View source for Victorian architecture

{{short description|Series of architectural revival styles}}
[[File:St Pancras Railway Station 2012-06-23.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|[[St Pancras railway station|St. Pancras railway station]] and Midland Hotel in [[London]], opened in 1868]]

'''Victorian architecture''' is a series of [[Revivalism (architecture)|architectural revival styles]] in the mid-to-late 19th century. ''Victorian'' refers to the reign of [[Queen Victoria]] (1837–1901), called the [[Victorian era]], during which period the styles known as Victorian were used in construction. However, many elements of what is typically termed "Victorian" architecture did not become popular until later in Victoria's reign, roughly from 1850 and later. The styles often included interpretations and [[Eclecticism in architecture|eclectic]] [[Revivalism (architecture)|revivals]] of historic styles ''(see [[Historicism (art)|historicism]])''. The name represents the British and French custom of naming architectural styles for a reigning monarch. Within this naming and classification scheme, it followed [[Georgian architecture]] and later [[Regency architecture]] and was succeeded by [[Edwardian architecture]].

Although Victoria did not reign over the United States, the term is often used for American styles and buildings from the same period, as well as those from the [[British Empire]].

==Victorian architecture in the United Kingdom==
{{further|British industrial architecture}}
[[File:Selwyn College Gatehouse Tower, Cambridge, UK - Diliff.jpg|thumb|[[Selwyn College, Cambridge]], an example of late Gothic Revival]]

===Gothic Revival===
{{main|Gothic Revival architecture}}

During the early 19th century, the romantic [[medieval]] [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] style was developed as a reaction to the [[symmetry]] of [[Palladian architecture|Palladianism]], and such buildings as [[Fonthill Abbey]] were built.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fonthill Abbey {{!}} house, Wiltshire, England, United Kingdom  |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Fonthill-Abbey |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref>

By the middle of the 19th century, as a result of new [[technology]], construction was able to incorporate metal materials as building components. Structures were erected with [[cast iron]] and [[wrought iron]] frames. However, due to being weak in tension, these materials were effectively phased out in place for more structurally sound [[steel]].<ref>Blank, Alan; McEvoy, Michael; Plank, Roger (1993). ''Architecture and Construction in Steel''. Taylor & Francis. {{ISBN|0-419-17660-8}}.</ref> One of the greatest exponents of [[iron frame]] construction was [[Joseph Paxton]], architect of [[the Crystal Palace]]. Paxton also continued to build such houses as [[Mentmore Towers]], in the still popular [[English Renaissance]] styles. New methods of construction were developed in this era of prosperity, but ironically the architectural styles, as developed by such architects as [[Augustus Pugin]], were typically retrospective.

In [[Scotland]], the architect [[Alexander Thomson]] who practised in [[Glasgow]] was a pioneer of the use of [[cast iron]] and [[steel]] for commercial buildings, blending neo-classical conventionality with Egyptian and Oriental themes to produce many truly original structures. Other notable Scottish architects of this period are [[Archibald Simpson]] and [[Alexander Marshall Mackenzie]], whose stylistically varied work can be seen in the [[architecture of Aberdeen]].

While Scottish architects pioneered this style it soon spread right across the United Kingdom and remained popular for another forty years. Its architectural value in preserving and reinventing the past is significant. Its influences were diverse but the Scottish architects who practiced it were inspired by unique ways to blend architecture, purpose, and everyday life in a meaningful way.

===Other Revival styles===
[[File:Central Hall.JPG|thumb|Central Hall of the [[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum]], London]]

* [[Jacobethan]] (1830–1870; the precursor to the [[British Queen Anne Revival]] style)
* [[Neo-Renaissance|Renaissance Revival]] (1840–1890)
* [[Neo-Grec]] (1845–1865)
* [[Romanesque Revival architecture|Romanesque Revival]]
* [[Second Empire (architecture)|Second Empire]] (1855–1880; originated in [[France]])
* [[British Queen Anne Revival]] (1870–1910)
* [[Scots Baronial Style architecture|Scots Baronial]] (predominantly Scotland)
* British [[Arts and Crafts movement]] (1880–1910)

Some styles, while not uniquely Victorian, are strongly associated with the 19th century owing to the large number of examples that were erected during that period:

* [[Italianate architecture|Italianate]]
* [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]]

