View source for Unschooling

{{short description|Educational method and philosophy; form of homeschooling}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Unbalanced|date=September 2023}}
{{Debate|date=June 2024}}
{{Original research|date=June 2024}}
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[[File:Unschooling.jpg|thumb|Children investigating insect deposits in tree bark as part of an unschooling activity]]
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'''Unschooling''' is a practice of self-driven [[informal learning]] characterized by a [[lesson]]-free and [[curriculum]]-free implementation of [[homeschooling]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Arnall |first1=Judy |title=Unschooling to University |date=2018 |publisher=Professional Parenting |isbn=9781775178606 |edition=1st |location=Calgary, Alberta |pages=5–8}}</ref> Unschooling encourages exploration of activities initiated by the children themselves, under the belief that the more personal learning is, the more meaningful, well-understood, and therefore useful it is to the child. 

The term ''unschooling'' was coined in the 1970s and used by educator [[John Holt (educator)|John Holt]], who is widely regarded as the father of unschooling. Unschooling is often seen as a subset of homeschooling, the key difference lying in the use of an external or individual curriculum. Homeschooling, in its many variations, has been the subject of [[Homeschooling#Criticism|widespread public debate]].   

Critics of unschooling see it as extreme, and express concerns that unschooled children will be neglected by parents who may not be capable of sustaining a proper educational environment, and the child might lack the social skills, structure, discipline, and motivation of their schooled peers. Critics also worry that unschooled children will be unable to cope with uncomfortable or challenging situations. Proponents of unschooling disagree, asserting that self-directed education in a non-academic, often natural and diversified environment is a far more efficient, sustainable, and child-friendly form of education than traditional schooling, as it preserves innate curiosity, pleasure, and willingness to discover and learn new things. However, some studies suggest that children who have participated in unschooling may experience academic underdevelopment.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

==History==

The term ''unschooling'' probably derives from [[Ivan Illich]]'s term ''[[deschooling]]''. It was popularized through [[John Holt (educator)|John Holt's]] newsletter ''[[Growing Without Schooling]]'' (''GWS''). Holt is also widely regarded as the father of unschooling.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Greer |first=Billy |title=Unschooling or homeschooling? |url=http://www.unschooling.org/fun12_unschooling.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115060121/http://unschooling.org/fun12_unschooling.htm |archive-date=2013-11-15 |access-date=2008-09-04}}</ref> In an early essay, Holt contrasted the two terms:

<blockquote>GWS will say "unschooling" when we mean taking children out of school, and "deschooling" when we mean changing the laws to make schools non-compulsory...<ref>{{Citation |last=Holt, J |title=Growing Without Schooling |year=1977}}</ref></blockquote>

At the time, the term was equivalent to ''home schooling''. Subsequently, [[home-schoolers]] began to differentiate between various educational philosophies within home schooling. The term ''unschooling'' became used to contrast versions of home schooling that were perceived as politically and pedagogically "school-like," in that they used textbooks and exercises at home in the same way they would be used at school.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pearce |first=Kyle |date=2017-11-21 |title=Why The Future of Education Is Unschooling |url=https://www.diygenius.com/unschooling-is-21st-century-education/ |access-date=2024-12-17 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2003, in Holt's book ''Teach Your Own'' (originally published in 1981), [[Pat Farenga]], co-author of the new edition, provided a definition:

<blockquote>When pressed, I define unschooling as allowing children as much freedom to learn in the world as their parents can comfortably bear. It allows children to develop knowledge and skills based on their own personal passions and life situations.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holt |first=J. |title=Teach Your Own |year=2003}}</ref></blockquote>

In the same passage Holt stated that he was not entirely comfortable with this term, and would have preferred the term ''living''. Holt's use of the term emphasizes learning as a natural process, integrated into the spaces and activities of everyday life, and not benefiting from adult manipulation. It follows closely on the themes of educational philosophies proposed by [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], [[Jiddu Krishnamurti]], [[Paul Goodman (writer)|Paul Goodman]], and [[A.S. Neill]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Petrovic |first1=John E |last2=Rolstad |first2=Kellie |date=November 2017 |title=Educating for autonomy: Reading Rousseau and Freire toward a philosophy of unschooling |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1478210316681204 |journal=Policy Futures in Education |language=en |volume=15 |issue=7–8 |pages=817–833 |doi=10.1177/1478210316681204 |s2cid=152256452 |issn=1478-2103|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

