View source for Võro language

{{short description|Dialect of the South Estonian language}}
{{redirect|Voro language|the Nigerian language|Voro language (Adamawa)}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Võro
| nativename       = ''võro kiilʼ''
| states           = [[Estonia]]
| region           = Southern [[Estonia]]
| ethnicity        = [[Võros]]
| speakers         = {{sigfig|72,240|2}}
| date             = 2021
| ref              = <ref name="e25">{{e25|vro}}</ref>
| familycolor      = Uralic
| fam2             = [[Finnic languages|Finnic]]
| fam3             = [[South Estonian language|South Estonian]]
| fam4             = Ugala
| fam5             = Ugandi
| fam6             = Võro-Seto
| agency           = [[Võro Institute]] (semi-official)
| map              = voromkaart.jpg
| mapcaption       = Võro language area — ''Võromaa'' (Võro county) in its historical boundaries between Tartu and Seto areas, Russia (''Vinnemaa'') and Latvia (''Lätimaa'')
| map2             = Lang Status 60-DE.svg
| mapcaption2      = {{center|{{small|Võro is classified as Definitely Endangered by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''}}}}
| notice           = IPA
| iso3             = vro
| glotto           = voro1243
| glottorefname    = Võro
|script=[[Latin alphabet|Latin]] ([[Estonian orthography|Estonian alphabet]])
}}
[[File:Võro.png|thumb|Distribution of Võro speakers according to the 2021 census.]]
[[File:WIKITONGUES-_Pulga_speaking_Võro.webm|thumb|A Võro speaker.]]
[[File:WIKITONGUES- Tuulo speaking Voro.webm|thumb|A girl speaks Võro]]
[[File:South Estonian today.PNG|thumb|South Estonian today. Võro is marked with dark red colour.]]
[[File:Võro valdo kaupa.jpg|thumb|Percentage of Võro speakers in Estonian municipalities according to the Estonian census 2011]]
[[File:Estonian-Voro-bilingual-parish-sign.JPG|thumb|A bilingual Estonian-Võro parish sign in [[Võrumaa]]. The parish name with [[vowel harmony]] (Urvastõ) is in Võro.]]
[[File:Vromaa-turismiteedus.jpg|thumb|A trilingual (Estonian–English–Võro) sign on a tourist information center in [[Võru]]]]
[[File:Abckiraoppus.jpg|thumb|A 1998 [[ABC-book]] in Võro language written by [[Sulev Iva]], [[:fiu-vro:Kauksi Ülle|Kauksi Ülle]] etc.: ''ABC kiräoppus'']]

