View source for Ur (rune)

{{short description|Runic alphabet letter}}
{{infobox rune
| lang1 = pg | lang2 = oe | lang3 = on
| name1 = '''*Ūruz/*Ūrą'''
| name2a = '''Úr'''
| name2b = '''Ýr'''
| name3a = '''Úr'''
| name3b = '''stung Úr'''
| meaning1 = "[[aurochs]]"/"[[water]]"
| meaning2a = "[[aurochs]]"
| meaning2b = ?
| meaning3 = "windy, cold drizzle/snowfall"<br>"[[dross]]"
| shape1 = [[File:Runic letter uruz.svg|x50px|class=skin-invert-image]]
| shape2a = [[File:Runic letter uruz.svg|x50px|class=skin-invert-image]]
| shape2b = [[File:Runic letter yr.svg|x50px|class=skin-invert-image]]
| shape3a = [[File:Runic letter uruz.svg|x50px|class=skin-invert-image]]
| shape3b = [[File:Runic letter ur stung.svg|x50px|class=skin-invert-image]]
| unicode hex1 = 16A2
| unicode hex2a = 16A2
| unicode hex2b = 16A3
| unicode hex3a = 16A2
| unicode hex3b = 16A4
| transliteration1 = '''u'''
| transliteration2a = '''u'''
| transliteration2b = '''y'''
| transliteration3a = '''u'''
| transliteration3b = '''y'''
| transcription1 = ''u''
| transcription2a = ''u''
| transcription2b = ''y''
| transcription3a = ''u'', ''o'', ''y'', ''œ''<br>''w'' / ''v''
| transcription3b = ''y'', ''œ''<br>''v''
| IPA1 = {{IPA|[u(ː)]}}
| IPA2a = {{IPA|[u(ː)]}}
| IPA2b = {{IPA|[y(ː)]}}
| IPA3a = {{IPAblink|u|audio=yes}}<br>{{IPAblink|ø|audio=yes}}<br>{{IPAblink|y|audio=yes}}<br>{{IPAblink|œ|audio=yes}}<br>{{IPAblink|v|audio=yes}}<br>{{IPAblink|w|audio=yes}}
| IPA3b = {{IPAblink|y|audio=yes}}<br>{{IPAblink|œ|audio=yes}}<br>{{IPAblink|v|audio=yes}}
| position1 = 2
| position2a = 2
| position2b = 27
| position3a = 2₁
| position3b = 2₂
}}
{{Contains special characters|Runic|width=30em}}
'''Ur''' is the recorded name for the [[Runes|rune]] '''{{runic|ᚢ}}''' in both [[Old English]] and [[Old Norse]], found as the second rune in all [[futhark]]s (runic alphabets starting with F, U, Þ, Ą, R, K), i.e. the [[Elder Futhark|Germanic Elder Futhark]], the [[Anglo-Saxon runes|Anglo-Frisian Futhark]] and the [[Younger Futhark|Norse Younger Futhark]], with continued use in the later [[medieval runes]], [[early modern runes]] and [[Dalecarlian runes]].

It corresponds to the letter [[u]] in the [[Latin alphabet]], but also carries other sound values, especially in Younger Futhark, where its sound values correspond to the vowels: {{IPAblink|u|audio=yes}}, {{IPAblink|ø|audio=yes}}, {{IPAblink|y|audio=yes}} and {{IPAblink|œ|audio=yes}} etc., and the consonants: {{IPAblink|v|audio=yes}} and {{IPAblink|w|audio=yes}} etc., in the Latin alphabet.

== Character ==
[[File:Oldest runestone 20 (Ur).jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|Ur depicted on the oldest datable runestone, the [[Hole Runestone]] (50 BC–275 AD).]]
The character ᚢ may have been derived from the [[Old Italic scripts]], as such features various characters corresponding to [[Elder Futhark|elder runes]], including both upside and downside characters for [[Upsilon]] (/u, y/): [[File:Alfabeto camuno-uw1.svg|12px|link=Upsilon]], [[File:Alfabeto camuno-uw.svg|12px|link=Upsilon]], specifically the [[Rhaetic|East Rhaetic]] alphabet from the [[Magrè]]-region of north-east Italy, which primarily used the downside Old Italic Upsilon.

