View source for Varman dynasty

{{short description|Ruling dynasty of Kamarupa kingdom in ancient India between 350 CE – 655 CE}}
{{For|the Khmer dynasty of the same name|Varman dynasty (Cambodia)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name            = Varman dynasty
| conventional_long_name = Kamarupa Kingdom
| common_name            = Varman dynasty
| era                    = [[Middle kingdoms of India|Classical India]]
| status                 = 
| event_start            = 
| year_start             = 350 CE
| date_start             = 
| event1                 = 
| date_event1            = 
| event_end              = 
| year_end               = 655 CE
| date_end               = 
| p1                     = Bhauma dynasty
| flag_p1                = 
| p2                     = 
| flag_p2                = 
| s1                     = Mlechchha dynasty
| flag_s1                = 
| s2                     = 
| flag_s2                = 
| image_flag             = 
| flag_type              = 
| image_coat             = 
| image_map              = Kamarupa map.png
| image_map_caption      = The traditional map of Kamarupa.  
| capital               = [[Pragjyotishpura]]
| religion              = [[Hinduism]], [[Tribal religion]]<ref>(A)ccording to the Yogina Tantra—a product of seventeenth-century Assam—the entire religion of Kamarupa is itself described as kirata dharma, that is, the religion of the northeast hill tribes,."{{harv|Urban|2011|p=237}}</ref>
| government_type       = Monarchy
| leader1               = [[Pushyavarman]]
| year_leader1          = c. 350 – c. 374
| leader2               = [[Bhutivarman]]
| year_leader2          = c. 518 – c. 542
| leader3               = [[Bhaskaravarman]]
| year_leader3          = c. 600 – c. 650
| title_leader          = Maharajadhiraja
| legislature           = 
| demonym               = 
| area_km2              = 
| area_rank             = 
| GDP_PPP               = 
| GDP_PPP_year          = 
| HDI                   = 
| HDI_year              = 
| today                 = 
| official_languages    = [[Sanskrit]], [[Kamarupi Prakrit]], [[Old Assamese]]
}}
{{Assam History}}
The '''Varman dynasty''' (350–650) was the first historical dynasty of the [[Kamarupa kingdom]]. It was established by [[Pushyavarman]], a contemporary of [[Samudragupta]].{{sfnp|Sharma|1978|page=xxix}}<ref name=":3" /> The earlier Varmans were subordinates of the [[Gupta Empire]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OswUZtL1_CUC&q=kamarupa|title=Vakataka – Gupta Age Circa 200-550 A.D.|last1=Majumdar|first1=Ramesh Chandra|last2=Altekar|first2=Anant Sadashiv |date=1986|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=9788120800267|pages=142}}</ref> but as the power of the Guptas waned, [[Mahendravarman (Varman dynasty)|Mahendravarman]] (470–494) performed two [[Ashvamedha|horse sacrifices]] and the status of Kamarupa as an independent state remained unimpaired.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |date=1999 |publisher=New Age International |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0 |pages=303 |language=en |quote=The status of Kamarupa remained unimpaired as the grandson of Bhutivarman also performed two Asvamedha sacrifices}}</ref>  As per the Apsad Inscription of Adityasen, Susthivarman was defeated by Mahasengupta on the bank of Lauhitya.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maity. Sachindra Kumar |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.149393 |title=Corpus Of Bengal Inscriptions Bearing On History And Civilization Of Bengal |pages=7 |quote=Again the Apsad Inscription of Adityasen refer to his grandfather Mahasengupta's defeat of Susthivarmand on the bank of Lauhitya. Susthivarman was the King of Kamarupa}}</ref> The first of the three Kamarupa dynasties, the Varmans were followed by the [[Mlechchha dynasty|Mlechchha]] and then the [[Pala dynasty (Kamarupa)|Pala]] dynasties.<ref name=":4">Sircar, D C (1990), "Political History", in Barpujari, H K (ed.), ''The Comprehensive History of Assam'', vol. I, Guwahati: Publication Board, Assam, pp. 94–171</ref>

