View source for Vadodara

{{redirect|Baroda}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Vadodara
| other_name         = Baroda
| official_name      = 
| settlement_type    = [[Metropolis]]
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
| border                   = infobox
| total_width              = 270
| image_style              = 
| perrow                   = 1/2/2/2
| image1 = LakshmiVilas Palace.jpg
| image5 =Vadodara Bus Terminal Exterior.jpg
| image4 = Baroda Museum01.jpg
| image6 =NyayM.jpg
| image7 =NEW BDQ AIRPORT.jpg
| image2= Pratap Villas Palace.jpg
| image3= Vadodara Municipal Corporation.jpg
}}
| image_caption      = '''Clockwise from top:'''<br/> [[Lakshmi Vilas Palace]], [[Khanderao Market]], [[Vadodara Bus Station|Central Bus Terminal]], [[Vadodara Airport]], Nyay Mandir, [[Baroda Museum & Picture Gallery|Baroda Museum]], [[National Academy of Indian Railways|Pratap Vilas Palace]]
| nickname           = Sayaji Nagari (City of Sayajirao), Sanskrutik Nagari (Cultural City), Kala Nagari (City of Art)
| pushpin_map        = India Gujarat#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within the Indian state of [[Gujarat]]##Location within India
| coordinates        = {{coord|22|18|N|73|12|E|region:IN-GJ|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1  = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1  = {{flagicon image|Flag of Gujarat.svg}} [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[Vadodara district|Vadodara]]
| governing_body     = [[Vadodara Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title1      = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader_name1       = Chiragbhai Dilipbhai Barot<ref name="Vadodara Municipal Corporation">{{cite web |title=Vadodara Municipal Corporation |url=https://vmc.gov.in/ |date=16 June 2024}}</ref>
| unit_pref          = Metric
| area_footnotes     = <ref name="zone"/>
| area_total_km2     = 420.33
| area_rank          = 
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m        = 35.5
| population_footnotes = <ref name="WG">[http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf Cities having population 1 lakh and above, Census 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723151530/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |date=23 July 2013 }}. censusindia.gov.in</ref>
| population_total   = 31,00,260
| population_as_of   = 2022
| population_rank = 20th (3rd in Gujarat)
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro   = 3.50 million
| population_blank1_title  = Metro rank
| population_blank1 = 22nd
| timezone1          = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1        = +5:30
| postal_code_type   = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code        = 390 0XX
| area_code_type     = Telephone code
| area_code          = (91)265
| iso_code           = [[ISO 3166-2:IN]]
| registration_plate = GJ-06 (Urban), GJ-29 (Rural)
| blank3_name_sec1   = [[Literacy Rate]]
| blank3_info_sec1   = 94.5%
| blank5_name_sec1   = Legislature Strength
| blank5_info_sec1   = 76<ref name="zone"/>
| blank6_name_sec1   = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank6_info_sec1   = [[Vadodara Lok Sabha constituency|Vadodara]]<ref name="LSMLA"/>
| blank7_name_sec1   = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank7_info_sec1   = 10<ref name="MLA"/>
| blank1_name_sec2   = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2   = [[Climatic regions of India#Tropical wet|Tropical savanna]] {{small|([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: Aw)}}
| blank2_name_sec2   = [[Urban planning]] agency
| blank2_info_sec2   = [[Vadodara Urban Development Authority|VUDA]]
| website            = {{URL|www.vmc.gov.in}}
| pushpin_label      = Vadodara
| population_demonym = Barodian
| leader_party       = [[BJP]]
| leader_title       = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name        = Pinkyben Nirajbhai Soni<ref name="Vadodara Municipal Corporation">{{cite web |title=Vadodara Municipal Corporation |url=https://vmc.gov.in/ |date=16 June 2024}}</ref>
| government_type    = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| image_map          = 
}}

'''Vadodara''' ({{IPA|gu|ʋəˈɽodɾɑ|lang|Vadodarapronun.flac}}), also known as '''Baroda''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://vadodara.nic.in/history/ |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=District Vadodara |publisher=Government of Gujarat |language=en-IN}}</ref> is a city situated on the banks of the [[Vishwamitri River]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]]. It serves as the administrative headquarters of the [[Vadodara district]]. The city is named for its abundance of [[banyan]] (''vad'') trees. Vadodara is also locally referred to as the ''Sanskrutik Nagari'' ({{Translation|'Cultural City'}}) and ''Kala Nagari'' ({{Translation|'City of Art'}})<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.baroda.com/aboutvadodara.php|title=About Vadodara|website=www.baroda.com|access-date=2019-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411052514/http://www.baroda.com/aboutvadodara.php|archive-date=11 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> of India.

The city is prominent for landmarks such as the [[Laxmi Vilas Palace, Vadodara|Laxmi Vilas Palace]], which served as the residence of the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] royal [[Gaekwad dynasty]] that ruled over [[Baroda State]]. It is also the home of the [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]].<ref>{{citation|url=https://vmc.gov.in|title= Vadodara Municipal Corporation}}</ref>

==Etymology==
{{more citations needed|section|date=August 2022}}
[[File:Street scene in Baroda (c. 1880).jpg|thumb|left|Street scene in Baroda (''circa'' 1880)]]
The city was once called Chandanavati after Raja Chandan of the Dod Parmar Rajputs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIDHI+ |url=https://nidhi.tourism.gov.in/home/details/1ce69b11-c513-4e98-8148-38e86d45c0f6 |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=nidhi.tourism.gov.in}}</ref> The capital was also known as Virakshetra (Land of Warriors). Later, it was known as Vadpatraka or Vadodará, and according to tradition, is a corrupt form of the [[Sanskrit]] word ''vatodara'', meaning "in the belly of the banyan tree". It is, as of 2009, almost impossible to ascertain when the various changes in the name were made; early English travelers and merchants of the 15th century mention the town as Baroda,<ref  name=painting>{{cite web|date=1781|work=Collect Britain, British Library|title=Hand Painting of Bridge over the River Vishwamitri, near Brodera|url=http://www.collectbritain.com/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019XZZ0000455C9U00087000&largeimage=1#largeimage|access-date=3 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928134532/http://www.collectbritain.com/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019XZZ0000455C9U00087000&largeimage=1#largeimage|archive-date=28 September 2007|url-status=live}}
</ref> and it is from this, that the name Baroda is derived; in 1974 (well after independence), the official name of the city was changed to Vadodara.

==History==
===Prehistory===
At [[Akota]], now a suburb of Vadodara, excavations have found rich [[microlith]] deposits, providing early evidence of habitation in the area. These prehistoric people took part in hunting and fishing and lived no later than 1000 BCE.<!-- Rajyagor, p. 79 --><ref name="Gazetteer 1979">{{cite book |last1=Rajyagor |first1=S.B. |title=Gujarat State Gazetteers: Vadodara |date=1979 |publisher=Directorate of Government Printing, Stationery, and Publications |location=Ahmadabad |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3201 |access-date=4 May 2023}}</ref>{{rp|79}}

===First millennium CE===
By the first centuries CE, Akota was the site of a commercial town with far-reaching trade links.<!-- Rajyagor, p. 81 --> Known in antiquity as ''Aṅkoṭṭaka'', it had well-built houses made from burnt bricks.<!-- Rajyagor, p. 82 --> Two re-struck coins of the early [[Western Satraps]] have been found here, along with artifacts possibly of Greco-Roman origin.<!-- Rajyagor, p. 80-1 --> A [[Gupta dynasty|Gupta]]-era coin has also been found here.<!-- Rajyagor, p. 81 --><ref name="Gazetteer 1979"/>{{rp|80–2}}

Akota flourished under the [[Maitraka dynasty]], although it experienced periodic severe flooding. A huge hoard of Jain bronzes, largely dating from this period, was found at Akota's old site, indicating that the city was a centre of [[Jainism]]. The bronzes include images of various [[tirthankara]]s as well as an elephant-shaped incense burner. Many of them have inscriptions that have been used to indicate when they were made.<!-- Rajyagor, p. 82-3 --><ref name="Gazetteer 1979"/>{{rp|82–3}}

In the 6th century, the town's inhabitants shifted away from the river to a new site near Akota's modern centre. At Kothi, which also now forms part of Vadodara, evidence of habitation also first emerges during this period.<!-- Rajyagor, p. 82 --><ref name="Gazetteer 1979"/>{{rp|82}}

