View source for User:Phlebas/sandbox

==Introduction==

'''Ostracoda''' is a [[Class (biology)|class]] of the [[Crustacea]], sometimes known as the '''seed shrimp''' because of their appearance. Some 50,000 extinct and extant species have been identified, grouped into several orders.

Ostracods are small crustaceans, typically around one mm in size, but varying between 0,2 to 3 mm, laterally compressed and protected by a [[bivalve]]-like, [[chitin]]ous or calcareous valve or "shell". The hinge of the two valves is in the upper, dorsal region of the body.

Ecologically ostracods can be part of the [[zooplankton]], or (most commonly) they are part of the [[benthos]], living on or inside the upper layer of the sea floor. Some groups of ostracods are also found in fresh waters and in humid continental soils (normally in humid forests). 

Ostracods are particularly useful for the [[biozonation]] of marine strata on a local or regional scale, and they are invaluable indicators of ancient shorelines, salinities and relative sea-floor depths. They have a long and well documented [[fossil]] record from the [[Cambrian]] to the present day. An outline [[microfauna]]l zonal scheme based on both [[foraminifera]] and ostracoda was compiled by [[M.B. Hart]] (1972).

==Morphology==

The body of an ostracod is encased by two valves, which together form the duplicature. A distinction is made between the valve (hard parts) and the body with its appendages (soft parts).

===Soft parts and ontogeny===

The body consists of a [[cephalon]] (head), separated from the [[thorax]] by a slight constriction. The [[segmentation (biology)|segmentation]] is unclear. The [[abdomen]] is regressed or absent whereas the adult [[gonads]] are relatively large. There are 5-8 pairs of appendages. The [[branchial plates]] are responsible for oxygenation.

During the [[ontogeny]] the [[epidermis]] (containing [[mesoderm|mesodermal]] tissue  [[invagination|invaginates]] ventrolaterally near the cephalon/thorax area. This invagination proceeds upwards and tailwards, until the whole animal is enveloped by a double tissue layer on both sides: this forms the duplicature. The dorsal region never becomes invaginated, and is called the isthmus. The mesodermal tissue in the duplicature develops into the vestibulum. The vestibulum makes contact with the body near the isthmus. It plays a role in oxygenation. In paleo-ecology, the size of the vestibulum can be cautiously interpreted as an environmental indicator. The two double tissue layers surrounding the animal each have an inner and an outer lamella, which surrounds the vestibulum. These lamellae are surrounded by a chitinous [[cuticle]], that is secreted by the epidermal cells.

Like all [[arthropods]], ostracods develop [[Discontinual development|discontinually]]. Before reaching maturity 8 [[larva]]l stages ([[instar]]s) are passed.

===Hard parts===

The epidermal cells may also secrete [[calcium carbonate]] after the chitinous layer is formed, resulting in a chalk layer enveloped by chitin. This calcification is not equally pronounced in all orders. During every instar transition, the calcified layer gets thicker. The outer lamella calcifies completely, while the inner lamella calcifies partially, with the rest remaining chitinous. The partial inner lamella calcification occurs when the ostracod becomes adult. The partial inner lamella calcification is most strongly developed frontally (see electron micrograph). The marginal zone is the area where inner and outer lamella meet, and includes part of the vestibulum. The edge of the marginal zone is called the fused zone, and in this area inner and outer lamella join. The fused zone can contain marginal pore canals. These, along with non-marginal pore canals (that are dispersed evenly along the ostracod's valve) connect the vestibulum to the outer world. The line of concrescence is the visible line between the vestibulum and the fused zone. In many cases, this line is wavering and follows the marginal pore canals. On the inner lamella, a selvage may be present.

