View source for Verse of purification

{{Short description|Verse in the Quran about the status of purity of the Ahl al-Bayt}}
{{Shia Islam}}
{{Sunni Islam}}{{Quran}}
The '''verse of purification''' ([[Arabic]]:آية التطهير) refers to verse 33:33 of the [[Quran]], the central religious text in [[Islam]]. The verse concerns the status of purity of the [[Ahl al-Bayt]] ({{Lit|people of the house}}), the last passage of which reads,

{{Blockquote|text=God only desires ({{Transliteration| ar|innama yuridu llahu}}) to remove defilement ({{Transliteration|ar|rijs}}) from you, O Ahl al-Bayt, and to purify you completely.{{sfn|Nasr et al.|2015|p=2331}}}}

[[Muslims]] disagree as to who belongs to the Ahl al-Bayt and what political privileges or responsibilities they have.{{Sfn|Brunner|2014}} [[Shia Islam]] limits the Ahl al-Bayt to the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]], his daughter [[Fatimah|Fatima]], her husband [[Ali]], and their two sons, [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]] and [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]].{{Sfn|Momen|1985|pp=16, 17}}{{Sfn|Leaman|2006}} There are various views in [[Sunni Islam]], though a typical compromise is to include also Muhammad's wives in the Ahl al-Bayt.{{Sfn|Goldziher|Arendonk|Tritton|2022}} The verse of purification is regarded by the Shia as evidence of the infallibility of the Ahl al-Bayt.{{Sfn|Howard|1984}}

== {{Transliteration|ar|Rijs}} ==

The [[Islam]]ic philosopher [[Seyyed Hossein Nasr|Hossein Nasr]] and his coauthors define spiritual defilement ({{Transliteration|ar|rijs}}) as all evil deeds and false beliefs that arise from the 'sickness of the heart', another [[Quran]]ic expression that appears for instance in verse 9:125. In their view, the verse of purification can thus be interpreted as God’s wanting to remove any incorrect action or belief from the [[Ahl al-Bayt]] ({{Lit|people of the house}}) and to bestow upon them infallibility ([[ismah|{{Transliteration|ar|isma}}]]), that is, the innate protection against all false beliefs or evil deeds. They define {{Transliteration|ar|isma}} as a God-given consciousness that overrides all other human faculties, so that a person endowed with {{Transliteration|ar|isma}} is completely protected from going astray and committing sins.{{sfn|Nasr et al.|2015|pp=2331{{ndash}}2332}}

=== Shia view ===
The [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver]] exegete [[Shaykh Tusi]] ({{Died in|1067}}) notes that the article {{Transliteration|ar|innama}} in the verse of purification grammatically limits the verse to the Ahl al-Bayt. He then argues that {{Transliteration|ar|rijs}} here cannot be limited to disobedience because God expects obedience from every responsible person ({{langx|ar|مكلف|mukallaf|link=no}}) and not just the Ahl al-Bayt. The verse must therefore refer to the infallibility of the Ahl al-Bayt, he concludes.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=154}} The argument of the Shia theologian [[Sharif al-Murtaza]] ({{Died in|1044}}) is similar. He contends that God's desire in the verse of purification cannot be a mere desire because God desires the spiritual purification of every responsible person. Therefore, God's desire in this verse must have been followed by action, that is, the action of purifying the Ahl al-Bayt and ensuring their infallibility.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=154}} Another argument in this vein is presented by the contemporary [[marja'|Twelver jurist]] [[Ja'far Sobhani]].{{Sfn|Sobhani|2001|pp=111-2}}

== Ahl al-Bayt ==
=== Inclusion of the Ahl al-Kisa ===
{{See also|Ahl al-Kisa}}[[File:کتیبه پنج تن.jpg|thumb|Names of the Ahl al-Kisa, inscribed in the shrine of [[Abbas ibn Ali]], located in [[Karbala]], [[Iraq]]]]

