* [[Television Electronic Disc]] ([[Teldec]] and [[Telefunken]])
* [[Video High Density|VHD]] ([[JVC]])
* [[Video CD]]

==Digital encoding formats==
{{See also|Video codec|List of codecs}}A video codec is [[software]] or [[Computer hardware|hardware]] that [[Data compression|compresses]] and [[Uncompressed video|decompresses]] [[digital video]]. In the context of video compression, ''[[codec]]'' is a [[portmanteau]] of ''encoder'' and ''decoder'', while a device that only compresses is typically called an ''[[Encoder (digital)|encoder]]'', and one that only decompresses is a ''decoder''. The compressed data format usually conforms to a standard [[video coding format]]. The compression is typically [[lossy]], meaning that the compressed video lacks some information present in the original video. A consequence of this is that decompressed video has lower quality than the original, uncompressed video because there is insufficient information to accurately reconstruct the original video.<ref name="Ghanbari">{{cite book |last1=Ghanbari |first1=Mohammed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7XuU8T3ooOAC&pg=PA1 |title=Standard Codecs: Image Compression to Advanced Video Coding |date=2003 |publisher=[[Institution of Engineering and Technology]] |isbn=9780852967102 |pages=1–12 |access-date=November 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808084018/https://books.google.com/books?id=7XuU8T3ooOAC&pg=PA1 |archive-date=August 8, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[CCIR 601]] ([[ITU-T]])
* [[H.261]] ([[ITU-T]])
* [[H.263]] ([[ITU-T]])
* [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC]] ([[ITU-T]] + [[ISO]])
* [[H.265]]
* [[M-JPEG]] ([[ISO]])
* [[MPEG-1]] ([[ISO]])
* [[MPEG-2]] ([[ITU-T]] + [[ISO]])
* [[MPEG-4]] ([[ISO]])
* [[Ogg]]-[[Theora]]
* [[VP8]]-[[WebM]]
* [[VC-1]] ([[SMPTE]])
{{div col end}}

== See also ==
; General
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Index of video-related articles]]
* [[Sound recording and reproduction]]
* [[Video editing]]
* [[Videography]]
* [[Viral video]]
{{div col end}}

; Video format
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[360-degree video]]
* [[Cable television]]
* [[Color television]]
* [[Telecine]]
* [[Timecode]]
* [[Volumetric capture]]
{{div col end}}

; Video usage
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Closed-circuit television]]
* [[Fulldome]]
* [[Interactive video]]
* [[Video art]]
* [[Video feedback]]
* [[Video sender]]
* [[Video synthesizer]]
* [[Videotelephony]]
{{div col end}}

; Video screen recording software
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Bandicam]]
* [[CamStudio]]
* [[Camtasia]]
* [[Zight App]]
* [[Fraps]]

{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
<!-- PLEASE ONLY LIST SITES THAT EXPLAIN ABOUT VIDEO, NOT VIDEO HOSTING SITES. DO NOT LIST YOUTUBE. -->
{{Commons category|Video}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Library resources box
|by=no
|onlinebooks=no
|others=no
|about=yes
|label=Video }}
* [https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/video_fdd.shtml Format Descriptions for Moving Images]
{{Analog video}}
{{Video formats}}
{{Video storage formats}}
{{Video digital distribution platforms}}
{{Compression methods}}
{{Independent production}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Video| ]]
[[Category:Digital television]]
[[Category:High-definition television]]
[[Category:Display technology]]
[[Category:Television terminology]]
[[Category:History of television]]
[[Category:Media formats]]
[[Category:Data compression]]