{| style="text-align:center"
| style="padding-left:1em" | [[File:PhoenicianW-01.svg|50px|link=Waw (letter)]]
| style="font-size:30px" | →
| [[File:Greek Upsilon normal.svg|40px|link=Upsilon]]
| style="font-size:30px" | →
| [[File:Alfabeto camuno-uw1.svg|50px|link=Upsilon]]
| style="font-size:30px" | →
| [[File:Alfabeto camuno-uw.svg|50px|link=Upsilon]]
| style="font-size:30px" | →
| style="font-size:50px" | ᚢ
|-
| Phoenician<br>[[Waw (letter)|waw]]
|
| West Greek<br>[[Upsilon]]
| 
| [[Rhaetic|West Rhaetic]]<br>Upsilon
|
| [[Rhaetic|East Rhaetic]]<br>Upsilon
|
| Germanic rune<br>'''Ur'''
|}

The character was later reused as the 16th letter in the [[Gothic alphabet]] (𐌿), the corresponding name being ''urus''.

== Proto-Germanic name ==
The rune is recorded in all three [[rune poem]]s (Old English, Norwegian, Icelandic), and it is called '''Ur''' in all, however with different meanings in each.<ref name="ragweedforge"/>

Because of this, it is difficult to [[Linguistic reconstruction|reconstruct]] a [[Proto-Germanic]] name for the [[Elder Futhark]] rune. It may have been ''*ūruz'' "aurochs" (see also [[Bull worship]]), based on the [[Old English rune poem]], the oldest recorded of the three, supported by the corresponding Gothic name ''uraz'', recorded by [[Alcuin of York]] in the 8th century, or ''*ūrą'' "water", based on the [[Icelandic rune poem]]s (and to some extent the [[Norwegian rune poem]]),<ref name="PAGE"/> with both Proto-Germanic words, however, possibly stemming from the same root.<ref name="SAOB ur1"/>

The aurochs name is preferred by authors of modern runic divination systems, but both seem possible, compared to the names of the other runes: "water" would be comparable to "hail" and "lake", and "aurochs" to "horse" or "elk" (although the latter name is itself uncertain). The [[Gothic alphabet]] seems to support "aurochs" as the prior name, though: as the name of the letter [[𐌿]] ''u'' is ''urus''.

== Anglo-Saxon name ==
In the [[Old English rune poem]], recorded in the 8th or 9th century, the rune is named ''Ūr'', [[Old English]] for “[[aurochs]]” (compare with {{langx|non|úrr}}),<ref name="SAOB ur1"/> stemming from a [[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] word: ''*ūruz''. 

;Old English rune poem
{|
! style="padding-left: 1em; padding-bottom: .5em; text-align:right" | [[Old English]]:
| style="padding-left: 1em; padding-bottom: .5em; font-size:120%" | ''{{runic|ᚢ}} [Ur] bẏþ anmod ond oferhẏrned, felafrecne deor, feohteþ mid hornum mære morstapa; þæt is modig ƿuht.''
|-
! style="padding-left: 1em; padding-bottom: .5em; text-align:right" | [[Paraphrase]]d:
| style="padding-left: 1em; padding-bottom: .5em" | The [[aurochs]] is proud and has great horns; it is a very savage beast and fights with its horns; a great ranger of the [[Moorland|moors]], it is a creature of mettle.
|}

== Old Norse name ==
The [[Old Norse]] name is variously recorded as ''Ur'', meaning some type of cold damp and windy [[precipitation|precipitation weather]], but the definition warries slightly between the [[North Germanic languages|Nordic languages]].

In [[Old Icelandic]], the word ''úr'' is recorded as meaning "[[drizzle]]", "light rain" and thereof, in the sense of "cold and damp weather".<ref name="Cleasby 1874 úr"/><ref name="Cleasby 1910 úr"/><ref name="SAOB ur2"/> In [[Old Swedish|Old]] and [[Contemporary Swedish]], the word (''ur'') essentially means "blustery and profuse [[snowfall]], [[Rain and snow mixed|sleet]] or [[rain]]" etc, if not outright "bad weather".<ref name="SAOB ur2"/> The [[Gotlandic]] variation ''starur'' ("[[starling]]-ur") specifically refers to the last snowfall of the season.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kråkmånad |url=https://www.isof.se/dialekter/pa-gang/dialektbloggen/inlagg/2009-03-01-krakmanad |website=isof.se |publisher=[[Swedish Institute for Language and Folklore]] (ISOF) |access-date=2025-02-17}}</ref> In [[Danish language|Danish]] and [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], the word (''ur'') is said to mean "northern rainclouds",<ref name="SAOB ur2"/> or just "rainclouds", but also "cold, biting draft" and thereof etc.<ref name="UIB ur"/>