<gallery>
File:Houses of Parliament.jpg|[[Palace of Westminster]], Neo-Gothic completed in 1870. Designed by Sir [[Charles Barry]] and [[Augustus Pugin]]
File:Royal Albert Hall, London - Nov 2012.jpg|[[Royal Albert Hall]], London
File:Victoria Clock Tower, Liverpool University - geograph.org.uk - 374422.jpg|The "Red Brick" [[Victoria Building, University of Liverpool|Victoria Building]] at the [[University of Liverpool]], completed in 1893 in [[Gothic Revival]] style. Designed by [[Alfred Waterhouse]]
File:The Oval Pavilion.jpg|The Victorian Pavilion at [[The Oval]] cricket ground in London
File:Art&Science.jpg|Victorian School of Art and Science at [[Stroud]], [[Gloucestershire]]
File:HardwickHouseEstate.jpg|House on the [[Hardwick House (Suffolk)|Hardwick House]] estate near [[Bury St Edmunds]], [[Suffolk]]
File:Manchester town hall.jpg|[[Manchester Town Hall]]
File:The John Rylands Library, Deansgate, Manchester.jpg|The [[John Rylands Library]] in Manchester
File:BirminghamUniversityChancellorsCourt.jpg|The [[Aston Webb]] building at the [[University of Birmingham]], UK
File:Birmingham - Lawcourt 2.JPG|[[Victoria Law Courts]], Birmingham, UK
File:University of Glasgow Gilbert Scott Building - Feb 2008-2.jpg|The Gilbert Scott Building of the [[University of Glasgow]], as viewed from [[Kelvingrove Park]], [[Glasgow]]. An example of the [[Gothic Revival]] style
File:North of Scotland Bank, 5 Castle Street, Aberdeen, Archibald Simpson, 1839-42.jpg|North of Scotland Bank in Aberdeen by [[Archibald Simpson]] 1839–42
File:Balmoral Castle.jpg|[[Balmoral Castle]], completely rebuilt for Queen Victoria, an example of the [[Scots Baronial Style architecture|Scots Baronial style]]
File:Walsall Victorian Arcade.JPG|[[Walsall]] Victorian Arcade, UK
File:Barclay's Bank building, Sutton (Surrey), Greater London 03.jpg|[[Barclays Bank building, Sutton|Barclays Bank building]], [[Sutton, London|Sutton]], Greater London
File:Bridge III.jpg|[[Forth Rail Bridge]], Firth of Forth, near Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
File:Somerville College.jpg|[[Somerville College, Oxford]], UK
</gallery>

==International spread of Victorian styles==
[[File:China Merchants Bank Building, Shanghai.JPG|thumb|The [[China Merchants Bank Building, Shanghai|China Merchants Bank Building]] is an example of Victorian architecture found in Shanghai, China.]]
During the 18th century, a few English architects emigrated to the colonies, but as the [[British Empire]] became firmly established during the 19th century, many architects emigrated at the start of their careers. Some chose the United States, and others went to Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. Normally, they applied architectural styles that were fashionable when they left England. By the latter half of the century, however, improving transport and communications meant that even remote parts of the Empire had access to publications such as the magazine ''[[Building (magazine)|The Builder]]'', which helped colonial architects keep informed about current fashion. Thus, the influence of English architecture spread across the world. Several prominent architects produced English-derived designs around the world, including [[William Butterfield]] ([[St Peter's Cathedral, Adelaide]]) and [[Jacob Wrey Mould]] (Chief Architect of Public Works in [[New York City]]).

===Australia===
[[File:Melbourne Collins Street Architecture.jpg|thumb|right|Modern skyscrapers on [[Collins Street, Melbourne]], have been deliberately set back from the street in order to retain Victorian-era buildings.]]
[[File:Winsbury Terrace 75-79 Kent Street Millers Point.jpg|thumb|Most [[Terraced houses in Australia|terraces in Australia]] have been preserved. Pictured are Victorian style terraces in [[Sydney]]]]
The Victorian period flourished in Australia and is generally recognised as being from 1840 to 1890, which saw a [[gold rush]] and population boom during the 1880s in the states of [[New South Wales]] and [[Victoria, Australia|Victoria]]. There were fifteen styles that predominated:{{sfn|Apperly|Irving|Reynolds|1994|pp=40–97}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* Victorian Georgian
* Victorian Regency
* Egyptian
* Academic Classical
* Free Classical
* Filigree
* Mannerist
* Second Empire
* Italianate
* Romanesque
* Tudor
* Academic Gothic
* Free Gothic
* Rustic Gothic
* Carpenter Gothic
}}
The Arts and Crafts style and Queen Anne style are considered to be part of the [[Federation architecture|Federation]] Period, from 1890 to 1915.{{sfn|Apperly|Irving|Reynolds|1994|pp=132–143}}

