View source for User:Hlj/CWediting

{{TOCright}}
This is a page that I use for common editing style for [[American Civil War]] articles. I have written or edited well over 300 articles and try to use consistent punctuation, capitalization, styles of references, etc. Although my choices are not definitive, they are usually based on ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]'' (16th Ed.), which is the gold standard for editors of academic history books and journal articles in the United States, and on [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style]]. In any event, if I need to discuss stylistic matters with new readers, I can always point them at this page and not reinvent the wheel. Comments are welcome. [[User:Hlj|Hal Jespersen]] ([[User talk:Hlj|talk]]) 23:19, 27 June 2010 (UTC)

==Names==
Wikipedia attempts to use the most popular version of a person's name as the title of his/her article. For instance, [[Ulysses S. Grant]] or [[Stonewall Jackson]]. I usually do not attempt to fool around with these choices. However, there is the issue of what to call the person within another article. I try to be consistent about this and match the usage patterns of modern Civil War historians:
# The first use of the name in an article is usually with the person's first name and middle initial, such as [[George G. Meade]]. I almost never refer to a general without the middle initial, such as George Meade, Ulysses Grant, or William Rosecrans. Subsequent uses in the article are usually only his last name and, as discussed in the next section, I do not use ranks repeatedly, such as General This and General That.
# It was common in the 19th century to write people's names with only initials. Perhaps this was because printing was expensive and you saved some ink that way. I use this convention only for those men whose names are almost universally portrayed that way today, such as [[J.E.B. Stuart]], [[A.P. Hill]], [[D.H. Hill]], and [[Gustavus W. Smith | G.W. Smith]]. I do not use spaces between the initials. 
# It was also somewhat common in the 19th century to spell out people's middle names, such as [[George Gordon Meade]] and [[George Henry Thomas]], but that has become rather antiquated. In modern usage, universal use of a middle name is generally related to assassins, such as John Wilkes Booth or Lee Harvey Oswald. There are some common exceptions that I tolerate when others use them, but I generally do not originate them myself: George Armstrong Custer and William Tecumseh Sherman.
# However, there is a big exception to the previous item. Some men were known primarily by their middle name, not their first, such as [[William Dorsey Pender | W. Dorsey Pender]] and [[Hugh Judson Kilpatrick | H. Judson Kilpatrick]], and I use that format.
# When a man is known universally by a nickname, I try to include both his real name and his nickname in the first instance within an article. Here are some useful name links that use my style:
<pre>
[[Stonewall Jackson | Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson]]
[[Jubal Anderson Early | Jubal Early]]
[[Edward Johnson (general) | Edward "Allegheny" Johnson]]
[[William Tecumseh Sherman | William T. Sherman]]
[[William Henry Fitzhugh Lee | W.H.F. "Rooney" Lee]]
[[William Farrar Smith | William F. "Baldy" Smith]]
[[Benjamin Franklin Butler (politician) | Benjamin Butler]]
[[Edward Johnson (general) | Edward "Allegheny" Johnson]]
[[William "Bull" Nelson]]
[[William E. Jones | William E. "Grumble" Jones]]
[[John Pope (military officer) | John Pope]]
</pre>

==Military ranks==
*Although this style is widely abused, I am sticking with the ''Chicago Manual of Style'' (8.23) and the Wikipedia style manual: [[MOS:CL#Titles]]. Ranks are lowercase unless used as a title. Examples:
**[[Ulysses S. Grant]] was promoted to [[Lieutenant general (United States) | lieutenant general]] (and note that he was general in chief, not commander in chief, a title reserved for Lincoln).
**[[Robert E. Lee]] fought against [[Lieutenant general (United States) | Lieutenant General]] [[Ulysses S. Grant]].

*Use [[First Lieutenant#United States | first lieutenant]] and [[Second Lieutenant#United States | second lieutenant]], not 1st or 2nd (unless abbreviated).
*Abbreviations should have Wiki links if they are used for the first time in an article. I use standard English-language abbreviations, which are: Gen., Lt. Gen., Maj. Gen., Brig. Gen., Col., Lt. Col., Maj., Capt., 1st Lt., 2nd Lt., Sgt. These are in accordance with the ''Chicago Manual of Style'' (15.15), which suggests that the modern DOD abbreviations (GEN, LTG, MG, etc.) "should be used with discretion ... since they may be unfamiliar to readers." The U.S. Army Center for Military History has also published a [http://www.history.army.mil/html/about/CMH_Style_Guide_2011.pdf style guide] that agrees with this practice (see section 1.50, although it deviates from my guidelines by disallowing any abbreviation for a four- or five-star general or admiral). (As an exception, I established a format in Order of Battle pages, where space is at a premium, that uses the modern DOD abbreviations, but each of those pages has a legend that explains them.) Here are codings for the links I use:
<pre>
[[General (United States) | Gen.]]
[[Lieutenant general (United States) | Lt. Gen.]]
[[Major general (United States) | Maj. Gen.]]
[[Brigadier general (United States) | Brig. Gen.]]

