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{{Short description|Buddhist term referring to feelings and sensations}}{{Italic title|reason=[[:Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]}}
{{Buddhist_term
| title=vedanā
| pi=वेदना ({{IAST|vedanā}})
| sa=वेदना ({{IAST|vedanā}})
| zh=受 (shòu)
| vi=受 (thụ, thọ)
| ja=受 (ju)
| ko=수 (su)
| km=វេទនា
| km-Latn=vétônéa
| bo= ཚོར་བ།
| bo-Latn=[[Wylie transliteration|Wylie]]: tshor ba; <br />[[THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription|THL]]: tsorwa 
| en=feeling, sensation, feeling-tone
| my=ဝေဒနာ
| my-Latn=wèdənà
| mnw=ဝေဒနာ
| mnw-Latn=wètənɛ̀a
| shn=ဝူၺ်ႇတၼႃႇ
| shn-Latn=woj2 ta1 naa2
| tl=ᜊ᜔ᜇᜀᜈᜀ (bedana)
| th=เวทนา
| th-Latn=wetthana
|id=perasaan}}
{{Cetasika|universal}}{{Nidanas|float=right}}
'''''Vedanā''''' ([[Pāli]] and [[Sanskrit]]: वेदना) is an ancient term traditionally translated as either "[[feeling]]"<ref>Generally, ''vedanā'' is considered to ''not'' include full-blown "emotions." See the section [[#"Feeling," not "emotion"|"Feeling," not "emotion"]] below.</ref>  or "sensation."<ref>See, for instance, Rhys Davids & Stede (1921-25), p. 648, entry for "Vedanā" (retrieved 2008-01-09 from the "University of Chicago" at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.3:1:2277.pali), which initially defines this Pali word simply as "feeling, sensation."</ref> In general, ''vedanā'' refers to the pleasant, unpleasant and neutral sensations that occur when our internal [[ayatana|sense organs]] come into [[Sparśa|contact]] with external sense objects and the associated [[vijnana|consciousness]]. Vedanā is identified as [[Valence (psychology)|valence]] or "hedonic tone" in psychology.

Vedanā is identified within the Buddhist teaching as follows:
* One of the [[Mental factors (Buddhism)#Seven universal mental factors|''seven universal mental factors'']] in the Theravāda Abhidharma.
* One of the [[Mental factors (Buddhism)#Five universal mental factors|''five universal mental factors'']] in the Mahāyāna Abhidharma.
* One of the [[Twelve Nidanas|twelve links of dependent origination]] (in both Theravāda and Mahāyāna traditions).
* One of the [[skandha|five skandas]] (in both Theravāda and Mahāyāna traditions).
* One of the objects of focus within the [[four foundations of mindfulness]] practice.

In the context of the twelve links, [[taṇhā|craving]] for and [[upādāna|attachment]] to vedanā leads to [[dukkha|suffering]]; reciprocally, [[Samādhi (Buddhism)|concentrated]] [[vipassanā|awareness]] and [[Sampajañña|clear comprehension]] of vedanā can lead to [[bodhi|Enlightenment]] and the [[Nirvana|extinction]] of the causes of suffering.

==Definitions==

===Theravada===
Bhikkhu Bodhi states:
:Feeling is the [[Mental factors (Buddhism)|mental factor]] which feels the object. It is the affective mode in which the object is experienced. The Pali word vedanā does not signify emotion (which appears to be a complex phenomenon involving a variety of concomitant mental factors), but the bare [[Affect (psychology)|affective]] quality of an experience, which may be either pleasant, painful or neutral....<ref name="bodhi1">{{Cite book |last1=Bodhi |first1=Bhikkhu |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/A-comprehensive-manual-of-Abhidhamma-:-the-Abhidhammattha-sangaha-of-Acariya-Anuruddha/oclc/1004140274 |title=Bhikkhu Bodhi (2003), p. 80 |date=6 November 2012 |isbn=9781938754241 |access-date=Dec 20, 2024}}</ref>

Nina van Gorkom states:
: When we study the Abhidhamma we learn that 'vedanā' is not the same as what we mean by feeling in conventional language. Feeling is [[Namarupa#Nāmarūpa in Buddhism|nāma]], it experiences something. Feeling never arises alone; it accompanies [[citta]] and other [[Mental factors (Buddhism)|cetasikas]] and it is conditioned by them. Thus, feeling is a conditioned nāma. Citta does not feel, it cognizes the object and vedanā feels...