There is also a variant, ''ýr'' (''yr''), in all Nordic languages, meaning "drizzle" in Old Icelandic,<ref name="Cleasby 1874 ýr"/> including "fine dense snowfall" and "snowstorm" in Norwegian and Swedish.<ref name="UIB yr"/><ref name="SAOB yr"/> A derivative, ''yra'', a verb, also exist, meaning "to drizzle" and thereof in Old Icelandic,<ref name="Cleasby 1874 ýr"/><ref name="Cleasby 1910 ýra"/> and "swirl, whirl, drift", in the sense of snow, sand, dust affected by the wind, in Swedish, etc.<ref name="SAOB yra"/>

Úr is related to {{langx|ang|ēar}}, "wave, sea", potentially also "[[urine]]".<ref name="SAOB ur2"/> It stems from a [[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] word: ''*ūrą'', possibly begun by a w-, as found in related words ({{langx|sv|var}}, "pus", [[Old English]]: ''wær'', "sea") and historical variants of ''úr'' ([[Old Swedish]]: ''vur''),<ref name="SAOB ur2"/> as Proto-Germanic words starting with a ''w'', followed by ''o'' or ''u'', generally lost the ''w''-sound when evolving from [[Proto-Norse]] into [[Old Norse]] (compare {{langx|gem-x-proto|wulfaz}}, "wolf", {{langx|non|ulfr}}).<ref name="ordbruket ulv"/>

=== Norwegian rune poem ===
The [[Norwegian rune poem]] is the earliest recorded Norse rune poem, recorded in the 13th century. It records the name as ''úr'', but with a unique sense not recorded elsewhere, with the [[Old Norwegian]] meaning of "[[dross]], [[slag]]". This sense is obscure, but may be an [[Iron Age]] technical term derived from the word for water (compare the [[Kalevala]], where [[iron]] is compared to milk).

{|
! style="padding-left: 1em; padding-bottom: .5em; text-align:right" | [[Old Norwegian]]:
| style="padding-left: 1em; padding-bottom: .5em; font-size:120%" | ''{{runic|ᚢ}} Úr er af illu jarne; opt løypr ræinn á hjarne.''
|-
! style="padding-left: 1em; padding-bottom: .5em; text-align:right" | [[Literal translation|Literal]]:
| style="padding-left: 1em; padding-bottom: .5em" | ''Ur'' is of ill iron; often leap (strut) the reindeer over the frozen snow.
|}

=== Icelandic rune poems ===
In the [[Icelandic rune poem]]s, recorded in the 16th century, the rune is named ''úr'', describing some type of cold damp and windy [[precipitation|precipitation weather]].

There are several Icelandic manuscripts with rune poems, all varying to some degree. The oldest manustript, catalogued as ''AM 687 d 4°'', is from around 1500. The second oldest, catalogued as ''AM 461 12° '', is from around 1550. These have been noted to be hard to read, thus the transliterations might be incorrect.<ref name="Crawford IsRp"/>

==== AM 687 d 4° ====
AM687d, written around 1500, has lost a lot of readability due to the pergament being folded and damaged over the years, but copies have been made since the 18th century.<ref name="Page">{{cite web |last1=Page |first1=R. I. |title=The Icelandic Rune-Poem.pdf |url=http://vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/The%20Icelandic%20Rune-Poem.pdf |website=vsnrweb-publications.org.uk |access-date=2024-01-02}}</ref> The original scribe used [[diacritic]] abbreviation symbols to save space,<ref name="Page"/><ref name="abbr diacritics">{{cite web |title=The Chameleon Quality of Scribal Conventions |url=https://voynichportal.com/tag/latin-scribal-abbreviations/ |website=voynichportal.com |access-date=2024-01-02}}</ref> which are hard to make out at a first glance.<ref name="AM 687 d">{{cite web |title=AM 687 d |url=https://myndir.handrit.is/file/Handrit.is/AM%20687%20d%204to/1/SECONDARY_DISPLAY |website=myndir.handrit.is |access-date=2024-01-02}}</ref> These symbols are based on period [[Arabic numerals]],<ref name="abbr diacritics"/> but are hard to identify, yet appear to be the following, or thereof: -r⁰, -ar¹, -ur², -er³, -re⁴/-ræ⁴, -ra⁵.<ref name="AM 687 d"/><ref name="Page"/> The poem ends with a Latin phrase of unknown meaning. 