[[General (CSA) | Gen.]]
[[Lieutenant General (CSA) | Lt. Gen.]]
[[Major General (CSA) | Maj. Gen.]]
[[Brigadier General (CSA) | Brig. Gen.]]

[[Colonel (United States) | Col.]]
[[Lieutenant colonel (United States) | Lt. Col.]]
[[Major (United States) | Maj.]]
[[Captain (U.S. Army) | Capt.]]
[[First Lieutenant#United States | 1st Lt.]]
[[Second Lieutenant#United States | 2nd Lt.]]
[[brevet (military) | Bvt.]]
[[Regular Army (United States) | regular army]]
</pre>

: (I keep these in a text file on my desktop for easy cut-and-paste.) Note that there are versions of general ranks for the Confederates, too. My own personal style is to select the correct link for the first usage of a rank, Union or Confederate, and not link again for the next occurrence, avoiding over-linking such as "[[Lieutenant General (CSA) | Lt. Gen.]] [[James Longstreet]] was friends with [[Lieutenant general (United States) | Lt. Gen.]] [[Ulysses S. Grant]]."

* I have established a standard of using the abbreviated ranks consistently, rather than referring over and over again to General Jones, Major General Smith, etc., spelled out, and I also try to always specify the actual rank when an officer is first mentioned in the article. This rank should be the one at the time of the battle, not his highest eventual rank.<ref>''16th Chicago'', 10.15: "The US military omits periods in the official abbreviated forms of its ranks. The abbreviations for a given title may vary across branches. The army, for example, uses SSG for staff sergeant; the air force and marines prefer SSgt. ... In general context, however, including military history, traditional abbreviations&mdash;which tend not to vary across the armed forces&mdash;are preferred. The list of "traditional abbreviations" in ''Chicago'' corresponds to my list above. Note 10.13 about title abbreviations in general: "Many civil or military titles preceding a full name may be abbreviated. Preceding a surname alone, however, they should be spelled out." Thus, Chicago prefers to see "Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant" but "Lieutenant General Grant." My style of writing almost never repeats ranks for the same individual within an article&mdash;I use simply the surname on subsequent references&mdash;so this is rarely an issue.</ref> A problem to watch out for is that it is easy to find the date of rank of an officer, which often corresponds to battle in which he did well. However, you need to understand when he was nominated for the rank and then appointed, dates that often follows the battle&mdash;they were almost never promoted on the spot, in the field. So, for instance, a colonel at the [[Battle of Antietam]] may be promoted to brigadier general weeks later with a date of rank of September 17, 1862, but he should be referred to as a colonel in the context of the battle itself. Although it is possible to do research on these various dates, usually the most reliable way is to consult the order of battle listing from a secondary source written about the battle.
* In keeping with the usage of ranks in most modern ACW histories, and in the spirit of making the articles more readable for the average reader, we do not emphasize the difference between [[Regular Army (United States) | regular army]] ranks ("permanent" ranks) and volunteer ranks, except in two cases: (1) when the officer has achieved a very high rank in the regular army, or; (2) when the officer has returned to his permanent rank at the end of the war. Therefore, we do not say "he was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers," preferring simply brigadier general. However, we would say he was promoted "to brigadier general in the [[Regular Army (United States) | regular army]]" if he received a promotion of this type. This sort of promotion was actually pretty rare and is the exception worth noting in these articles. 
* List the rank outside of the link to the officer's name, such as [[General (CSA) | General]] [[Robert E. Lee]] instead of [[Robert E. Lee | General Robert E. Lee]].

==Unit names==
*Units are capitalized only when they are preceded by a name or number:
**2nd Division
**Hoke's Brigade
***Note that this is a specific usage with the Confederate last name; variants that would not be capitalized would be "Robert Hoke's brigade," or "the brigades of Hoke and Smith," or for a Union officer, "Gibbon's brigade"
**He chased a Union regiment through the woods and was promoted to corps commander.