An early mention of Vadodara itself is in an 812 [[copper-plate grant]] of the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]]. It records Karka Suvarṇavasha, second ruler of [[Branches of Rashtrakuta dynasty|the Lata branch of the Rashtrakutas]], giving the village of ''Vaḍapadraka'', in the province of Aṅkoṭṭaka and identified with present-day Vadodara, to a Brahmin from [[Valabhi]].<!-- Rajyagor, p. 83 --> Meanwhile, Akota continued to flourish during this period.<!-- Rajyagor, p. 84 --><ref name="Gazetteer 1979"/>{{rp|83–4}}

===Chaulukya period: from village to city===
By the 11th century, under the [[Chaulukya dynasty]], Vadodara appears to have gained in importance. A plate dated to 1077 mentions a battle on the bank of the Vishvamitri river in the [[vishaya]] of ''Vaṭapadraka'', which had evidently replaced the earlier province of Aṅkoṭṭaka. The Akota bronzes continue until the 11th century but cease thereafter. The main centre of Jainism in the area shifted to Vadodara.<!-- Rajyagor, p. 85 --> By this period, Vadodara is referred to as a ''pura'', or city, rather than just a village.<!-- Rajyagor, p. 86 --><ref name="Gazetteer 1979"/>{{rp|85–6}}

A manuscript of the Panchavastuka written at Vadodara in 1123 indicates that the province of [[Lata (region)|Lāṭa]] was then governed by Santūka, a minister of the Chaulukya king [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]]. At some point, Santūka organised a [[rathayatra]], or chariot procession, at ''Vaṭapadraka''. Several other manuscripts from Vadodara are known from this period, including a [[Prakrit]] work composed by Chandraprabhasuri in 1128 along with two copies of Jain works made in 1156 and 1168 respectively. Another manuscript, although copied at [[Dabhoi]], was written by a scribe named Vosari whose father was a [[pandit]] named Kesava who came from Vadodara.<!-- Rajyagor, p. 85-6 --><ref name="Gazetteer 1979"/>{{rp|85–6}}

During this period, merchants from Vadodara contributed to the temples at the Chaulukya capital of [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]. At some point, the minister Tejpal, returning from a victory at [[Godhra]], stopped at Vadodara for several days and renovated the local shrine of [[Parshvanatha]]. Around 1264, shrines to [[Mahavira]] and [[Adishvara]] were built at Vadodara by one Pethad Shah.<!-- Rajyagor, p. 86 --><ref name="Gazetteer 1979"/>{{rp|86}}

===Delhi Sultanate===
Under the [[Delhi Sultanate]], Vadodara was home to a group of Afghan amirs known collectively as the ''Amir-i Sadgan'', or "the nobles of the hundred", because each one commanded a force of 100 cavalry. In 1344, during the reign of [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]], they revolted. Led by one Qazi Jalal, they defeated Muqbil, the sultan's main deputy in Gujarat, in a decisive battle near Dabhoi. They went on to occupy a large territory stretching from [[Kadi, Gujarat|Kadi]] in the north to [[Bharuch]] in the south, and from [[Khambhat]] in the west to the hill country in the east. In 1345, Muhammad bin Tughluq led an army to Gujarat to put down the rebellion and, after initially camping at Pandu Mewas, defeated them in battle at Bharuch.<!-- Rajyagor, p. 87-9 --><ref name="Gazetteer 1979"/>{{rp|87–9}}

===Gujarat Sultanate===
[[Muzaffar Shah I]], founder of the [[Gujarat Sultanate]], appointed his son Firuz Khan as governor of Vadodara at some point. After Muzaffar Shah's death in 1411, he was succeeded by his grandson [[Ahmad Shah I]] (Firuz's nephew). Firuz immediately laid claim to the throne. Because the sultanate's central authority in central and southern Gujarat was weak at this point, Firuz had little trouble assembling an army at Vadodara. He then marched to [[Nadiad]] and then to Bharuch, which he seized by force. Ultimately, the rebellion dissipated without a pitched battle: internal tensions had already arisen among Firuz Khan's main allies, and when Ahmad Shah offered them amnesty in return for standing down, they readily complied. Firuz Khan was forgiven and given [[Navsari]] as a [[jagir]], thus giving up his position as governor of Vadodara.<!-- Rajyagor, p. 90 --><ref name="Gazetteer 1979"/>{{rp|90}}

In 1451, Vadodara was sacked by troops under [[Mahmud Khalji]], ruler of the [[Malwa Sultanate]]. Later, during the reign of [[Mahmud Begada]], a major re-foundation of Vadodara took place. A new city called ''Daulatabad'' was built, close to the old site. The Muslim name evidently did not stick, but the city itself did, and this new foundation became the basis for the modern city of Vadodara. A later atlas by [[John Ogilby]] refers to people moving from the old town to the new one.<!-- Rajyagor, p. 92 --><ref name="Gazetteer 1979"/>{{rp|92}}

===Mughal Empire===
After [[Akbar]] conquered Gujarat in 1573, he gave Vadodara to one Nawab Aurang Khan. There was an administrative reform under Akbar's reign, and Raja [[Todar Mal]] conducted a land survey of parts of Gujarat. Vadodara, however, does not seem to have been included in this survey.<!-- Rajyagor, p. 93-4 --><ref name="Gazetteer 1979"/>{{rp|93–4}}

In the late 1600s, Gujarat was increasingly attacked by Maratha and Koli raids. One raid, by the Kolis, hit Vadodara in 1705; they looted the city for two days.<!-- Rajyagor, p. 94-5 --><ref name="Gazetteer 1979"/>{{rp|94–5}}

===Baroda State===
{{main|Baroda State|Gaekwad dynasty}}

==Geography==
Vadodara is located at {{coord|22.30|N|73.19|E|}} in western India at an elevation of {{convert|39|m|abbr=on|disp=flip}}. It is the 10th-largest city in India with an area of {{convert|400|km2|abbr=on}} and a population of 3.5 million, according to the 2010–11 census. The city sits on the banks of the [[Vishwamitri River]], in central Gujarat. The Vishwamitri frequently dries up in the summer, leaving only a small stream of water. The city is located on the fertile plain between the [[Mahi River|Mahi]] and [[Narmada River]]s. According to the Bureau of Indian Standards, the cosmopolis falls under [[Earthquake hazard zoning of India|seismic zone-III]], on a scale of I to V (in order of increasing proneness to earthquakes).<ref name=hazardprofile>{{cite web|url=http://www.gsdma.org/hazard/eq/200_year.jpg |title=Gujarat Earthquake Hazard Risk Zone |access-date=23 August 2006 |publisher=Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929061637/http://www.gsdma.org/hazard/eq/200_year.jpg |archive-date=29 September 2007 }}</ref>

===Climate===
Vadodara features a borderline [[tropical savanna climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Aw'') that despite the roughly {{convert|950|mm|in|0|disp=or|abbr=on}} of rain that the city receives annually is due to the area's high [[potential evapotranspiration]] very close to being classified as a [[semi-arid climate#Hot semi-arid climates|hot semi-arid climate]] (''BSh''). There are three main seasons: summer, [[monsoon]] and winter. Aside from the monsoon season, the climate is dry. The weather is hot during March to July, when the average maximum is {{convert|39|°C|°F|1|disp=or}}, and the average minimum is {{convert|24|°C|°F|1|disp=or}}. From November to February, the average maximum temperature is {{convert|30|°C|disp=or}}, the average minimum is {{convert|15|°C|disp=or}}, and the climate is extremely dry. Cold northerly winds are responsible for mildly chilly days in January. The southwest monsoon brings a humid climate from mid-June to mid-September. The average rainfall is {{convert|95|cm|in|abbr=on}}, but infrequent, torrential rains cause the river to flood<ref name="Weatherbase">{{cite web|title=Baroda, India (2~35 kilometers)|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=74724&units=metric|access-date=6 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211144022/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=74724&units=metric|archive-date=11 December 2013|url-status=live}}{{better source needed|date=December 2013}}</ref> like the [[2005 Gujarat Flood|2005 Gujarat flood]] or the [[2008 Indian floods]], which were catastrophic.<ref name="floods">{{cite web | url=http://www.iahv.org/in-en/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Gujarat-Floods-2005-Report.pdf | title=Gujarat Floods 2005: Project Report | publisher=International Association for Human Values and the Art of Living | date=2005 | access-date=2 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112001510/http://www.iahv.org/in-en/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Gujarat-Floods-2005-Report.pdf | archive-date=12 January 2016 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The highest recorded temperature was {{convert|46.7|C}} on 11 May 1960 crossed with {{convert|48.0|C}} on 19 May 2016,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.accuweather.com/en/in/vadodara/202439/may-weather/202439|title=Vadodara May Weather 2016 – AccuWeather Forecast for Gujarat India|access-date=26 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930070904/http://www.accuweather.com/en/in/vadodara/202439/may-weather/202439|archive-date=30 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> while the lowest recorded temperature was {{convert|-1.1|C}} on 15 January 1935.<ref name="IMD">{{cite web |url=http://www.imdpune.gov.in/Temp_Extremes/histext2010.pdf |title=Ever Recorded Maximum/Minimum Temperature up to 2010 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |access-date=16 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316064314/http://www.imdpune.gov.in/Temp_Extremes/histext2010.pdf |archive-date=16 March 2014 |url-status=dead  }}</ref>