Below, an attempt at recreating the original text with available [[Unicode]]-characters is shown, as to convey how hard the original text is to read.<ref name="AM 687 d"/> Letter sequences that cannot now be identified are inserted, for convenience of reading, within square brackets [ ], on the evidence either of the available space or of related texts.<ref name="Page"/>

{|
! style="padding-left: 1em; padding-bottom: .5em; text-align:right" | Original text:
| style="padding-left: 1em; padding-bottom: .5em; font-size:120%" | {{runic|ᚢ}} 𝑒⁰ ꞅ𝔨𝑦𝑔𝜄𝑎 𝑔⁵𝑡𝑢ꝛ ƻ ꞅ𝔨æꝛ𝑎 þ𝑢³[rir ok] h𝜄ꝛꝺ𝜄ẞ h𝑎𝑡² 𝒱𝔪𝑏ꝛ𝑒 𝒱𝜄Ꞅ𝜄
|-
! style="padding-left: 1em; padding-bottom: .5em; text-align:right" | [[Old Icelandic|Normalized]]:
| style="padding-left: 1em; padding-bottom: .5em" | ''Úr er skýgia{{efn|[[Icelandic language|Modern]] {{langx|is|skýggja}}}} grátur ok skæra þverrir ok hirðis hatur. Umbre Vísi.''
|-
! style="padding-left: 1em; padding-bottom: .5em; text-align:right" | [[Literal translation|Literal]]:
| style="padding-left: 1em; padding-bottom: .5em" | ''Úr'' is overcast crying, and cuts diagonally across, and shepherd's hatred. ''Umbre Vísi<sup>?</sup>''
|-
! style="padding-left: 1em; padding-bottom: .5em; text-align:right" | [[Paraphrase]]d:
| style="padding-left: 1em; padding-bottom: .5em" | [[Drizzle]] is the cloudcover's weeping, and falls diagonally across, a hatred of the shepherd. ''Umbre Vísi<sup>?</sup>''
|}

==== AM 461 12° ====
AM461 is slightly younger than AM687d, written around 1550, and less complete, lacking [[ᛦ]] [Ýr] for example. It has been noted by American Old Norse scholar [[Jackson Crawford]] to be very difficult to make out.<ref name="Crawford IsRp"/>

{|
! style="padding-left: 1em; padding-bottom: .5em; text-align:right" | [[Old Icelandic|Normalized]]:
| style="padding-left: 1em; padding-bottom: .5em; font-size:120%" | {{runic|ᚢ}} Úr er skýja grátur og skárargs gata, þorir<sup>?</sup> og hirðis hatur, siðförull seggur.
|-
! style="padding-left: 1em; padding-bottom: .5em; text-align:right" | [[Literal translation|Literal]]:
| style="padding-left: 1em; padding-bottom: .5em" | [[Drizzle]] is skies crying and ''skárargs''<sup>?</sup> path, the daring<sup>?</sup> and shepherd's hatred, the late traveling man.<sup>?</sup>
|}

=== Swedish rune poem ===
The Swedish rune poem was recorded by [[Johannes Bureus]] (1568–1652) in the later 1500s from a [[runic staff]] thought to be from the same period. He published these in 1599 on a giant runic bronze tablet, called ''Runakenslanes läraspån'' (roughly "the teaching of runic feeling"), or {{langx|la|Elementa Runica}} ({{lit|Runic Elements}}).<ref name="alvin-portal.org">{{cite web |last1=Bureus |first1=Johannes |title=Runakenslanes läraspån |url=https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/imageViewer.jsf?dsId=ATTACHMENT-0001&pid=alvin-record:96478 |website=alvin-portal.org |access-date=2025-06-30}}</ref>

The Swedish rune poem have more in common with the Icelandic rune poem than the Norwegian one, but are much shorter.