*Do not use superscripts for ordinal numbers: 20th Maine, not 20<sup>th</sup> Maine.

*Regiments are identified with a number and state, also using the branch of service (infantry, cavalry, etc.) when necessary for clarity. Do not abbreviate the state name using the USPS two-letter abbreviations (like 1st MA). (Exception: In battle maps I draw that go down to the regimental level, I do in fact use the two-letter abbreviations.) It is unnecessary to append the word "regiment" to each entry. Examples:
**20th Maine Infantry
**2nd U.S. Cavalry
: Despite my predictions in previous versions of this file, quite a large number of regimental articles have been created. Unfortunately many of the authors have chosen alternative naming conventions for these articles, such as '''77th Regiment of New York Volunteers''' or '''Second Idaho Volunteer Regiment'''. These names may be historically correct, but I believe it is more useful to have a common naming convention across the articles, so I recode them, such as:
<pre>
[[77th Regiment of New York Volunteers | 77th New York Infantry]]
[[1st Cavalry Regiment (United States) | 1st U.S. Cavalry]]
</pre>

*Brigades are named differently for the two armies:
**1st Brigade, 1st Division, [[I Corps (Union Army) | I Corps]] (Union usage)
**Hood's Brigade or Hood's Texas Brigade (Confederate usage)
**They ran into a Confederate brigade.

*Divisions are listed numerically and always need a reference to the corps to which they are assigned:
**1st Division, [[II Corps (Union Army) | II Corps]]
**1st Division, [[A.P. Hill]]'s Corps
**[[Henry Heth]] was a division commander in [[A.P. Hill]]'s Corps

*Corps:
**[[III Corps (Union Army) | III Corps]] (Union usage, coded as <tt><nowiki>[[III Corps (Union Army) | III Corps]]</nowiki></tt>). Note: During the war, this would have been called the "Third Army Corps," but modern Civil War historians usually use the Roman numeral designations that began in the 20th century.
**First Corps, or Longstreet's Corps (Confederate usage)
**He assumed command of a corps.
**They were attacked by two Union corps.

* Commas: When a multi-name unit is used, commas separate the names and there is always a trailing comma if it's not at the end of the sentence:<ref>Note the ''Chicago Manual of Style'', 16th ed.: "'''6.17 Commas in pairs''': Whenever a comma is used to set off an element (such as '1928' and 'Minnesota' in the first two example shown below), a second comma is required if the phrase or sentence continues beyond the element being set off. Some examples:
* June 5, 1928, lives on in the memories of only a handful of us.
* Sledding in Duluth, Minnesota, is facilitated by that city's hills and frigid winters.
* ''But'': ''Look Homeward, Angel'' was not the working title of the manuscript (an exception is made for commas within the title of the work)"</ref>
**He joined the 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, at the start of the war.

==Battles==
*In the first sentence, include:
**Name of battle in bold. If the article name includes a roman numeral, such as [[Battle of Chattanooga II]], describe it as the '''First''', '''Second''', or '''Third Battle of'''. (The use of roman numerals in battle names has now become pretty rare in Wikipedia.)
**Alternative names, also bold
**Date(s)
**Location
**Name of campaign, if it is a well-known campaign and has (or will have) a campaign overview link
**during the [[American Civil War]]
*In the remainder of the first paragraph, optionally include the names of the major commanders and describe its context and significance.
*Example:
**The '''Battle of Big Black River Bridge''', or '''Big Black''', fought May 17, 1863, was part of the [[Vicksburg Campaign]] of the [[American Civil War]]. [[Union Army | Union]] commander [[Major general (United States) | Maj. Gen.]] [[Ulysses S. Grant]] and the [[Army of the Tennessee]] pursued the retreating [[Confederate States Army | Confederate]] [[Lieutenant General (CSA) | Lt. Gen.]] [[John C. Pemberton]] following the [[Battle of Champion Hill]], in the final battle before the [[Siege of Vicksburg]].
*For all but the most trivial battles, the section headers I try to use are:
**'''Background'''
**'''Opposing forces''' (This is a highly abbreviated look at the Order of Battle, usually down to corps or division commanders only. For a recent example of this section with an image gallery of commanders, see [[Battle of Franklin (1864)]].) 
**'''Battle'''
**'''Aftermath''' (This is where the casualties are explained, as well as actions after the battle and any ramifications)
**'''Notes''', '''References''', '''Further reading''', '''External links'''
*I try to include coordinates for all battles, using a <tt><nowiki>{{coord|xx.xxx|-yy.yyy|region:US_type:event_scale:10000|display=title}}</nowiki></tt> template at the bottom of the article.