==Origin==
[[File:Kamarupa in the Allahabad Pillar inscription.jpg|thumb|left|The name "Kāmarūpa" in later [[Brahmi script]], in the [[Allahabad Pillar inscription]] of [[Samudragupta]] (350-375 CE).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fleet |first1=John Faithfull |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49403/page/n213/mode/2up |title=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol. 3 |date=1888 |pages=6–10}}</ref>]]
The first king in this dynasty was [[Pushyavarman]], possibly a contemporary of [[Samudragupta]] (c. 335/350-375 CE).<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Dutta |first=Satyabrat |date=2015 |title=Political Status of Assam in the Gupta Age |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44156575 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=76 |pages=137–140 |jstor=44156575 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> The kingdom which he established with much effort, grew in the periphery of the [[Gupta Empire]], adopted the north Indian political model, and its kings took on names and titles of the Gupta kings and queens.{{sfnp|Shin|2018}} Nothing much is known directly about the initial kings till the sixth king, Mahendravarman, who established a rock temple and assumed the title of ''Maharajadhiraja'' (king-of-kings) in the last quarter of the fifth century.{{sfnp|Shin|2018}} The dynastic line from Pushyavarman first appear in the 7th century, in [[Dubi copperplate inscription|Dubi]] and [[Nidhanpur copperplate inscription|Nidhanpur]] copperplate inscriptions issued by Bhaskaravarman and in the ''[[Harshacharita]]'' and not earlier in any inscription from his ancestors.<ref name=":4" />{{sfnp|Shin|2018}} In these inscriptions [[Bhaskaravarman]] claims that he was a descendant of [[Narakasura|Narakasur]], [[Bhagadatta]] and [[Vajradatta]].<ref name=":4" /> Modern scholars consider this claim to be a fabrication, jae-eun shin suggests that this genealogy was created in the context of Bharkarvarman's alliance with [[Harsha]]vardhana, to help [[legitimise]] his sovereignty. The use of Naraka/Bhagadatta lineage to establish sovereignty continued under the [[Mlechchha dynasty|Mlechchha]] and the [[Pala dynasty (Kamarupa)|Pala]] dynasties, a practice which is in keeping with the trend in the post-Gupta period in India.{{sfnp|Shin|2018}}

''She-Kia-Fang-Che'' claiming him to be a kshatriya whose ancestors came from China.{{sfnp|Sharma|1978|page=xiv}} Though some modern scholars have opined that the Varman dynasty is probably of Indo-Aryan descent,<ref>{{cite book |author=Kāmarūpa Anusandhāna Samiti |title=Readings in the history & culture of Assam |year=1984 |page=179}} "The Varman dynasty, which was probably the first Indo-Aryan dynasty in Assam was overthrown by Salastambha, a man of Mleccha or non-Aryan (Mongolian) origin."</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Niśipada Caudhurī |title=Historical archaeology of central Assam |year=1985 |page=83}} "K.N. Dutta seems to be right in concluding that the Varman dynasty, which was probably the first Indo-Aryan dynasty in Assam, was overthrown by Salastambha, (Mongoloid) origin, who then made himself the king of Kamarupa."</ref> it is now believed that the Varmans were originally non-Indo-Aryans. [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji|Suniti Kumar Chatterjee]] calls Bhaskaravarman a Hinduised Mlechcha king of Indo-[[Mongoloid]] origin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chatterji |first=Suniti Kumar |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32096 |title=Kirata-jana-krti |date=1951 |pages=90,91}}</ref> Hugh B. Urban also infers that the Varmans descended from non-Aryan tribes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Womb of Tantra: Goddesses, Tribals, and Kings in Assam |url=https://academic.oup.com/jhs/article-abstract/4/3/231/2188519?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=academic.oup.com |page=234}}</ref>

[[File:Ruins of Pragjyotishpura (Guwahati), Kamarupa - Panel on Plinth.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|{{center|Relics of ''Pragjyotishpura'', ''the capital of Varmans''}}]]

==Capital==
The capital was moved at least once, the last time by [[Sthitavarman]] (566-590) with the older city not named but presumed to be [[Pragjyotishpura]],<ref>"The older city is not given by name...(it) might have been Pragjyotisha."{{harv|Sharma|1978|pp=30–31}}</ref> located at the south-eastern slope of the Narakasur hill near [[Dispur]].  The new capital was possibly some location in [[Guwahati]].<ref>"This verse refers to the act of abandoning the old capital city and building of a new metropolis on the bank of the [[holy river]]. The holy river seems to be none other than the Brahmaputra and the site of the city must have been located in the present Gauhati region."{{harv|Sharma|1978|p=30}}</ref> Though the claim is not supported by any archaeological findings.