'''Võro''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|v|ɒ|r|oʊ}} {{respell|VORR|oh}}; {{langx|vro|võro kiilʼ|link=no}} {{IPA|[ˈvɤro kʲiːlʲ]}}, {{langx|et|võru keel}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iub.edu/~bafsa/articles.html#Voro |title=Recent Events |publisher=Iub.edu |access-date=2014-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eki.ee/cgi-bin/mkn8.cgi?form=lg&lang=et&kohanimi=98002344&f2v=Y&f3v=Y&nimeliik=&maakond=&vald=&kihelkond=&asum=&f10v=Y&f14v=Y&of=tb |title=Päring LINGUAE andmebaasist. Keelte nimetused |publisher=Eki.ee |access-date=2014-08-23}}</ref> is a [[South Estonian]] language.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=vro|title=ISO 639 code sets |publisher=Sil.org |date=2009-01-16 |access-date=2014-08-23}}</ref><ref name="e25" /> 
It has its own [[literary language|literary standard]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dspace.utlib.ee/dspace/bitstream/10062/4860/1/iva_sulev.pdf# |title=Võru kirjakeele sõnamuutmissüsteem (Inflectional Morphology in the Võro Literary Language) |author= Sulev Iva |location=[[Tartu University]] |pages=(English summary pp 144–146) |publisher=Dspace.utlib.ee}}</ref> and efforts have been undertaken to seek official recognition as an indigenous [[regional language]] of [[Estonia]].<ref name="koreinik1">{{cite web|url=http://www.ecmi.de/fileadmin/downloads/publications/JEMIE/2012/KoreinikSaar.pdf |last=Koreinik |first=Kadri |title=Maintenance of South Estonian Varieties: A Focus on Institutions |publisher=Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe |date=2012 |access-date=2015-12-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://fedora.phaidra.univie.ac.at/fedora/get/o:127464/bdef:Content/get |last=Meiorg |first=Marianne |title=Legal and Institutional Framework Analysis: Seto and Võro languages |publisher=Working Papers in European Language Diversity 19 |date=2012 |access-date=2015-12-09}}</ref> Võro has roughly 75,000<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=RLE07&lang=2 |title=Eesti Emakeelega Püsielanikud Murdekeele Oskuse Ja Soo Järgi, 31. Detsember 2011 |publisher=[[Statistikaamet]], Pub.stat.ee |language=et |access-date=2014-08-23}}</ref> speakers ([[Võros]]), mostly in southeastern Estonia, in the eight [[Parish (administrative division)|parishes]] of the historical [[Võru County]]: [[Karula Parish|Karula]], [[Hargla|Harglõ]], [[Urvaste Parish|Urvastõ]], [[Rõuge Parish|Rõugõ]], [[Kanepi Parish|Kanepi]], [[Põlva Parish|Põlva]], [[Räpina Parish|Räpinä]] and [[Vastseliina Parish|Vahtsõliina]]. These parishes are currently centred (due to redistricting) in Võru and [[Põlva County|Põlva]] counties, with parts extending into [[Valga County|Valga]] and [[Tartu County|Tartu]] counties. Speakers can also be found in the cities of [[Tallinn]] and [[Tartu]] and the rest of Estonia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wi.ee/index.php/welcome?lang=en- |title=Võro Instituut » Welcome! |publisher=Wi.ee |access-date=2014-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://wi.ee/en/voro-language/ |title=Võro language |last=Saar |first=Evar |website=Võru Instituut |language=en-US |access-date=2014-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/voro.htm |title=Võro language and alphabet |publisher=Omniglot.com |access-date=2014-08-23}}</ref>

==History==

Võro is a descendant of the old [[South Estonian]] regional language and is the least influenced by Standard Estonian (which is based on Northern Estonian dialects).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://phaidra.univie.ac.at/detail_object/o:308890?SID=76572&actPage=2&type=listview&sortfield=fgs.createdDate,STRING&sortreverse=0 |last=Koreinik |first=Kadri |title=Võro kiil|publisher=Studies in European Language Diversity 23.2 |date=2013 |access-date=2015-12-09}}</ref> Võro was once spoken further south and east of historical Võromaa in South Estonian-speaking enclaves [[Lutsi (Ludza)]], [[Leivu]] and [[Kraasna]] in what is now [[Latvia]] and [[Russia]]. In addition to Võro, other contemporary South Estonian languages are [[Mulgi dialect|Mulgi]], [[Tartu dialect|Tartu]] and [[Seto dialect|Seto]].

One of the earliest written evidences of South Estonian is a translation of the [[New Testament]] (''Wastne Testament'') published in 1686. Although the status of South Estonian began to diminish after the 1880s, the language began to undergo a revival in the late 1980s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://phaidra.univie.ac.at/detail_object/o:308888?SID=76572&actPage=1&type=listview&sortfield=fgs.createdDate,STRING&sortreverse=0 |last=Koreinik |first=Kadri |title=The Võro language in Estonia: ELDIA Case-Specific Report |publisher=Studies in European Language Diversity 23 |date=2013 |access-date=2015-12-09}}</ref>

==Present situation==
Today, Võro is used in the works of some of Estonia's best-known playwrights, poets, and authors ([[Madis Kõiv]], [[Ülle Kauksi]], [[Jaan Kaplinski]], [[Ain Kaalep]], etc.). One newspaper is printed in Võro: the fortnightly ''[[Uma Leht]]'' (literally ''Our Own Newspaper''). Twenty six public schools offer weekly special classes (mostly [[extracurricular activities|extracurricular]]) in modern Võro.