After Holt's death a range of unschooling practitioners and observers defined the term in various ways. For instance, the [[Freechild Project]] defines unschooling as:

<blockquote>[T]he process of learning through life, without formalized or institutionalized classrooms or schoolwork.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unschooling & Self-Education |url=http://www.freechild.org/unschooling.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011160704/http://www.freechild.org:80/unschooling.htm |archive-date=2015-10-11 |access-date=2008-07-15}}</ref></blockquote>

American homeschooling parent Sandra Dodd proposed the term ''radical'' ''unschooling'' to emphasize the complete rejection of any distinction between educational and non-educational activities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is there a difference between a radical unschooler and just an unschooler? |url=http://sandradodd.com/unschool/radical |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627220327/https://sandradodd.com/unschool/radical |archive-date=2023-06-27 |access-date=2008-07-15}}</ref> Radical unschooling emphasizes that unschooling is a non-coercive, cooperative practice, and seeks to promote those values in all areas of life. These philosophies share an opposition to traditional schooling techniques and the social structure of schools. Most emphasize the integration of learning into the everyday life of the family and wider community. Points of disagreement include whether unschooling is primarily defined by the initiative of the learner and their control over the curriculum, or by the techniques, methods, and spaces used.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}} [[Peter Gray (psychologist)|Peter Gray]] suggested the term ''[[self-directed education]]'', which has fewer negative connotations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Differences Between Self-Directed and Progressive Education |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/freedom-learn/201706/differences-between-self-directed-and-progressive-education |access-date=2020-07-13 |website=Psychology Today |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Motivations ==
{{See also|Motivations for homeschooling}}
Parents choose to unschool their children for a variety of reasons, many of which overlap with reasons for [[homeschooling]].

Unschoolers criticize schools for lessening the parent–child bond, reducing family time, and for creating atmospheres that are fearful.<ref name="8-powerful-reasons">{{Cite web |date=2017-10-12 |title=8 powerful reasons why I 'unschool' my kids |url=https://www.mother.ly/life/why-i-homeschool-my-kids |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518213647/https://www.mother.ly/life/why-i-homeschool-my-kids/ |archive-date=2023-05-18 |access-date=2020-07-13 |website=Motherly |language=en}}</ref> Some unschoolers argue that schools teach children facts and skills that will not be useful to them, whereas, with unschooling, children learn how to learn, which is of more enduring use.<ref name="8-powerful-reasons" /><ref name="beginners-guide-to-unschooling">{{Cite web |date=4 October 2012 |title=The Beginner's Guide to Unschooling |url=https://zenhabits.net/unschool/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518212144/https://zenhabits.net/unschool/ |archive-date=2023-05-18 |access-date=2020-07-13 |website=zenhabits.net}}</ref> Some assert that schools teach children only how to follow instructions,<ref name="8-powerful-reasons" /><ref name="beginners-guide-to-unschooling" /> which does not prepare them to confront novel tasks. Another argument is that the structure of school is not suitable for people who want to make their own decisions about what, when, how, and with whom they learn because many things are predetermined in the school setting, while unschooled students are more free to make such decisions.<ref name="beginners-guide-to-unschooling" />

In school, a student's community may consist mainly of a peer group, that the parent has little influence over or even knowledge of. Unschoolers may have more opportunity to share a role in their community—including with older and younger people—and can therefore learn to find their place within more diverse groups of people. Parents of school children also have little say regarding instructors and teachers, whereas parents of unschoolers may be more involved in the selection of the coaches or mentors their children work and build relationships with.<ref name="beginners-guide-to-unschooling" />

According to unschooling pioneer John Holt, child-led learning is more efficient and respectful of children's time, takes advantage of their interests, and allows deeper exploration of subjects than what is possible in conventional education.
<blockquote>...the anxiety children feel at constantly being tested, their fear of failure, punishment, and disgrace, severely reduces their ability both to perceive and to remember, and drives them away from the material being studied into strategies for fooling teachers into thinking they know what they really don't know.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holt |first=John Caldwell |title=How children learn |year=1967 |publisher=Da Capo Press |isbn=0201484048}}</ref></blockquote>

