View source for Vickers Vildebeest

{{Short description|Torpedo bomber in the Royal Air Force}}
{{redirect|Vildebeest|the animal|Wildebeest}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox aircraft
  |name = Vildebeest / Vincent
  |image = Vickers Vildebeest in flight.jpg
  |caption = Vickers Vildebeest
  |type = Torpedo Bomber / Army Co-operation
  |manufacturer = [[Vickers Limited|Vickers]]
  |designer = <!--only appropriate for single designers, not project leaders-->
  |first_flight = 1928<!--if it hasn't happened, leave it out!-->
  |introduction =1933 <!--date the aircraft entered or will enter military or revenue service-->
  |retired = 1942
  |status = <!--in most cases, this field is redundant; use it sparingly-->
  |primary_user = [[Royal Air Force]]
  |more_users = [[Royal New Zealand Air Force]]<br />Spain 
  |produced = <!--years in production, e.g. 1970-1999, if still in active use but no longer built-->
  |number_built = 209 (Vildebeest)<br>197 (Vincent)
  |developed_from = <!-- the aircraft which formed the basis for the topic type -->
  |variants = <!-- variants OF the topic type -->
}}

The '''Vickers Vildebeest''' and the similar '''Vickers Vincent''' are single-engined British [[biplane]]s designed and built by [[Vickers]] and used as [[light bomber]]s, [[torpedo bomber]]s and in army cooperation roles.{{#tag:ref|The official [[Afrikaans]] name was [[Wildebeest]] (today Wildebees), it was often written ''Vildebeeste'', after a spelling mistake in official correspondence.<ref name="Andrews p273-4">Andrews and Morgan 1988, pp. 273–274.</ref>|group=Note}} First flown in 1928, they remained in service at the start of the [[Second World War]], with the last Vildebeests flying against Japanese forces over [[Singapore]] and [[Java]] in 1942.

==Design and development==
===Vildebeest===
Designed against [[List of Air Ministry Specifications|Air Ministry Specification 24/25]] for the  [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF), for a land-based torpedo bomber to replace the [[Hawker Horsley]], the prototype Vildebeest, an all-metal fuselage aircraft with single-bay [[Stagger (aviation)|unstaggered]] fabric-covered wings and tail, was first flown in April [[1928 in aviation|1928]] as the Vickers Type 132, powered by a [[Bristol Jupiter]] VIII [[radial engine]].<ref name ="mason bomber p200">Mason 1994, p. 200.</ref>

After initial evaluation, the Vildebeest was shortlisted for comparison with the [[Blackburn Beagle]] and [[Handley Page Hare]]. As the Jupiter VIII was prone to vibration, a second prototype, the Vickers Type 204<ref name="Jarrett pt1 p18">Jarrett ''[[Aeroplane Monthly]]'' February 1995, p. 18.</ref> was fitted with an [[Armstrong Siddeley Panther]] IIA engine and after further testing, the Vickers design was confirmed as the winner of the contest<ref name="Mason bomber p200-1">Mason 1994, pp. 200–201.</ref> but engine problems persisted until the type was tested with a new version of the Jupiter, which later became known as the [[Bristol Pegasus]].<ref name="Mason bomber p201">Mason 1994, p. 201.</ref> An initial production order was placed in 1931 for nine aircraft, with the first production aircraft flying in September 1932.<ref name="Mason bomber p201"/>

Further production ensued, with an improved version fitted with a 635&nbsp;hp (474&nbsp;kW) Pegasus IIM3 entering service but after only 30 examples had been produced the Air Ministry requested a modification ([[List of Air Ministry specifications|Specification 15/34]]) which added a third crew position, thus creating the Vildebeest Mk III, of which 150 examples being built for the RAF.<ref>Mondey 1982, pp. 213–214.</ref>

The Mark IV introduced the much more powerful 825&nbsp;hp (615&nbsp;kW) [[Bristol Perseus]] [[sleeve valve]] [[radial engine]] enclosed in a [[NACA cowling]] which significantly improved performance, increasing maximum speed to 156&nbsp;mph (251&nbsp;km/h) and rate of climb to 840&nbsp;ft/min (4.3&nbsp;m/s).<ref name="Andrews p285">Andrews and Morgan 1988, p. 285.</ref> In this version, the Perseus had overheating problems and was deemed unsuitable for tropical service<ref name="Jarrett pt 1 p19-20">Jarrett ''Aeroplane Monthly'' February 1995, pp. 19–20.</ref> with production limited to 18 aircraft, all of which served with the home based squadrons.<ref name="Mason bomber p202">Mason 1994, p. 202.</ref>