Estonia's contribution to the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2004]] was the song "[[Tii (song)|Tii]]", which was performed by [[Neiokõsõ]] in Võro.

The language is endangered,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-422.html |title=UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger |publisher=Unesco.org |access-date=2014-08-23}}</ref> and according to Kadri Koreinik this is due to the government's lack of legal commitment to protect the language.<ref name="koreinik1"/>

==Orthography==

Võro employs the [[Latin script]], like Estonian and Finnish.

{| cellpadding="4" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|[[А]]<br/>{{IPA|/ɑ/}}||[[B]]<br/>{{IPA|/p/}}||[[C]]<br/>{{IPA|/t͡s/}}||[[D]]<br/>{{IPA|/t/}}||[[E]]<br/>{{IPA|/e/}}||[[F]]<br/>{{IPA|/f/}}||[[G]]<br/>{{IPA|/k/}}||[[H]]<br/>{{IPA|/h/}}||[[I]]<br/>{{IPA|/i/}}||[[J]]<br/>{{IPA|/j/}}||[[K]]<br/>{{IPA|/k/}}
|-
|[[L]]<br/>{{IPA|/l/}}||[[M]]<br/>{{IPA|/m/}}||[[N]]<br/>{{IPA|/n/}}||[[O]]<br/>{{IPA|/o/}}||[[P]]<br/>{{IPA|/pp/}}||[[Q]]<br/>{{IPA|/ʔ/}}||[[R]]<br/>{{IPA|/r/}}||[[S]]<br/>{{IPA|/s/}}||[[Š]]<br/>{{IPA|/ʃ/}}||[[T]]<br/>{{IPA|/t/}}||[[U]]<br/>{{IPA|/u/}}
|-
|[[V]]<br/>{{IPA|/v/}}||[[W]]<br/>{{IPA|/v/}}||[[Õ]] <br/>{{IPA|/ɤ/}}||[[Ä]]<br/>{{IPA|/æ/}}||[[Ö]]<br/> {{IPA|/ø/}}||[[Ü]]<br/>{{IPA|/y/}}||[[X]]<br/>{{IPA|/ks/}}||[[Y]]<br/>{{IPA|/ɨ/}}||[[Z]]<br/>{{IPA|/s/}}||[[Ž]]<br/>{{IPA|/ʃ/}}||[[ʼ]]<br/>{{IPA|/◌ʲ/}}
|}

Most letters (including ''ä'', ''ö'', ''ü'', and ''õ'') denote the same sounds as in Estonian, with a few exceptions. The letter ''q'' stands for the [[glottal stop]] {{IPA|/ʔ/}} and ''y'' denotes {{IPAslink|ɨ}}, a vowel very close to [[Russian language|Russian]] ''[[Yery|ы]]'' (from 2005 written ''õ'').

[[Palatalization (phonetics)|Palatalization]] of consonants is marked with an [[acute accent]] (´) or [[apostrophe]] (ʼ). In proper typography and in handwriting, the palatalization mark does not extend above the [[cap height]] (except uppercase letters ''Ń'', ''Ŕ'', ''Ś'', ''V́'' etc.), and it is written above the letter if the letter has no [[Ascender (typography)|ascender]] (''ǵ'', ''ḿ'', ''ń'', ''ṕ'', ''ŕ'', ''ś'', ''v́'' etc.) but written to the right of it otherwise (''bʼ'', ''dʼ'', ''fʼ'', ''hʼ'', ''kʼ'', ''lʼ'', ''tʼ''). In some sources, an apostrophe is placed after the letter in all cases.