== Politics and diplomacy ==
The Varman's modeled themselves after the Gupta's and named themselves after the Gupta kings and queens.<ref>"the early kings of Kamarupa freely implemented the political model of north India, particularly following that of the Guptas, rather suggests their relative autonomy in the periphery. They adopted the imperial title of the Gupta, and the name of a Gupta king and queen, and performed a horse sacrifice...The resemblance between the names of Pushyavarman's son, Samudravarman, and daughter-in-law, DattadevI, on the one hand and those of Gupta emperor Samudragupta and his queen Dattadevl on the other may not be accidental. It was probably a conscious adoption."{{harv|Shin|2018|p=30}}</ref>

==The dynasty==
The dynastic line, as given in the Dubi and Nidhanpur copperplate inscriptions:
{{ Annotated image
| image=Map of the Gupta Empire.png
| width=290  
| image-width = 290  <!--  DO NOT CHANGE MAP SIZE (290) AS THIS WILL DISPLACE THE LABELS  -->
| image-left=0 | image-top=0| float = right
| annotations =
{{Annotation|text-align=center|230|5|South-Asia<br>400-450 CE|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=10|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|115|215|[[Kalabhra dynasty|KALABHRAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}{{Annotation|text-align=center|115|195|[[Western Ganga dynasty|WESTERN<br>GANGAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=5|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|175|84|[[Licchavi (kingdom)|LICCHAVIS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|43|65|[[Hind (Sasanian province)|SASANIAN<br>HIND]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|85|152|[[Traikutaka dynasty|TRAITAKUTAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|105|160|[[Vakatakas|VAKATAKAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|95|185|[[Kadamba dynasty|KADAMBAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|210|130|[[Samatata|SAMATATAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|253|90|VARMANS|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|45|20|[[Alchon Huns|ALCHON HUNS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|5|5|[[Hephthalites|HEPHTHALITES]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|1|45|[[Sasanian Empire|SASANIAN<br>EMPIRE]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
|caption={{center|Location of the Varmans and neighbouring polities circa 400-450 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1 (j)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182}}</ref>}}
}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" align="center"
|-
!    !! Reign    !! Name                 !! succession                      !! Queen 
|-
| 1  || 350-374  || [[Pushyavarman]]    ||  || (unknown)
|-
| 2  || 374-398  || [[Samudravarman]]   || son of Pushyavarman            || Dattadevi
|-
| 3  || 398-422  || [[Balavarman]]      || son of Samudravarman           || Ratnavati
|-
| 4  || 422-446  || [[Kalyanavarman (Varman dynasty)|Kalyanavarman]]   || son of Balavarman              || Gandharavati
|-
| 5  || 446-470  || [[Ganapativarman]]  || son of Kalyanavarman           || Yajnavati
|-
| 6  || 470-494  || [[Mahendravarman (Varman dynasty)|Mahendravarman]] || son of Ganapativarman || Suvrata
|-
| 7  || 494-518  || [[Narayanavarman]]  || son of Mahendravarman          || Devavati
|-
| 8  || 518-542  || [[Bhutivarman]] || son of Narayanavarman || Vijnayavati
|-
| 9  || 542-566  || [[Chandramukhavarman]]  || son of Bhutivarman         || Bhogavati
|-
| 10 || 566-590  || [[Sthitavarman]]    || son of Chandramukhavarman      || Nayanadevi
|-
| 11 || 590-595  || [[Susthitavarman]]  || son of Sthitavarman            || Syamadevi 
|-
| 12 || 595-600  || [[Supratisthitavarman]] || son of Susthitavarman      || (Bachelor)
|-
| 13 || 600-650  || [[Bhaskaravarman]] || brother of Supratisthitavarman || (Bachelor)
|-
| 14 || 650-655  || Avantivarman<ref>"Though there exists no direct evidence, there are indirect evidence of a king who ruled for a short period after Bhaskaravarman, but was ousted by Salasthamba."{{harv|Sharma|1978|pp=xxxi-xxxii}}.</ref> || (unknown)  || (unknown)
|-
|}

