View source for Venu

{{Short description|Indian flute}}
{{About|the ancient Indian flute|the name|Venu (given name)|the American streaming service|Venu Sports}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Instrument
| image          = 
| name           = Vēṇu
| names          = Muraḷi, Vēṇuvu, Pillana grōvi, Kūḷalu, Pullangkuḻal, Oodakuḻal
| classification = [[India]]n [[Woodwind]] Instrument
| range          = More than 2.5 Octaves (8-hole bamboo flute)
| related        = [[Bansuri]]
| musicians      = [[:Category:Indian flautists|List of Indian Flautists]]
| articles       = [[Palladam Sanjiva Rao]], [[H. Ramachandra Shastry]], [[T. R. Mahalingam (flautist)|T. R. Mahalingam]], [[T. Viswanathan]] etc..
}}

The '''''venu'''''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sanskritdictionary.org/venu|title=venu -- flute -- Sanskrit Dictionary|website=Sanskritdictionary.org|access-date=21 April 2021}}</ref> (Sanskrit: {{lang|sa|[[wikt:वेणु|वेणु]]}}; {{IAST|vēṇu}}/मुरळि; ''muraļi'') is one of the ancient [[transverse flute]]s of [[Indian classical music]].{{Sfn|Lochtefeld|2002|p=747}} It is an [[aerophone]] typically made from bamboo, that is a side blown wind instrument. It continues to be in use in the South Indian [[Carnatic music]] tradition.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Bruno Nettl|author2=Thomas Turino|author3=Isabel Wong|display-authors=etal|title=Excursions in World Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_R1iCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT691|year=2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-35029-3|page=691}}</ref> It is referred to as nadi and tunava in the [[Rigveda]] and other Vedic texts of [[Hinduism]]. In northern Indian music, a similar flute is called ''[[bansuri]]''.{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=163}} In the south, it is also called by various other names such as ''pullanguḻal'' (புல்லாங்குழல்) in Tamil (Tamil Nadu), ''oodakuḻal ''(ഓടകുഴൽ) or '' kurungu kuḻal '' (കുറുന് കുഴൽ) in Malayalam (Kerala) and ''ಕೊಳಲು (koḷalu)'' or ಮುರಳಿ (muraļi) in Kannada (Karnataka) . It is known as ''pillana grōvi'' (పిల్లన గ్రోవి) or ''vēṇuvu'' (వేణువు) in Telugu (Andhra Pradesh & Telangana). It is also called as Carnatic Flute.

The ''venu'' is discussed as an important musical instrument in the ''[[Natya Shastra]]'', the classic [[Hindu]] text on music and performance arts.{{Sfn|Rowell|2015|pp=99–103}} The ancient Sanskrit texts of India describe other side blown flutes such as the ''murali'' and ''vamsika'', but sometimes these terms are used interchangeably. A ''venu'' has six holes, is about the thickness of a thumb, and twelve fingers long. A longer ''murali'' has four holes and two hands longs. The ''vamsika'' has eight holes, between twelve and seventeen fingers long.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Bhaktirasāmṛtasindhu of Rūpa Gosvāmin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DsRb6gjUa1oC |year=2003|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1861-3|page=217}}</ref>

A ''venu'' is a part of the iconography of Hindu god shree [[Krishna]].{{Sfn|Lochtefeld|2002|p=747}}

==Construction and technique==
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2016}}
[[File:Images of Lord Krishna - Lord Krishna plays the flute.jpg|thumb|A ''venu'' is a musical instrument common in Krishna iconography]]
One of the oldest musical instruments of [[India]], the instrument is a key-less transverse flute made of [[bamboo]]. The fingers of both hands are used to close and open the holes. It has a blowing hole near one end, and eight closely placed finger holes.  The instrument comes in various sizes. The venu is also a highly respected instrument and those who play it are expected to appreciate it, for it is considered a gift to be able to play it.

The ''venu'' is capable of producing two and half octaves with the help of [[Overblowing|over-blowing]] and [[Fingering (music)#Cross-fingering|cross fingering]]. The flute is like the human voice in that it is [[Monaural|monophonic]] and also has a typical two and half octave sound reproduction.  Sliding the fingers on and off the holes allows for production of variety of ''[[Gamaka (music)|gamakas]]'', important in the performance of [[raga]]-based music.