==Biographies==
For the first sentence of a biography:
*The full name is in bold and does not include titles, ranks, or degrees.
*The name is followed by dates of birth and death, separated by an en-dash (&amp;ndash;) and surrounded by parentheses. Those dates are not repeated in the text of the article. The locations of birth and death are not included in the first sentence.
*Finish the sentence with a description of his/her role, occupations, etc. Reserve accomplishments and superlatives for the second sentence. Example:
**'''Turner Ashby, Junior''' (October 23, 1828 &ndash; June 6, 1862) was a [[Confederate States Army | Confederate]] [[cavalry]] [[general]] in the [[American Civil War]]. He achieved prominence as [[Stonewall Jackson | Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson]]'s cavalry commander in the [[Shenandoah Valley]] and might have been one of the most famous cavalry commanders of the war had he not been killed in battle in 1862.

The biography should be in rough chronological sequence after that brief first paragraph. Avoid tabular listings of dates, ranks, assignments, etc. Although reference works and websites often list dozens of dates about a person, don't bore the reader by using them all; pick the significant ones. Try to sprinkle in anecdotes and quotes about the person in the appropriate places; don't put them all at the end. However, one quote "summing up the man" at the end is a nice touch.

The statement about death names the place of death (not the date unless it's something interesting or ironic) and the place of burial.

Virtually all biographies now use subheadings. I believe that subheads that introduce only two or three sentences are a waste of time. Some of the headings I do try to use are:
*'''Early life and career'''
*'''Civil War'''
*'''Postbellum activities'''
*'''In memoriam'''

And ones I avoid:
*'''Biography'''
*'''Trivia'''

==Infoboxes (battle and biography)==
I never create these myself because I think they are mostly busy work and an opportunity for the article text and the box to get out of sync, but I find that other industrious people do add them. Stylistically, the question is what information should be repeated in the normal text of the article. I assume that the article text takes precedence and create links and name dates, units, locations, and commanders in the main article text as if the box were not there. (For instance, I always ensure that the full name of an individual is listed with a link, not assuming that the reader will go to the box to find the link.)

For the biography infobox, there is a field used for battles. The stylistic trick here is to select the important battles and campaigns and not provide an exhaustive list. (Some soldiers fought in dozens of battles.) I lean toward using the campaign names instead of individual battles unless the soldier made a particular contribution to (or was killed in) one specific battle. It is possible to use regular Wiki formatting in this field as follows:

<pre>
|battles=[[Mexican-American War]]<br>[[American Civil War]]
* [[Seven Days Battles]]
** [[Battle of Gaines' Mill]]
* [[Battle of Gettysburg]]
* [[Overland Campaign]]
</pre>

There is a problem in some articles because of the combination of the '''Infobox Military Conflict''' and '''Campaignbox''' templates, such as displaced [Edit] links and left-aligned images. I have started using the following formulation to correct this:

<pre>
{| style="float: right; clear: right; background-color: transparent"
|-
|{{Infobox Military Conflict
|conflict=Battle of Gettysburg
|partof=the [[American Civil War]]
...
}}
|-
|{{Campaignbox XXX}}
|}
</pre>

An alternative method is described in [[WP:BUNCH]].

==Refs and Links==
I find all the '''References''' and '''External links''' sections in Wiki are confusing and used inconsistently. I try to follow these guidelines:
*Any article or web site that I use to extract facts for the article goes into '''References''' (always plural, not '''Sources''' or '''External links'''). When referring to the National Park Service battle summaries, I point to the specific article, not the URL for the entire list of campaigns and battles. It may not be overall Wiki policy, but I include both books and websites in this list, sorted by author name, if applicable. I never use raw URLs without descriptive text in this list.
*I do not use '''Bibliography''' sections because it is unclear which of the works were used to create the article and which are suggested only for '''Further reading'''.
*I use '''External links''' only for web sites that have interesting additional information, or for maps and photographs I cannot guarantee are in the public domain. If the interesting information is not available on a web site, say for a novel or for a book I didn't use for citations, I use the section title '''Further reading'''.
Here's a summary:
<div align=center>
{| class="wikitable" width=50% align=center
! Type
! Used as a source for the article, usually footnoted
! Additional, interesting information
|-
| Books, magazine articles || '''References''' || '''Further reading'''
|-
| Websites, URLs || '''References''' || '''External links'''
|}
</div>
*I rarely use a '''See also''' section, but when I do, I do not re-list Wiki links used previously in the article.
*The sequence for these trailing sections should be:
**'''See also'''
**'''Notes'''
**'''References'''
**'''Further reading'''
**'''External links'''