===Vincent===

[[File:Vickers Vincent.jpg|thumb|left|{{center|Vickers Vincent}}]]
In 1931, Vickers designed as a private venture a General Purpose version of the Vildebeest to replace the RAF's [[Westland Wapiti]]s and [[Fairey III]]Fs, supporting the Army in the Middle East. Successful trials were conducted in the Middle East, [[Sudan]] and East Africa with a converted Vildebeest I in the General Purpose role during 1932–1933, and [[List of Air Ministry Specifications|Specification 16/34]] was drawn up based on the three man Vildebeest, which was named the Vickers Vincent: differences from the Vildebeest were minimal (the first production Vincent was, converted from a Vildebeest MkII), principally removal of torpedo equipment, provision for an auxiliary fuel tank, message-pick-up and pyrotechnic signalling gear.

Powered by a  660&nbsp;hp (490&nbsp;kW) Bristol Pegasus IIM3<ref name="Mason bomber p256-7">Mason 1994, pp. 256–257.</ref> the Vincent was unveiled to the general public for the first time at the 1935 RAF flying display at Hendon, but deliveries had already been made to No. 8 Squadron at Aden in late 1934.

Between 1934 and 1936, 197 Vincents were built for or converted from Vildebeests for the RAF.<ref name="Andrews p289">Andrews and Morgan 1988, p. 289.</ref>

==Operational history==

===United Kingdom===

[[File:Vildebeeste torpedo practice.jpg|thumb|left|{{center|Vildebeest Mk II of [[No. 100 Squadron RAF]] making a torpedo drop during target practice, circa 1936.}}]]
The Vildebeest was purchased in moderately large numbers by the [[Royal Air Force]] from 1931 and used as a torpedo bomber. It entered service with No. 100 Squadron at [[RAF Donibristle]] in [[Scotland]] in October 1932, replacing the Hawker Horsley.<ref name="Thetford pt 3 p37">Thetford ''Aeroplane Monthly'' April 1995, p. 37.</ref>  Four frontline torpedo-bomber squadrons were equipped with the Vildebeest, two at [[Singapore]] (100 Squadron, which moved from the United Kingdom in 1933 and [[No. 36 Squadron RAF|36 Squadron]], which replaced its Horsleys in 1935), and two more in the United Kingdom.<ref name="Thetford pt 3 p42">Thetford ''Aeroplane Monthly'' April 1995, p. 42.</ref> The Vincent entered service with [[No. 84 Squadron RAF]] at [[Shaibah]], [[Iraq]] in December 1934, re-equipping General Purpose squadrons throughout the Middle East and Africa.<ref name="Thetford Pt 2 p20">Thetford ''Aeroplane Monthly'' March 1995, p. 20.</ref> By 1937, it equipped six squadrons in Iraq, [[Aden]], [[Kenya]], [[Sudan]], and [[Egypt]].<ref name="Thetford pt 2 p22">Thetford ''Aeroplane Monthly'' March 1995, p. 22.</ref> At the outbreak of the Second World War, 101 Vildebeests were still in service with the RAF.  The two British-based squadrons flew coastal patrol and [[convoy]] escort missions until 1940 when their Vildebeests were replaced by the [[Bristol Beaufort]].<ref name="Thetford pt 3 p38">Thetford ''Aeroplane Monthly'' April 1995, p. 38.</ref>