The majority of the traditions quoted by the [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] exegete [[al-Tabari]] ({{Died in|923}}) identify the Ahl al-Bayt with the [[Ahl al-Kisa]], namely, Muhammad, his daughter [[Fatima]], her husband [[Ali]], and their two sons, [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]] and [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]].{{Sfn|Howard|1984}}{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=14, 15}}{{Sfn|Algar|2011}} Such reports are also cited in {{Transliteration|ar|[[Sahih Muslim]]}}, {{Transliteration|ar|[[Sahih al-Tirmidhi|Sunnan al-Tirmidhi]]}}, {{Transliteration|ar|[[Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal]]}},{{Sfn|Momen|1985|pp=16-7, 325}}{{Sfn|Shomali|2003|pp=58{{ndash}}59, 62{{ndash}}63}} all canonical Sunni collections of hadith, and by some other Sunni authorities, including [[al-Suyuti]] ({{Died in|1505}}), al-Hafiz al-Kabir,{{Sfn|Mavani|2013|p=71}} [[al-Hakim al-Nishapuri]] ({{Died in|1014}}),{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2007|p=61n17}} and [[Ibn Kathir]] ({{Died in|1373}}).{{Sfn|Lalani|2000|p=|pp=69, 147}}

In possibly the earliest version of the [[Ahl al-Kisa|hadith of the {{Transliteration|ar|kisa}}]],{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=6}} Muhammad's wife [[Umm Salama]] relates that he gathered Ali, Fatima, Hasan, and Husayn under his cloak and prayed, "O God, these are my {{Transliteration|ar|ahl al-bayt}} and my closest family members; remove defilement from them and purify them completely."{{Sfn|Sharon|2004}}{{Sfn|Brunner|2014}} Some accounts continue that Umm Salama then asked Muhammad, "Am I with thee, O Messenger of God?" but received the negative response, "Thou shalt obtain good. Thou shalt obtain good." Among others, such reports are given in {{Transliteration|ar|Sunnan al-Tirmidhi}}, {{Transliteration|ar|Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal}},{{Sfn|Shomali|2003|p=62}} and by Ibn Kathir, al-Suyuti, and the Shia exegete [[Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai|Muhammad H. Tabatabai]] ({{Died in|1981}}).{{sfn|Nasr et al.|2015|p=2331}} Yet another Sunni version of this hadith appends Umm Salama to the Ahl al-Bayt.{{Sfn|Goldziher|Arendonk|Tritton|2022}} In another Sunni version, Muhammad's servant Wathila bint al-Asqa' is also counted in the Ahl al-Bayt.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|pp=7{{ndash}}8}}

Elsewhere in {{Transliteration|ar|Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal}}, Muhammad is said to have recited the last passage in the verse of purification every morning when he passed by Fatima's house to remind her household of the morning prayer.{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012}}{{Sfn|Shomali|2003|p=63}} In his {{Transliteration|ar|[[Mubahala with the Najrani Christians|mubahala]]}} ({{Lit|mutual cursing}}) with a delegation of [[Najran]]i [[Christians]], Muhammad is also believed to have gathered the above four under his cloak and referred to them as his {{Transliteration|ar|ahl al-bayt}}, according to Shia and some Sunni sources,{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=16}}{{Sfn|Algar|2011}} including {{Transliteration|ar|Sahih Muslim}} and {{Transliteration|ar|Sunan al-Tirmidhi}}.{{Sfn|Momen|1985|pp=16,  325}} This makeup of the Ahl al-Bayt is echoed by the Islamicist [[Laura Veccia Vaglieri]] ({{Died in|1989}}),{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012}} and also reported unanimously in Shia sources.{{Sfn|Goldziher|Arendonk|Tritton|2022}} In Shia theology works, the Ahl al-Bayt often also includes the remaining [[Imamate in Shia doctrine|Shia imams]].{{Sfn|Howard|1984}} The term is sometimes loosely applied in Shia writings to all descendants of Ali and Fatima.{{Sfn|Howard|1984}}{{Sfn|Esposito|2003|p=9}}{{Sfn|Glassé|2001}}