==Phonology==
[[File:Speakers of South Estonian 2021.png|thumb|According to the 2021 Estonia census<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=RL21446: POPULATION WITH ESTONIAN AS THEIR MOTHER TONGUE BY ABILITY TO SPEAK A DIALECT, AGE GROUP, SEX, AND PLACE OF RESIDENCE (ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT), 31 DECEMBER 2021 |url=https://andmed.stat.ee/pxweb/en/stat/stat__rahvaloendus__rel2021__rahvastiku-demograafilised-ja-etno-kultuurilised-naitajad__voorkeeleoskus-murded/RL21446.px/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=PxWeb |language=en}}</ref> there were 128,590 speakers of South Estonian: 97,320 speakers of Võro (72,240 when excluding 25,080 Seto speakers), 17,310 Tartu language speakers and 13,960 Mulgi speakers.]]

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | [[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" | [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! {{small|unrounded}}
! {{small|rounded}}
! {{small|unrounded}}
! {{small|rounded}}
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|i}}
| {{IPA link|y}}
| {{IPA link|ɨ}}
| {{IPA link|u}}
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA link|e}}
| {{IPA link|ø}}
| {{IPA link|ɤ}}
| {{IPA link|o}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| {{IPA link|æ}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɑ}}
|
|}

====Vowel harmony====

Võro has preserved the system of [[vowel harmony]] that was present in [[Proto-Finnic]].{{clarify|reason=Võro seems to have more vowels than Proto-Finnic. Didn't it add more vowels to the vowel harmony system of Proto-Finnic?|date=February 2016}} This distinguishes it from Estonian and some other Finnic languages, which have lost it.

The vowel harmony system distinguishes front, back and neutral vowels, much like the system found in Finnish. A word cannot contain both front and back vowels; suffixes automatically adapt the backness of the vowels depending on the type of vowels found in the word it is attached to. Neutral vowels can be combined with either type of vowel, although a word that contains only neutral vowels has front vowel harmony. The only neutral vowel is ''i'', like in [[Votic language|Votic]] but unlike Finnish and Karelian, where ''e'' is also neutral.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ Võro vowel harmony
!
! Front
! Back
|-
! Close rounded
| {{IPA link|y}}
| {{IPA link|u}}
|-
! Close unrounded
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|i}} ({{IPA link|ɨ}}*)
|-
! Mid rounded
| {{IPA link|ø}}
| {{IPA link|o}}
|-
! Mid unrounded
| {{IPA link|e}}
| {{IPA link|ɤ}}
|-
! Open
| {{IPA link|æ}}
| {{IPA link|ɑ}}
|}

*The vowel ''ɨ'' (in the Võro orthography written with ''õ'' or ''y'', see Orthography section) is considered a back vowel for harmony purposes, but does not participate in harmony itself, as it does not occur in suffixes and endings.

Some examples, with Estonian and Finnish included for comparison:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Võro
! Estonian
! Finnish
! Meaning
|-
| kül'''ä'''
| küla
| kyl'''ä'''
| village
|-
| küs'''ü'''n'''ü'''q
| küsinud
| kys'''y'''n'''y'''t
| asked
|-
| hõb'''õ'''h'''õ'''n'''õ'''
| hõbedane
| hopeinen
| silver (adj.)
|}