The two Singapore-based squadrons were still waiting for their Beauforts when [[Japanese Invasion of Malaya|Japan invaded Malaya]] in December 1941 and the obsolete biplanes had to be deployed against the Japanese attackers, making an abortive torpedo attack on a Japanese cruiser off [[Kota Bharu]] on 8 December.<ref name="Mason bomber p202"/><ref name="Richards v2 p20">Richards and Saunders 1954, p. 20.</ref> The Vildebeests continued to attack the Japanese as their forces advanced down Malaya, sustaining heavy losses from Japanese fighters, particularly when no fighter cover could be provided. On 26 January 1942, the Japanese landed at [[Endau]], 250 miles from Singapore, and 12 Vildebeests of 100 and 36 Squadrons were sent to attack the landings. Despite an escort of [[Brewster Buffalo]] and [[Hawker Hurricane]] fighters, five Vildebeests were lost. The attack was repeated later that day by eight Vildebeests of 36 Squadron and three [[Fairey Albacore]]s, resulting in six more Vildebeests and two Albacores being shot down.<ref name="Mason bomber p202"/><ref name="Richards v2 p37">Richards and Saunders 1954, p. 37.</ref><ref>''Flight'' 28 October 1955, pp. 675–676.</ref>

[[File:Vickers Vildebeest ExCC.jpg|thumb|left|{{center|Vildebeest Mk.IIIs of 100 Squadron refuelling at Singapore, 1942.}}]]
The surviving Vildebeests were withdrawn to [[Java]] on 31 January and attacked another Japanese landing force off [[Rembang Regency|Rembang]], claiming eight ships sunk but sustaining further losses.  The final two Vildebeests of 36 Squadron attempted to escape to [[Burma]] on 6 March but were lost over [[Sumatra]]. The last Vildebeests in RAF service, operated by [[No. 273 Squadron RAF|273 Squadron]] at [[Ceylon]] were retired in March 1942.<ref name="Mason bomber p202"/><ref name="Thetford pt 3 p38-9">Thetford ''Aeroplane Monthly'' April 1995, pp. 38–39.</ref>

While the Vincent had started to be replaced by more modern aircraft such as the [[Vickers Wellesley]] and [[Bristol Blenheim]] bombers, 84 remained in service with the RAF on the outbreak of the Second World War.<ref name="Thetford Pt 2 p20"/>  Vincents were used for bombing missions against Italian forces in the [[East African Campaign (World War II)|East African Campaign]] and for coastal patrols from Aden, one attacking the [[Italian submarine Galileo Galilei|Italian submarine ''Galileo Galilei'']].<ref name="Thetford pt 2 p22"/> Other Vincents bombed Iraqi forces during the [[Anglo-Iraqi War]] of 1941.<ref name="Mason bomber p257">Mason 1994, p. 257.</ref> The last frontline Vincents retired in January 1943, with the type continuing in second line service (which included pesticide spraying against [[locust]]s in Iran) until 1944.<ref name="Thetford pt 2 p22"/>

===Spain===
The Vildebeest was ordered by the [[Second Spanish Republic|Spanish Republic]] in 1932 and licence production of 25 Vildebeest for the [[Spanish Republican Navy]] was undertaken in Spain by [[Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA|CASA]] most receiving the [[Hispano-Suiza]] HS 600 inline engine, though some other engines were also used. Around 20 survived to fight with the [[Spanish Republican Air Force]] on the Republican side of the [[Spanish Civil War]], some equipped with floats.

A Vildebeest was the first victim of [[Francoist]] ace [[Joaquin Morato|Joaquin Garcia-Morato]].<ref>Zhirohov, Mihail. [http://www.elknet.pl/acestory/morato/morato.htm "Joaquin Garcia-Morato: Best Ace of Spanish Civil War."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016101645/http://www.elknet.pl/acestory/morato/morato.htm |date=16 October 2009 }} ''WW II Ace Stories'', 7 September 2007. Retrieved: 1 July 2009.</ref>

===New Zealand===
12 Vildebeests were purchased by the [[Royal New Zealand Air Force]] in 1935 for coastal defence, with a further 27 acquired from RAF stocks in 1940–41.<ref name="NZ mus"/> In addition, 60 or 62 of these machines, (depending on source), were passed on to the RNZAF.<ref name="Thetford pt 2 p22"/><ref name="NZ mus"/>

New Zealand Vildebeests were also used for photo mapping. A few were used for [[maritime patrol]]s against German surface raiders, and Japanese submarines, (a handful were based in [[Fiji]] in December 1941), but the main wartime role of the New Zealand aircraft was as particularly unwieldy pilot trainers, until replaced by [[North American Harvard]]s in 1942.