:All feelings have the function of ''experiencing the taste, the flavour of an object'' (''Atthasālinī'', I, Part IV, Chapter I, 109). The ''Atthasālinī'' uses a simile in order to illustrate that feeling experiences the taste of an object and that citta and the other cetasikas which arise together with feeling experience the taste only partially. A cook who has prepared a meal for the king merely tests the food and then offers it to the king who enjoys the taste of it:

:: ...and the king, being lord, expert, and master, eats whatever he likes, even so the mere testing of the food by the cook is like the partial enjoyment of the object by the remaining dhammas (the citta and the other cetasikas), and as the cook tests a portion of the food, so the remaining dhammas enjoy a portion of the object, and as the king, being lord, expert and master, eats the meal according to his pleasure, so feeling, being lord, expert and master, enjoys the taste of the object, and therefore it is said that enjoyment or experience is its function.

:Thus, all feelings have in common that they experience the 'taste' of an object. Citta and the other accompanying cetasikas also experience the object, but feeling experiences it in its own characteristic way.<ref name=gorkom1>Gorkom (2010), [http://www.zolag.co.uk/Cetasikas/html_node/Feeling.html#Feeling Definition of Feeling]</ref>

===Mahayana===
The [[Abhidharma-samuccaya]] states:
:What is the absolutely specific characteristic of vedana? It is to experience. That is to say, in any experience, what we experience is the individual maturation of any positive or negative action as its final result.<ref name=g1>Guenther (1975), Kindle Locations 329-331.</ref>

Mipham Rinpoche states:<ref name=eric1>Kunsang (2004), p. 21.</ref>
: Sensations are defined as impressions.
: The aggregate of sensations can be divided into three: pleasant, painful, and neutral. Alternatively, there are five: pleasure and mental pleasure, pain and mental pain, and neutral sensation.
: In terms of support, there are six sensations resulting from contact...

Alexander Berzin describes this mental factors as ''feeling (tshor-ba, Skt. vedanā) some level of happiness''. He states:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://studybuddhism.com/en/advanced-studies/lam-rim/buddha-nature/overview-of-buddha-nature|title=Overview of Buddha-Nature|website=studybuddhism.com}}</ref>
: When we hear the word “feeling” in a Buddhist context, it’s only referring to this: feeling some level of happy or unhappy, somewhere on the spectrum. So, on the basis of pleasant contacting awareness—it comes easily to mind—we feel happy. Happiness is: we would like it to continue. And, on the basis of unpleasant contacting awareness—it doesn’t come easily to the mind, we basically want to get rid of it—we feel unhappiness. “Unhappiness” is the same word as “suffering” (mi-bde-ba, Skt. duhkha). Unhappiness is: I don’t want to continue this; I want to be parted from this.

:And neutral contacting awareness. We feel neutral about it—neither want to continue it nor to discontinue it...

===Relation to "emotions"===

Vedanā is the distinct [[Valence (psychology)|valence]] or "hedonic tone" of emotional psychology, neurologically identified and isolated.

Contemporary teachers [[Bhikkhu Bodhi]] and [[Chögyam Trungpa]] Rinpoche clarify the relationship between ''vedanā'' (often translated as "feelings") and Western notions of "emotions."

Bhikkhu Bodhi writes: 
:"The Pali word ''vedanā'' does not signify emotion (which appears to be a complex phenomenon involving a variety of concomitant mental factors), but the bare [[Affect (psychology)|affective]] quality of an experience, which may be either pleasant, painful or neutral."<ref name=bodhi1/>

Chögyam Trungpa Rinpoche writes:
:"In case [i.e. within the Buddhist teachings] 'feeling' is not quite our ordinary notion of feeling.  It is not the feeling we take so seriously as, for instance, when we say, 'He hurt my feelings.'  This kind of feeling that we take so seriously belongs to the fourth and fifth [[skandha]]s of [[saṅkhārā|concept]] and [[vijñāna|consciousness]]."<ref>Trungpa (2001), p. 32.</ref>

==Attributes==
In general, the [[Pali canon]] describes vedanā in terms of three "modes" and six "classes." Some discourses discuss alternate enumerations including up to 108 kinds.