== Family tree ==

{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=no|Varman dynasty}}

{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Pushyavarman]]'''<br><sup>(1)</sup><br><small>r. {{circa}} 350-374</small>|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Samudravarman]]'''<br><sup>(2)</sup><br><small>r. {{circa}} 374-398</small>|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Balavarman]]'''<br><sup>(3)</sup><br><small>r. {{circa}} 398-422</small>|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Kalyanavarman (Varman dynasty)|Kalyanavarman]]'''<br><sup>(4)</sup><br><small>r. {{circa}} 422-446</small>|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Ganapativarman]]'''<br><sup>(5)</sup><br><small>r. {{circa}} 446-470</small>|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Mahendravarman (Varman dynasty)|Mahendravarman]]'''<br><sup>(6)</sup><br><small>r. {{circa}} 470-494</small>|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Narayanavarman]]'''<br><sup>(7)</sup><br><small>r. {{circa}} 494-518</small>|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Bhutivarman]]'''<br><sup>(8)</sup><br><small>r. {{circa}} 518-542</small>|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Chandramukhavarman]]'''<br><sup>(9)</sup><br><small>r. {{circa}} 542-566</small>|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Sthitavarman]]'''<br><sup>(10)</sup><br><small>r. {{circa}} 566-590</small>|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Susthitavarman]]'''<br><sup>(11)</sup><br><small>r. {{circa}} 590-595</small>|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01  | |A02  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Supratisthitavarman]]'''<br><sup>(12)</sup><br><small>r. {{circa}} 595-600</small>|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Bhaskaravarman]]'''<br><sup>(13)</sup><br><small>r. {{circa}} 600-650</small>|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart/end}}

{{Chart bottom}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|}}
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*{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Sailendra Nath|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |publisher=New Age International|year=1999|isbn=9788122411980 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC}}
* {{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Mukunda Madhava|title=Inscriptions of Ancient Assam|publisher=Gauhati University, Assam|year=1978}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Shin|first1=Jae-Eun|year=2010|title=Changlng Dynasties, Enduring Genealogy: A Critical Study on the Political Legitimation in Early Medieval Kamarupa|journal=Journal of Ancient Indian History|volume=XXVII}}
* {{Citation| last = Shin| first = Jae-Eun| contribution = Region Formed and Imagined: Reconsidering temporal, spatial and social context of Kamarupa| year = 2018| title = Modern Practices in North East India: History, Culture, Representation| editor-last = Dzüvichü| editor-first = Lipokmar |editor2-last=Baruah |editor2-first=Manjeet |pages = 23–55| place = London & New York| publisher = Routledge}}
* {{Citation| last = Sircar| first = D C| contribution = Political History| year = 1990| title = The Comprehensive History of Assam| editor-last = Barpujari| editor-first = H K| volume = I| pages = 94–171| place = Guwahati| publisher = Publication Board, Assam}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Urban|first1=Hugh B.|year=2011|title=The Womb of Tantra: Goddesses, Tribals, and Kings in Assam|journal=The Journal of Hindu Studies|volume=4|issue=3|pages=231–247 |doi=10.1093/jhs/hir034 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270529066}}
* {{cite book|author=Xuan-zhuang |editor=Bian-ji |title=The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions |translator=Li Rongxi |year=1996 |publisher=BDK America |volume=51 |isbn=1-886439-02-8 |url=https://www.bdkamerica.org/book/great-tang-dynasty-record-western-regions |access-date=27 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618042536/https://www.bdkamerica.org/book/great-tang-dynasty-record-western-regions |archive-date=18 June 2019 |url-status=dead}}
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varman}}
[[Category:Varman dynasty| ]]
[[Category:Dynasties of Kamarupa]]