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! {{small|plain}} || {{small|[[Palatalization (phonetics)|pala.]]}}
! {{small|plain}} || {{small|[[Palatalization (phonetics)|pala.]]}}
! {{small|plain}} || {{small|[[Palatalization (phonetics)|pala.]]}}
! {{small|plain}} || {{small|[[Palatalization (phonetics)|pala.]]}}
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}} || {{IPA|mʲ}}
| {{IPA link|n}} || {{IPA|nʲ}}
|
| {{IPA link|ŋ}} || {{IPA|ŋʲ}}
| ||
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Plosive]]
| {{IPA link|p}} || {{IPA|pʲ}}
| {{IPA link|t}} || {{IPA|tʲ}}
|
| {{IPA link|k}} || {{IPA|kʲ}}
| {{IPA link|ʔ}} ||
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Affricate]]
| ||
| {{IPA link|ts}} || {{IPA|tsʲ}}
|
| ||
| ||
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative]]
! {{small|[[Voiceless consonant|voiceless]]}}
| {{IPA link|f}} || {{IPA|fʲ}}
| {{IPA link|s}} || {{IPA|sʲ}}
|
| ||
| {{IPA link|h}} || {{IPA|hʲ}}
|-
! {{small|[[Voiced consonant|voiced]]}}
| {{IPA link|v}} || {{IPA|vʲ}}
| ||
|
| ||
| ||
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant]]
| ||
| {{IPA link|l}} || {{IPA|lʲ}}
| {{IPA link|j}}
| ||
| ||
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
| ||
| {{IPA link|r}} || {{IPA|rʲ}}
|
| ||
| ||
|}

All Võro consonants (except {{IPA|/j/}} and {{IPA|/ʔ/}}) can be palatalized. The [[glottal stop]] (q, [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] {{IPA|[ʔ]}}) is a very common sound in Võro.

==Grammar==

===Nouns===

Endings are shown only in the back vowel harmony variant. The ''e'' of the illative ending does not undergo vowel harmony, so it never changes to ''õ''.

Only the more common endings are shown. There are some unusual/irregular endings that are only found in a few words or word types.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Case
! Singular<br>ending
! Plural<br>ending
! Meaning/use
|-
| [[Nominative case|Nominative]] (''nimekäänüs'')
| -∅
| rowspan="2" | -q
| [[Subject (grammar)|Subject]]
|-
| [[Accusative case|Accusative]]
| rowspan="2" | -∅
| [[Telicity|Telic]]/complete [[Object (grammar)|object]]
|-
| [[Genitive case|Genitive]] (''umakäänüs'')
| -i, -(i)dõ
| Possession, relation
|-
| [[Partitive case|Partitive]] (''osakäänüs'')
| -∅, -d, -t
| -i, -id, -it
| [[Telicity|Atelic]]/partial [[Object (grammar)|object]]
|-
| colspan="4" |
|-
| [[Illative case|Illative]] (''sissekäänüs'')
| -∅, -he, -htõ
| -i, -(i)he, -dõhe
| Motion into
|-
| [[Inessive case|Inessive]] (''seenkäänüs'')
| -(h)n
| -i(h)n, -(i)dõ(h)n
| Being in/inside
|-
| [[Elative case|Elative]] (''seestkäänüs'')
| -st
| -ist, -(i)dõst
| Motion out of
|-
| colspan="4" |
|-
| [[Allative case|Allative]] (''päälekäänüs'')
| -lõ
| -ilõ, -(i)dõlõ
| Motion onto, towards
|-
| [[Adessive case|Adessive]] (''päälkäänüs'')
| -l
| -il, -(i)dõl
| Being at, on
|-
| [[Ablative case|Ablative]] (''päältkäänüs'')
| -lt
| -ilt, -(i)dõlt
| Motion off, from
|-
| colspan="4" |
|-
| [[Translative case|Translative]] (''saajakäänüs'')
| -s
| -is, -(i)dõs
| Changing into
|-
| [[Terminative case|Terminative]] (''piirikäänüs'')
| -niq
| -iniq, -(i)dõniq
| Until, up to, as far as
|-
| [[Abessive case|Abessive]] (''ilmakäänüs'')
| -ldaq
| -ildaq, -(i)dõldaq
| Without, lacking
|-
| [[Comitative case|Comitative]] (''ütenkäänüs'')
| -gaq
| -igaq, -(i)dõgaq
| With, in company of, by means of
|}

Notes:
* The accusative is not usually considered a separate case in Võro grammars, as it is always identical to either the nominative or the genitive.
* When an ending beginning with ''d'' is attached to a stem ending in an obstruent, it is devoiced to ''t'' automatically.