Some schools have adopted relatively non-coercive and cooperative techniques in a manner that harmonizes with the philosophies behind unschooling.<ref name="Armstrong">{{Cite journal |last=J. Scott Armstrong |year=1979 |title=The Natural Learning Project |url=http://marketing.wharton.upenn.edu/documents/research/Warmaudit31%205.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Experiential Learning and Simulation |publisher=Elseiver North-Holland, Inc. 1979 |volume=1 |pages=5–12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620221122/http://marketing.wharton.upenn.edu/documents/research/Warmaudit31%205.pdf |archive-date=2010-06-20 |access-date=2011-12-06}}</ref> For example, [[Sudbury model]] schools are non-coercive, non-indoctrinative, cooperative, democratically run partnerships between children and adults—including full partnership with parents—in which learning is individualized and child-led, in a way that complements home education.<ref name="Armstrong" />

Concerns about socialization can also be a factor in the decision to unschool. Some unschoolers believe that conditions in conventional schools, such as [[Age segregation in schools|age segregation]], the ratio of children to adults, or the amount of time spent sitting and obeying orders of one authority figure, are not conducive to proper education.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bunday |first=Karl M. |title=Socialization: A Great Reason Not to Go to School |url=http://learninfreedom.org/socialization.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518212336/https://learninfreedom.org/socialization.html |archive-date=2023-05-18 |access-date=2008-09-04 |website=Learn in Freedom!}}</ref>

Unschooling may broaden the diversity of people or places an unschooler is exposed to.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}} Unschoolers may be more mature than their schooled peers on average,<ref>{{Citation |last=Shyers |first=Larry Edward |title=Comparison of Social Adjustment Between Home and Traditionally Schooled Students}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Liman |first=Isabel |title=Home Schooling: Back to the Future? |url=http://www.educationatlas.com/home-schooling-information.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811112825/http://www.educationatlas.com/home-schooling-information.html |archive-date=2023-08-11 |access-date=2008-09-04}}</ref> and some believe this is a result of the wide range of people they have the opportunity to interact with, although it may also be "difficult to find children [...] for, well, socialization".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bunday |first=Karl M. |title=Isn't it Natural for Children to be Divided by Age in School? |url=http://learninfreedom.org/age_grading_bad.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518212225/https://learninfreedom.org/age_grading_bad.html |archive-date=2023-05-18 |access-date=2008-09-04 |website=Learn in Freedom!}}</ref> Opportunities for unschoolers to meet and interact with other unschoolers has increased in recent years,{{When|date=September 2023}} allowing unschoolers to have interactions with other children with similar experiences.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Peer Unschooling Network (PUN) – Unschooling Teens Unite! |url=http://www.peerunschooling.net |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531104306/https://peerunschooling.net/ |archive-date=2023-05-31 |access-date=2017-09-29 |website=Peer Unschooling Network (PUN) |url-status=usurped |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Methods and philosophy==
{{How-to|section|date=January 2025}}
===Natural learning===
[[File:A day at the beach.jpg|thumb|upright|Unschooling may emphasize free, undirected [[play (activity)|play]] as a major component of children's education.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rolstad |first1=Kelly |last2=Kesson |first2=Kathleen |date=2013 |title=Unschooling, Then and Now |url=http://jual.nipissingu.ca/wp-content/uploads/sites/25/2014/06/v72142.pdf |journal=Journal of Unschooling and Alternative Learning |volume=7 |issue=14 |page=33 |access-date=16 February 2015}}</ref>]]
Unschooling is based on the belief that learning is a natural and ongoing process, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ingram |first=Tyshia |date=2020-07-17 |title=The case for unschooling |url=https://www.vox.com/first-person/2020/7/17/21328316/covid-19-coronavirus-unschooling-homeschooling |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722103238/https://www.vox.com/first-person/2020/7/17/21328316/covid-19-coronavirus-unschooling-homeschooling |archive-date=2023-07-22 |access-date=2020-07-18 |website=www.vox.com |language=en}}</ref> and that curiosity is an intrinsic part of human development.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I Live Therefore I Learn: Living an Unschooling Life – The Natural Child Project |url=https://www.naturalchild.org/articles/guest/pam_sorooshian.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403225522/https://www.naturalchild.org/articles/guest/pam_sorooshian.html |archive-date=2023-04-03 |access-date=2020-07-13 |website=www.naturalchild.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Butch |first=Taylor |date=2016-07-08 |title=As the World Unfolds: A Secret Look Inside Alternative Learning |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/taylor-butch/as-the-world-unfolds-a-se_b_10870580.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826111220/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/taylor-butch/as-the-world-unfolds-a-se_b_10870580.html |archive-date=2016-08-26 |access-date=2018-12-02 |website=Huffington Post |language=en-US}}</ref> Proponents argue that children have an inherent desire to learn, and that traditional educational systems, with their standardized curricula and structured schedules, may not always align with individual needs, interests, or abilities. Critics of conventional schooling suggest that a rigid, one-size-fits-all approach can limit children's potential by requiring them to engage with specific subject matter in a uniform way, without considering their personal pace, prior knowledge, or future goals. However, this perspective is debated, and many believe that structured education can provide valuable support for diverse learning styles and needs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wexler |first=Natalie |title='Unschooling' Isn't The Answer To Education Woes—It's The Problem |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nataliewexler/2020/05/25/unschooling-isnt-the-answer-to-education-woes-its-the-problem/ |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