<gallery>
File:Royal exhibition building tulips straight.jpg|[[Melbourne]]'s world heritage [[Royal Exhibition Building]], built in 1880 (Free Classical)
File:General Post Office, Sydney.jpg|[[General Post Office, Sydney]], in the Free Classical style (1891)
File:The Hotel Windsor, Melbourne, Australia.jpg|[[Hotel Windsor, Melbourne]], 1885
File:St Peters Cathedral.JPG|[[St Peter's Cathedral, Adelaide]] (Gothic Revival)
File:SydneyTownHall gobeirne.jpg|[[Sydney Town Hall]], in Second Empire style
File:Sydney (AU), Queen Victoria Building -- 2019 -- 3580.jpg|[[Queen Victoria Building]] in Romanesque style (1898)
File:South Melbourne Townhall.jpg|[[South Melbourne Town Hall]] in Second Empire style
File:StMarysSydneyCathedral1.jpg|[[St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney]], in Victorian Gothic architecture (1882)
File:York Street, Sydney.jpg|Victorian Mannerist architecture lining a street in Sydney
File:Melbourne Princess Theatre Feb 2013.jpg|[[Princess Theatre, Melbourne]]
File:State Library of Victoria - right side.jpg|[[State Library Victoria|State Library of Victoria]] of the Academic Classical style (1870)
File:UniSA Library, Adelaide, East view 20230207.jpg|[[:File:University of South Australia, School of Mines, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia.jpg|Brookman Hall]], UniSA City East Campus, Adelaide, South Australia
File:Adelaide rotunda.jpg|[[Gazebo]] in [[Adelaide, South Australia]]
File:(1)Italianate home Dutruc Street Randwick-1.jpg|Italianate home in [[Randwick]]
File:(1) Nichols Street Homes.JPG|[[Filigree architecture#Victorian Filigree|Filigree]] style terraces in [[Surry Hills]] with ornate iron-wrought detailing
File:Goodrest corner leopold and domain road south yarra.jpg|Second Empire and [[Filigree architecture|Filigree]] residence in [[South Yarra]]
</gallery>

===Hong Kong===
Western influence in architecture was strong when [[Hong Kong]] was a [[British Hong Kong|British colony]]. Victorian architecture in Hong Kong:
<gallery>
File:St Andrew's Church 2017.jpg|[[St Andrew's Church, Kowloon|St. Andrew's Church]]
File:St John Cathedral Hong Kong.jpg|[[St. John's Cathedral (Hong Kong)|St. John's Cathedral]]
File:1881 Heritage Overview 201108.jpg|[[Former Marine Police Headquarters]] (now officially named as '[[1881 Heritage]]', which is a hotel and a shopping mall)
</gallery>

===Ireland===
[[File:Cobh (8103172392).jpg|thumb|Victorian Queenstown ([[Cobh]])]]
[[Georgian architecture]] is more prominent in Ireland than Victorian architecture. The cities of Dublin, Limerick, and Cork are famously dominated by [[St Stephen's Green|Georgian squares]] and [[The Crescent, Limerick|terraces]]. Though Victorian architecture flourished in certain quarters. Particularly around Dublin's [[Wicklow Street]] and Upper [[Baggot Street]] and in the suburbs of [[Phibsborough|Phibsboro]], [[Glasnevin]], [[Rathmines]], [[Ranelagh]], [[Rathgar]], [[Rathfarnham]], and [[Terenure]]. The colourful [[Italianate]] buildings of [[Cobh]] are excellent examples of the regional Victorian style in Ireland. Further examples of Victorian architecture in the country include Dublin's [[George's Street Arcade]], the [[Royal City of Dublin Hospital]] on Baggot Street and the [[Royal Victoria Eye and Ear Hospital]] on Adelaide Road. 
<gallery>
File:Cobh-Cathedral-West-Side-2012.JPG|A Victorian terrace in [[Cobh]] known as the "deck of cards"
File:South Great George's Street Dublin.jpg|Victorian shops and cafes, including the [[George's Street Arcade]], Dublin [[List of Dublin postal districts|D02]]
File:Baggot Street Upper, Dublin.jpg|Victorian Upper [[Baggot Street]], Dublin [[List of Dublin postal districts|D02]]
File:D6W pillar box.jpg|Victorian terraced houses in Dublin [[List of Dublin postal districts|D6W]]
File:Rathmines Road.jpg|Rathmines Clock Tower, Rathmines, Dublin [[List of Dublin postal districts|D06]]
File:The Royal City of Dublin Hospital.jpg|The Royal City of Dublin Hospital, Dublin [[Dublin 4|D04]]
File:Botanic Gardens In Glasnevin (Dublin) (7951823690).jpg|National Botanic Gardens glasshouse, Glasnevin, Dublin D09
File:Royal Victoria.jpg|The Royal Victoria Eye and Ear Hospital, Adelaide Road, Dublin [[Dublin 2|D02]]
</gallery>