===Three modes, six classes===
{{Chachakka|figno=1}}
Throughout [[Pali Canon|canonical]] discourses (''[[Sutta Pitaka]]''), the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] teaches that there are three modes of vedanā: 
:* pleasant (''[[sukha|sukhā]]'')
:* unpleasant (''[[dukkha|dukkhā]]'')
:* neither pleasant nor unpleasant (''adukkham-asukhā'', "ambivalent", sometimes referred to as "neutral" in translation)<ref>See, for instance, [[Samyutta Nikaya|SN]] 36.5, ''Datthabba Sutta'' [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn36/sn36.005.nypo.html (Nyanaponika, 1983).]
In the Visuddhimagga 460, there is a similar but different threefold enumeration: wholesome (''kusalā''), unwholesome (''akusalā'') and indefinite (''avyākatā'') (Rhys Davids & Stede, 1921–25, ''ibid'').</ref>

Elsewhere in the Pali canon it is stated that there are six classes of vedanā, corresponding to sensations arising from contact (Skt: ''[[sparśa]]''; Pali: ''phassa'') between an internal sense organ ([[ayatana|''āyatana'']]; that is, the eye, ear, nose, tongue, body or mind), an external sense object and the associated consciousness (Skt.: ''[[vijnana]]''; Pali: ''viññāna'').  (See Figure 1.)  In other words:
:* feeling arising from the contact of eye, visible form and eye-consciousness
:* feeling arising from the contact of ear, sound and ear-consciousness
:* feeling arising from the contact of nose, smell and nose-consciousness
:* feeling arising from the contact of tongue, taste and tongue-consciousness
:* feeling arising from the contact of body, touch and body-consciousness
:* feeling arising from the contact of mind (''mano''), thoughts (''[[dhamma]]'') and mind-consciousness<ref>See, for example, the ''Chachakka Sutta'' ([[Majjhima Nikaya|MN]] 148) which ascribes to the Buddha the following words:
:"'The six classes of feeling should be known.' Thus was it said. In reference to what was it said? Dependent on the eye & forms there arises consciousness at the eye. The meeting of the three is contact. With contact as a requisite condition there is feeling. Dependent on the ear & sounds there arises consciousness at the ear. The meeting of the three is contact. With contact as a requisite condition there is feeling. Dependent on the nose & aromas there arises consciousness at the nose. The meeting of the three is contact. With contact as a requisite condition there is feeling. Dependent on the tongue & flavors there arises consciousness at the tongue. The meeting of the three is contact. With contact as a requisite condition there is feeling. Dependent on the body & tactile sensations there arises consciousness at the body. The meeting of the three is contact. With contact as a requisite condition there is feeling. Dependent on the intellect & ideas there arises consciousness at the intellect. The meeting of the three is contact. With contact as a requisite condition there is feeling. 'The six classes of feeling should be known.' Thus was it said...." [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.148.than.html (Thanissaro, 1998.)]
For other references to the "six classes of feeling/sensation," see the ''Sattaṭṭhāna Sutta'' ([[Samyutta Nikaya|SN]] 22.57) [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn22/sn22.057.than.html (Thanissaro, 1997b)], and the ''Vedanā Sutta'' ([[Saṁyutta Nikāya|SN]] 25.5) [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn25/sn25.005.than.html (Thanissaro, 2004).]</ref>

===Two, three, five, six, 18, 36, 108 kinds===
In a few discourses, a multitude of kinds of vedana are alluded to ranging from two to 108, as follows:
:* two kinds of feeling: physical and mental
:* three kinds: pleasant, painful, neutral
:* five kinds: physical pleasant, physical painful, mental pleasant, mental painful, [[upekkha|equanimous]]
:* six kinds: one for each [[indriya|sense faculty]] (eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, mind)
:* 18 kinds: explorations of the aforementioned three mental kinds of feelings (mental pleasant, mental painful, equanimous) each in terms of each of the aforementioned six sense faculties
:* 36 kinds: the aforementioned 18 kinds of feeling for the [[Householder (Buddhism)|householder]] and the aforementioned 18 kinds for the renunciate
:* 108 kinds: the aforementioned 36 kinds for the past, for the present and for the future<ref>Two virtually identical discourses that simply ''allude'' to the various number of vedana are MN 59 [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.059.than.html (Thanissaro, 2005b)] and SN 36.19 [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn36/sn36.019.than.html (Thanissaro, 2005c).]  These different kinds of vedana are spelled out in SN 36.22 [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn36/sn36.022.than.html (Thanissaro, 2005a).]  See also Hamilton (2001), pp.  43-6.</ref>