{|
! style="padding-left: 1em; padding-bottom: .5em; text-align:right" | [[Runic]]:
| style="padding-left: 1em; padding-bottom: .5em; font-size:120%" | {{runic|ᚢᛦ ᛁ Vᛅᛋᛏᛆᚿ Vᛅᚧᚱ}}
|-
! style="padding-left: 1em; padding-bottom: .5em; text-align:right" | [[Transliteration]]:
| style="padding-left: 1em; padding-bottom: .5em; font-size:120%" | urr i væstan væđđr{{efn|Transliteration according to Bureus' [[Runa ABC]].}}
|-
! style="padding-left: 1em; padding-bottom: .5em; text-align:right" | [[Early Modern Swedish|Normalized]]:
| style="padding-left: 1em; padding-bottom: .5em; font-size:120%" | ''Urr i västan vädhr''
|-
! style="padding-left: 1em; padding-bottom: .5em; text-align:right" | [[Swedish language|Current Swedish]]:
| style="padding-left: 1em; padding-bottom: .5em; font-size:120%" | ''Ur i västanväder''
|-
! style="padding-left: 1em; padding-bottom: .5em; text-align:right" | [[Translation]]:
| style="padding-left: 1em; padding-bottom: .5em" | "Ur in west wind"
|}

== Variants ==
=== {{runic|ᚣ}} (Ȳr) – Anglo-Frisian Futhorc ===
The [[Anglo-Saxon runes|Anglo-Frisian Futhark]] has a modified Ūr {{runic|ᚢ}}, fitted with a detached vertical line in the cavity {{runic|ᚣ}}, which was given the sound value {{IPAblink|y|audio=yes}}. It was named ''Ȳr'' and corresponded to the letter [[y]] in the [[Latin alphabet]].

Its position in the Anglo-Frisian rune-row differs between sources and was probably never standardised, but today it is generally placed at position 27.

=== {{runic|ᚤ}} (stung Úr) – Norse Younger Futhark ===
[[File:Dubbelstungen ur.png|thumb|''un-stung Ur'' → ''single-stung Ur'' → ''double-stung Ur'']]
In the 11th century, a new writing rule was introduced to the [[Younger Futhark]], in the form of ''stung runes'' (also called ''dotted runes''), in which ''stings'', i.e. dots, could be added to a rune to indicate a secondary sound value,a so called [[diacritic]].

The ''stung Úr'' {{runic|ᚤ}} primarily carried the sound value {{IPAblink|y|audio=yes}} in [[East Norse]] (Swedish/Danish) and corresponds to the letter [[y]] in the [[Latin alphabet]] (unicode name: ''Runic Letter Y''). Secondarily, it can also carry the sound value {{IPAblink|œ|audio=yes}} and seldom even {{IPAblink|v|audio=yes}}, the latter of which was also carried by the ''[[Fehu|stung Fé]]'' {{runic|ᚡ}} (unicode name: ''Runic Letter V''). In period [[West Norse]] (Norwegian/Icelandic), the sound value /y/ was instead commonly carried by the rune [[Algiz|Yr]] {{runic|ᛦ}}, as its previous sound value, {{IPAblink|ʀ|audio=yes}}, had evolved into the common /r/ and was thus an obsolete doublet of the rune [[Raido|Reið]] {{runic|ᚱ}}. In the following [[Medieval runes|medieval runic alphabet]], the sound value {{IPAblink|œ|audio=yes}} was covered by its own rune, a reversed ''[[Ansuz (rune)|Óss]]'' {{runic|ᚯ}} (unicode: ''Runic Letter Oe''). A ''double-stung Ur'' also existed for the sound value /[[å]]/, also seldom used for /v/.

Stung runes were originally not seen as separate runes from their base form, they are just runes with added diacritics, adn thus were not listed in the [[Younger Futhark]]-order. In the later medieval runic alphabet, which followed the Latin alphabetical order of ABCD etc, they instead have the position of their corresponding Latin character.