== Variants==
[[File:Vildebeest Mark ll.jpg|thumb|Vildebeest Mk II at [[RAF Seletar]]. January 1937]]
;Type 132
:Prototype built at Weybridge with a Jupiter VII engine.
;Type 192 
:Prototype modified as a Series II with a Jupiter XF engine.
;Type 194
:Prototype modified as a Series III with a Jupiter XIF engine.
;Type 204
:Second private venture prototype as Series IV later to Air Ministry
;Type 209
:Prototype modified as a Series V with a Jupiter XIF engine.
;Type 214
:Prototype modified as a Series VI with a Jupiter XFBM engine.
;Type 216
:Prototype Series VII modified with an Hispano-Suiza 12Lbr engine and flown with floats.
;Type 217
:Second prototype to have been modified to Series VII but not converted.
;Vildebeest Mark I
:Type 244 – Initial production version, a two-seat torpedo-bomber powered by a 600&nbsp;hp (448&nbsp;kW) Bristol Pegasus IM3 engine.<ref name="Jarrett pt 1 p19">Jarrett ''Aeroplane Monthly'' February 2005, p. 19.</ref> 22 built for the [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] between 1932 and 1933.<ref name ="Andrews p516-7">Andrews and Morgan 1988, pp. 516–517.</ref>
;Vildebeest Mark II 
:Type 258 – Variant with more powerful (635&nbsp;hp (474&nbsp;kW)) Pegasus IIM3 engine.<ref name="Jarrett pt 1 p19"/> 30 built for RAF and delivered 1933.<ref name="Andrews p517">Andrews and Morgan 1988, p. 517.</ref>
;Vildebeest Mark III
:Type 267 – Three seat torpedo-bomber. 150 built for RAF, delivered 1935–36. 15 ex-RAF aircraft (including one converted Mark II) diverted to RNZAF later.<ref name="Andrews p517"/>  
:Type 277 – Twelve aircraft with [[folding wing]]s and the ability to carry [[drop tank]]s for [[Royal New Zealand Air Force|RNZAF]] delivered in 1935.
;Vildebeest Mark IV
:Type 286 – Two seat version powered by 825&nbsp;hp (615&nbsp;kW) [[Bristol Perseus]] engine.<ref name="Jarrett pt 1 p19"/>  Eighteen built for RAF, 12 of which were sold to New Zealand.<ref name="Andrews p517"/>
;Type 245 Vildebeest
:Series IX,  Torpedo bomber for [[Spanish Navy]], powered by 600&nbsp;hp (448&nbsp;kW) [[Hispano-Suiza 12L]] water cooled V-12 engine.  First prototype Vildebeest modified to this standard and flew in this form in June 1930, with 26 licence built in addition to the prototype.<ref name="Andrews p279,517-18">Andrews and Morgan 1988, pp. 279, 517–518.</ref>
;Type 263
:One Vildebest I modified with a Pegasus 1M3 engine.
;Vincent
:Type 266 – Three-seat General Purpose version for RAF.  Pegasus IIIM3 engine.<ref name="Jarrett pt 1 p20-1">Jarrett ''Aeroplane Monthly'' February 2005, pp. 20–21.</ref>  197 built new or converted.<ref name="Andrews p289"/>

==Operators==
;{{flag|Iraq|1924}}
*[[Royal Iraqi Air Force]] – six Vickers Vincents donated in 1940. Due to their poor condition, only five were ever operated.<ref name="WOI p25">{{harvnb|Sipos|Cooper|2020|page=25}}</ref>
**No. 2 Squadron RIrAF<ref>{{harvnb|Sipos|Cooper|2020|page=24}}</ref>
;{{NZL}}
*[[Royal New Zealand Air Force]]
**[[No. 1 Squadron RNZAF]]
**[[No. 2 Squadron RNZAF]]
**[[No. 3 Squadron RNZAF]]
**[[No. 4 Squadron RNZAF]]
**[[No. 5 Squadron RNZAF]]
**[[No. 6 Squadron RNZAF]]
**[[No. 7 Squadron RNZAF]]
**[[No. 8 Squadron RNZAF]]
**[[No. 22 Squadron RNZAF]]
**[[No. 30 Squadron RNZAF]]
**[[No. 42 Squadron RNZAF]]
;{{flag|Spanish Republic}}
*[[Spanish Republican Navy]]
;{{flagu|United Kingdom}}
*[[Royal Air Force]]
**[[No. 5 Squadron RAF]] – Vincent
**[[No. 7 Squadron RAF]] – Vildebeests used for trials
**[[No. 8 Squadron RAF]] – Vincent
**[[No. 22 Squadron RAF]] – Vildebeest
**[[No. 27 Squadron RAF]] – Vincent
**[[No. 28 Squadron RAF]] – Vincent
**[[No. 31 Squadron RAF]] – Vincent
**[[No. 36 Squadron RAF]] – Vildebeest
**[[No. 42 Squadron RAF]] – Vildebeest
**[[No. 45 Squadron RAF]] – Vincent
**[[No. 47 Squadron RAF]] – Vincent
**[[No. 55 Squadron RAF]] – Vincent
**[[No. 84 Squadron RAF]] – Vincent.<ref name="WOI p25"/> Vildebeests used for tropical trials
**[[No. 100 Squadron RAF]] – Vildebeest
**[[No. 207 Squadron RAF]] – Vincent
**[[No. 223 Squadron RAF]] – Vincent
**[[No. 244 Squadron RAF]] – Vincent 
**[[No. 273 Squadron RAF]] – Vildebeest
** No. 1430 Flight RAF