===Sri Lanka===
During the British colonial period of British Ceylon:
[[Sri Lanka Law College]],
[[Sri Lanka College of Technology]],
[[Galle Face Hotel]] and the 
[[Medical royal college|Royal College]] Main Building.

===North America===
[[File:Alamo Sq Painted Ladies 1, SF, CA, jjron 26.03.2012.jpg|thumb|The [[Painted Ladies]] are an example of Victorian architecture found in San Francisco, California.]]
In the United States, 'Victorian' architecture generally describes styles that were most popular between 1860 and 1900. A list of these styles most commonly includes [[Second Empire (architecture)|Second Empire]] (1855–85), [[Stick-Eastlake]] (1860–{{Circa|1890}}), [[Folk Victorian]] (1870–1910), [[Queen Anne Style architecture (United States)|Queen Anne]] (1880–1910), [[Richardsonian Romanesque]] (1880–1900), and [[Shingle Style architecture|Shingle]] (1880–1900). As in the United Kingdom, examples of Gothic Revival and Italianate continued to be constructed during this period and are therefore sometimes called Victorian. Some historians classify the later years of Gothic Revival as a distinctive Victorian style named High Victorian Gothic. [[Stick-Eastlake]], a manner of geometric, machine-cut decorating derived from Stick and Queen Anne, is sometimes considered a distinct style. On the other hand, terms such as "[[Painted Ladies]]" or "[[Gingerbread (architecture)|gingerbread]]" may be used to describe certain Victorian buildings, but do not constitute a specific style. The names of architectural styles (as well as their adaptations) varied between countries. Many homes combined the elements of several different styles and are not easily distinguishable as one particular style or another.

[[File:Victorian facades on 16th Street in San Francisco.jpg|thumb|Victorian facades on 16th Street, San Francisco]]
Notable Victorian-inspired cities during this era include, [[Astoria, Oregon|Astoria]] in [[Oregon]]; [[Philadelphia]] and [[Pittsburgh]] in [[Pennsylvania]]; [[Washington, D.C.]]; [[Boston]] in [[Massachusetts]]; [[Alameda, California|Alameda]], [[Eureka, California|Eureka]], [[San Francisco]], and [[Midtown Sacramento|Midtown]] [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]] in [[California]]; The [[Brooklyn Heights]] and [[Victorian Flatbush]] sections of [[New York City]], [[Garden City, New York|Garden City]] on [[Long Island]], and [[Albany, New York|Albany]], [[Troy, New York|Troy]], [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]], and [[Rochester, New York|Rochester]] in [[Upstate New York|Upstate]] [[New York (state)|New York]]; [[Asbury Park, New Jersey|Asbury Park]] / [[Ocean Grove, New Jersey|Ocean Grove]], [[Cape May, New Jersey|Cape May]], [[Deal, New Jersey|Deal]], [[Flemington, New Jersey|Flemington]], [[Freehold Borough, New Jersey|Freehold]], [[Hackettstown, New Jersey|Hackettstown]], [[Jersey City]] / [[Hoboken, New Jersey|Hoboken]], [[Metuchen, New Jersey|Metuchen]], [[Montclair, New Jersey|Montclair]], [[Ridgewood, New Jersey|Ridgewood]], [[Plainfield, New Jersey|Plainfield]], [[Summit, New Jersey|Summit]], and [[Westfield, New Jersey|Westfield]] in [[New Jersey]]; [[Chicago]], [[Galena, Illinois|Galena]], and [[Winnetka, Illinois|Winnetka]]  in [[Illinois]]; [[Detroit]] and [[Grand Rapids, Michigan|Grand Rapids]] in [[Michigan]]; [[Cincinnati]] and [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]] in [[Ohio]]; [[Galveston, Texas|Galveston]] in [[Texas]]; [[Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore]] in [[Maryland]]; [[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]] in [[Kentucky]]; [[Atlanta]] in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]; [[Milwaukee]] in [[Wisconsin]]; [[New Orleans]] in [[Louisiana]]; [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]] in [[Virginia]]; [[St. Louis]] in [[Missouri]]; and [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]] in [[Minnesota]]. [[Los Angeles]] grew from a [[Pueblo de Los Angeles|Pueblo]] (village) into a [[Victorian Downtown Los Angeles|Victorian Downtown]] – now almost entirely demolished but with residential remnants in its [[Angelino Heights, Los Angeles|Angelino Heights]] and [[Westlake, Los Angeles|Westlake]] neighborhoods. San Francisco is particularly well known for its extensive Victorian architecture, especially in the [[Haight-Ashbury]], [[Lower Haight]], [[Alamo Square]], [[Western Addition]], [[The Mission, San Francisco|Mission]], [[Duboce Triangle]], [[Noe Valley]], [[The Castro, San Francisco|Castro]], [[Nob Hill]], and [[Pacific Heights]] neighborhoods.