{{weather box|width = auto
|location = [[Vadodara Airport]] (1991-2020, extremes 1952-present)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 37.4
| Feb record high C = 40.6
| Mar record high C = 44.2
| Apr record high C = 45.9
| May record high C = 46.2
| Jun record high C = 45.6
| Jul record high C = 40.1
| Aug record high C = 39.1
| Sep record high C = 41.1
| Oct record high C = 41.4
| Nov record high C = 39.4
| Dec record high C = 37.2
|year record high C = 46.2
| Jan high C = 29.4
| Feb high C = 32.1
| Mar high C = 36.5
| Apr high C = 39.3
| May high C = 40.1
| Jun high C = 37.3
| Jul high C = 32.6
| Aug high C = 31.7
| Sep high C = 33.2
| Oct high C = 35.8
| Nov high C = 33.8
| Dec high C = 30.8
|year high C = 34.4
| Jan low C = 13.2
| Feb low C = 15.4
| Mar low C = 19.7
| Apr low C = 24.2
| May low C = 27.4
| Jun low C = 27.6
| Jul low C = 26.1
| Aug low C = 25.5
| Sep low C = 25.2
| Oct low C = 22.7
| Nov low C = 18.0
| Dec low C = 14.3
|year low C = 21.6
| Jan record low C = 2.8
| Feb record low C = 3.9
| Mar record low C = 9.3
| Apr record low C = 14.4
| May record low C = 19.4
| Jun record low C = 21.2
| Jul record low C = 22.2
| Aug record low C = 21.7
| Sep record low C = 18.1
| Oct record low C = 12.8
| Nov record low C = 6.0
| Dec record low C = 5.5
|year record low C = 2.8
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 4.4
| Feb rain mm = 0.0
| Mar rain mm = 0.1
| Apr rain mm = 1.3
| May rain mm = 3.6
| Jun rain mm = 128.8
| Jul rain mm = 363.7
| Aug rain mm = 316.1
| Sep rain mm = 163.0
| Oct rain mm = 15.5
| Nov rain mm = 3.7
| Dec rain mm = 2.0
|year rain mm = 1001.1
| Jan rain days = 0.3
| Feb rain days = 0.0
| Mar rain days = 0.0
| Apr rain days = 0.1
| May rain days = 0.2
| Jun rain days = 4.2
| Jul rain days = 13.8
| Aug rain days = 12.2
| Sep rain days = 6.8
| Oct rain days = 1.2
| Nov rain days = 0.3
| Dec rain days = 0.2
|year rain days = 39.4
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 38
| Feb humidity = 31
| Mar humidity = 26
| Apr humidity = 24
| May humidity = 32
| Jun humidity = 52
| Jul humidity = 74
| Aug humidity = 74
| Sep humidity = 65
| Oct humidity = 46
| Nov humidity = 41
| Dec humidity = 42
|year humidity = 45
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Baroda (A) Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 111–112
| access-date = 28 September 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M49
| access-date = 28 September 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDcityextremes2>
{{cite web
| url = https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230101061732/https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| archive-date = 1 January 2023
| title = Climatological Tables 1991-2020
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| access-date = 1 January 2023
| page = 21}}</ref>
}}Vadodara has been ranked 6th best “National Clean Air City” (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024}}</ref>

==Demographics==
[[File:Ganesh Chaturthi -Waghodia Road-JKSP-25-08-2017-0192.jpg|alt=Ganesh Chaturthi Celebration|thumb|250px|Ganesh Chaturthi Celebration at JKSP Home Vadodara]]
At the time of the 2011 census of India, Vadodara Municipal Corporation and associated outgrowths had a population of 1,670,806. About 9.45% of the population was under 6 years of age. Vadodara had a sex ratio of 920 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 90.48%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 6.63% and 4.07% of the population, respectively.<ref name="census">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook - Vadodara |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/398/download/1240/DH_2011_2419_PART_A_DCHB_VADODARA.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Vadodara (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|85.39}}
{{bar percent|[[Gujarati Muslims|Islam]]|green|11.20}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Gujarat|Jainism]]|pink|2.02}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Gujarat|Christianity]]|blue|0.82}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|0.45}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.20}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

[[Hinduism]] was the main religion, practiced by 85.39% of the population. [[Gujarati Muslims|Islam]] was the second-largest religion (11.20%). [[Jainism in Gujarat|Jains]] were 2.02%, [[Christianity in Gujarat|Christians]] 0.82%, and [[Sikhism|Sikhs]] 0.45%.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Population by Religion - Gujarat |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11373/download/14486/DDW24C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Historical population
| source = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.populstat.info/Asia/indiat.htm |title=Historical Census of India |access-date=23 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217053707/http://www.populstat.info/Asia/indiat.htm |archive-date=17 February 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="census"/>
| 1820 | 100000
| 1865 | 140000
| 1881 | 101800
| 1891 | 116400
| 1901 | 103790
| 1911 | 99345
| 1921 | 94712
| 1931 | 112860
| 1941 | 153301
| 1951 | 211407
| 1961 | 309716
| 1968 | 400700
| 1971 | 467487
| 1981 | 734473
| 1991 | 1031346
| 2001 | 1338244
| 2011 | 1670806
}}

{{Wide image|UWoB2011.jpg|800px|United Way of Baroda Navratri Garba Festival}}

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Vadodara (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] |value1 = 71.37 |color1 = skyblue
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 14.83 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value3 = 7.60 |color3 = red
|label4 = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] |value4 = 1.91 |color4 = limegreen
|label5 = Others |value5 =4.29 |color5 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 71.37% of the population spoke [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], 14.83% [[Hindi]], 7.60% [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and 1.91% [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Population by Mother Tongue (Town level) - Gujarat |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10250/download/13362/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2400.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Economy==
In Vadodara, various large-scale industries such as [[Gujarat Refinery]] of [[Indian Oil Corporation]], [[Gujarat State Fertilizers and Chemicals|Gujarat State Fertilizers & Chemicals]], [[Reliance Industries|Vadodara Manufacturing Division]] (formerly [[Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Limited|IPCL]]) of [[Reliance Industries Limited]], [[Deepak Nitrite]], Parikh Industries, Linde Engineering India, and [[Gujarat Alkalies and Chemicals Limited]] have come up in the vicinity of [[Gujarat Refinery]]. Other large-scale public-sector units are Heavy Water Project, [[GIPCL Vadodara Gas based Power Station|Gujarat Industries Power Company Limited (GIPCL)]], [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] and [[GAIL|Gas Authority of India Limited]]. Vadodara is also a manufacturing hub of power equipment, rail coaches, and defense aircraft, and several IT sector companies in Vadodara are rapidly growing. Vadodara is also a hub of pharmaceutical industries; many pharmaceutical companies are located within and nearby. Vadodara is home to many big pharmaceutical companies, and is a major hub of pharmaceutical industries in Gujarat.