In the wider [[Pali literature]], of the above enumerations, the post-canonical [[Visuddhimagga]] highlights the five types of vedanā: physical pleasure (''sukha''); physical displeasure (''dukkha''); mental happiness (''somanassa''); mental unhappiness (''domanassa''); and, equanimity (''upekkhā'').<ref>Vism. 461 (Rhys Davids & Stede, 1921-25, p. 648, [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.3:1:2277.pali entry for "Vedanā."]; see this entry also regarding the distinction between "modes" and "types."</ref>

==Canonical frameworks==
{{PancaKhandha|figno=2}}
{{SamadhiBhavana}}
Vedanā is a pivotal phenomenon in the following frequently identified frameworks of the Pali canon:
* the "five aggregates"
* the twelve conditions of "dependent origination"
* the four "foundations of mindfulness"

===Mental aggregate===
Vedanā is one of the five aggregates (Skt.: ''[[skandha]]''; Pali: ''khandha'') of clinging (Skt., Pali: ''[[upadana|upādāna]]''; see Figure 2 to the right). In the canon, as indicated above, feeling arises from the contact of a sense organ, sense object and consciousness.

===Central condition===
In the [[Twelve Nidānas|Chain of Conditioned Arising]] (Skt: ''[[Pratityasamutpada|pratītyasamutpāda]]''; Pali: ''{{IAST|paṭiccasamuppāda}}''), the Buddha explains that: 
* vedanā arises with contact (''[[phassa]]'') as its condition
* vedanā acts as a condition for craving (Pali: ''[[Taṇhā|{{IAST|taṇhā}}]]''; Skt.: {{IAST|tṛṣṇā}}).<ref>See, e.g., [[Saṁyutta Nikāya|SN]] 12.1 ''ff''.</ref>

In the post-canonical 5th-century [[Visuddhimagga]], feeling (''vedana'') is identified as ''simultaneously'' and ''inseparably'' arising from consciousness (''[[viññāṇa]]'') and the mind-and-body (''[[nāmarūpa]]'').<ref>Explicitly, in terms of the language of the [[Abhidhamma]], the Visuddhimagga (XVII, 201-228) identifies that the conditions (''nidāna'') of consciousness, mind-body, the six senses, contact and feeling are related (''paccaya'') by conascence, mutuality, support, kamma-result, nutriment, association and presence.  (Note that feeling is ''not'' related by dissociation to its precursors.)</ref> On the other hand, while this text identifies feeling as ''decisive'' to craving and its mental sequelae leading to suffering, the conditional relationship between feeling and craving is not identified as simultaneous nor as being karmically necessary.<ref>In particular, [[Visuddhimagga|Vsm]] XVI, 238 identifies the sole relationship between feeling and craving to be "decisive support."</ref>

===Mindfulness base===
Throughout the canon, there are references to the four "foundations of mindfulness" (''[[satipaṭṭhāna]]''): the body (''kāya''), feelings (''vedanā''), mind states (''citta'') and mental experiences (''[[dhammā]]'').  These four foundations are recognized among the seven sets of qualities conducive to enlightenment (''[[bodhipakkhiyādhammā]]'').  The use of ''vedanā'' and the other ''satipaṭṭhāna'' in [[Buddhist meditation]] practices can be found in the [[Satipaṭṭhāna Sutta]] and the [[Ānāpānasati Sutta]].