=== Inclusion of Muhammad's wives ===
[[File:Alahzab 01.jpg|thumb|Verse of purification in a folio of the Quran, dating to the late [[Safavid Iran|Safavid]] period]]
Perhaps because the earlier injunctions in the verse of purification are addressed at Muhammad's wives,{{Sfn|Brunner|2014}} some Sunni authors, such as al-Wahidi ({{Died in|1075}}), have exclusively interpreted the Ahl al-Bayt as Muhammad's wives.{{Sfn|Howard|1984}}{{Sfn|Sharon|2004}} Others have noted that the last passage of this verse is grammatically inconsistent with the previous injunctions (masculine plural versus feminine plural pronouns).{{Sfn|Haider|2014|p=35}} Thus the Ahl al-Bayt is not or is not limited to Muhammad's wives.{{sfn|Nasr et al.|2015|p=2331}}{{Sfn|Brunner|2014}}{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012}} Ibn Kathir, for instance, includes Ali, Fatima, and their two sons in the Ahl al-Bayt, in addition to Muhammad's wives.{{Sfn|Howard|1984}} Indeed, certain Sunni hadiths support the inclusion of Muhammad's wives in the Ahl al-Bayt, including some reports on the authority of [[Ibn Abbas]] and [[Ikrima ibn Abi Jahl|Ikrima]], two early [[Muslims|Muslim]] figures.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=15}}

Alternatively, the Islamicist [[Oliver Leaman]] proposes that marriage to a prophet does not guarantee inclusion in his {{Transliteration|ar|ahl al-bayt}}. He argues that, in verse 11:73,{{Sfn|Sharon|2004}} [[Sarah#In Islam|Sara]] is included in [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham's]] {{Transliteration|ar|ahl al-bayt}} only after receiving the news of her imminent motherhood to two prophets, [[Isaac in Islam|Isaac]] and [[Jacob in Islam|Jacob]]. Likewise, Leaman suggests that [[Moses in Islam|Moses']] mother is counted as a member of {{Transliteration|ar|ahl al-bayt}} in verse 28:12, not for being married to [[Joachim#In Islam|Imran]], but for being the mother of Moses.{{Sfn|Leaman|2006}} Similarly, in their bid for inclusion in the Ahl al-Bayt, the [[Abbasid dynasty|Abbasids]] argued that women, noble and holy as they may be, could not be considered a source of pedigree ({{Transliteration|ar|nasab}}). As the descendants of Muhammad's paternal uncle [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Abbas]], they claimed that he was equal to Muhammad's father after the latter died.{{Sfn|Sharon|2004}}{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=195}}

=== Broader interpretations ===
As hinted above, some Sunni authors have broadened its application to include in the Ahl al-Bayt the clan of Muhammad ([[Banu Hashim]]),'''{{Sfn|Sharon|2004}}{{Sfn|Campo|2004}}''' the Banu Muttalib,{{Sfn|Goldziher|Arendonk|Tritton|2022}} the Abbasids,{{sfn|Nasr et al.|2015|p=2331}}{{Sfn|Sharon|2004}}{{Sfn|Howard|1984}} and even the [[Umayyad dynasty|Umayyads]], who had descended from [[Hashim ibn Abd Manaf|Hashim's]] nephew [[Umayya ibn Abd Shams|Umayya]].{{Sfn|Brunner|2014}}{{Sfn|Howard|1984}} Indeed, another Sunni version of the Hadith al-Kisa is evidently intended to append the Abbasids to the Ahl al-Bayt.{{Sfn|Howard|1984}} This Abbasid claim was in turn the cornerstone of their bid for legitimacy.{{Sfn|Sharon|2004}}{{Sfn|Brunner|2014}} Similarly, a Sunni version of the [[Hadith of the thaqalayn|hadith of the {{Transliteration|ar|thaqalayn}}]] defines the Ahl al-Bayt as the descendants of Ali and his brothers ([[Aqil ibn Abi Talib|Aqil]] and [[Ja'far ibn Abi Talib|Jafar]]), and Muhammad's uncle Abbas.{{Sfn|Goldziher|Arendonk|Tritton|2022}}{{Sfn|Howard|1984}}

The first two [[Rashidun]] caliphs, [[Abu Bakr]] and [[Umar]], have also been included in the Ahl al-Bayt in some Sunni reports, as they were both fathers-in-law of Muhammad. Nevertheless, these and the accounts about the inclusion of the Umayyads in the Ahl al-Bayt might have been later reactions to the Abbasid claims to inclusion in the Ahl al-Bayt and their own bid for legitimacy.{{Sfn|Brunner|2014}} The term has also been interpreted as the [[Mecca]]n tribe of [[Quraysh]],{{Sfn|Sharon|2004}}{{Sfn|Brunner|2014}} or the whole Muslim community.{{Sfn|Goldziher|Arendonk|Tritton|2022}}{{Sfn|Brunner|2014}} For instance, the Islamicist [[Rudi Paret]] ({{Died in|1983}}) identifies {{Transliteration|ar|bayt}} ({{lit|house}}) in the verse of purification with the [[Kaaba]], located in the holiest site in Islam. However, his theory has only found few supporters, notably [[Moshe Sharon]], another expert.{{Sfn|Sharon|2004}}{{Sfn|Brunner|2014}}{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=11}}