==== Create an environment ====
Create an environment that nurtures growth by treating the home like a garden—one that you water and care for, rather than focusing on direct instruction. Simple actions, like placing a pile of paper with a cup of colored markers in the center of the table, bringing a piano into the home, or filling the space with books, are easy ways to cultivate this atmosphere.

===Learning styles===
[[Psychologists]] have documented many differences between children in the way they learn.<ref name="vosniadou-2001">{{Cite web |last=Vosniadou |first=S. |year=2001 |title=How Children Learn? |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001254/125456e.pdf |website=The International Academy of Education}}</ref> [[Standardized test]]ing, which is required in traditional American schooling (a study conducted by the Council of Great City Schools has shown that students in U.S public schools will take, on average, 112 standardized tests throughout their school careers <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Rhema |title=New study says U.S. students take more than 100 tests a year with questionable outcome |url=https://www.jacksonville.com/story/news/education/2015/10/26/new-study-says-us-students-take-more-100-tests-year-questionable-outcome/15685558007/ |access-date=2024-10-07 |website=The Florida Times-Union |language=en-US}}</ref>), is widely regarded as a poor gauge of intelligence. Its formulaic and rigid way of questioning does not allow for any creative thought or new ways of thinking.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-22 |title=What's Wrong With Standardized Tests? (Updated October 2023) - Fairtest |url=https://fairtest.org/facts-whatwron-htm/ |access-date=2024-10-07 |website=fairtest.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Unschoolers assert that unschooling is better equipped to adapt to such differences in thought processes, measuring intelligence through observation, rather than testing.<ref name="Evaluation">{{Cite web |last=Hunt |first=Jan |title=Evaluation |url=http://www.naturalchild.org/jan_hunt/evaluation.html |access-date=6 January 2013 |publisher=Natural Child}}</ref>

People vary in their [[learning styles]], that is, how they prefer to acquire new information. However, research in 2008 found "virtually no evidence" that learning styles increased learning or improved performance, as opposed to being a matter of preference.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pashler |first1=H. |last2=McDaniel |first2=M. |last3=Rohrer |first3=D. |last4=Bjork |first4=R. |year=2009 |title=Learning styles: Concepts and evidence |journal=Psychological Science in the Public Interest |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=105–119 |doi=10.1111/j.1539-6053.2009.01038.x |pmid=26162104 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Students have different learning needs, but in a traditional school setting, teachers seldom customize their evaluation method for an individual student. While teaching methods often vary between teachers, and any teacher may use multiple methods, this is sometimes haphazard and not always individualized.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Learning through home education |url=http://parentconcept.com/learning-through-home-education |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609235601/https://parentconcept.com/learning-through-home-education |archive-date=2023-06-09 |access-date=2011-02-20}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=April 2023}}