[[File:2458 Robinwood Avenue, exterior views, 2019 - DPLA - 47daf8e06ab6fd9d2ede4fe889cbbe82 (page 1).jpg|thumb|right|An example of residential architecture in the [[Old West End District (Toledo, Ohio)]], a well preserved historic district full of Victorian architecture]]
The extent to which any one is the "largest surviving example" is debated, with numerous qualifications. The [[Distillery District]] in Toronto, Ontario contains the largest and best-preserved collection of Victorian-era industrial architecture in North America.{{citation needed|date=January 2012}} [[Cabbagetown (Toronto)|Cabbagetown]] is the largest and most continuous Victorian residential area in North America.{{citation needed|date=January 2012}} Other Toronto Victorian neighbourhoods include [[The Annex]], [[Parkdale, Toronto|Parkdale]], and [[Rosedale, Toronto|Rosedale]]. In the US, the [[South End, Boston, Massachusetts|South End]] of Boston is recognized by the [[National Register of Historic Places]] as the oldest and largest Victorian neighborhood in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southendrealty.com/Community/Community.aspx|title=Our Community |website=South End Realty Group|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716112322/http://www.southendrealty.com/Community/Community.aspx|archive-date=16 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southendhistoricalsociety.org/|title=South End Historical Society – Preserving the Past for Future Generations |website=southendhistoricalsociety.org }}</ref> [[Old Louisville]] in [[Louisville, Kentucky]], also claims to be the nation's largest Victorian neighborhood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Louisville Facts & Firsts |publisher=LouisvilleKy.gov |url=http://www.louisvilleky.gov/Visitors/Louisville+Facts+and+Firsts.htm |access-date=14 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006110825/http://www.louisvilleky.gov/Visitors/Louisville%2BFacts%2Band%2BFirsts.htm |archive-date=6 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oldlouisville.com/old_louisville.htm |access-date=14 December 2009 |title=What is Old Louisville? |publisher=Old Louisville Guide |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091127214207/http://www.oldlouisville.com/old_louisville.htm |archive-date=27 November 2009 }}</ref> [[Richmond, Virginia]] is home to several large Victorian neighborhoods, the most prominent being [[Fan District|The Fan]]. The Fan district is best known locally as Richmond's largest and most 'European' of Richmond's neighborhoods and nationally as the largest contiguous Victorian neighborhood in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pps.org/great_public_spaces/one?public_place_id=785&type_id=14|title=The Fan District – Great Public Spaces- Project for Public Spaces (PPS)|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201182516/http://www.pps.org/great_public_spaces/one?public_place_id=785&type_id=14|archive-date=1 December 2008}}</ref> The [[Old West End District (Toledo, Ohio)|Old West End]] neighborhood of [[Toledo, Ohio]] is recognized as the largest collection of late Victorian and [[Edwardian architecture|Edwardian]] homes in the United States, east of the [[Mississippi]].<ref name="stine">Stine, L. (2005) Historic Old West End Toledo, Ohio. Bookmasters.</ref> [[Summit Avenue (St. Paul)|Summit Avenue]] in [[Saint Paul, Minnesota]], has the longest line of Victorian homes in the country. [[Over-The-Rhine]] in [[Cincinnati, Ohio]], has the largest collection of early Victorian [[Italianate architecture]] in the United States,<ref>Quinlivan (2001)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cincinnati.com/blogs/developingnow/2012/01/04/demolition-begins-in-over-the-rhine/|title=Cincinnati.com|website=Cincinnati.com|access-date=1 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120193347/http://www2.cincinnati.com/blogs/developingnow/2012/01/04/demolition-begins-in-over-the-rhine/|archive-date=20 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/usa/travel-tips-and-articles/76941|title=Top 10 US travel destinations for 2012|author=Lonely Planet|date=14 January 2016|work=Lonely Planet|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906082717/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/usa/travel-tips-and-articles/76941|archive-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> and is an example of an intact 19th-century urban neighborhood.<ref name="otr_historic_signs">Over-the-Rhine Chamber of Commerce, [http://www.otrchamber.com/content.jsp?articleId=158 Over-the-Rhine Historical Sites] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090911195043/http://www.otrchamber.com/content.jsp?articleId=158 |date=11 September 2009 }}</ref> According to National Register of Historic Places, [[Cape May Historic District]] has one of the largest collections of late 19th century frame buildings left in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cape May Historic District |url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/2935b2af-69ac-4f5e-b0b3-3caa1094086b/ |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>