=== Conclusion ===
A typical Sunni compromise is to define the Ahl al-Bayt as the Ahl al-Kisa (Muhammad, Ali, Fatima, Hasan, Husayn) together with Muhammad's wives,{{Sfn|Goldziher|Arendonk|Tritton|2022}} which might also reflect the majority opinion of medieval Sunni exegetes.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=16}} Among modern Islamicists, this view is shared by [[Ignác Goldziher]] ({{Died in|1921}}) and his coauthors,{{Sfn|Howard|1984}} and mentioned by Sharon,{{Sfn|Sharon|2004}} while [[Wilferd Madelung]] ({{Died in|2023}}) also includes the Banu Hashim in the Ahl al-Bayt in view of their blood relation to Muhammad.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=15}} In contrast, Shia limits the Ahl al-Bayt to Muhammad, Ali, Fatima, Hasan, and Husayn, pointing to authentic traditions in Sunni and Shia sources.{{Sfn|Momen|1985|pp=16, 17}}{{Sfn|Leaman|2006}}{{Sfn|Haider|2014|p=35}} Their view is supported by Veccia Vaglieri and [[Husain Mohammad Jafri|Husain M. Jafri]] ({{Died in|2019}}), another expert.{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012}}

== Significance in Shia Islam ==

[[File:آیه_تطهیر.jpg|thumb|280x280px|Verse of purification, inscribed in the shrine of Husayn in Karbala, Iraq]]
The verse of purification has long been regarded by the Shia as evidence for the infallibility of the Ahl al-Bayt.{{Sfn|Howard|1984}} Ali cited this verse when he introduced Hasan as his successor from his [[Assassination of Ali|deathbed]] in 661, according to the Shia-leaning historian [[Al-Masudi|al-Ma'sudi]] ({{Died in|956}}) in his {{Transliteration|ar|[[The Meadows of Gold|Muruj]]}}.{{Sfn|Dakake|2007|pp=73, 265n3}} Among others, the Sunni historian [[al-Baladhuri]] ({{Died in|892}}) quotes Hasan in his {{Transliteration|ar|[[Genealogies of the Nobles|Ansab]]}} as referring to this verse in his inaugural speech as the new caliph,
{{Blockquote|text=I am of the family of the prophet ({{Transliteration|ar|ahl al-bayt}}) from whom God has removed filth and whom He has purified, whose love He has made obligatory in His Book (Quran) when He said: "Whosoever performs a good act, We shall increase the good in it." Performing a good act is love for us, the family of the prophet.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=311{{ndash}}312}}|author=Hasan ibn Ali}}

In [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver Shia]], infallibility ({{Transliteration|ar|isma}}) is considered a necessary trait for their [[Twelve Imams|imams]] as the divine guides after the prophet, lest their followers would be led astray.{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=155}} In addition to logical arguments, the textual basis for the infallibility of their imams includes the Quranic verse, "My covenant embraceth not the evildoers."{{Sfn|Mavani|2013|p=|pp=91{{ndash}}92}} This notion was included in Shia teachings as early as the Shia imam [[Muhammad al-Baqir]] ({{Died in|{{circa|732}}}}).{{Sfn|Lalani|2000|p=69}}

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[Ahl al-Kisa]]
* [[Verse of Mawadda|Verse of mawadda]]
* [[Verse of ikmal al-din]]
* [[Verse of walaya]]
* [[Verse of Obedience|Verse of obedience]]
}}

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|20em}}

==References==

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{{refend}}

[[Category:Al-Ahzab]]
[[Category:Quranic verses]]
[[Category:Islamic ethics]]
[[Category:Shia Islam]]
[[Category:Sunni Islam]]
[[Category:Sharia]]