===Verbs===
{{expand section|date=April 2015}}
The 3rd person singular of the indicative mood can be either without an ending or, alternatively, with an ''s''-ending:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Võro
! Estonian
! Finnish
! Meaning
|-
| kirota'''s'''
| kirjuta'''b'''
| kirjoitta'''a'''
| writes
|-
| and
| anna'''b'''
| anta'''a'''
| gives
|}

Among the Finnic languages, such double verb conjugation can be found only in the [[South Estonian language|South Estonian]] and [[Karelian language|Karelian]] languages.

====Negation====

Võro has a negative particle that is appended to the end of the verb, whereas standard Estonian and Finnish have a [[negative verb]], which precedes the verb. In Estonian and Finnish, the negative verb ''ei'' (Finnish ''en/et/ei/emme/ette/eivät'') is used in both present and past negation, whereas in Võro the same is expressed by different particles ending with ''-i(q)'' or ''-s'':
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Võro
! Estonian
! Finnish
! Meaning
|-
| saq anna-'''aiq'''
| sa '''ei''' anna
| sinä '''et''' anna
| You don't give
|-
| maq tulõ-'''õiq'''
| ma '''ei''' tule
| minä '''en''' tule
| I don't come
|-
| saq anna-'''as'''
| sa '''ei''' andnud
| sinä '''et''' antanut
| You didn't give
|-
| maq tulõ-'''õs'''
| ma '''ei''' tulnud
| minä '''en''' tullut
| I didn't come
|}

==Language examples==

===Written examples===
[[File:Wastne Võro keeli A B D raamat.jpg|thumb|An 1885 [[ABC-book]] in Võro language written by Johann Hurt: ''Wastne Wõro keeli ABD raamat'']]

Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] in Võro:
:{{lang|vro|Kyik inemiseq sünnüseq vapos ja ütesugumaidsis uma avvo ja õiguisi poolõst. Näile om annõt mudsu ja süämetunnistus ja nä piät ütsʼtõõsõga vele muudu läbi käümä.}}

As comparison the same sentence in Standard Estonian:
:{{lang|et|Kõik inimesed sünnivad vabadena ja võrdsetena oma väärikuselt ja õigustelt. Neile on antud mõistus ja südametunnistus ja nende suhtumist üksteisesse peab kandma vendluse vaim.}}

In Finnish:
:{{lang|fi|Kaikki ihmiset syntyvät vapaina ja tasavertaisina arvoltaan ja oikeuksiltaan. Heille on annettu järki ja omatunto, ja heidän on toimittava toisiaan kohtaan veljeyden hengessä.}}

In English : All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

===Recorded videos===
<gallery>
File:WIKITONGUES-_Egle_speaking_Võro.webm|Egle speaking Võro
File:WIKITONGUES-_Sulev_speaking_Võro.webm|Sulev speaking Võro
File:WIKITONGUES- Pulga speaking Võro.webm|Jaan speaking Võro
File:WIKITONGUES- Maarika speaking Võro.webm|Maarika speaking Võro
File:WIKITONGUES- Toomas speaking Võro.webm|Toomas speaking Võro
</gallery>

==See also==
{{portal|Languages|Estonia}}
* [[Finnic languages]]
* [[South Estonian language]]
* ''[[Uma Leht]]'', newspaper in the Võro language
* [[Võro Institute]]