The photo album ''L'Architecture Americaine'' by [[Albert Levy (photographer)|Albert Levy]] published in 1886 is perhaps the first recognition in Europe of the new forces emerging in North American architecture.{{sfn|Lewis|1975|p=}}

<gallery>
File:PAFA 1900 from Library of Congress (cropped).jpg|[[Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts]], Philadelphia, by [[Frank Furness]]
File:AlleghenyCountyCourthouse.jpg|[[Allegheny County Courthouse]], Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, by [[Henry Hobson Richardson]]
File:Santa Fe passenger terminal in San Diego prior to 1915.jpg|The [[California Southern Railroad]]'s San Diego passenger terminal, built in 1887
File:Brooklyn Bridge Postdlf.jpg|[[Brooklyn Bridge]], 1883, New York City
File:Carson Mansion Eureka California.jpg|The [[Carson Mansion]] in [[Eureka, California]], widely considered one of the highest executions of [[Queen Anne style architecture in the United States|Queen Anne style]], built 1884–86
File:SteinbeckHouse.jpg|[[John Steinbeck]]'s childhood home in [[Salinas, California]]
File:Emlen-physick-estate.jpg|[[Emlen Physick Estate]] in [[Cape May Historic District]], New Jersey, by [[Frank Furness]]
File:Saitta House Dyker Heights.JPG|The [[Saitta House]], [[Dyker Heights]], [[Brooklyn]], New York, built in [[1899 in architecture|1899]] is designed in the [[Queen Anne style architecture in the United States|Queen Anne style]]<ref>"[http://www.dykerheightscivicassociation.com/saittareport.pdf Saitta House - Report Part 1] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216233832/http://www.dykerheightscivicassociation.com/saittareport.pdf |date=2008-12-16 }}",''DykerHeightsCivicAssociation.com''</ref>
File:655 Wrightwood Avenue Circa 1880, Lincoln Park Chicago Illinois.jpg|1880s photo of 653 W Wrightwood (now 655 W Wrightwood) in the [[Lincoln Park]] neighborhood of [[Chicago]], Illinois
File:Farnam Mansion 2.jpg|The [[Italianate]] style [[Farnam Mansion]] in [[Oneida, New York]]. Built circa 1862
File:JamesJHillHouse.jpg|[[James J. Hill House]] in [[St. Paul, Minnesota]], built in 1891
File:Victorian Gazebo.jpg|Victorian [[gazebo]] in [[Ohio]]
File:Over-the-Rhine-12th-and-Vine.jpg|Series of [[Italianate]] [[tenements]] in [[Over-The-Rhine]], [[Cincinnati]], Ohio
File:Ford Piquette Avenue Plant - Front Façade.jpg|[[Ford Piquette Avenue Plant]], [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]], built 1904
File:Cape may pink victorian.jpg|[[Gingerbread trim]] on an 1882 house in [[Cape May, New Jersey]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Gingerbread Trim: Feast your eyes on these ornate Victorian-era embellishments |date=2 February 2007 |url=https://www.thisoldhouse.com/ideas/gingerbread-trim |publisher=This Old House |access-date=12 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Eldridge Johnson House, 33 Perry Street (moved from 225 Congress Street), Cape May, Cape May County, NJ |url=http://loc.gov/pictures/item/nj0026/ |publisher=Historic American Buildings Survey (Library of Congress) |access-date=12 January 2020}}</ref>
File:206 West Moore Street, Hackettstown, NJ.jpg|The [[Jacob C. Allen House]] (c. 1870) in [[Hackettstown, New Jersey]]
</gallery>

