View source for User:Philosophistry

From [[San Francisco, CA]]. I like to remove those notice boxes at the top of wikipedia entries by cleaning up articles.

I write on [http://www.philosophistry.com/ Philosophistry] as well.

== Pronunciation cheatsheets ==

{{legend|palegreen|Uncommon or not present in [[English phonology|General American phonology]]}}

=== [[French phonology]] ===

==== Consonants ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; 
!colspan=2|
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br>[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]/<br>[[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
|-
!colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
|
| {{Background color|palegreen|{{nbsp}}{{IPA link|ɲ}}{{nbsp}}}}
| {{Background color|palegreen|{{nbsp}}({{IPA link|ŋ}}){{nbsp}}}}
|-
!rowspan=2| [[Plosive]]
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|t̪|t}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|k}}
|-
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| {{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|d̪|d}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}
|-
!rowspan=2| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| {{IPA link|f}}
| {{IPA link|s̪|s}}
| {{IPA link|ʃ}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| {{IPA link|v}}
| {{IPA link|z̪|z}}
| {{IPA link|ʒ}}
|
| rowspan="2" |{{Background color|palegreen|{{nbsp}}{{IPA link|ʁ}}{{nbsp}}}}
|-
!rowspan=2|[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
!{{small|plain}}
|
| {{IPA link|l}}
|
| {{IPA link|j}}
|-
!{{small|[[Labialization|labial]]}}
|
|
|
| {{Background color|palegreen|{{nbsp}}{{IPA link|ɥ}}{{nbsp}}}}
| {{IPA link|w}}
|}

==== Vowels ====

{|
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Oral
|-
! rowspan="2" | &nbsp;
! colspan="2" | [[Front vowel|Front]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Central vowel|Central]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! {{small|[[Roundedness|unrounded]]}}
! {{small|[[Roundedness|rounded]]}}
|- class="nounderlines"
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|i}}
| {{background color|palegreen|{{nbsp}}{{IPA link|y}}{{nbsp}}}}
|
| {{IPA link|u}}
|- class="nounderlines"
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| {{background color|palegreen|{{nbsp}}{{IPA link|e}}{{nbsp}}}}
| {{background color|palegreen|{{nbsp}}{{IPA link|ø}}{{nbsp}}}}
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA link|ə}}
| {{background color|palegreen|{{nbsp}}{{IPA link|o}}{{nbsp}}}}
|- class="nounderlines"
! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| {{IPA link|ɛ}}
| {{background color|palegreen|{{nbsp}}{{IPA link|œ}}{{nbsp}}}}
| {{IPA link|ɔ}}
|- class="nounderlines"
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|
| {{background color|palegreen|{{nbsp}}{{IPA link|ä|a}}{{nbsp}}}}
|
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+Nasal
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|- class="nounderlines"
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|
| {{background color|palegreen|{{nbsp}}{{IPA link|ɔ̃}}{{nbsp}}}}
|- class="nounderlines"
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| {{background color|palegreen|{{nbsp}}{{IPA link|ɛ̃}}{{nbsp}}}}
| {{background color|palegreen|{{nbsp}}{{IPA link|ɑ̃}}{{nbsp}}}}
|}
|}

=== [[Hebrew phonology|Modern Hebrew phonology]] ===

==== Consonants ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!
! colspan="2" | [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Palato-alveolar consonant|Palato-<br />alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]/<br />[[Uvular consonant|uvular]]
! colspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0; width: 1.5em;" | {{IPAlink|p}}
| style="border-left: 0; width: 1.5em;" | {{IPAlink|b}}
| style="border-right: 0; width: 1.5em;" | {{IPAlink|t}}
| style="border-left: 0; width: 1.5em;" | {{IPAlink|d}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0; width: 1.5em;" | {{IPAlink|k}}
| style="border-left: 0; width: 1.5em;" | {{IPAlink|ɡ}}
| style="border-right: 0; width: 1.5em;" | {{Background color|palegreen|{{nbsp}}{{IPAlink|ʔ}}{{nbsp}}}}
| style="border-left: 0; width: 1.5em;" |
|-
! [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{Background color|palegreen|{{nbsp}}{{IPAlink|ts}}{{nbsp}}}}</span>
| style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0; width: 1.5em;" |{{nbsp}}{{IPAlink|tʃ}}{{nbsp}}
| style="border-left: 0; width: 1.5em;" |{{nbsp}}{{IPAlink|dʒ}}{{nbsp}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPAlink|f}}
| style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPAlink|v}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPAlink|s}}
| style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPAlink|z}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPAlink|ʃ}}
| style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPAlink|ʒ}}{{nbsp}}
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{Background color|palegreen|{{nbsp}}{{IPAlink|χ}}{{nbsp}}}}
| style="border-left: 0;" | {{Background color|palegreen|{{nbsp}}{{IPAlink|ʁ}}{{nbsp}}}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPAlink|h}}
| style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" |
| style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPAlink|m}}
| style="border-right: 0;" |
| style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPAlink|n}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" |
| style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPAlink|l}}
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0; width: 1.5em;" |
| style="border-left: 0; width: 1.5em;" | {{IPAlink|j}}
| style="border-right: 0;" |
| style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPAlink|w}}{{nbsp}}
| colspan="2" |
|}

==== Vowels ====

''All modern Hebrew vowels are present in English phonology''

=== [[Japanese phonology]] ===

==== Consonants ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!
! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo-<br>palatal]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
| ({{IPA link|ɲ̟|ɲ}})
|
| ({{IPA link|ŋ}})
| {{Background color|palegreen|{{nbsp}}({{IPA link|ɴ}}){{nbsp}}}}
|
|-
! [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
| {{IPA link|p}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|t}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA link|d}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|k}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|
|-
! [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
|
| {{Background color|palegreen|{{nbsp}}({{IPA link|t͡s}}){{nbsp}}}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{Background color|palegreen|{{nbsp}}({{IPA link|d͡z}}){{nbsp}}}}
| {{Background color|palegreen|{{nbsp}}({{IPA link|t͡ɕ}}){{nbsp}}}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{Background color|palegreen|{{nbsp}}({{IPA link|d͡ʑ}}){{nbsp}}}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! [[fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| {{Background color|palegreen|{{nbsp}}({{IPA link|ɸ}}){{nbsp}}}}
| {{IPA link|s}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA link|z}}
| {{Background color|palegreen|{{nbsp}}({{IPA link|ɕ}}){{nbsp}}}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{Background color|palegreen|{{nbsp}}({{IPA link|ʑ}}){{nbsp}}}}
| {{Background color|palegreen|{{nbsp}}({{IPA link|ç}}){{nbsp}}}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|h}}
|-
! [[Liquid consonant|Liquid]]
|
| {{IPA link|ɾ|r}}<!-- We use /r/ because realizations vary, just as do we at [[English phonology]]. -->
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! [[Semivowel]]
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|j}}
| {{IPA link|ɰᵝ|w}}
|
|
|-
! Special moras
| colspan="7" | {{Background color|palegreen|{{nbsp}}[[Japanese phonology#Moraic nasal|{{IPA|/N/}}]]{{nbsp}}}}, {{Background color|palegreen|{{nbsp}}[[Japanese phonology#Gemination|{{IPA|/Q/}}]]{{nbsp}}}}
|}

==== Vowels ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|i}} || || {{IPA link|ɯᵝ|u}}
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{Background color|palegreen|{{nbsp}}{{IPA link|e̞|e}}{{nbsp}}}} || || {{Background color|palegreen|{{nbsp}}{{IPA link|o̞|o}}{{nbsp}}}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| || {{IPA link|ä|a}} ||
|}