==Applications in paleo-ecology==

===Environment-induced valve chemical composition===
===Environment-induced valve morphology===
===Use of ecological index-species===
===Analysis of population structure===
===Paleo-synecology:predation by drilling===

== External link ==

* [http://www.gre.ac.uk/schools/nri/earth/ostracod/introduction.htm Introduction to Ostracoda]

==Templates I created==
[[Template:Scale model]]

[[Template:Infobox rail transport by country]]

[[Template:scale model]]

[[Template:notsportcycling]]

[[Template:bicycle racing]]

==[[German steam locomotive classification]]==
{| border="3" cellspacing="0"
! style="background:#FFDAB9;" | Class until 1968
! style="background:#FFDAB9;" | Class from 1968
! style="background:#FFDAB9;" | Original
! style="background:#FFDAB9"; | [[Whyte notation]]
! style="background:#FFDAB9"; | Operation Type
! style="background:#FFDAB9;" | Remarks
! style="background:#FFDAB9;" | Links
|-----
| [[BR 01|01.0-2]] || 001 || align="left" | DRG standard design || [[4-6-2]] || S 36.20 || || ||
|----- 
| [[BR 01|01.0-2]] || 001 || align="left" |DRG standard design rebuilt || [[4-6-2]] || S 36.20 || with Henschel-Mischvorwärmer  || ||
|-----
| [[BR 01|01.0-2]] || 001 || align="left" |DRG standard design rebuilt  ||  [[4-6-2]] || S 36.20 || with Hochleistungskessel  || ||
|-----
| [[BR 01.10|01.10]] ||  || align="left" | DRG standard design || [[4-6-2]] || S 36.20 || de-streamlined|| ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 01.10|01.10]] || 011|| align="left" | Rebuilt || [[4-6-2]] || S 36.20 || de-streamlined|| ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 01.10|01.10]] || 012 || align="left" | Rebuilt ||  [[4-6-2]] || S 36.20 || de-streamlined with oil as fuel || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 03|03.0-2]] || 003 || align="left" | DRG standard design || [[4-6-2]] || S 36.17, S 36.18 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 03.10|03.10]] ||  || align="left" |  DRG standard design ||  [[4-6-2]] || S 36.18 || de-streamlined|| ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 03.10|03.10]] ||  || align="left" | Rekolok || [[4-6-2]] || S 36.18 || de-streamlined|| ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 05|05]] ||  || align="left" | DRG standard design || [[4-6-4]] || S 37.19 || de-streamlined|| ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 10|10]] || 010  || align="left" | New DB design || [[4-6-2]] || S 36.22 || partially streamlined|| ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 17|17.11-12]] ||  || align="left" | Prussian S10.1, Bauart 1914 || [[4-6-0]] || S 35.17 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 18|18.1]] ||  || align="left" | Württemberg C || [[4-6-2]] || S 36.16 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 18|18.3]] ||  || align="left" | Baden IV h (1-3) || [[4-6-2]] || S 36.17 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 18|18.4-5]] ||   || align="left" | Bavarian S3/6 || [[4-6-2]] || S 36.16, S 36.17, S 36.18 || partial DRG reproduction|| ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 18|18.6]] || 018  || align="left" | Rekolok  || [[4-6-2]] || S 36.18 || from Bavarian S3/6 || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 23|23]] || 023  || align="left" | New DB design || [[2-6-2]] || P 35.18 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 24|24]] ||   || align="left" | DRG standard design || [[2-6-0]] || P 34.15 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 38|38.4]] ||   || align="left" | Bavarian P3/5 H || [[4-6-0]] || P 35.15 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 38|38.10-40]] || 038  || align="left" | Prussian P8 || [[4-6-0]] || P 35.17 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 39|39.0-2]] ||  || align="left" |Prussian P10 || [[2-8-2]]|| P 46.19 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 41|41]] ||  || align="left" | DRG standard design || [[2-8-2]] || G 46.18/20 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 41|41]] || 041|| align="left" | Rekolok || [[2-8-2]] || G 46.18 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 41|41]] || 042 || align="left" | Rekolok ||  [[2-8-2]] || G 46.18 || with oil as fuel  || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 42|42]] ||  || align="left" | War locomotive ||  [[2-10-0]] || G 56.17 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 42|42.90]] || || align="left" | War locomotive || [[2-10-0]] || G 56.18 || Converted BR 52 with Franco-Crosti-boiler || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 44|44]] || 044  || align="left" | DRG standard design || [[2-10-0]] || G 56.20 || auch als ÜK ([[Übergangskriegslok]]) beschafft || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 44|44]] || 043  || align="left" |  DRG standard design || [[2-10-0]] || G 56.20 || with oil as fuel  || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 45|45]] || 045  || align="left" | DRG standard design || [[2-10-2]] || G 57.18/20 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 50|50]] || 050 - 053 || align="left" | DRG standard design || [[2-10-0]] || G 56.15 || auch als ÜK ([[Übergangskriegslok]]) beschafft || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 50|50.40]] ||  || align="left" | DRG standard design rebuilt || [[2-10-0]] || G 56.15 || with [[Franco-Crosti]]-boiler || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 52|52]] ||  || align="left" | War locomotive || [[2-10-0]] || G 56.15 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 54|54.15-17]] ||   || align="left" | Bavarian G3/4 H || [[2-6-0]] || G 34.16 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 55|55.0-6]] ||   || Prussian G7.1   || [[0-8-0]]  || G 44.13 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 55|55.16-22]] ||   || Prussian G8   || [[0-8-0]]  || G 44.14 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 55|55.25-56]] || 055 || Prussian G8.1   || [[0-8-0]]  || G 44.17 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 56|56.1]] ||  || Prussian G8.3  || [[2-8-0]] || G 45.17 ||  || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 56|56.2-8]] || || Prussian G8.1 mit Laufachse  || [[0-8-0]]  || G 45.16 || Converted G8.1 by DRG || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 56|56.20-29]] ||  || Prussian G8.2  || [[2-8-0]] || G 45.17 ||  || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 57|57.5]] ||    || align="left" | Bavarian G5/5 || [[0-10-0]]  || G 55.17 ||  || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 57|57.10-35]] ||    || Prussian G10  || [[0-10-0]]  || G 55.15 ||   || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 58|58.2-3]] ||    || Baden G12.1-7   || [[2-10-0]]  || G 56.16 ||  || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 58|58.4]] ||    || Saxon XIII H || [[2-10-0]]  || G 56.16 ||  || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 58|58.5]] ||    || Württemberg G12   || [[2-10-0]]  || G 56.16 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 58|58.10-21]] ||    || Prussian G12.   || [[2-10-0]]  || G 56.16 ||  || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 59|59]] ||    || Württemberg K   || [[2-12-0]]  || G 67.16 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 61|61]] ||  || align="left" | DRG standard design || [[4-6-4]] || St 37.18 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 62|62]] ||  || align="left" | DRG standard design || [[4-6-4]] || Pt 37.20 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 64|64]] || 064  || align="left" | DRG standard design || [[2-6-2]] || Pt 35.15 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 65|65]] || 065  || align="left" | New DB design || [[2-8-4]] || Pt 47.17 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 66|66]] ||  || align="left" | New DB design || [[2-6-4]] || Pt 36.16 || || || 
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 70|70.0]] ||    || align="left" | Bavarian Pt2/3 || [[2-4-0]]  || Pt 23.14 ||  || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 70|70.1]] ||    || align="left" | Baden Ig.1-2 || [[2-4-0]]  || Pt 23.14, Pt 23.15 || partially DRG reproduction|| ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 71|71]] ||   || align="left" | DRG standard design  || [[2-4-2]] || Pt 24.15 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 74|74.0-3]] ||  || align="left" |Prussian T 11|| [[2-6-0]] || Pt 34.16 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 74|74.4-13]] || || align="left" |Prussian T 12|| [[2-6-0]] || Pt 34.17 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 75|75.0]] || || align="left" | Württemberg T 5|| [[2-6-2]] || Pt 35.15 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 75|75.1-3]] || || align="left" | Baden VI b.1-11 || [[2-6-2]] || Pt 35.14 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 75|75.4]] || || align="left" | Baden VI c.1-7 || [[2-6-2]] || Pt 35.16 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 75|75.10-11]] || || align="left" | Baden VI c.8-9 || [[2-6-2]] || Pt 35.16 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 76|76.0]] || || align="left" | Prussian T10 || [[4-6-0]] || Pt 35.16 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 77|77.0]] || || align="left" | Pfalz P5 || [[2-6-4]] || Pt 36.16 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 77|77.1]] || || align="left" | Pfalz and Bavarian Pt3/6 || [[2-6-4]] || Pt 36.16 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 78|78.0-5]] || 078  || align="left" |Prussian T18, <br> Württemberg T18 || [[4-6-4]] || Pt 37.17 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 78|78.10]] || 078  || align="left" | DB rebuilt 38<sup>10-40</sup>|| [[4-6-4]] || Pt 37.17 || from Prussian P8 || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 