===Wisdom practices===
Each mode of vedanā is accompanied by its corresponding underlying tendency or obsession (''[[anusaya]]'').  The underlying tendency for pleasant vedanā is the tendency toward lust, for unpleasant, the tendency toward aversion, and for neither pleasant nor unpleasant, the tendency toward [[Avidya (Buddhism)|ignorance]].<ref>''Chachakka Sutta'' ("Six Sets of Six," [[Majjhima Nikāya|MN]] 148).  See for instance, the following statement attributed to the Buddha [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.148.than.html (trans. Thanissaro, 1998)]:
:'Dependent on the eye & forms there arises consciousness at the eye. The meeting of the three is contact. With contact as a requisite condition, there arises what is felt either as pleasure, pain, or neither pleasure nor pain. If, when touched by a feeling of pleasure, one relishes it, welcomes it, or remains fastened to it, then one's passion-obsession gets obsessed. If, when touched by a feeling of pain, one sorrows, grieves, & laments, beats one's breast, becomes distraught, then one's resistance-obsession gets obsessed. If, when touched by a feeling of neither pleasure nor pain, one does not discern, as it actually is present, the origination, passing away, allure, drawback, or escape from that feeling, then one's ignorance-obsession gets obsessed....'</ref>

In the Canon it is stated that [[Buddhist meditation|meditating]] with concentration (''[[Samādhi (Buddhism)|samādhi]]'') on ''vedanā'' can lead to deep mindfulness (''sati'') and clear comprehension (''[[sampajanna|{{IAST|sampajañña}}]]'') (see Table to the right).<ref>[[Aṅguttara Nikāya|AN]] 4.41: for Pali, see SLTP (n.d); for English translations, see Nyanaponika & Bodhi (1999), pp. 88-89, Thanissaro (1997a), Upalavanna (n.d.).</ref>  With this development, one can experience directly within oneself the reality of [[impermanence]] (''[[anicca]]'') and the nature of attachment (''upādāna'').  This in turn can ultimately lead to liberation of the mind (''[[nibbāna]]'').

==Alternate translations==
Alternate translations for the term vedana are:
* Feeling (Nina van Gorkom, [[Bhikkhu Bodhi]], Alexander Berzin)
* Feeling some level of happiness (Alexander Berzin)
* Feeling-tone (Herbert Guenther)
* Sensation (Erik Kunsang)