==History==
The flute (''venu'') finds great mention in Indian mythology and folklore having been listed as among the three original instruments meant for music along with the human voice and the ''[[veena]]'' (vaani-veena-venu).<ref>{{cite book|author=Tarla Mehta|title=Sanskrit Play Production in Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l7naMj1UxIkC&pg=PA149|year=1995|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1057-0|pages=149–150}}</ref> 

The ''venu'' is associated with the [[Hindu]] god [[Krishna]], who is often depicted playing it. This kind of flute is mainly used in South India. Vishnu is portrayed as [[Govinda|Venugopala]],  playing the flute of creation.

The ''venu'' had not been a part of the Carnatic classical music until the pioneering innovations of Shri Sharaba Shastri and later revisions and updates on his design by Shri T.R. Mahalingam (fondly called Flute Mali). Due to the underlying physics of sound production, flutes have a natural "cut" or a discontinuity when going from the lowest note to the highest note. This discontinuity appears between the notes "ga" and "ma" on a Carnatic flute and between "Ma" and "Pa" for a Hindustani flute (mainly because of the fingering technique differences). In order to adapt the flute to Carnatic Music, certain modifications were necessary such as the addition of the 7th hole, usage of thicker walled bamboos, the technique of lifting the head to change the angle of embouchure when shifting between "ga" and "ma" notes. These innovations enabled artists to perform the Carnatic ragas with all the necessary ''gamakas'' and ornamentations without losing the "Bhaava" of the raga.

==Difference between ''bansuri'' and ''venu''==
Often beginners in India find themselves in a dilemma on what kind of flute to begin playing on as India has two distinct kinds of transverse flutes. They are the ''bansuri'' (North Indian bamboo flute) and the ''venu'' (South Indian bamboo flute).
The main differences between these two are the raw material, construction and style of playing.

Raw material preferred for making the South Indian ''venu'' is usually thicker and denser and grows in Kerala or southern Tamil Nadu. It is darker and produces clear and rich mellow tone. The material used in Bansuri is mostly thin walled bamboo (but longer in length and diameter). It is lighter in color and produces a light airy tone (it is called ''jawaari''). This bamboo grows in Assam (Silchar). There are also other varieties that are used, including bamboos that grow in the region of Sirsi, North Karnataka, Bihar.

Venu is constructed with eight playing holes and one blowing hole. Of these eight playing holes, seven are actually used for playing and the last finger hole is used in tuning. The ''bansuri'' has six playing holes and one blowing hole. There have been certain artists that have experimented with an additional ''pancham'' hole (thumb hole to achieve the note Pa) and Teevra ma hole at the end. However, standard ''bansuri'' usually only have six holes. These differences are mainly to accommodate the different styles of music that are played on it.

The Sa on the ''venu'' is achieved by closing the top two finger holes. On a ''bansuri'' the top three finger holes are closed to achieve this note. The way the notes are played is also slightly different. Carnatic music emphasizes the "gayaki style" or "the style of imitating the human voice". Hence the usage of ''gamakas'' and andolans require a nimble hold and a way to bend the notes smoothly on a Venu. Bansuri is more suited to Hindustani style of music due to its importance on long sustained notes and fast ''[[Taan (music)|taans]]''. These two instruments serve different styles of music and hence the difference in playing and construction.

==Flute sizes and pitches==
The flute pitch is usually marked on the blowing end. It is denoted either in numbers on a Venu from 1 to 7 with or without (1/2, indicating one semitone higher) or as per the standard Pitch letters on a Bansuri from A to G with or without (#-Sharps/b-Flats). The size varies up to 12 sizes in length, each providing different pitches. The diameter of the flute also varies based on the pitch. With Lower octaves the diameter and length of flute increase, whereas in case of Higher octaves, the diameter and length of the flute is smaller.

There are many custom sized flutes available. Some flutes even go beyond 1 meter length. There is no limit in the imagination of these kind of flute constructions. Few examples are [[Double contrabass flute]], [[Contrabass flute]] and Anahat Venu, which can go up to 12 feet.

Even a [[Plastic pipework|PVC pipe]] can be used to construct a flute in a very simple way, simply using common scissors.