Located in Vadodara are over 35% of India's power-transmission and distribution equipment manufacturers and an estimated 800 ancillaries supporting the big players in power sector equipment manufacturing and engineering industry. [[Larsen & Tourbo]] (L&T) has established "Knowledge City" in Vadodara.<ref>{{Cite news|date=3 January 2009|title=L&T inaugurates knowledge city at Vadodara|url=https://newsonprojects.com/news/lt-inaugurates-knowledge-city-at-vadodara|access-date=2020-10-21|language=en}}</ref> This Knowledge City is the hub of several key businesses of the L&T Group. The power business, mid- and downstream Hydrocarbon, [[L&T Technology Services]], and the engineering joint venture L&T-Sargent & Lundy operate out of the facility. It also houses manufacturing facilities for switchgear, air circuit breakers, and moulded-case circuit breakers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 July 2012|title=L&T inaugurates its switchgear facility at Vadodara|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/engineering/lt-inaugurates-its-switchgear-facility-at-vadodara/articleshow/14854374.cms?from=mdr|newspaper=The Economic Times|language=en}}</ref>

[[Bombardier Transportation]], a Canadian company, has established a rail-coach manufacturing plant in [[Savli]] along with other manufacturing companies such as [[Alstom]], [[Siemens]], and [[Voltas]]. This plant manufactures coaches for [[Delhi Metro]] and the [[New Generation Rollingstock]] for [[Brisbane, Australia]]. The plant is also manufacturing trainsets for [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi - Meerut RRTS]]. Beside this Vadodara holds a key position in Gujarat's pharmaceutical industry, as many small and big pharma companies are located in Vadodara.<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 May 2022|title=Alstom readies first Vadodara-made trainset for RRTS  |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/alstom-readies-first-vadodara-made-trainset-for-rrts/articleshow/91358809.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

[[Tata Advanced Systems Limited]], a subsidiary of [[Tata Group]] and [[Airbus]] joint venture, has set up a [[EADS CASA C-295|C-295]] transport aircraft manufacturing facility at Vadodara as part of a Rs 22,000 crore deal to supply 56 such aircraft. The C-295 will replace the [[Avro]] aircraft in service with the [[Indian Air Force]]. This project will make Vadodara a defense manufacturing hub. The first "Made in India" aircraft is expected in September 2026.<ref>{{Cite news|date=30 October 2022|title='Make for Globe': PM Modi lays foundation stone for Tata-Airbus Vadodara project|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/make-for-globe-pm-modi-lays-foundation-stone-for-tata-airbus-vadodara-project-101667135899669.html|newspaper=The Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

The revenue for the city is generated through taxes, service provision, and state government assistance. The taxes include general taxes, conservancy taxes, and water taxes, whereas the nontax or service revenue can include water charges, rent from municipal properties, public service charges, etc.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Financial Profiling of VMC and VUDA|url=https://vmc.gov.in/pdf/Link_4.pdf|access-date=21 October 2020}}</ref> The VMC budget for the year 2020–2021 against the proposed budget of Rs 3,554 crore last year, stood at Rs 3,770 crore this year.<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 January 2020|title=No tax hikes, VMC budget focuses on water supply|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/no-tax-hikes-vmc-budget-focuses-on-water-supply/articleshow/73563450.cms|access-date=2020-10-21|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

===Petrochemicals===
Since the discovery of oil and natural gas in the area, Vadodara has become the site of various petrochemical industries. These are concentrated in the [[rural-urban fringe|peri-urban]] areas to the northwest and south of the city proper.<ref name="Vasudeva 2023">{{cite book |last1=Vasudeva |first1=Bhawana |editor1-last=Sharma |editor1-first=Utpal |editor2-last=R. Parthasarathy |editor3-last=Aparna |title=Future is Urban: Livability, Resilience & Resource Conservation |date=2023 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-34244-1 |pages=648–55 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T1S6EAAAQBAJ&dq=vadodara+natural+gas&pg=PA651 |access-date=11 May 2023 |chapter=Informal Processes and New Dynamics of Housing in the Periphery: The Case of Vadodara}}</ref>{{rp|651}}<ref name="Vasudeva 2021">{{cite book |last1=Vasudeva |first1=Bhawana |editor1-last=Kateja |editor1-first=Alpana |editor2-last=Jain |editor2-first=Rashmi |title=Urban Growth and Environmental Issues in India |date=2021 |publisher=Springer Nature |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-16-4273-9 |pages=35–54 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vkRDEAAAQBAJ |access-date=11 May 2023 |chapter=Shelter for the Poor: Conundrum, Visions, and Methods of Urban Growth}}</ref>{{rp|44}}

In 1963, construction began on [[Gujarat Refinery]] outside of Vadodara, on a 1800-acre tract surrounded by the villages of [[Koyali, Vadodara|Koyali]], [[Ranoli, Vadodara|Ranoli]], [[Karachia, Vadodara|Karachia]], and [[Dhanora, Vadodara|Dhanora]].<!-- Rajyagor, p. 335 --> [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] ceremonially laid the foundation.<!-- Rajyagor, p. 335 --> The refinery's first trial production was in October 1965.<!-- Rajyagor, p. 335 --> As of 1973 it was producing 4.3 million tonnes of various products per year and it employed some 1,450 people.<!-- Rajyagor, p. 335-6 --> It was the third public-sector refinery to be built in India.<!-- Rajyagor, p. 335 --><ref name="Gazetteer 1979"/>{{rp|335–6}}

Among the refinery's products as of 1979 were [[gasoline]], [[diesel fuel]], [[kerosene]], [[jet fuel]], and various industrial materials such as [[benzene]], [[toluene]], and [[naphtha]].<!-- Rajyagor, p. 335-6 --> [[Crude oil|Crude]] was piped in from Ankleshwar and from northern Gujarat (around [[Kalol, Gujarat|Kalol]] and [[Vadagam]]), and condensate was also supplied from the Khambhat gas fields.<!-- Rajyagor, p. 335 --><ref name="Gazetteer 1979"/>{{rp|335–6}}

In early 1978, two new petrochemical plants began operation in Vadodara: a naphtha cracking plant in March and a low-density [[polyethylene]] plant with an 80,000-tonne capacity in April.<!-- Sectoral profile, p. 382 --> Both were operated by [[Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Limited]] (now part of Reliance Industries) and both were also the first plant of their kind in Gujarat.<!-- Sectoral profile, p. 382 --> In March 1979,<ref name="Sectoral profile 1982"/> IPCL also formally commissioned a major petrochemical complex at Vadodara that included an [[aromatic compound|aromatics]] plant (producing [[dimethyl terephthalate]] and two types of [[xylene]]),<!-- Rajyagor, p. 337 --><ref name="Gazetteer 1979"/>{{rp|337}} an oil refinery, and seven other downstream facilities.<!-- Sectoral profile, p. 382 --><ref name="Sectoral profile 1982">{{cite book |title=Statistical Atlas of Gujarat: Sectoral profile |date=1982 |publisher=Bureau of Economics and Statistics, State of Gujarat |page=382 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5pMUAQAAMAAJ&q=vadodara+naphta |access-date=11 May 2023}}</ref> The 7 downstream facilities were: 1. [[acrylonitrile]], 2. [[synthetic rubber]], 3. low-density polyethylene, 4. [[polypropylene]], 5. [[ethylene glycol]], 6. detergent [[alkylate]], and 7. [[acrylic fibre]].<!-- Rajyagor, p. 338 --> There were also plans in the works for a [[polyester]] yarn plant as part of the complex with a capacity of 3,500 to 7,000 tonnes per year.<!-- Rajyagor, p. 338 --><ref name="Gazetteer 1979"/>{{rp|338}}

==Government and politics==
[[File:Vadodara Municipal Corporation.jpg|thumb|right|[[Khanderao Market, Vadodara|Khanderao Market]] – [[Vadodara Mahanagar Seva Sadan]] Building]]
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+Vadodara City Officials
|-
! Mayor
| Pinky Soni
|-
! Municipal Commissioner
| Arun Mahesh Babu
|-
!Police Commissioner
| Narsimha N. Komar
|}

The Vadodara city's municipal corporation or Maha Nagar Palika is a part of the Vadodara district. The district is set up in three distinct levels of administration, which are the collectorate - the district falls under the jurisdiction of a collector; the prant offices which take care of the affairs of taluka and other state government offices and the mamlatdar or taluka offices. The overall district administration has four departments: city survey, district supply office, district planning office, and district election office.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Administrative Setup {{!}} District Vadodara, Government of Gujarat|url=https://vadodara.nic.in/administrative-setup/|access-date=2020-10-21}}</ref>

The City elects one<ref name="LSMLA">{{cite web|title=List of Lok Sabha Constituencies from Gujarat|url=http://www.gujaratassembly.gov.in/loksabhamember.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050302161941/http://www.gujaratassembly.gov.in/loksabhamember.htm|archive-date=2 March 2005|access-date=1 October 2017|publisher=Gujarat Assembly}}</ref> member to the [[Lok Sabha]] (parliament) and five<ref name="MLA">{{cite web|title=List of MLAs from Vadodara District|url=http://www.gujaratassembly.gov.in/epvadodara.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024211/http://www.gujaratassembly.gov.in/epvadodara.htm|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=30 June 2007|publisher=Gujarat Assembly}}</ref> to the Gujarat [[Vidhan Sabha]] (Assembly). All of the five assembly seats of Vadodara were won by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] during the legislative elections in 2017. In the 2021 VMSS/VMC elections, the BJP won 69<ref name="hindu">{{cite news|date=14 December 2005|title=Sweeping victory for BJP in Gujarat civic polls|location=Chennai, India|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/14/stories/2005121406311300.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=9 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001064306/http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/14/stories/2005121406311300.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=1 October 2007}}</ref> seats, seven seats went to the Congress.