====Developmental differences====
Developmental psychologists note that just as children reach growth milestones at different ages, children are also prepared to learn different things at different ages.<ref name="vosniadou-2001" /> Just as most children learn to walk during a normal range of eight to fifteen months, and begin to talk across an even larger range, unschoolers assert that they are also ready and able to read, for example, at different ages. Natural learning produces greater changes in behavior (e.g. changing job skills) than traditional learning methods, although not necessarily a change in the amount of information learned.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Armstrong |first=J. Scott |date=1980 |title=Teacher Vs. Learner Responsibility in Management Education |url=http://www.ssrn.com/abstract=647802 |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |language=en |doi=10.2139/ssrn.647802 |s2cid=145788307 |issn=1556-5068|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Traditional education]] systems typically require all students to begin reading and learning mathematical concepts like multiplication at the same age. Unschooling proponents believe that this one-size-fits-all approach can cause some children to become disengaged if they have already mastered a topic, while others may struggle if they are not yet ready to learn it.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holt |first=John C. |title=How Children Fail |publisher=Classics in Child Development |year=1982 |isbn=978-0201484021 |orig-year=1964}}</ref>

==== Music and Unschooling ====
While not necessarily an essential part of a formal education, most students in America take part in some form of music making. 97% of American public schools offer some form of music at the elementary level.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highlights, Arts Education in Public Elementary Schools |url=https://nces.ed.gov/surveys/frss/publications/95082/#:~:text=Music%20is%20offered%20in%2097,instructional%20programs%20(Figure%202). |access-date=2024-10-07 |website=nces.ed.gov |language=EN}}</ref> The traditional approach to teaching [[music theory]] involves learning how to read music and play it exactly as written. The unschooling approach follows the "Garage Band Theory," created by Duke Sharp. This method is a take on "playing songs by ear"- it draws on a person's natural ability to recognize music and pick up on the same sounds in different songs. Unschooling parents believe it is a more effective way to learn music compared to sight reading.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Concilio |first=Joan |date=2017-05-26 |title=Learning music theory the unschooling way |url=https://unschoolrules.com/music-theory/ |access-date=2024-10-07 |website=Unschool RULES |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Essential body of knowledge===
Unschoolers sometimes state{{Who|date=November 2024}} that learning any specific subject is less important than learning ''how'' to learn. In the words of Holt:

<blockquote>Since we can't know what knowledge will be most needed in the future, it is senseless to try to teach it in advance. Instead, we should try to turn out people who love learning so much and learn so well that they will be able to learn whatever must be learned.</blockquote>

Unschoolers suggest that this ability for children to learn on their own makes it more likely that later, when these children are adults, they can continue to learn in order to meet newly emerging needs, interests, and goals; and that they can return to any subject that they feel was not sufficiently covered or learn a completely new subject.

Many unschoolers disagree that there is a particular body of knowledge that everyone, regardless of the life they lead, needs to possess.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Noll |first=James Wm. |title=Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Educational Issues 15th ed. |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=2008 |isbn=978-0073515205 |pages=25–26}}</ref> In the words of John Holt, "If children are given access to enough of the world, they will see clearly enough what things are truly important to themselves and to others, and they will make for themselves a better path into that world than anyone else could make for them."<ref>{{Cite web |last=David Gurteen |title=On children and learning by John Holt |url=http://www.gurteen.com/gurteen/gurteen.nsf/id/X00046822/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513104947/http://www.gurteen.com/gurteen/gurteen.nsf/id/X00046822/ |archive-date=2013-05-13 |access-date=2014-01-16 |website=Gurteen Knowledge |publisher=Gurteen.com}}</ref>

===The role of parents===
Parents of unschoolers provide resources, support, guidance, information, and advice to facilitate experiences that aid their children in accessing, navigating, and making sense of the world.<ref name="Evaluation" /> Common parental activities include sharing interesting books, articles, and activities with their children, helping them find knowledgeable people to explore an interest with (for example physics professors or automotive mechanics), and helping them set goals and figure out what they need to do to meet their goals. Unschooling's interest-based nature does not mean that it is a "hands-off" approach to education; parents tend to be involved, especially with younger children (older children, unless new to unschooling, often need less help in finding resources and in making and carrying out plans).<ref name="Evaluation" />