80|80]] ||   || align="left" | DRG standard design  ||  [[0-6-0]]   || Gt 33.17 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 81|81]] ||   || align="left" | DRG standard design  ||  [[0-8-0]]   || Gt 44.17 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 82|82]] || 082  || align="left" | New DB design || [[0-10-0]] || Gt 55.18 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 85|85]] ||       ||  align="left" | DRG standard design || [[2-10-2]] || Gt 57.20 || for the ''Höllentalbahn'' || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 86|86]] ||       ||  align="left" | DRG standard design  || [[2-8-2]]  || Gt 46.15 || auch als ÜK ([[Übergangskriegslok]]) beschafft || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 87|87]] || ||  align="left" | DRG standard design  || [[0-10-0]]  || Gt 55.17 || mit zahnradgekuppelten Endkuppelachsen || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 89|89.1]] || || align="left" | Pfalz T3 || [[0-6-0]] || Gt 33.14 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 89|89.3]] || || align="left" | Württemberg T3 || [[0-6-0]] || Gt 33.10, Gt 33.12 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 89|89.6]] ||    || align="left" | Bavarian DII.II || [[0-6-0]]  || Gt 33.15 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 89|89.7]] ||    || align="left" | Bavarian R3/3 || [[0-6-0]]  || Gt 33.15 ||   || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 89|89.8]] ||    || align="left" | Bavarian R3/3 || [[0-6-0]]  || Gt 33.16 || reproduction DRG  || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 89|89.70-75]] || || align="left" | Prussian T3 || [[0-6-0]] || Gt 33.10, Gt 33.11, Gt 33.12 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 91|91.3-18]] ||   || Prussian T9.3   || [[2-6-0]] || Gt 34.15 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 91|91.19]] ||   || Mecklenburg T4   || [[2-6-0]] || Gt 34.11, Gt 34.12, Gt 34.13 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 91|91.20]] || || align="left" | Württemberg T9 || [[2-6-0]] || Gt 34.15 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 92|92.2-3]] || || align="left" | Baden X b.1-7 || [[0-8-0]] || Gt 44.15, Gt 44.16 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 92|92.5-10]] || || align="left" |Prussian T13|| [[0-8-0]] || Gt 44.15, Gt 44.16 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 92|92.20]] || || align="left" | Pfalz R4/4, Bavarian R4/4 || [[0-8-0]] || Gt 44.16 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 93|93.0-4]] || || align="left" | Prussian T14 || [[0-8-0]] || Gt 46.16 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 93|93.5-12]] || 093 || align="left" | Prussian T14.1 || [[0-8-0]] || Gt 46.17 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 94|94.1]] || || align="left" | Württemberg Tn || [[0-10-0]] || Gt 55.13 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 94|94.2-4]] || || align="left" | Prussian T16 || [[0-10-0]] || Gt 55.15 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 94|94.5-17]] || 094 || align="left" | Prussian T16.1 || [[0-10-0]] || Gt 55.17 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 95|95.0]] || || align="left" | Prussian T20 || [[2-10-2]] || Gt 57.19 || || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 97|97.1]] || || align="left" | Bavarian PtzL 3/4 || [[0-6-2]] || Z 34.15 || [[Cog railway|Cog locomotive]]s || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 97|97.5]] || || align="left" | Württemberg Hz || [[0-10-0]] || Z 55.15 || Cog locomotives newly designed by DRG || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 98|98.3]] || || align="left" | Bavarian PtL 2/2 || [[0-4-0]] || L 22.11 || local locomotives ''Glaskasten'' || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 98|98.4-5]] || || align="left" | Bavarian [[0-8-0]] XI || [[0-6-2]] || L 34.10, L 34.11 || local locomotives  || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 98|98.5]] || || align="left" | Bavarian PtL 3/4 || [[0-6-2]] || L 34.11 || local locomotives  || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 98|98.6]] || || align="left" | Pfalz [[0-8-0]] VIII || [[0-6-2]] || L 34.13 || local locomotives  || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 98|98.8-9]] || 098 || align="left" | Bavarian GtL 4/4 || [[0-8-0]] || L 44.11, L 44.12 || local locomotives z.T. reproduction der DRG  || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 98|98.10]] ||  || align="left" | Newly built by DRG || [[0-8-2]] || L 45.11 || local locomotives || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 98|98.11]] || 097  || align="left" | rebuilt DRG - Bavarian GtL 4/5 || [[0-8-2]] || L 45.11 || local locomotives rebuilt aus bay. GtL 4/4 || ||
|----- bgcolor=#F5F5F5
| [[BR 99|99]] || 099    ||   || several  || || [[narrow gauge railway|narrow gauge]] locomotives || ||
|}