*Election wards: 19<ref name="zone">{{cite web|title=Institutional Setup in Vadodara|url=http://www.vadodaracity.com/cdp_pdf/Link%206.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929050939/http://www.vadodaracity.com/cdp_pdf/Link%206.pdf|archive-date=29 September 2007|access-date=29 July 2007|publisher=Vadodara Municipal Corporation}}</ref>
*Seats (Corporators): 76<ref name="zone"/>
*Population per ward: 87,826
*Seats reserved for women: 38
*Total voters (as on 1 January 2019): 1,638,300

=== Civic administration ===
[[File:Mandvi Gate01.jpg|thumb|Mandvi Gate]]
According to the 2011 census, the total Urban Agglomeration (UA) population of Vadodara is 35,17,191.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Provisional UA Population- Census 2011|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|access-date=21 October 2020|website=Census India}}</ref> This is governed by the Vadodara Municipal Corporation which was founded in 1951.<ref>{{Cite web|title=VMC-Vadodara Municipal Corporation, khanderao market, Vadodara (2020)|url=http://www.findglocal.com/IN/Vadodara/1831309190481853/VMC-Vadodara-Municipal-Corporation|access-date=2020-10-21|website=www.findglocal.com}}</ref> It was initially called the Baroda Municipal Corporation but later changed to Vadodara Municipal Corporation after the city's name was changed in the year 1974.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The History|url=https://historyofvadodara.in/the-history/|access-date=2020-10-21|website=History of Vadodara - Baroda}}</ref> The Bombay Municipal Corporation Act of 1951 was setup as the main legislation for the administration and governance of the Vadodara Municipal Corporation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vadodara Municipal Corporation|url=https://vmc.gov.in/Introduction.aspx|access-date=2020-10-21|website=vmc.gov.in}}</ref>

The city limits of Vadodara have expanded since: an area of {{cvt|148|sqkm}} was added in the year 2002, followed by {{cvt|15 to 20|km2}} of additional expansion to the north of the city in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|title=In-depth analysis of existing situation-VMC|url=https://vmc.gov.in/Pdf/Link_3.pdf|access-date=21 October 2020}}</ref> The villages Sayajipura, Bapod, Kapurai, Khatamba, Tarsal Kalali, Gorva, Chhani and Vemali were added to the VMC boundaries in 2017<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 Jun 2017 |title=Residents not included in VMC, gram panchayat move high court |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/residents-not-included-in-vmc-gram-panchayat-move-high-court/articleshow/59198032.cms|access-date=2020-10-21|website=The Times of India}}</ref> and the latest expansion notice has been given to the seven villages of Sevasi, Bhayli, Vemali, Bil, Karodiya, Undera and Vadadala in the year 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 Jun 2020 |title=Villages oppose merger into Vadoddra city limits - Vadodara News|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/villages-oppose-merger-into-vadoddra-city-limits/articleshow/76631687.cms|access-date=2020-10-21|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==== City governance ====
[[File: Baroda Museum01.jpg|thumb|Baroda Museum and Picture Gallery]]
The Bombay Provincial Municipal Corporations Act, 1949<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.janaagraha.org/asics/report/Bombay-Provincial-Municipal-Corporations-Act-1949.pdf |title=Bombay Provincial Municipal Corporations Act, 1949 |access-date=21 October 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308062217/http://www.janaagraha.org/asics/report/Bombay-Provincial-Municipal-Corporations-Act-1949.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> governs the Vadodara Municipal Corporation. The Gujarat Provincial Municipal Corporations Act<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/4653/1/gpmcact.pdf |title=Gujarat Provincial Municipal Corporations Act |access-date=21 October 2020 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224203226/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/4653/1/gpmcact.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> of 1949 which is derived from the Bombay Act No. LIX of 1949 is another legislation which most municipal corporation, including Vadodara in Gujarat function under.

The highest body of power in the municipal corporation is the General Board, which is composed of elected members from each ward within the VMC. There are 19 wards under the VMC, each of which consists 4 seats of councilor which has a 50% reservation of seats for women. There are a total of 76 councilors elected for this VMC term where every councilor is appointed in various committees for a period of one year.

The VMC has twelve executive committees apart from the standing committee, which look after the specialized functions of VMC. These committees include public works committee, water work committee, drainage and sewerage committee, health committee, town planning committee, estate management committee, recreation and culture committee, electric committee, and legal committee. Each committee consists of 12 councilors each.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vadodara Municipal Corporation|url=https://vmc.gov.in/ElectedwingIntroduction.aspx|access-date=2020-10-21|website=vmc.gov.in}}</ref> The formulation of an additional ward committee is recommended by the Gujarat Provincial Municipal Corporation Act of 1949 for a city exceeding the population of three lakhs<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Gujarat Provincial Municipal Corporations Act, 1949|url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/4653/1/gpmcact.pdf|date=January 2017|access-date=21 October 2020}}</ref>- which is above the current population of Vadodara.

==== Politics ====
[[File:Raopura Tower Vadodara.jpg|thumb|Raopura Tower]]
Three [[Local Governance in India|corporators]] are elected from each ward, who in turn elect a mayor. Executive powers are vested in the municipal commissioner, who is an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer appointed by the Gujarat state government. The mayor is responsible for the day-to-day running of the city services, municipal school board, the city bus service, the municipal hospital and the city library. The last municipal corporation election for Vadodara took place in the year 2015<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-03|title=Gujarat civic polls: Congress wins Vadodara, BJP tops all 6 municipal corporations|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/picture-gallery-others/congress-wins-majority-in-vadodara-district-bjp-winning-all-six-municipal-corporations/|access-date=2020-10-21|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> where Bhartiya Janta Party won in the majority with 57 out of the total 76 seats, followed by the Indian National Congress (INC) with 14 seats.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-04|title=Final detailed results of six municipal corporation elections in Gujarat|url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2015/12/04/final-detailed-results-of-six-municipal-corporation-elections-in-gujarat/|access-date=2020-10-21|website=DeshGujarat}}</ref>