===Canada===
Canada's [[Chief Dominion Architect|chief dominion architects]] designed numerous federal buildings over the course of the Victorian era. [[Thomas Fuller (architect)|Thomas Fuller's]] completion of the [[Canadian Parliament Buildings]] in 1866, in particular, established a High Victorian Gothic influence over Canadian architectural design for several consecutive decades, producing many public buildings, churches, residences, industrial buildings, and hotels.<ref>Christopher Thomas (2015) {{cite web |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-architecture-1867-1914 |title=Canadian Architecture: 1867-1914}} ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''. Retrieved 11 April 2022</ref>
[[File:Cabbagetown houses.jpg|thumb|Brick Victorian styled homes were built throughout [[Cabbagetown, Toronto]] in the late 19th and early 20th century.]]
[[File:Stone distillery.JPG|thumb|[[The Stone Distillery]], an example of Victorian industrial architecture]]
[[File:South-east grotesque on Peace Tower.jpg|thumb|One of four grotesques at the corners of the [[Peace Tower]]]]
<gallery>
File:Banff Springs Hotel1.jpg|[[Banff Springs Hotel]]
File:Basilica of Our Lady Immaculate.jpg|[[Basilica of Our Lady Immaculate]]
File:British Columbia Parliament Building, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.jpg|[[British Columbia Parliament Buildings]] (main block)
File:Canadian Museum of Nature - 06.jpg|[[Canadian Museum of Nature]]
File:Michael Toronto.jpg|[[Cathedral Church of St. James (Toronto)]]
File:Cathedral 006.JPG|[[Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (Saint John, New Brunswick)]]
File:Central Chambers - 04.jpg|[[Central Chambers (Ottawa)]]
File:2016-11 Château Frontenac 06.jpg|[[Château Frontenac]]
File:Christ Church Cathedral day.jpg|[[Christ Church Cathedral (Montreal)]]
File:Christ Church Cathedral, Fredericton, New Brunswick (2005).jpg|[[Christ Church Cathedral (Fredericton)]]
File:Craigdarroch Castle just after sunset - view from the south, Victoria, Canada 01.jpg|[[Craigdarroch Castle]]
File:Halifax Armoury.JPG|[[Halifax Armoury]]
File:Residence H-Vincent-Meredith 01.jpg|[[Lady Meredith House]]
File:Hotel de ville de Montreal 09.JPG|[[Montreal City Hall]]
File:Langevin Block (2013)(cropped).jpg|[[Office of the Prime Minister and Privy Council]] (formerly Langevin Block)
File:Old Post Office Galt Cambridge Ontario cropped.jpg|Old Galt Post Office Building
File:Torontos Old City Hall 2009.jpg|[[Old Toronto City Hall]]
File:Dawn at Parliament Hill in Ottawa.JPG|Parliament Buildings (Centre Block and Library)
File:Gare Viger 16.jpg|[[Place Viger]]
File:London-OntarioChurch2.jpg|[[St. Paul's Cathedral (London, Ontario)]]
File:The Algonquin in St Andrews.jpg|[[The Algonquin Resort|The Algonquin]]
File:Brockville Fuller Bldg.JPG|Thomas Fuller Building ([[Brockville, Ontario]])
File:Uoft universitycollege.jpg|[[University College, Toronto]] Main Building
File:City Hall and Volunteer Monument, Winnipeg, MB, 1887.jpg|Winnipeg City Hall (1887)
</gallery>