== Footnotes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Crawford IsRp">{{cite web |last1=Crawford |first1=Jackson |title=The Icelandic Rune Poem |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z-rK0DG8-IA |website=youtube.com |access-date=2024-07-18}}</ref>
<ref name="ragweedforge">Original poems and translation from the [http://www.ragweedforge.com/poems.html Rune Poem Page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990501094729/http://www.ragweedforge.com/poems.html |date=1999-05-01 }}.</ref>
<ref name="PAGE">Page, R.I. (2005). ''Runes'', page 15. The British Museum Press {{ISBN|0-7141-8065-3}}</ref>

<!-- Icelandic dictionaries -->
<ref name="Cleasby 1874 úr">{{cite book |last1=Cleasby |first1=Richard |author2=Gudbrand Vigfusson |last3=Dasent |first3=George Webbe |title=An Icelandic-English dictionary, based on the ms. collections of the late Richard Cleasby. Enl. and completed by Gudbrand Vigfússon. With an introd. and life of Richard Cleasby by George Webbe Dasent |date=1874 |page=669 |url=https://archive.org/details/icelandicenglish00cleauoft/page/668/mode/2up |access-date=2024-07-18}}</ref>
<ref name="Cleasby 1910 úr">{{cite book |last1=Cleasby |first1=Richard |author2=Gudbrand Vigfusson |title=A concise dictionary of old Icelandic |date=1910 |page=460 |url=https://archive.org/details/concisedictionar001857/page/460/mode/2up |access-date=2024-07-18}}</ref>

<ref name="Cleasby 1874 ýr">{{cite book |last1=Cleasby |first1=Richard |author2=Gudbrand Vigfusson |last3=Dasent |first3=George Webbe |title=An Icelandic-English dictionary, based on the ms. collections of the late Richard Cleasby. Enl. and completed by Gudbrand Vigfússon. With an introd. and life of Richard Cleasby by George Webbe Dasent |date=1874 |page=669 |url=https://archive.org/details/icelandicenglish00cleauoft/page/728/mode/2up |access-date=2024-07-18}}</ref>
<ref name="Cleasby 1910 ýra">{{cite book |last1=Cleasby |first1=Richard |author2=Gudbrand Vigfusson |title=A concise dictionary of old Icelandic |date=1910 |page=460 |url=https://archive.org/details/concisedictionar001857/page/506/mode/2up |access-date=2024-07-18}}</ref>

<! Norwegian dictionaries -->
<ref name="UIB ur">{{cite web |url=https://ordbokene.no/nob/bm,nn/ur |title=ur |website=Bokmålsordboka {{!}} Nynorskordboka}}</ref>
<ref name="UIB yr">{{cite web |url=https://ordbokene.no/nob/bm,nn/yr |title=ur |website=Bokmålsordboka {{!}} Nynorskordboka}}</ref>

<!-- Swedish dictionaries -->
<ref name="SAOB ur1">{{cite web |title=ur subst.1 |url=https://www.saob.se/artikel/?unik=U_0733-0034.s4Fn&pz=3 |website=saob.se |publisher=[[Svenska Akademiens ordbok]] (SAOB) |access-date=2024-07-02 |language=sv |date=2012}}</ref>
<ref name="SAOB ur2">{{cite web |title=ur subst.2 |url=https://www.saob.se/artikel/?unik=U_0733-0035.Z39k |website=saob.se |publisher=[[Svenska Akademiens ordbok]] (SAOB) |access-date=2024-07-02 |language=sv |date=2012}}</ref>
<ref name="SAOB yr">{{cite web |title=yr subst. |url=https://www.saob.se/artikel/?unik=Y_0001-0109.qf0f&pz=3 |website=saob.se |publisher=[[Svenska Akademiens ordbok]] (SAOB) |access-date=2024-07-18 |language=sv |date=2021}}</ref>
<ref name="SAOB yra">{{cite web |title=yra v.1 |url=https://www.saob.se/artikel/?unik=Y_0001-0115.BvY0 |website=saob.se |publisher=[[Svenska Akademiens ordbok]] (SAOB) |access-date=2024-07-18 |language=sv |date=2021}}</ref>

<ref name="ordbruket ulv">{{cite web |title=Ulv och varg |url=http://www.ordbruket.com/webcross/artiklar/varg.htm |website=ordbruket.com |access-date=2024-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927115606/http://www.ordbruket.com/webcross/artiklar/varg.htm |archive-date=2009-09-27 |language=sv}}</ref>
}}

{{Runes}}

[[Category:Runes]]
[[Category:Aurochs]]