There are six sitting MLAs who have VMC under their jurisdiction and are currently part of the state ministry.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-03-05|title=Delimitation Commission Of India, Nirvachan Sadan, Ashoka Road, New Delhi - 110001.|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2020-10-22|via=web.archive.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Vadodara Municipal Corporation|url=https://vmc.gov.in/CorporationMpMLADetails.aspx|access-date=2020-10-22|website=vmc.gov.in}}</ref> Rajendrabhai Trivedi is the BJP MLA and incumbent 14th Speaker of Gujarat Legislative Assembly, who was unanimously elected on 9 February 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajendra Trivedi new Speaker of Gujarat Assembly|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/feb/19/rajendra-trivedi-new-speaker-of-gujarat-assembly-1775847.html|access-date=2020-10-22|website=The New Indian Express|date=19 February 2018 }}</ref> Jitendra Sukhadia is the Minister of Tourism, Non-resident Gujarati division as well as the Food, Civil Supplies, and Consumer Affairs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jitendra Sukhadia Index|url=http://jitendrasukhadia.com/minister-of-state.html|access-date=2020-10-22|website=jitendrasukhadia.com}}</ref> Saurabhbhai Patel is the incumbent Energy Minister of Gujarat<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Energy Minister of Gujarat, Shri Saurabh Bhai Patel meeting with the Shri Piyush Goyal|url=https://powermin.gov.in/en/content/energy-minister-gujarat-shri-saurabh-bhai-patel-meeting-shri-piyush-goyal|access-date=22 October 2020}}</ref> while Yogeshbhai Patel heads the Ministry of State for Narmada Development.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-15|title=Minister of State for Narmada Development Yogesh Patel hoisted the national flag Connect Gujarat|url=https://connectgujarat.com/minister-of-state-for-narmada-development-yogesh-patel-hoisted-the-national-flag/|access-date=2020-10-22|website=Connect Gujarat}}</ref> The MLA Madhubhai Shrivastav is the state appointed Gujarat Agro Industries Corporation (GAIC) chief<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 Mar 2019 |title=Madhu Shrivastava made GAIC chief - Vadodara News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/madhu-shrivastava-made-gaic-chief/articleshow/68351228.cms |access-date=2020-10-22|website=The Times of India}}</ref> and Manisha Vakil is BJP's Vadodara City Assembly Constituency MLA.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vadodara City Election and Results 2017, Candidate list, Winner and Runner-up|url=https://www.elections.in/gujarat/assembly-constituencies/vadodara-city.html|access-date=2020-10-21|website=Elections in India}}</ref>

==== Law and order ====
The Vadodara City Police are responsible for law enforcement and public safety in Vadodara, Gujarat. The Vadodara City Police is headed by a [[Police Commissioner]], an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer. They are a subdivision of the state police force of [[Gujarat]] and are headed by a commissioner. The Vadodara police force is responsible for the protection and safety of Vadodara citizens. Shri Narsimha N. Komar (IPS), is the current Police commissioner of the Vadodara.

== Culture ==
[[File:Fresco_Rooms_in_Bhau_Tambekar's_Wada_04.jpg|thumb|Fresco Rooms in Bhau Tambekar's Wada	]]
=== Museums ===
Vadodara is home to notable museums like:

* Sayaji Baug, Baroda Museum and Picture Gallery
* Maharaja Fatehsinh Museum
* Museum Of Archeology And Ancient History
* Health Museum, Sayaji Baug

== Civic services ==
[[File:Flora Clock.jpg|thumb|The Flora Clock at Sayaji Baug]]
Three civic service departments are under the municipal corporation - the engineering department, the health department, and the support or administration department.

These departments together provide services, infrastructure, and management for the entire city. The engineering department manages infrastructure and services provided through cells or subdepartments such as bridge cell, drainage project, town development, streetlight, electrical sewerage, mechanical sewerage, building project, solid-waste management, road, storm-water drainage, water work, land, and estate. The health department takes care of public health-related issues and services through its solid-waste management, health, and ICDS subdepartments. The health department also has a subdepartment for managing birth, death, and marriage registrations. The support department handles all IT and administration-related issues and services, with cells such as IT, accounts audit, census, PRO, election, real estate (acquisition), shops and establishment, assessment, and UCD-NULM departments.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vadodara Municipal Corporation|url=https://vmc.gov.in/|access-date=2020-10-21|website=vmc.gov.in}}</ref>

=== Urban planning ===
The two main institutions involved in planning and development in Vadodara are VMSS and the Vadodara Urban Development Authority (VUDA). The responsibilities of both these agencies are demarcated clearly not only physically but also functionally. The governing acts for both institutions differ. The principal responsibility of VUDA is to ensure a holistic development of the Vadodara agglomeration covering an area of {{convert|714.56|km2|abbr=on}},<ref name="zone" /> whereas VMSS is involved in the development of area of {{convert|235|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="zone" />

Vadodara's population grew the fastest during the decade between 1961 and 1971.<!-- Vasudeva 2023, p. 652 -->  The Vadodara Municipal Corporation drew up the first official urban plan for the city's growth in 1970, the Vadodara Development Plan.<!-- Vasudeva 2023, p. 652 -->  The VUDA was formed in 1980.<!-- Vasudeva 2023, p. 652 --><ref name="Vasudeva 2023"/>{{rp|652}} The second Development Plan, developed in 1984, included decentralising the city's infrastructure. During the mid-late 70s early 80s, development on the city's outskirts focused on building cheap, low-income housing for industrial workers.<!-- Vasudeva 2021, p. 45 --> By the 1990s, the focus had shifted to mixed-density, "self-sustainable settlements" in peri-urban areas, especially on the west and southwest sides of town.<!-- Vasudeva 2021, p. 45 --><ref name="Vasudeva 2021"/>{{rp|45}} Farmland was purchased from nearby villages to provide space for these new developments, which caused a large drop in cultivated acreage and overall agricultural produce in the area.<!-- Vasudeva 2023, p. 652 --><ref name="Vasudeva 2023"/>{{rp|652}}

Initially, major industrial development happened on the city's north side; the east side also saw plenty of development because of its location near the old city core.<!-- Vasudeva 2021, p. 45 --> The south and west were relatively less populated in comparison.<!-- Vasudeva 2021, p. 45 --><ref name="Vasudeva 2021"/>{{rp|45}}

Various unplanned slum areas have been formed by rapid immigration from rural areas that outpaced formal city planning.<!-- Vasudeva 2021, p. 45 --> These slum areas consist largely of temporary (''kachcha'') structures with communal toilets or none at all.<!-- Vasudeva 2021, p. 45 --> They are often found in less-desired areas along river banks and [[nullah|nallahs]] or in other low-lying spots.<!-- Vasudeva 2021, p. 45 --> Sanitation in these developments is generally poor.<!-- Vasudeva 2021, p. 45 --><ref name="Vasudeva 2021"/>{{rp|45}}

A low of relatively lower-income, blue-collar workers live in industrial housing developments on Vadodara's outskirts.<!-- Vasudeva 2021, p. 45 --> Economically Weaker Section (EWS) housing and slums are located especially on the northwest, northeast, and east sides of the city.<!-- Vasudeva 2021, p. 45 --> In recent decades (as of 2021), major industrial development has taken place along the [[NH-8]] corridor.<!-- Vasudeva 2021, p. 45 --> Religious institutions like temples and [[ashram]]s have especially developed on the east side of town, while the [[Transport Nagar, Vadodara|Transport Nagar]] development is located on the northeast.<!-- Vasudeva 2021, p. 45 --><ref name="Vasudeva 2021"/>{{rp|45}}

=== Solid waste management ===
[[File:Kalaghoda.jpg|thumb|Kalaghoda circle]]
The municipal corporation under its health department provides the solid waste management for the Vadodara city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vadodara Municipal Corporation|url=https://vmc.gov.in/Department_Health_Solidwaste.aspx|access-date=2020-10-21|website=vmc.gov.in}}</ref> All zonal asst. municipal commissioners, zonal health officers, ward officers, sanitary inspectors are part of the solid waste management committee who need to be present during the weekly SWM coordination meetings. The department takes care of the sweeping, cleaning and maintenance along with complaint redressal. All zonal chief, assistant municipal commissioners, zonal health officers and other sanitary staff are expected to work on field between 7am to 11am on weekdays. The solid waste management also has a litter prevention system which carries out litter patrol and charges fines as administrative fees from the defaulters.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vadodara Municipal Corporation|url=https://vmc.gov.in/Department_SWM_KeyAspect.aspx|access-date=2020-10-21|website=vmc.gov.in}}</ref>

=== Water supply ===
An average of 53.2 million gallon (240 million litres) of water per day, or 38 gallon (190 litres) per person per day is provided the city daily to meets its daily water requirement.<ref name="vmc.gov">{{Cite web|title=Vadodara Municipal Corporation|url=https://vmc.gov.in/Department_Waterworks.aspx|access-date=2020-10-21|website=vmc.gov.in}}</ref> The water supply is provided by the water works department of the municipal corporation along with other agencies like the Sardar Sarovar Narmada limited who directly supply water to VMC which is looked after the Gujarat Pollution Control Board, the Gujarat Water Supply and Sewerage Board, and the Water and Sanitation Management Organization. The city receives its drinking water supply from 16 high rise water tanks and one busting station located within the city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 Oct 2020|title=Stench once again returns to haunt Vadodara|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/stench-once-again-returns-to-haunt-city/articleshow/78646391.cms|access-date=21 October 2020|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2020 |title=GPCB rapped over VECL flouting pollution norms|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/gpcb-rapped-over-vecl-flouting-pollution-norms/articleshow/73091748.cms|access-date=21 October 2020|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2020|title=Ahmedabad: 'People using unsafe water for drinking, cooking'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/people-using-unsafe-water-for-drinking-cooking/articleshow/78323946.cms|access-date=21 October 2020|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