==See also==
*[[Affect (psychology)]]
*[[Sadayatana|{{IAST|Ṣaḍāyatana}}]] (Skt.; Pali: ''{{IAST|saḷāyatana}}'') - six sense bases
* [[satipatthana|{{IAST|Satipaṭṭhāna}}]] (Pali; Skt.: ''{{IAST|smṛtyupasthāna}}'') - foundations of mindfulness
* [[Skandha]] (Skt.; Pali: ''khandha'') - aggregates
* [[Valence (psychology)]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* [[Alexander Berzin (scholar)|Berzin, Alexander]] (2006), [http://studybuddhism.com/en/advanced-studies/science-of-mind/mind-mental-factors/primary-minds-and-the-51-mental-factors ''Primary Minds and the 51 Mental Factors'']
* [[Bhikkhu Bodhi|Bodhi, Bhikkhu]] (ed.) (2000). ''A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma: The Abhidhammattha Sangaha of Ācariya Anuruddha''. Seattle, WA: [[Buddhist Publication Society|BPS]] Pariyatti Editions. {{ISBN|1-928706-02-9}}.
* Bhikkhu Bodhi (2003), ''A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma'', Pariyatti Publishing
*[[Dalai Lama]] (1992). ''The Meaning of Life'', translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, Boston: Wisdom.
* [[Herbert V. Guenther|Guenther, Herbert V.]] &  Leslie S. Kawamura (1975), ''Mind in Buddhist Psychology: A Translation of Ye-shes rgyal-mtshan's "The Necklace of Clear Understanding"'' Dharma Publishing. Kindle Edition.
* [[Erik Pema Kunsang|Kunsang, Erik Pema]] (translator) (2004). ''Gateway to Knowledge, Vol. 1''. North Atlantic Books.
* Nina van Gorkom (2010), [https://archive.today/20121205090810/http://www.zolag.co.uk/Cetasikas/ ''Cetasikas''], Zolag
* [[Thanissaro Bhikkhu]] (trans.) (1997). [https://web.archive.org/web/20060512063953/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/samyutta/sn-12-002-tb0.html ''Paticca-samuppada-vibhanga Sutta: Analysis of Dependent Co-arising''], Access to Insight
* Hamilton, Sue (2001). ''Identity and Experience: The Constitution of the Human Being according to Early Buddhism''. Oxford: Luzac Oriental. {{ISBN|1-898942-23-4}}.
* [[Nyanaponika Thera]] (trans.) (1983). ''Datthabba Sutta: To Be Known'' ([[Samyutta Nikaya|SN]] 36.5). Retrieved 2007-06-08 from "[[Access to Insight]]" at: http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn36/sn36.005.nypo.html.
* Nyanaponika Thera & [[Bhikkhu Bodhi]] (trans.) (1999). ''Numerical Discourses of the Buddha: An Anthology of Suttas from the Anguttara Nikaya''. Kandy, Sri Lanka: [[Buddhist Publication Society]]. {{ISBN|0-7425-0405-0}}.
* [[T. W. Rhys Davids|Rhys Davids]], T.W. & William Stede (eds.) (1921-5). ''The Pali Text Society’s Pali–English Dictionary''. Chipstead: Pali Text Society. A general on-line search engine for the PED is available at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/.
* Sri Lanka Buddha Jayanti Tipitaka Series (SLTP) (n.d.). ''{{IAST|Samādhibhāvanāsuttaṃ}}'' ([[Anguttara Nikaya|AN]] AN 4.1.5.1, in [[Pali]]). Retrieved 2007-06-08 from "MettaNet-Lanka" at: http://www.metta.lk/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/4Anguttara-Nikaya/Anguttara2/4-catukkanipata/005-rohitassavaggo-p.html.
* [[Thanissaro Bhikkhu]] (trans.) (1997a). ''Samadhi Sutta: Concentration'' ([[Anguttara Nikaya|AN]] 4.41). Retrieved on 2007-06-08 from "Access to Insight" at: http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an04/an04.041.than.html.
* Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1997b). ''Sattatthana Sutta: Seven Bases'' ([[Samyutta Nikaya|SN]] 22.57). Retrieved 2007-06-08 from "Access to Insight" at: http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn22/sn22.057.than.html.
* Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1998). ''Chachakka Sutta: The Six Sextets'' ([[Majjhima Nikaya|MN]] 148). Retrieved 2007-06-08 from "Access to Insight" at: http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.148.than.html.
* Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (2004). ''Vedana Sutta: Feeling'' ([[Samyutta Nikaya|SN]] 25.5). Retrieved 2007-06-08 from "Access to Insight" at: http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn25/sn25.005.than.html.
* Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (2005a). ''Atthasata Sutta: The One-hundred-and-eight Exposition'' ([[Samyutta Nikaya|SN]] 36.22). Retrieved 2008-03-31 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn36/sn36.022.than.html.
* Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (2005b). ''Bahuvedaniya Sutta: Many Things to be Experienced'' ([[Majjhima Nikaya|MN]] 59). Retrieved 2008-03-31 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.059.than.html.
* Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (2005c). ''Pañcakanga Sutta: With Pañcakanga'' ([[Samyutta Nikaya|SN]] 36.19). Retrieved 2008-03-31 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn36/sn36.019.than.html.
* [[Chögyam Trungpa|Trungpa, Chögyam]] (2001). ''Glimpses of Abhidharma''. Boston: Shambhala. {{ISBN|1-57062-764-9}}.
* Upalavanna, Sister (n.d.). ''{{IAST|Samādhibhāvanāsuttaṃ}} &ndash; Developments of concentration'' ([[Anguttara Nikaya|AN]] AN 4.5.1). Retrieved 2007-06-08 from "MettaNet-Lanka" at: http://www.metta.lk/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/4Anguttara-Nikaya/Anguttara2/4-catukkanipata/005-rohitassavaggo-e.html.

==External links==
* Nyanaponika Thera (ed., trans.) (1983). ''Contemplation of Feeling: The Discourse-Grouping on the Feelings (Vedana-Samyutta)'' (The Wheel, No. 303/304). Kandy, Sri Lanka: [[Buddhist Publication Society]]. Transcribed by Joe Crea (1995). Retrieved 2007-06-08 from "Access to Insight" at: http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/nyanaponika/wheel303.html.

{{s-start}}
{{succession box|
  before=[[Sparśa]] |
  title=[[Twelve Nidanas|Twelve Nidānas]] |
  years='''Vedanā'''|
  after=[[Taṇhā|{{IAST|Tṛṣṇā}}]]|
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Buddhism topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vedana}}
[[Category:Buddhist meditation]]
[[Category:Twelve nidānas]]
[[Category:Mental factors in Buddhism]]
[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]
[[Category:Pali words and phrases]]