==Surviving aircraft==
A Vildebeest/Vincent composite airframe is being restored by the [[Air Force Museum of New Zealand]] at [[Wigram Aerodrome]] in [[Christchurch]], from the substantially complete remains of Vildebeest Mark III NZ102, incorporating parts from Vildebeest NZ105 and Vincents NZ355 and 357.<ref name="NZ mus">{{cite web |title=Vickers Vildebeest |url=http://airforcemuseum.thrive.net.nz/main/VickersVildebeest |website=Air Force Museum of New Zealand |access-date=26 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327175925/http://airforcemuseum.thrive.net.nz/main/VickersVildebeest |archive-date=27 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Restoration of the Air Force Museum of NZ Vildebeest |url=http://vimeo.com/527250631 |website=Vimeo |access-date=26 March 2021 |date=22 March 2021}}</ref> A Vincent (NZ311) has nearly completed restoration to static display by the Subritzky family near [[Auckland]], New Zealand.{{cn|date=May 2025}} A Spanish Vildebeest is rumoured to have survived.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

==Specifications (Vildebeest III)==
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=''Vickers Aircraft since 1908.''<ref name="Andrews Vickes p290">Andrews and Morgan 1988, p. 290.</ref>
|prime units?=imp
<!--
        General characteristics
-->
|genhide=

|crew=three, pilot, navigator, and observer
|capacity=
|length m=
|length ft=36
|length in=8
|span m=
|span ft=49
|span in=0
|height m=
|height ft=14
|height in=8
|wing area sqm=
|wing area sqft=728
|wing area note=
|aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes -->
|airfoil=
|empty weight kg=
|empty weight lb=4773
|empty weight note=
|gross weight kg=
|gross weight lb=8500
|gross weight note=
|fuel capacity=
|more general=
<!--
        Powerplant
-->
|eng1 number=1
|eng1 name=[[Bristol Pegasus]] II-M3
|eng1 type=nine-cylinder air-cooled [[radial engine]]
|eng1 kw=<!-- prop engines -->
|eng1 hp=635<!-- prop engines -->

|prop blade number=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop name=
|prop dia m=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop dia ft=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop dia in=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop note=
<!--
        Performance
-->
|perfhide=

|max speed kmh=
|max speed mph=143
|max speed kts=
|max speed mach=<!-- supersonic aircraft -->
|cruise speed kmh=<!-- if max speed unknown -->
|cruise speed mph=<!-- if max speed unknown -->
|cruise speed kts=
|never exceed speed kmh=
|never exceed speed mph=
|never exceed speed kts=
|range km=
|range miles=1250
|range nmi=
|range note=at {{convert|122|mph|kn km/h|abbr=on}}
|endurance=<!-- if range unknown -->
|ceiling m=
|ceiling ft=19000
|ceiling note=(absolute ceiling)
|g limits=<!-- aerobatic -->
|roll rate=<!-- aerobatic -->
|climb rate ms=
|climb rate ftmin=630
|climb rate note=7.5 min to {{convert|5000|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|more performance=
<!--
        Armament
-->

|guns= 1 × fixed, forward-firing [[.303 British|.303 in]] (7.7 mm) [[Vickers machine gun]] and 1 × flexible, rearward-firing .303 in (7.7 mm) [[Lewis Gun]]
|bombs= 1,100 lb (500 kg) of bombs ''or'' 1 × 18 in (457 mm) torpedo
|rockets= 
|avionics=
}}