The [[Sardar Sarovar Dam]] which is one of the drinking water sources for the city, had halted supply temporarily in 2019 after receiving complains about the high sulphur content from the Narmada river, but the water supply was restarted again after a few days.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 Feb 2019|author=Tushar Tere|title=Gujarat's lifeline polluted, water unfit to consume |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/gujarats-lifeline-polluted-water-unfit-to-consume/articleshow/67841378.cms|access-date=21 October 2020|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The other sources of water are the [[Mahi River]] for which the water is obtained from a French well that has naturally purified water through layers of sand. The Ajwa Sarovar is another source of drinking water and is filtered at Nimeta Water Purification Plant.<ref name="vmc.gov" />

In January 2019, VUDA and GWSSB joined hands to reduce the acute shortage of drinking water for residential societies near close to the Vadodara city. A quantity of 3 MLD water per day for three years will be provided as a temporary measure until {{when|date=August 2022}} water from the Timbi pond and Narmada canal reaches these residences.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 January 2019|title=Water woes of villages bordering eastern Vadodara to end soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/water-woes-of-villages-bordering-eastern-vadodara-to-end-soon/articleshow/67632334.cms|access-date=21 October 2020|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

=== Drainage and sewage ===
[[File:NyayM.jpg|thumb|Nyay Mandir, Vadodara High Court]]

The drainage is provided under the Engineering department's drainage projects or the Public Health Engineering Laboratory (PHEL). The department provides planning, designing, estimating, tendering, executing and operating and maintaining the sewerage systems like the sewerage network, sewage pumping stations, sewage pumping mains, sewage treatment and effluent disposal works.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vadodara Municipal Corporation|url=https://vmc.gov.in/DrainageProject.aspx|access-date=2020-10-21|website=vmc.gov.in}}</ref>

The sewage as of 2001 covered 55% area and 65% of the present population when the VMC limits extended to {{cvt|108.00|km2}}. The Public Health Engineering Laboratory (PHEL) has been working on a comprehensive sewerage system Master Plan for {{cvt|1425|km2}} of sewers and nine sewage treatment works. The plan master plan is designed for the year 2021 where the project aims to increase the sewage coverage from 55% to 95% by area and 65% to 93% by population for an area of {{cvt|159.31|km2}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Drainage Project Dept. VMSS|url=https://vmc.gov.in/pdf/20150102%20Drainage%20Project%20Dept.%20VMSS.pdf|access-date=21 October 2020}}</ref>

=== Electricity ===
[[Madhya Gujarat Vij Company Limited]] (MGVCL) is the main electricity provision company for the Gujarat state and Vadodara.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Electricity {{!}} District Vadodara, Government of Gujarat |url=https://vadodara.nic.in/public-utility-category/electricity/|access-date=2020-10-21}}</ref> Hydroelectricity is additionally being generated by water from Sardar Sarovar Dam with six units of river bed power houses of 200 megawatt each.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 Sep 2020|title=Sardar Sarovar Dam inches away from peak level|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/sardar-sarovar-dam-inches-away-from-peak-level/articleshow/78133499.cms|access-date=2020-10-21|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

=== Fire and emergency ===
Fire and rescue operations are provided by the VMC under its fire department which is provided according to the Section 285 to 289 of the BPMC Act. VMC has fixed rates for rescue operations & fire extinguishing within the VMC limits and outside it. The VMC's fire department also provide additional services like water tanker provision for domestic, religious or marriage purposes, providing ambulance, dead body carrier.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vadodara Municipal Corporation|url=https://vmc.gov.in/Department_Fire.aspx|access-date=2020-10-21|website=vmc.gov.in}}</ref>

==Transport==
The city is on the major rail and road arteries joining [[Mumbai]] with [[Delhi]] and Mumbai with [[Ahmedabad]].
<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
file:NEW BDQ AIRPORT.jpg|Vadodara Airport
File:Vadrail.jpg|Vadodara Junction Railway Station
file:Bus terminus in Vadodara.jpg|Bus Terminus in Vadodara
file:Ahmedabad–Vadodara Expressway, India (2015).jpg|Ahmedabad-Vadodara Expressway
</gallery>

===Air===
[[Vadodara Airport]] ([[IATA]]: '''BDQ''') is located north-east of the city. Vadodara has flight connections with Mumbai, New Delhi, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Pune and Goa. Air India and IndiGo are currently operating their services from the airport. A new integrated international terminal has been constructed at the Vadodara airport and was inaugurated in October 2016. Vadodara is the first Green Airport in Gujarat and Second Green Airport in India after Kochi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dnasyndication.com/showarticlerss.aspx?nid=muaqdWy43dPulsTSLyQpFxAFCY2RaiKae8NcPA21HKE4KNcM=|title=Vadodara's new airport makes place in Limca Record|publisher=Dnasyndication.com|access-date=26 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510073233/http://dnasyndication.com/showarticlerss.aspx?nid=muaqdWy43dPulsTSLyQpFxAFCY2RaiKae8NcPA21HKE4KNcM=|archive-date=10 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/pm-modi-inaugurates-new-international-terminal-at-vadodara-airport-116102200655_1.html|title=Vadodara gets India's second green airport after Kochi|first=Vimukt|last=Dave|newspaper=Business Standard India |date=22 October 2016|access-date=26 November 2016|via=Business Standard|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023201842/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/pm-modi-inaugurates-new-international-terminal-at-vadodara-airport-116102200655_1.html|archive-date=23 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/PM-Narendra-Modi-inaugurates-Vadodara-International-Airport/articleshow/54998435.cms|title=PM Narendra Modi inaugurates Vadodara International Airport – Times of India ►|website=The Times of India|date=22 October 2016 |access-date=10 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518060953/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/pm-narendra-modi-inaugurates-vadodara-international-airport/articleshow/54998435.cms|archive-date=18 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.schwartzarch.com/projects/vadodara_airport.html|title=Vadodara Airport -[FSA]-|access-date=26 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421041259/http://www.schwartzarch.com/projects/vadodara_airport.html|archive-date=21 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gensler.com/projects/vadodara-international-airport|title=Vadodara International Airport – Projects – Gensler|access-date=26 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114004035/http://www.gensler.com/projects/vadodara-international-airport|archive-date=14 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Railway===

Vadodara was part of the historic [[Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway]] (BBCI), which arrived in the city in January 1861.<ref name=BBCI>{{cite news |publisher=Times of India|title=150th year of Railway in Vadodara|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/150th-year-of-rlys-in-city-to-be-celebrated-on-Jan-9/articleshow/5371170.cms |access-date=24 December 2009|first1=Sachin|last1=Sharma|date=23 December 2009}}</ref> On 5 November 1951 the BBCI Railway was merged with the [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]], [[Rajputana]] and [[Jaipur]] railways to create the [[Western Railway (India)|Western Railway]]. [[Vadodara Railway Station]] now belongs to the Western Railway zone of [[Indian Railways]] and is a major junction on the Western Railway Main Line.

The under-construction [[Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor]], India's first [[High-speed rail]] line will have a stop at the existing [[Vadodara Junction railway station]]. The station is planned for renovation to accommodate the new line.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/mumbai-ahmedabad-bullet-train-project-construction-work-on-swanky-vadodara-railway-station-to-begin-soon/1413870/|title=Mumbai-Ahmedabad bullet train project: Construction work on swanky Vadodara railway station to begin soon|date=14 December 2018|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=2 March 2020}}</ref>

===Bus===

[[Vadodara bus station]] is also beautifully designed as a symbol of Banyan (Vad) trees and located near by Railway Station. It also has a market, food court and multiplex facilities.

=== Road ===
Vadodara has taxi services that is operational mostly around [[Vadodara Junction railway station|Vadodara Railway station]] and the [[Vadodara Airport]], apart from this Vadodara has private cab services like [[Ola Cabs|Ola]], [[Uber]], etc. Vadodara also has self drive car rental services operated by private companies like Just Drive Self Drive Cars.