=== India ===
Because India was a colony of Britain, Victorian Architecture is prevalent in India, especially in cities like [[Architecture of Mumbai|Mumbai]], Kolkata, Kerala and Chennai. In Mumbai (Formerly called Bombay) buildings like [[Municipal Corporation Building, Mumbai|Municipal Corporation Building]], [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]], [[Bombay High Court]], [[The Asiatic Society of Mumbai|Asiatic Society of Mumbai Building (Former Town Hall)]] and the [[David Sassoon Library|David Sasoon Library]] are some examples of Victorian Architecture in Mumbai. In Kolkata (Formerly called Calcutta) buildings like the [[Victoria Memorial, Kolkata|Victoria Memorial]], [[Calcutta High Court]], [[St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata|St Paul's Cathedral]], [[The Asiatic Society of Bengal]] are some examples of Victorian Architecture in Kolkata. In Chennai (Formerly called Madras) some examples include [[Madras High Court|Madras High court]], [[State Bank of Madras]] and [[St. Mary's Church, Chennai|St. Mary's Church]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=British India and Victorian-Era Architecture |url=https://victorianweb.org/victorian/history/empire/india/architecture.html |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=victorianweb.org}}</ref> Many churches and colleges such as [[Santa Cruz Cathedral Basilica, Kochi|Santa Cruz Cathedral Basilica Kochi]], [[University College Thiruvananthapuram|University College Trivandrum]], [[College of Fine Arts Trivandrum|Government College of Fine Arts Trivandrum]], [[Napier Museum]], [[State Central Library, Kerala|State Central Library of Kerala]], [[Government Victoria College, Palakkad|Government Victoria College Palakkad]], [[CMS College Kottayam]] and [[St. Berchmans College|SB College Changanasserry]] are some of finest examples of Victorian architecture in Kerala.

==Preservation==
Efforts to preserve landmarks of Victorian architecture are ongoing and are often led by the [[Victorian Society]]. A recent campaign the group has taken on is the preservation of Victorian [[Gas holder|gasometers]] after utility companies announced plans to demolish nearly 200 of the now-outdated structures.<ref>Sean O'Hagan, [https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/jun/14/gasometers-gas-holders-hold-on-for-a-new-life-repurposing Gasworks wonders…] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923084931/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/jun/14/gasometers-gas-holders-hold-on-for-a-new-life-repurposing |date=23 September 2016 }}, ''The Guardian'', 14 June 2015.</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Architecture|United Kingdom}}
* [[Victorian decorative arts]]
* [[Victorian house]]
* [[Victorian restoration]]
* [[Folk Victorian]]
* [[Albert Levy (photographer)]]
* [[Georgian architecture]]

==References and sources==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last1=Apperly|first1=Richard |last2=Irving|first2=Robert |last3=Reynolds|first3=Peter L. |title=A Pictorial Guide to Identifying Australian Architecture: Styles and Terms from 1788 to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7UtBHAAACAAJ|year=1994|publisher=Angus & Robertson|isbn=978-0-207-18562-5}}
*{{cite book|last1=Dixon|first1=Roger |last2=Muthesius|first2=Stefan |title=Victorian Architecture: With a Short Dictionary of Architects and 251 Illustrations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dL3CQgAACAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Thames and Hudson|isbn=978-0-500-18163-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Arnold |title=American Victorian architecture: a survey of the 70's and 80's in contemporary photographs|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780486231778|url-access=registration|year=1975|publisher=Dover Publications|isbn=978-0-486-23177-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Prentice|first=Helaine K. |title=Rehab Right|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nxU8i-t5_9gC|year=1986|publisher=Ten Speed Press|isbn=978-0-89815-172-5}}, includes descriptions of different Victorian and early-20th-century architectural styles common in the San Francisco Bay Area, particularly [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], and detailed instructions for repair and restoration of details common to older house styles.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Victorian architecture}}
* [https://globalmetal.company/online/news/victorian/ Decorative Hardware of the Victorian Era: An American. Perspective, Raheel Ahmad]
* [http://houseofantiquehardware.com/site/timeline/tl_victorian.html History and Style of Victorian Architecture and Hardware]
* [http://www.achome.co.uk/architecture/manchester/manchester.htm Manchester, a Victorian City]
* [http://historicalhamilton.com Photographs of Victorian Homes in Hamilton, Ontario Canada]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20040414103939/http://victoriansanfrancisco.com/ Victorian era architecture in San Francisco, California]}}
* [http://www.buffaloah.com/ Victorian era architecture and history in Buffalo, New York]
* [http://www.periodhomeandgarden.com/victorian-style/ Architectural influences on Victorian style]
* [http://www.victorianchurches.blogspot.co.uk Victorian churches blog]

{{Architecture of England}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Victorian Architecture}}
[[Category:Victorian architecture| ]]
[[Category:19th-century architectural styles]]
[[Category:19th-century architecture in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:19th-century architecture in the United States]]
[[Category:American architectural styles]]
[[Category:Architectural history]]
[[Category:British architectural styles]]
[[Category:Revival architectural styles]]
[[Category:Victorian architectural styles]]
[[Category:Victorian architecture in the United States]]