==See also==
{{aircontent
|related= 
|similar aircraft=
*[[Blackburn Baffin]]
*[[Fairey Gordon]]
*[[Fairey III]]
|lists=
* [[List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force]]
* [[List of aircraft of the Spanish Republican Air Force]]
* [[List of aircraft of World War II]]
|see also=<!-- other relevant information -->
}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

==Citations==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Andrews, C. F. and E. B. Morgan. ''Vickers Aircraft since 1908.'' London: Putnam, 1988. {{ISBN|0-85177-815-1}}. 
*{{cite journal |last1=Arraez Cerda|first1=Juan |title=Les Vickers Vildebeest espagnols (1<sup>ère</sup> partie) |journal=Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire |date=January 1995 |issue=23 |pages=20–27 |trans-title=The Spanish Vickers Vildebeests |language=French |issn=1243-8650}}
* [[Philip Jarrett |Jarrett, Philip]]. "By Day and By Night: Vildebeest and Vincent". ''Aeroplane Monthly'' Volume 23, No. 2, Issue 262, February 1995, pp.&nbsp;16–22. {{ISSN|0143-7240}}. 
*{{cite journal |last1=Jarret |first1=Philip |title=Les Vickers Vildebeest et Vincent (1<sup>e</sup> partie) |journal=Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire |date=March 1996 |issue=36 |pages=22–27 |trans-title=The Vickers Vildebeest and Vincent |language=French |issn=1243-8650}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Jarret |first1=Philip |title=Les Vickers Vildebeest et Vincent (2<sup>e</sup> partie) |journal=Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire |date=April 1996 |issue=37 |pages=29–35 |trans-title= |language=French |issn=1243-8650}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Jarret |first1=Philip |title=Les Vickers Vildebeest et Vincent (3ème partie) |journal=Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire |date=May 1996 |issue=38 |pages=2–7 |trans-title= |language=French |issn=1243-8650}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Jarret |first1=Philip |title=Les Vickers Vildebeest et Vincent (4ème partie) |journal=Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire |date=June 1996 |issue=39 |pages=35–38 |trans-title=|language=French |issn=1243-8650}}
* Mason, Francis K. ''The British Bomber since 1914.'' London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1994. {{ISBN|0-85177-861-5}}. 
* Mondey, David. ''Hamlyn Concise Guide to the British Aircraft of World War II''. Chancellor, 1982. {{ISBN|1851526684}}
* "No. 100 Squadron". [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1955/1955%20-%201558.html ''Flight,'' 28 October 1955, pp. 673–676, 678.] 
* Richards, Denis and Hilary St. G. Saunders. ''Royal Air Force 1939–1945: Volume II The Fight Avails.'' London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1954.
*{{cite book |last1=Sipos |first1=Milos |last2=Cooper |first2=Tom |title=Wings of Iraq, Volume 1: The Iraqi Air Force, 1931-1970 |date=2020 |publisher=Helion & Company Publishing |location=Warwick, UK |isbn=978-1-913118-74-7}}
* Thetford, Owen. "By Day and By Night: Vincents in Service". ''Aeroplane Monthly'', Volume 23, No. 3, Issue 263, March 1995, pp.&nbsp;18–22. {{ISSN|0143-7240}}. 
* Thetford, Owen. "By Day and By Night: Vildebeests in Service". ''Aeroplane Monthly'',  Volume 23, No. 4, Issue 264, April 1995, pp.&nbsp;36–42. {{ISSN|0143-7240}}.

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20130425073331/http://www.canadianwings.com/Aircraft/aircraftDetail.php?VILDEBEEST-87 RCAF]}}
*[http://www.adf-serials.com/nz-serials/nz101.shtml New Zealand Military Aircraft Serial Numbers Vickers Vildebeest Mk III,IV]

{{Vickers aircraft}}

[[Category:1920s British bomber aircraft]]
[[Category:Vickers aircraft|Vildebeest]]
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[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1928]]
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