==Sports==
Vadodara has a professional cricket team, the [[Baroda cricket team]], as well as the oldest cricket ground in Asia, called [[Moti Bagh Stadium|Moti Baug]].<ref name=Moti>{{cite web|publisher=Cricinfo|title=Ground Profile|url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/58516.html#Profile|access-date=17 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081228202856/http://content-www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/58516.html#Profile|archive-date=28 December 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> The team has won the [[Ranji Trophy]] six times. [[IPCL Sports Complex Ground|Reliance Stadium]], a private cricket ground owned by [[Reliance Industries]], hosts [[One Day International|ODI]]s. Some of the notable cricketer's from Baroda are [[Vijay Hazare]], [[Anshuman Gaekwad]], [[Kiran More]], [[Nayan Mongia]], [[Atul Bedade]], [[Irfan Pathan]], [[Yusuf Pathan]], [[Hardik Pandya]], [[Krunal Pandya]], [[Deepak Hooda]].

The [[Kotambi Stadium]] or Baroda Cricket Association Stadium (BCA Stadium), also known as the Vadodara International Cricket Stadium, opened on 22 December 2024 through organised three one day international series between India and West Indies women's teams in Vadodara, Gujarat. This stadium is the home ground for Baroda Cricket Association in the domestic circle.

Vadodara would also have a sports university in Desar.

==Media==
The city has five local [[frequency modulation|FM]] stations: [[Radio City (India radio station)|Radio City]] (91.1&nbsp;[[hertz|MHz]]), [[Radio Mirchi]] (98.3&nbsp;[[hertz|MHz]]), [[Red FM 93.5|Red FM]] (93.5&nbsp;[[hertz|MHz]]), [[BIG FM 92.7|Big FM]] (92.7&nbsp;[[hertz|MHz]]), and [[All India Radio]], [[Vividh Bharti]] (93.9&nbsp;[[hertz|MHz]])(Aakashwani). [[Radio City (India radio station)|Radio City]] (91.1&nbsp;[[hertz|MHz]]) is known all over Vadodara for its Rag Rag Ma Vadodara City profile. All India Radio is broadcast on the [[amplitude modulation|AM]] band.<ref name=Radio>{{cite web |publisher=Asiawaves |title=Radio Stations in Gujarat, India |url=http://www.asiawaves.net/india/gujarat-radio.htm |access-date=14 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070527085052/http://www.asiawaves.net/india/gujarat-radio.htm |archive-date=27 May 2007 |url-status=live  }}</ref> [[Satellite radio]] was launched in nearby city of Ahmedabad by [[WorldSpace]] in 2005.<ref name=Worldspace>{{cite web |publisher=Worldspace Satellite Radio |title=WorldSpace Satellite Radio Lights Up Ahmedabad |url=http://www.worldspace.com/press/11_03_2005.html |date=3 November 2005 |access-date=30 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061112064236/http://www.worldspace.com/press/11_03_2005.html |archive-date=12 November 2006 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> Vadodara News Magazine(VNM) is a local news TV channel that covers events in the city. Sandesh News is a local news TV channel.

== Education ==
[[File:Vadodara uni.jpg|thumb|[[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda|The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]]]
The city houses many Schools and Colleges, including [[Baroda High School]]. Higher Education Institutions across various disciplines attract international students mainly from the African countries such as Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, Malawi, South Africa, and Kenya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/gujarat-more-foreign-students-opt-for-msu-5857416/|title=Gujarat: More foreign students opt for MS University of Baroda|date=2019-07-28|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-09-27}}</ref>

In 1909 there were plans to open a school for the deaf.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44463520|title=School Items|journal=[[American Annals of the Deaf]]|volume=54|issue=2|date=March 1909|pages=191–194|jstor=44463520 |author1=E. A. F. }} - The article uses "Baroda" to refer to Vadodara.</ref>

=== Universities ===
* [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda|The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]
* Sigma Group of Institute
* [[Parul University]]
* [[Navrachana University|Navrachna University]]
* [[GSFC University]]
* [[National Rail and Transportation Institute]] (Railway University)
* [[Sumandeep Vidyapeeth]]
* [[ITM Vocational University]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book
|last = Desai
|first = Anjali
|title=India Guide, Gujarat – Visitor's Guide
|year = 2007
|publisher=India Guide Publications
|isbn = 978-0-9789517-0-2
 }}
* {{cite book
|last = F. A. H Elliot
|title=The rulers of Baroda
|publisher=Baroda State Press 1934
|asin = B0006C35QS}}
* {{cite book
|last = Gense
|first = James
|title=The Gaikwads of Baroda
|year = 1939
|url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283204
|publisher=D.B. Taraporevala Sons & Co 1942
|asin = B0007K1PL6}}
* {{cite book
|last = Kothekara
|first = Santa
|title=The Gaikwads of Baroda and the East India Company, 1770–1820
|publisher=Nagpur University
|asin = B0006D2LAI}}
* {{cite book
|last = Gaekwad
|first = Fatesinghrao
|title=Sayajirao of Baroda: The Prince and the Man
|year = 1989
|publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]]
|isbn = 978-0-86132-214-5
 }}
* {{cite book
|last = Gaekwar
|first = Sayaji Rao
|title=Speeches and addresses of Sayaji Rao III, Maharaja Gaekwar of Baroda
|publisher=H. Milford 1933
|asin = B000855T0I}}
* {{cite book
|last = Rice
|first = Stanley
|title=Life of Sayaji Rao III, Maharaja of Baroda
|year = 1931
|url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.59223
|publisher=Oxford University Press 1931
|asin = B00085DDFG}}
* {{cite book
|last = Clair
|first = Edward
|title=A Year with the Gaekwar of Baroda
|publisher=D. Estes & co 1911
|asin = B0008BLVV8}}
* {{cite book
|last =  MacLeod
|first = John
|title=Sovereignty, Power, Control: Politics in the State of Western India, 1916–1947
|year = 1999
|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers
|isbn = 90-04-11343-6
 }}
* {{cite book
|last = Kamerkar
|first = Mani
|title=British Paramountcy: British-Baroda Relations, 1818–1848
|publisher=Popular Prakashan
|asin = B000JLZE6A}}
* {{cite book
|last = Kooiman
|first = Dick
|title=Communalism and Indian Princely States: Travancore, Baroda and Hyderabad in the 1930s
|year = 2002
|publisher=Manohar Pubns
|isbn = 978-81-7304-421-2
 }}
* {{cite book
|last = Desai
|first = Govindbhai
|title=Forty Years in Baroda: Being Reminiscences of Forty Years' Service in the Baroda State
|publisher=Pustakalaya Sahayak Sahakari Mandal 1929
|asin = B0006E18R4}}
* {{cite book
|last = Maharaja of Baroda
|title=The Palaces of India
|year=1980
|publisher=Viking Pr
|isbn = 978-0-00-211678-7
 }}
* {{cite book
|last = Sadashiv
|first = Anant
| author-link = Anant Sadashiv Altekar
|title=A History of important ancient towns & cities in Gujarat & Kathiawad
|asin = B0008B2NGA}}
* {{cite book
|last = William
|first = George
|title=Cities of India
|date = January 1999
|publisher=Adamant Media Corporation
|isbn = 0-543-93823-9
 }}
* {{cite book
|last = Doshi
|first = Saryu
|title=The royal bequest: Art treasures of the Baroda Museum and Picture Gallery
|year = 1995
|publisher=India Book House
|isbn = 978-81-7508-009-6
 }}
* {{cite book
|last = Roshan
|title=Sri Aurobindo in Baroda
|year =1993
|publisher=Sri Aurobindo Ashram Publications Department
|isbn = 978-81-7058-318-9
 }}
* {{cite book
|last = Sheik
|first = Gulammohammed
|title=Contemporary Art in Baroda
|year = 1997
|publisher=Manohar Pubns
|isbn = 978-81-85229-04-1
 }}
* {{cite book
|last = Bell
|first = Horace
|author-link=Horace Bell (civil engineer)
|title=Railway Policy in India
|publisher=Adamant Media Corporation
|isbn = 1-4021-8443-3
 }}
* {{cite book
|last = Shafer
|first = Kathleen
|title=Baroda: the Story of a Small Place. Celebrate Baroda 1890–1990
|publisher=Baroda Centennial Committee, [[Michigan]], United States
|asin = B000K016MG}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=Vadodara|Vadodara}}
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