==Templatefactory==
===James Cameron===
<br clear="all">
{| style="margin:0 auto" align=center id=toc 
!style="background:#CCCCCC" align="center"|[[James Cameron]] 
|-
|align="center" style="font-size: 85%;" colspan="2" |'''Films'''
|---
|
[[Piranha II: The Spawning]] (1981) | [[The Terminator]] (1984) | [[Aliens (1986 movie)|Aliens]] (1986) | [[The Abyss]] (1989) | [[Terminator 2: Judgment Day]] (1991) | [[True Lies]] (1994) | [[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]] (1997) | [[Dark Angel (TV series)|Dark Angel (series)]] (2000) | [[Ghosts of the Abyss|Ghosts of the Abyss (documentary)]] (2002) | [[Aliens of the Deep|Aliens of the Deep (documentary)]] (2005) |
|-
|}

===Creationist welcome template===
[[Wikipedia:Welcome, newcomers|Welcome]] again, '''{{PAGENAME}}'''. It appears you are a [[creationism|creationist]], but thank you for [[Special:Contributions/{{PAGENAME}}|your contributions]] anyway. I sincerely hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers like yourself: 

*[[Evolution]]
*[[Logic]]
*[[Occam's Razor]]
*[[Physical cosmology]]
*[[Biology]]
*[[Common descent]]
*[[Population genetics]]
*[[Molecular evolution]]
*[[Cladistics]]

===Stone Age===

{| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="float: right; margin: 5px; border: 3px solid;"
|-
| style="border-bottom: 3px solid; background: #efefef; width: 130px" | This period is part of the [[Stone Age]].
|-
| [[Paleolithic]]
|-
|:[[Lower Palaeolithic]]
|-
|:[[Middle Palaeolithic]]
|-
|:[[Upper Palaeolithic]]
|-
| [[Mesolithic]]
|-
| [[Neolithic]]
|}