==Citations and Footnotes==
{{Further|[[WP:FN]]}}
Almost all of my articles written since 2008 use extensive footnotes, usually one or more per paragraph. (In the early days of Wikipedia there was little emphasis on citations and I relied solely on lists of References at the end of the article. Sadly, many of the articles are still in this state.) I dislike merely embedding a URL in the main text, which I call a "blind link" because you have to click it to find out what it points to, so I use a footnote.

# In the source, code <tt>&lt;ref&gt;</tt>''text of footnote, which may be an explanation of something, a full '''Reference'''-style entry, or a page citation to a document already in the '''References''' section''<tt>&lt;/ref&gt;</tt>. The full citation inside a footnote should be used for a source that has very few footnotes in the article; if it has more than one or two, put it into '''References''' and use the "summary style"&mdash;only author and page&mdash;in the footnote. Many Wikipedia editors mix long footnotes with short&mdash;full citations for some works (or the first instance of a work) and abbreviated (author/page) for others. In general, I rarely use the full footnote citations, preferring to a have all the Reference detail (title, publisher, ISBN, etc.) in the '''References''' section. The exception to this is for ''one-time'' cites from places like newspaper articles or websites.
# If the author has only one book in '''References''', the footnote contains his last name and the page number(s). If multiple books, cite the last name, the italicized title (or a portion of it, enough to be recognizable), and the pages.
# For multiple footnotes from the exact same source, we don't use ''Ibid'', as in a book. Use the <tt>name=</tt> parameter. For instance, the first usage is <tt>&lt;ref name=Eicher251&gt;Eicher, p. 251.&lt;/ref&gt;</tt> and then all subsequent footnotes are simply <tt>&lt;ref name=Eicher251/&gt;</tt>
# Before the '''References''' section, code
::<tt>==Notes==</tt>
::<code><nowiki>{{reflist}}</nowiki></code>  '''or'''  <tt><nowiki>{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}</nowiki></tt>

The {{tl|Reflist}} macro does the complete job of formatting the notes. When the '''|colwidth=30em''' is included, it displays in multiple columns&mdash;usually two, but more in a really wide browser window. I generally use multiple columns only for articles with more than 10 footnotes.

===Citation style {{anchor|cite}}===
For the first six years of my Wikipedia work I used a style of Reference citation that looked pretty good, but sometimes was subjected to criticism for deviating from academic norms. In 2010 I converted over to the Notes/Bibliography style described in the ''Chicago Manual of Style'', 16th edition, which is used extensively for history scholarship; see ''Chicago'' 14.2. A useful summary of this style is available at http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html, in which it refers to the "humanities style (notes and bibliography)". This is often called the Chicago/Turabian format.<ref>Some may ask why I do not favor the Wikipedia {{tl|Cite book}} template. There are four reasons: (1) The format produced by the template does not match that used predominantly by U.S. historians; (2) The template is unwieldy when manipulating the contents in the editable version of the article&mdash;much too verbose; (3) I make extensive use of speech-to-text technology and I can literally dictate the citations when the template is not used; (4) I (and others) can interchange the text of my format easily between Wikipedia articles and history papers (the only changes required are fixing the italic format and deleting any Wiki-links and the ISBN).</ref> Here are a few representative examples (although they would normally be sorted by author surnames):
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|* Bradley, Mark L. ''This Astounding Close: The Road to Bennett Place''. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000. {{ISBN|0-8078-2565-4}}. || This is the basic one-author book style. Note that since "North Carolina" appears in the publisher's name, ''Chicago'' says it is not necessary to specify it after "Chapel Hill." Also note that I never link to publisher names or their city names, which I consider to be useless over-linking.
|-
|* Bridges, Hal. ''Lee's Maverick General: Daniel Harvey Hill''. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1991. {{ISBN|0-8032-6096-2}}. First published 1961 by McGraw-Hill. || In this example, I am using a reprint edition of the book.
|-
|* Eicher, John H., and [[David J. Eicher]]. ''Civil War High Commands''. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. {{ISBN|0-8047-3641-3}}. || The first author is listed surname-first, but subsequent authors are not. California is indicated for those not aware of Stanford's location. This is one of the rare instances where I do not spell out state names.
|-
|* Kennedy, Frances H., ed. [http://www.bibliobase.com/history/readerscomp/civwar/html/cw_000106_entries.htm ''The Civil War Battlefield Guide'']. 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1998. {{ISBN|0-395-74012-6}}. || This is an example of a book whose complete text is available online. I do not use this technique to link to books offered for sale at Amazon or for snippets on Google Books&mdash;the linked field that represents the ISBN number provides a wealth of links to buy books, find them in libraries, and find snippets.
|-
|* [[James M. McPherson|McPherson, James M.]] ''Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era''. Oxford History of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. {{ISBN|0-19-503863-0}}. || A book in a series.
|-
|* Beckman, W. Robert. "Daniel Edgar Sickles." In ''Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History'', edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000. {{ISBN|0-393-04758-X}}. || This is the style for a chapter in a book and how the editors of the book are indicated.
|-
|* [[Edward Porter Alexander | Alexander, Edward P.]] ''Fighting for the Confederacy: The Personal Recollections of General Edward Porter Alexander''. Edited by Gary W. Gallagher. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989. {{ISBN|0-8078-4722-4}}. || A memoir written by one person, edited by another.
|-
|* Robertson, William Glenn. "The Chickamauga Campaign: The Fall of Chattanooga." ''Blue & Gray Magazine'', Fall 2006. || A magazine article.
|-
|* Polk, Capt. W. N. “Battle of Chickamauga.” ''Southern Historical Society Papers'' 10, no. 1/2 (January/February 1882): 1-24. || A journal article. Note that ''Chicago'' wants page numbers for journal articles, but not for magazine articles. (It is arguable whether the ''SHSP'' is a true journal, but many authors seem to treat it as such.)
|}

