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{{short description|Hungarian dance and musical style}}
{{Hungarianmusic}}
{{Use shortened footnotes|date=April 2021}}
'''Verbunkos''' ({{IPA|hu|ˈvɛrbuŋkoʃ|lang}}), other spellings being ''Verbounko'', ''Verbunko'', ''Verbunkas'', ''Werbunkos'', ''Werbunkosch'', ''Verbunkoche''; sometimes known simply as the '''hongroise''' or '''ungarischer Tanz''' {{r|GroveDict2001_Verbunkos}} is an 18th-century [[Hungarian dance]] and [[Music of Hungary|music]] genre.

The verbunkos is typically in a pair of sections, slow (''lassú''), with a characteristic dotted rhythm, and fast (''friss''), with virtuosic running-note passages. In some cases, this slow-fast pair alternates at greater length.{{r|GroveDict2001_Verbunkos}}

The name is derived from the [[German language|German]] word ''Werbung'', a noun derived from the verb ''werben'' that means, in particular, "to recruit"; verbunkos—recruiter. This music and dance was played during military recruiting before the Habsburg emperors, who were also [[King of Hungary|kings of Hungary]], introduced [[conscription]] in 1849. A group of a dozen [[hussar]]s performed the dance in different parts, with the leading sergeant opening with slow movements, then the lower officers joining for more energetic parts, and the youngest soldiers concluding the dance with jumps and [[Heel clicking|spur-clicking]].{{r|GroveDict2001_Verbunkos}}

Despite its name, the melodies originate from [[Hungarian folk music|Hungarian folk]] and [[Hungarian pop|popular music]] and have been sometimes attributed to [[Romani people|Romani people (Gypsies)]], because the accompaniment was usually played by Romani musicians in characteristic Romani style.{{r|GroveDict2001_Verbunkos|Head2005_89|Loya2011_17}}

The Romani composer [[János Bihari]] (1764–1827) remains the most well-known composer and interpreter of verbunkos. Eighty-four compositions of his remain.{{r|Sisa1990_301}}  Bihari was a [[violin]]ist who played in the court in [[Vienna]] during the entire [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1814. Another composer of verbunkos was [[József Kossovits]] (d. c. 1819).

With the establishment in 1837 of the Hungarian National Theatre in Pest, the verbunkos style began to change under the influence of the first director of the theatre and operatic composer, [[Ferenc Erkel]], whose most successful operas were [[Hunyadi László (opera)|Hunyadi László]] (1844) and [[Bánk bán]] (1861).{{r|Sisa1990_301}}

[[Haydn]] incorporated verbunkos into the "[[Piano Trio No. 39 (Haydn)|Gypsy Rondo]]" piano trio, composed in 1795. [[Béla Bartók]]'s ''[[Contrasts (Bartók)|Contrasts]]'' (1938), a trio for clarinet, piano and violin, is in three movements, the first of which is named Verbunkos. His [[Violin Concerto No. 2 (Bartók)|Violin Concerto No. 2]] is also an example of verbunkos style.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}}<!--Since the Bartók concerto is in three movements rather than two (as the First Concerto is), this claim requires some support.-->

==Slovácko verbuňk==
The '''''Slovácko verbuňk''''' is also an improvised folk dance in the [[Moravian Slovakia|South Moravia and Zlín]] districts of the [[Czech Republic]], and was inscribed in 2008 on the [[Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity]] of UNESCO.{{r|UNESCO_Verbuňk}}

==See also==
*[[Schuhplattler]]

==Sources==
<references>
<ref name=GroveDict2001_Verbunkos>{{cite book |last=Bellman |first=Jonathan |date=2001 |chapter=Verbunkos |editor1-last=Sadie |editor1-first=Stanley |editor1-link=Stanley Sadie |editor2-last=Tyrrell |editor2-first=John |editor2-link=John Tyrrell (professor of music) |title=[[The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians]] |edition=2nd |location=London |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=9780195170672}}</ref>

<ref name=Head2005_89>{{cite book |last=Head |first=Matthew |date=2005 |chapter=Haydn's Exoticisms: 'Difference' and the Enlightenment |editor=Caryl Leslie Clark |title=The Cambridge Companion to Haydn |series=[[Cambridge Companions to Music]] |location=Cambridge and New York City |publisher=Cambridge University Press |at=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EPL5nSMP5C4C&pg=PA89 p. 89] (77–94) |isbn=9780521833479 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EPL5nSMP5C4C&pg=PA77}}</ref>

<ref name=Loya2011_17>{{cite book |last=Loya |first=Shay |date=2011 |title=Liszt's Transcultural Modernism and the Hungarian-Gypsy Tradition |series=Eastman Studies in Music (Vol. 87) |publisher=University Rochester Press |page=17 |isbn=9781580463232 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayycky8jyygC&pg=PA17 }}</ref>

<ref name=Sisa1990_301>{{cite book |last=Sisa |first=Stephen |date=1990 |chapter=Hungarian Music |title=The Spirit of Hungary: A Panorama of Hungarian History and Culture |edition=2nd |location=[[Morristown, New Jersey|Morristown]] NJ |publisher=Vista Books |at=p. 301 (299–306) |isbn=9780962842207 |access-date=17 September 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tp_tAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

<ref name=UNESCO_Verbuňk>{{cite web |title=Slovácko Verbuňk, recruit dances |website=UNESCO - Intangible Cultural Heritage |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/slovacko-verbunk-recruit-dances-00147 |access-date=24 April 2021}}</ref>
</references>

{{Hungarian Folk Music}}
{{UNESCO Oral and Intangible Eastern Europe}}
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[[Category:Hungarian styles of music]]
[[Category:Hungarian dances]]
[[Category:Hungarian words and phrases]]
[[Category:Dance forms in classical music]]
[[Category:Culture of Hungary]]