==References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Ehala |first1=Martin |last2=Niglas |first2=Katrin |year=2007 |title=Empirical evaluation of a mathematical model of ethnolinguistic vitality: the case of Võro |journal=Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=427–444 |doi=10.2167/jmmd537.0|s2cid=52248021 }}
* {{cite book |isbn=9985914953 |title=Võro-Seto Language |last1=Eller |first1=Kalle |date=1999 |publisher=Võro Institute }}
* [[Sulev Iva|Iva, Sulev]]; Pajusalu, Karl (2004): "The Võro Language: Historical Development and Present Situation". In: Language Policy and Sociolinguistics I: "Regional Languages in the New Europe" International Scientific Conference; Rēzeknes Augstskola, Latvija; 20–23 May 2004. Rezekne: Rezekne Augstskolas Izdevnieceba, 2004, 58 – 63.
* [[Sulev Iva|Iva, Sulev]] (2007): Võru kirjakeele sõnamuutmissüsteem (Inflectional Morphology in the Võro Literary Language). Dissertationes Philologiae Estonicae Universitatis Tartuensis 20, Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus (online: [http://dspace.utlib.ee/dspace/bitstream/10062/4860/1/iva_sulev.pdf English summary pp 144–146)] (PDF)
* [[Sulev Iva|Iva, Sulev]] (pen name Jüvä Sullõv), (2002): Võro-eesti synaraamat (Võro-Estonian dictionary). Publications of Võro Institute 12. Tarto-Võro.
* Keem, Hella (1997): Võru keel (Võro language). Võro Instituut ja Eesti teaduste akadeemia Emakeele selts. Tallinn.
* {{cite report |last=Koreinik |first=Kadri |year=2007 |title=The Võro language in education in Estonia |series=Regional dossiers series |publisher=Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning |url=http://www1.fa.knaw.nl/mercator/regionale_dossiers/PDFs/vo%CC%83ro_in_estonia.pdf |issn=1570-1239}}
* Koreinik, Kadri; Pajusalu, Karl (2007): "Language naming practices and linguistic identity in South-Eastern Estonia". Language and Identity in the Finno-Ugric World. Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium at the University of Groningen, May 17–19, 2006. R. Blokland and C. Hasselblatt (eds). (Studia Fenno-Ugrica Groningana 4). Maastricht: Shaker.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{InterWiki|code=fiu-vro}}
{{Commons category}}
{{Wiktionary|Appendix:Finnic Swadesh lists}}
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/voro.htm Võro language and alphabet] at Omniglot
* [http://synaq.org Võro-Estonian dictionary (Võro Institute)] {{in lang|vro}}
* [http://www.wi.ee Võro Institute] {{in lang|vro}}
* [http://www.umaleht.ee Võro language newspaper "Uma Leht"] {{in lang|vro}}
* [http://haldjas.folklore.ee/tagused/nr2/muina.htm Audio example of Võro language]
* [http://wi.ee/en/voro-keele-sunteeshelu/ Võro synthetic voice] {{in lang|vro}}
* [http://oahpa.no/voro Oahpa – an internet program for learners of Võro] {{in lang|vro}}
* [http://www.estonica.org/eng/lugu.html?menyy_id=61&kateg=38&alam=44&leht=3 "Estonian dialects and layers" on http://www.estonica.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927001634/http://www.estonica.org/eng/lugu.html?menyy_id=61&kateg=38&alam=44&leht=3 |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/vro Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: vro]
* [http://math.ut.ee/~vlaan/vtk/vtk.html Homepage of computer programs in Võro] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219234347/http://math.ut.ee/~vlaan/vtk/vtk.html |date=2009-02-19 }} {{in lang|vro}}
* [http://math.ut.ee/~vlaan/ivps/ivps.html English-Võro dictionary of computer terms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015035445/http://math.ut.ee/~vlaan/ivps/ivps.html |date=2008-10-15 }} {{in lang|vro}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090212210915/http://eurominority.org/version/eng/minority-detail.asp?id_minorities=279 Eurominority]
* [http://www.helsinki.fi/~tasalmin/fu.html Uralic languages (Salminen 2003)]
* [http://www.flyordie.com/mangoq.html Online games in Võro language] {{in lang|vro}}
* [http://www.lastekas.ee/index.php?go=multikaq Collection of cartoons in Võro] {{in lang|vro}}

{{Languages of Estonia}}
{{Uralic languages}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Voro}}
[[Category:Võro]]
[[Category:Definitely endangered languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Estonia]]
[[Category:Põlva County]]
[[Category:South Estonian language]]
[[Category:Võru County]]
[[Category:Vowel-harmony languages]]