A complete list of my ACW library in this style is at [[User:Hlj/CWbibliography]]. A helpful tool for correctly formatting ISBNs is the website http://www.isbn.org/converterpub.asp.

===Editing footnoted paragraphs{{Anchor|EFP}}===
As more and more citations are added to Wikipedia articles, it is becoming increasingly difficult to make casual or random edits to those paragraphs that are documented with footnotes. When you make a change, it is unacceptable to add or modify information that is not documented by the cited references for that text unless you adjust the footnotes accordingly. Some Wikipedia articles use footnotes at the sentence or phrase level, but I reserve that practice only for direct quotations within a paragraph or for facts or opinions that could be considered controversial (and thus, the reader may wish to jump directly to the citation). Otherwise, I usually group all of the citations for a paragraph into a single compound footnote, which is a practice that is relatively common with modern Civil War authors.<ref>Like this: Smith, p. 21; Jones, pp. 37-38.</ref> One consequence of paragraph level footnoting is that a paragraph cannot be broken in half easily, unless the paragraph breaker has access to the cited references and can adjust which page citations go with which of the new smaller paragraphs.

Let me use a few examples based on a simple article sentence. In the following list, the notation [FN=] shows what the text of the footnote would look like without going through the actual <tt><nowiki><ref></nowiki></tt> mechanism.

Here is current article sentence:
* Smith was born in New York City.[FN=Eicher, p. 399.]

The following is an invalid modification, because Eicher did not indicate who the parents were:
* Smith was born in New York City to John and Mary Smith.[FN=Eicher, p. 399.]

One of the following two formats is an appropriate way to make that change:
* Smith was born in New York City[FN=Eicher, p. 399.] to John and Mary Smith.[FN=Warner, p. 77.]
* Smith was born in New York City to John and Mary Smith.[FN=Eicher, p. 399; Warner, p. 77.]

Suppose you found another author who disagrees on the birthplace. The following is also an invalid modification:
* Smith was born in Newark, New Jersey.[FN=Eicher, p. 399.]

Any of the following forms would be appropriate, based on the relative credibility of the various sources:
* Smith was born in New York City.[FN=Eicher, p. 399. Warner, p. 77, claims that it was Newark, New Jersey.] (''In this case, we are relegating the secondary opinion to mere "footnote status" because we do not think it is particularly credible.'')
* Smith was born in New York City[FN=Eicher, p. 399.] or Newark, New Jersey.[FN=Warner, p. 77.]
* Smith is usually cited as being born in New York City,[FN=See, for instance, Eicher, p. 399, and Tagg, p. 88.] but recent scholarship by military historian Ezra Warner concludes that he was born in Newark, New Jersey.[FN=Warner, p. 77.]

