View source for VCAM-1

{{Short description|Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens}}
{{redirect|CD106|the radio station formerly known as "CD106 the Wolf"|WNCD}}
{{Redirect|Cd106|the isotope of cadmium (Cd-106 or <sup>106</sup>Cd)|Cadmium-106}}
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{{Infobox gene}}
'''Vascular cell adhesion protein 1''' also known as '''vascular cell adhesion molecule 1''' ('''VCAM-1''') or '''cluster of differentiation 106''' ('''CD106''') is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''VCAM1'' [[gene]].<ref name="Cybulsky_1991">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cybulsky M, Fries JW, Williams AJ, Sultan P, Eddy RL, Byers MG, Shows TB, ((Gimbrone MA Jr)), Collins T | title = The human VCAM1 gene is assigned to chromosome 1p31-p32 | journal=Cytogenet. Cell Genet. | year = 1991 | volume = 58 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 1850–1867 |doi=10.1159/000133735}}</ref> VCAM-1 functions as a [[cell adhesion molecule]].

==Structure==
VCAM-1 is a member of the [[immunoglobulin superfamily]], the superfamily of proteins including [[antibody|antibodies]] and [[T cell receptor|T-cell receptors]]. The VCAM-1 gene contains six or seven [[immunoglobulin]] domains, and is expressed on both large and small [[blood vessel]]s only after the [[endothelial]] cells are stimulated by [[cytokine]]s. It is [[Alternative splicing|alternatively spliced]] into two known [[RNA]] [[Transcription (genetics)|transcripts]] that encode different isoforms in humans.<ref>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: VCAM1 vascular cell adhesion molecule 1| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=7412}}</ref> The gene product is a cell surface [[sialoglycoprotein]], a type I membrane protein that is a member of the [[Immunoglobulin superfamily|Ig superfamily]].

== Function ==

The VCAM-1 protein mediates the adhesion of [[lymphocyte]]s, [[monocyte]]s, [[eosinophil]]s, and [[basophil]]s to vascular [[endothelium]]. It also functions in leukocyte-endothelial cell [[signal transduction]], and it may play a role in the development of [[atherosclerosis]] and [[rheumatoid arthritis]].

Upregulation of VCAM-1 in endothelial cells by cytokines occurs as a result of increased [[gene transcription]] (e.g., in response to [[tumor necrosis factor-alpha]] (TNF-α) and [[interleukin-1]] (IL-1)) and through stabilization of [[messenger RNA]] (mRNA) (e.g., [[Interleukin-4]] (IL-4)). The promoter region of the ''VCAM1'' gene contains functional tandem [[NF-κB]] (nuclear factor-kappa B) sites. The sustained expression of VCAM-1 lasts over 24 hours.

Primarily, the VCAM-1 protein is an endothelial [[ligand]] for [[VLA-4]] (Very Late Antigen-4 or integrin α4β1) of the β1 subfamily of [[integrin]]s. VCAM-1 expression has also been observed in other cell types (e.g., [[smooth muscle cells]]). It has also been shown to [[Protein-protein interaction|interact]] with [[ezrin|EZR]]<ref name=pmid12082081>{{cite journal | vauthors = Barreiro O, Yanez-Mo M, Serrador JM, Montoya MC, Vicente-Manzanares M, Tejedor R, Furthmayr H, Sanchez-Madrid F | title = Dynamic interaction of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 with moesin and ezrin in a novel endothelial docking structure for adherent leukocytes | journal = J. Cell Biol. | volume = 157 | issue = 7 | pages = 1233–45  | date = Jun 2002 | pmid = 12082081 | pmc = 2173557 | doi = 10.1083/jcb.200112126 }}</ref> and [[Moesin]].<ref name=pmid12082081/>

VCAM-1 is also upregulated if vWF (Von Willebrand Factor) is given in knock-out (KO) ADMATS13 mice but not on mice without KO.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Le Besnerais M, Favre J, Denis CV, Mulder P, Martinet J, Nicol L, Levesque H, Veyradier A, Kopić A, Motto DG, Coppo P, Richard V, Benhamou Y|display-authors=6|journal=J Thromb Haemost|year=2016|volume=14|issue=10|pages=1917–1930|doi=10.1111/jth.13439|pmid=27501520|doi-access=free|title=Assessment of endothelial damage and cardiac injury in a mouse model mimicking thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura}}</ref>

CD106 also exists on the surface of some subpopulations of [[mesenchymal stem cell]]s (MSC).<ref>{{cite journal|title=CD106 identifies a subpopulation of mesenchymal stem cells with unique immunomodulatory properties|vauthors=Yang ZX, Han ZB, Ji YR, Wang YW, Liang L, Chi Y, Yang SG, Li LN, Luo WF, Li JP, Chen DD, Du WJ, Cao XC, Zhuo GS, Wang T, Han ZC|display-authors=6|journal=[[PLOS One]] |year=2013 |volume=8 |issue=3 |page=e59354|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0059354|pmid=23555021|pmc=3595282|bibcode=2013PLoSO...859354Y|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Pharmacology ==
Certain [[melanoma]] cells can use VCAM-1 to adhere to the endothelium,<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Eibl RH, Benoit M| year=2004 | title= Molecular resolution of cell adhesion forces | journal=  IEE Proceedings - Nanobiotechnology| volume=151 | issue=3 | pages=128–32 | doi=10.1049/ip-nbt:20040707 | doi-broken-date=7 December 2024 | pmid=16475855}}</ref> VCAM-1 may participate in monocyte recruitment to atherosclerotic sites, and it is highly overexpressed in the inflamed brain.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marcos-Contreras |first1=Oscar A |title=Selective targeting of nanomedicine to inflamed cerebral vasculature to enhance the blood–brain barrier |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |year=2020 |volume=117 |issue=7 |pages=3405–3414 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1912012117 |pmid=32005712 |pmc=7035611 |doi-access=free }}</ref> As a result, VCAM-1 is a potential [[drug]] target.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin | 2}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Yonekawa K, Harlan JM | title = Targeting leukocyte integrins in human diseases | journal = J. Leukoc. Biol. | volume = 77 | issue = 2 | pages = 129–40 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15548573 | doi = 10.1189/jlb.0804460 | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Wu TC | title = The role of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in tumor immune evasion | journal = Cancer Res. | volume = 67 | issue = 13 | pages = 6003–6 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17616653 | pmc = 3179385 | doi = 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-1543 }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{MeshName|VCAM-1}}
* {{PDBe-KB2|P19320|Vascular cell adhesion protein 1}}

{{PDB Gallery|geneid=7412}}
{{Clusters of differentiation}}
{{Cell adhesion molecules}}

[[Category:SIGLEC]]