==Making the first sound==
In order to get an initial sound out of the flute, one can blow air into the embouchure hole. This technique is common for all transverse flutes such as the Western flute, the Bansuri, the Chinese Dizi flute etc.

==Musical notes==
[[File:Eight Hole Flute Notes New.svg|frame|right|Basic 8 Notes playing with<br/> full hole closing/opening]]
Playing includes a [[Musical Scale]] or [[Swara|Sargam]], which usually has 7 notes Sa, Re, Ga, Ma, Pa, Dha, Ni; in [[Hindustani Classical Music]].
In Carnatic Music, the swaras are denoted as per the [[Melakarta]] System.

The Transition from Ga to Pa is an essential aspect which is to be practiced appropriately under the Guidance of a Flute Teacher.

The blowing intensity needs to be changed carefully without distorting the sound.

Extreme strong blows allow the artist to even play few extra notes beyond the range the flute (some times leads to whistle sound).

Angling the flute against the blowing hole, allows the artist to modify and fine tune a note to the original pitch. 
While blowing the air, the artist can choose either continuous blowing or non-continuous blowing or even use the tough/lips to vibrate the air to play the music.

==Half finger closed musical notes==
The artist can use the finger to close the hole half or quarter or three quarter to make different sounds,<ref name=kasliwal85>{{cite book|author=K.N. Shivakumar|title=Carnatic Music - Sadhakams|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xXivDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP19|year=2019|publisher=Sangeet Bharati|pages=14–20}}</ref> even though the sound does not falls in the standard keyboard but it is up to the imagination of the music artist to make those sounds.

This technique allows the artist to play almost 30+ notes in one flute. As a standard the black keys in a keyboard can be sounded in a flute with half finger closed on the corresponding hole.

Slow opening and slow closing the hole allows the music curves/pitching to move between one note to another note while continuously blowing, even two/three fingers can be slow closed and slow opened while continuously blowing. This sound curving technique produces the ''[[Gamak (music)|gamak]]'' characteristic of [[Carnatic music]].

This technique allows the artist to play like a Song of male from the bird [[Asian koel]]. This can be related to hard pressing the [[Veena]] string to get the bending/pitching note or using a [[pitch wheel|Pitch Wheel]] in an Electronic/MIDI keyboard.

==Venu players==
{{listen
 | filename     = Carnatic flute.ogg
 | title        = sound samples
 | description  = Carnatic 8-hole flute pitch E
 | format       = [[Ogg]]
}}

===Of the past===
* [[Palladam Sanjiva Rao]] (1882-1962), a disciple of Sharaba Shastri.
* [[H. Ramachandra Shastry]] (1906 - 1992), a disciple of Palladam Sanjiva Rao.
* [[T. R. Mahalingam (flautist)|T. R. Mahalingam]] (1926-1986), a child venuist prodigy who started playing the flute at the age of five years. He is most popularly known as "Mali" or sometimes "Flute Mali."
* [[T.A. Hariharan]], Disciple of T.K. Radhakrishnan
*[[T.K.Radhakrishnan]] (1919-2003)
*[[Manda Balarama Sharma]], Disciple of T.R.Mahalingam 
* [[T. Viswanathan]] (1927-2002), grandson of Veena Dhanammal and brother of Balasaraswati
*[[Cochin Ranganathan]]
* [[B.N.Suresh]], (1946-1990) disciple of T.R.Mahalingam
* [[Prapancham Sitaram]]  (d.2014)
* [[N. Kesi]] (1918-2015)
* [[Dindigul S.P. Natarajan]],  Disciple of T.R.Mahalingam 
* [[K.S. Narayanaswamy, (Flute)]] (d. 2003)
* [[N. Ramani|N Ramani]] (1934-2015), disciple of T.R.Mahalingam
* [[A.V.Prakash]] (1941 - 2016)
* [[Sikkil Sisters - Kunjumani & Neela]]