That final format, in which the name of the author is listed in the body of the text, should be reserved for those cases in which a preponderance of the citations&mdash;the traditional or conventional view&mdash;are being balanced by a fresh interpretation by a well-known and respected author. This kind of usage is more likely when differing opinions are being expressed, rather than the hard facts in this example.

==Dates==
{{Further|[[MOS:SYL]]}}
I code American-style dates, which was the format used at the time, as evidenced by the Official Records. For example, July 3, 1863, not 3 July 1863. At one time there was a date formatting standard that used forms looking like links to adjust to the reader's personal preferences. For example:
*<tt><nowiki>[[July 1]], [[1863]]</nowiki></tt>, which displays as '''July 1, 1863''', or '''1 July 1863''' depending on the reader's preferences. (Note that if the sentence continues, I put a comma after the year.<ref>That conforms with ''16th Chicago'', 6.45: "In the month-day-year style of dates, commas must be used to set off the year. ... For example:
* The performance took place on February 2, 2006, at the State Theater in Ithaca."</ref>)

However, the MoS has now ''deprecated'' autoformatting, so almost all of these date formats are now gone.

Here are some date recommendations based on the MoS and general grammar:
{| class="wikitable"
!No || Use instead
|-
| 1 July 1863 was the first day of battle || July 1, 1863, was the first day of battle
|-
| 7/1/63 or 1/7/63 || July 1, 1863
|-
| July 1st || July 1
|-
| the 1st || July 1
|-
| 1st of July || July 1
|-
| July of 1863 || July 1863
|-
| July, 1863 || July 1863
|-
| from 1861-65 || from 1861 to 1865
|}

There is a new effort underway to embed [[microformat]] dates into articles, by using the {{tl|start-date}} and {{tl|end-date}} templates into the infoboxes for battles and biographies. These are pretty straight-forward, but different editors are using different styles of displaying the ranges within a single month. My style is to use "September 19&ndash;20, 1863" rather than, say, "September 19 &ndash; September 20, 1863." (Of course, if the month boundary is crossed, it would be "September 30 &ndash; October 1, 1863." The way to achieve my style is:

 <nowiki>{{start-date|September 19, 1863|September 19}}&amp;ndash;{{end-date|September 20, 1863|20, 1863}}</nowiki>

In both templates, the first parameter generates the microformat date (which is invisible in the normal browser depiction of the page) and the second is what is actually displayed by the browser.

==Locations==
*Always spell out state names; foreign readers should not be expected to know U.S. state abbreviations, particularly the 2-letter USPS abbreviations. (I employ two exceptions to this rule: some of my maps that show action down at the regimental level use notations such as "71 PA"; in citations, when the publisher city has a state name, I use the abbreviation.)
*In city/state names, commas always come in pairs.<ref>''16th Chicago'', 6.46: "Commas are used to set off the individual elements in addresses or place-names that are run into the text."</ref> Example:
**Waukegan, Illinois, is not far from the Wisconsin border.
*I prefer (although not strongly) the style of links that points to a city/state in one link:
**Preferred: <tt><nowiki>[[Baltimore, Maryland]]</nowiki></tt>
**Tolerated: <tt><nowiki>[[Baltimore, Maryland | Baltimore]], [[Maryland]]</nowiki></tt>

==Quotations==
{{further|[[WP:QUOTE]]}}
Quotations should not be rendered in italic text, per the manual of style. If the quotation is only a sentence or two, I generally put it inline with simple quotation marks. For longer quotations, the use of the <tt><nowiki><blockquote></nowiki></tt> mechanism is appropriate, but I have just recently found the {{tl|Quotation}} template and am starting to use it to good effect. Coding:
<pre>
{{Quotation|If I was an artist like you, ... Confederate ''gray''.|Robert E. Lee|letter to Markie Williams}}
</pre>
{{Quotation|If I was an artist like you, I would draw a true picture of Traveller; representing his fine proportions, muscular figure, deep chest, short back, strong haunches, flat legs, small head, broad forehead, delicate ears, quick eye, small feet, and black mane and tail. Such a picture would inspire a poet, whose genius could then depict his worth, and describe his endurance of toil, hunger, thirst, heat and cold; and the dangers and suffering through which he has passed. He could dilate upon his sagacity and affection, and his invariable response to every wish of his rider. He might even imagine his thoughts through the long night-marches and days of the battle through which he has passed. But I am no artist Markie, and can therefore only say he is a Confederate ''gray''.|Robert E. Lee|letter to Markie Williams}}