===Of the present===
* [[G.Raghuraman]] (b.1968) 
* [[G. S. Rajan]] (b. 1962)
* [[K. Bhaskaran]] (b. 1961)
* [[B. Shankar Rao]] (1922 - 2020)
* [[B.M. Sundar Rao]] (b. 1937)
* [[T. S. Sankaran]] (1930 - 2015)
* [[K. S. Gopalakrishnan (musician)|K. S. Gopalakrishnan]] (b. 1948)
* [[Guruvayoor Srikishnan]] (1936 - 2019)
* [[Tiruchy L. Saravanan]]
* [[Ludwig Pesch]]
* [[Thiagarajan Ramani]] (b. 1962)
* [[Sikkil Mala Chandrasekar]] (b. 1963)
* [[Kudamaloor Janardanan]] (b.1969)
* [[Raman Kalyan]]
* [[Shashank Subramanyam]] (b.1978)

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Music}}
* [[Bansuri]]
* [[Carnatic Music]]
* [[Hindustani Music]]
* [[Bamboo musical instruments]]
* [[Wind instrument]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book|first=Guy |last=Beck|year=1993 |title=Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound|location=Columbia |publisher=University of South Carolina Press|isbn=978-0-87249-855-6}}
* {{cite book|first=Vimalakānta Rôya|last=Caudhurī|title=The Dictionary of Hindustani Classical Music|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofhind00roya |url-access=registration|year=2000|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1708-1}}
* {{cite book|last= Dalal |first=Roshen |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ |year=2014 | publisher=Penguin Books  |isbn=978-81-8475-277-9 }}
* {{Cite book | last=Daniélou | first=Alain | author-link=Alain Daniélou | title=Northern Indian Music, Volume 1. Theory & technique; Volume 2. The main rāgǎs | publisher=C. Johnson | place=London | year=1949|oclc= 851080}}
* {{cite book|title= Evolution of Raga and Tala in Indian Music| first=M.R.|last = Gautam| publisher= Munshiram Manoharlal | year = 1993|isbn = 81-215-0442-2}}
* {{Cite book | last=Kaufmann | first=Walter | author-link=Walter Kaufmann (composer) | title=The Ragas of North India | publisher=Oxford & Indiana University Press | isbn=978-0-253-34780-0 | year=1968 | oclc=11369 | url=https://archive.org/details/ragasofnorthindi00kauf }}
* {{cite book|first=James G.|last=Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, 2 Volume Set|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-2287-1}}
* {{cite book|first=José Luiz|last=Martinez|title=Semiosis in Hindustani Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OwJRnFIcM4cC |year=2001|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1801-9}}
* {{citation |ref={{sfnref|Nettl et al.|1998}}|  first1=Bruno|last1=Nettl | author2= Ruth M. Stone|author3=James Porter|author4=Timothy Rice|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC |year=1998|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1}}
* {{cite book|first=Don Michael |last= Randel|title=The Harvard Dictionary of Music|edition=fourth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=02rFSecPhEsC |year=2003|location=Cambridge, MA|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-01163-2}}
* {{cite book|first=Lewis |last= Rowell|title=Music and Musical Thought in Early India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_UCgAAQBAJ |year=2015|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-73034-9}}
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IwbOOwAACAAJ&q=the+flute|title=The Flute|last=P|first=Sambamoorthy|publisher=Indian music Publishing House|year=1982}}
* {{cite book|first1=Neil| last1= Sorrell|first2=Ram |last2= Narayan|title=Indian Music in Performance: A Practical Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNhRAQAAIAAJ |year=1980|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-0756-9}}
* {{cite book|first=Emmie|last=Te Nijenhuis |author-link=Emmie te Nijenhuis |title=Indian Music: History and Structure |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrgfAAAAIAAJ |year=1974|publisher= BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-03978-3 }}
* {{cite book |first1=Annette|last1=Wilke|first2=Oliver|last2= Moebus|title=Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9wmYz_OtZ_gC |year=2011|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-024003-0}}

==External links==
* [http://anubodh.com/Carnatic_fing_chart/Carnatic_Fing_Chart.html Carnatic Flute Fingering Chart] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212104459/http://www.anubodh.com/Carnatic_fing_chart/Carnatic_Fing_Chart.html |date=12 February 2007 }}

{{Flutes}}
{{Indian musical instruments}}
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[[Category:Venu players| ]]
[[Category:Carnatic music instruments]]
[[Category:Indian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Bamboo flutes]]
[[Category:Side-blown flutes]]
[[Category:Eight tone hole wind instruments]]
[[Category:Tamil music]]
[[Category:Telugu music]]