There is also the simpler {{tl|Quote}} template, as follows:
<pre>
{{Quote|I, Philip Kearny, an old soldier, ... cowardice or treason.}}
</pre>
{{Quote|I, Philip Kearny, an old soldier, enter my solemn protest against this order for retreat. We ought instead of retreating should follow up the enemy and take Richmond. And in full view of all responsible for such declaration, I say to you all, such an order can only be prompted by cowardice or treason.}}

Another option is the {{tl|Quote box}} side-box style. It's a good way for adding a bit of color to a description.
{{Quote box
|align=right
|width=35%
|quote=... every stalk of corn in the northern and greater part of the field was cut as closely as could have been done with a knife, and the [Confederates] slain lay in rows precisely as they had stood in their ranks a few moments before.
|source=Maj. Gen. [[Joseph Hooker]]<ref>Bailey, p. 70.</ref>
|}}
<pre>
{{Quote box
|align=right
|width=35%
|quote=... every stalk of corn ... a few moments before.
|source=Maj. Gen. [[Joseph Hooker]]<ref>Bailey, p. 70.</ref>
|}}
</pre>

==Abbreviations==
I think abbreviations without periods are sloppy writing, so use:
* Washington, D.C.
* 7th U.S. Cavalry, U.S. Army, U.S. Military Academy (Note that [[WP:MOSABBR]] says U.S. is "more common [than US] in [[American English]]", the language used in ACW articles)
* 8 a.m., 9:30 p.m.

An exception to this rule applies to USA and CSA. These aren't used frequently outside of infoboxes because they are ambiguous, meaning the names of the countries as well as the Armies. Furthermore, USA meaning U.S. Army also carries a connotation of the [[Regular Army (United States) | regular army]], vs. the volunteer ranks (USV), and that's a distinction that's too subtle for most civilian readers.

As mentioned elsewhere, I do not abbreviate state names in the main body of the articles, using either the modern USPS two-letter style (MN) or the longer style (Minn.) used during the war. This is a courtesy to readers outside the U.S.

==Possessives==
I attempt to use a common style for the possessive form of singular nouns, including formal names. In [[WP:MOS#Possessives]], the Wikipedia manual of style graciously offers three alternative styles and tells you to choose one, but use it consistently within an article. I use the first option, which conforms to the ''Chicago Manual of Style'', 16th ed., sections 7.16&ndash;18. (In previous editions of ''Chicago'', they were marginally supportive of the third Wikipedia style, but in the latest edition they explicitly recommend against using it. See 7.21.) The recommended style is to add apostrophe-S to all singular possessives, even those that end in S, whether the S sound is pronounced or not. Examples given by ''Chicago'' are Kansas's legislature, Marx's theories, Jesus's adherents, Descartes's three dreams, Albert Camus's novels, Euripides's tragedies, Xerxes's armies.

==Colloquialisms==
I avoid the colloquialisms '''Yankees''' and '''Rebels''' (and certainly things like the "horsemen in blue" or the "graybacks") in articles I write from scratch. I normally use '''Union''' (coded as <tt><nowiki>[[Union Army|Union]]</nowiki></tt>) more frequently than '''Federal''', but sometimes mix them up to avoid boring repetition.

Colorful colloquialisms should be avoided for a few reasons:
# This is an encyclopedia, which uses "formal writing", not a series of stories or magazine articles.
# Non-native English speakers should not be unnecessarily disadvantaged.
# I have received complaints about the colorful language in some articles that supposedly "glorifies war". I don't see it that way, but like to avoid arguments.

==Dashes==
There are two kinds of dashes, neither of which can be a hyphen instead. In both cases, I use the HTML coding shown here instead of using the Unicode characters (because some text editors don't handle those characters well). Note that [[MOS:DASH]] is comfortable enough with this HTML coding style that lists it as the first method for entering these dashes.
*EN-Dash (<tt>&amp;ndash;</tt>): Used in numeric or date ranges. I use no surrounding spaces for ranges in which both ends are in the same format, such as 1861&ndash;65 or May&ndash;June 1864. However, I do use surrounding spaces when the dash would connect ends of different formats or expressions including spaces, such as this case: "May 23, 1824 &ndash; September 13, 1881":
<pre>
May 23, 1824 &amp;ndash; September 13, 1881
</pre>
*EM-Dash (<tt>&amp;mdash;</tt>): Used to separate clauses&mdash;like this&mdash;with no surrounding spaces. Do not use the old typewriter substitution of two hyphens ("<tt>--</tt>").

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}