=== Paradigm shift ===
Because unschooling contradicts assumptions of the [[dominant culture]], advocates suggest that a [[paradigm shift]] in regards to education and child rearing is required before engaging with unschooling. New unschoolers are advised that they should not expect to understand the unschooling philosophy at first,<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=Unschooling: An Introduction and Beginner's Guide |url=https://homeschoolbase.com/unschooling/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629024358/https://homeschoolbase.com/unschooling/ |archive-date=2023-06-29 |access-date=23 May 2017 |publisher=Homeschool Base}}</ref> as many commonplace assumptions about education are unspoken and unwritten. One step towards this paradigm shift is accepting that "what we do is nowhere near as important as why we do it."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Koetsier |first=Cathy |title=Paradigm Shifts |url=http://www.christian-unschooling.com/paradigm-shifts.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627220327/http://www.christian-unschooling.com/paradigm-shifts.html |archive-date=2023-06-27 |access-date=23 May 2017}}</ref>

==Compared with other homeschooling models==

Unschooling is a form of [[homeschooling]],<ref name="beginners-guide-to-unschooling" /><ref name="what-is-unschooling">{{Cite web |title=What Is Unschooling? A Parents Guide to Child-Led Home Education |url=https://www.parents.com/kids/education/home-schooling/what-is-unschooling-all-about-child-led-home-education/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603204359/https://www.parents.com/kids/education/home-schooling/what-is-unschooling-all-about-child-led-home-education/ |archive-date=2023-06-03 |access-date=2020-07-13 |website=Parents |language=EN}}</ref> which is the education of children at home or places other than in a school. Unschooling teaches children based on their interests rather than according to a set [[curriculum]].<ref name="unschooling-2020">{{Cite web |title=Unschooling – letting children grow up without school or teachers |url=https://www.dpa-international.com/topic/unschooling-letting-children-grow-without-school-teachers-urn%3Anewsml%3Adpa.com%3A20090101%3A161024-99-923474 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129061217/https://www.dpa-international.com/topic/unschooling-letting-children-grow-without-school-teachers-urn%3Anewsml%3Adpa.com%3A20090101%3A161024-99-923474 |archive-date=2022-01-29 |access-date=2020-12-02 |website=dpa International |language=en}}</ref><ref name="what-is-unschooling" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Unschooling – letting children grow up without school or teachers |url=https://www.dpa-international.com/topic/unschooling-letting-children-grow-without-school-teachers-urn%3Anewsml%3Adpa.com%3A20090101%3A161024-99-923474 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129061217/https://www.dpa-international.com/topic/unschooling-letting-children-grow-without-school-teachers-urn%3Anewsml%3Adpa.com%3A20090101%3A161024-99-923474 |archive-date=2022-01-29 |access-date=2020-12-15 |website=dpa International |language=en}}</ref>

Unschooling contrasts with other forms of homeschooling in that the student's education is not directed by a [[teacher]] and curriculum.<ref name="unschooling-2020" /> Unschooling is a real-world implementation of the [[open classroom]] methods promoted in the late 1960s and early 1970s, without the school, classrooms, or grades.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} Parents who unschool their children act as facilitators, providing a range of resources, helping their children access, navigate, and make sense of the world; they aid their children in making and implementing goals and plans for both the distant and immediate future. Unschooling expands from children's natural [[curiosity]] as an extension of their interests, concerns, needs, and goals.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brosbe |first=Ruben |date=December 28, 2022 |title=What to Know About Unschooling |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/k12/articles/what-to-know-about-unschooling |access-date=June 22, 2024 |website=usnews}}</ref>

Unschooling differs from [[discovery learning]], [[minimally invasive education]], [[purpose-guided education]], [[academic advising]], [[phenomenon-based learning]], and [[thematic learning]].{{how|date=April 2023}}{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

==Branches==
There are a variety of approaches to designing and practicing unschooling. Some of the most popular include:
* [[Worldschooling]], in which families travel around the world and learn through experiencing other places, people, cultures, and activities typical for these locations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alyson |first=Alyson |date=2020-06-29 |title=What is Worldschooling? |url=https://worldtravelfamily.com/worldschooling/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707005055/https://worldtravelfamily.com/worldschooling/ |archive-date=2023-07-07 |access-date=2020-07-13 |website=World Travel Family Travel Blog |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Project-based learning|Project-based]] unschooling, which holds that students acquire a deeper knowledge through active exploration of real-world challenges, problems, and projects that they can do in their own way and at their own pace.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-21 |title=Homeschool with Project Based Learning {{!}} Hess Un-Academy |url=https://hessunacademy.com/homeschool-with-project-based-learning/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628124125/https://hessunacademy.com/homeschool-with-project-based-learning/ |archive-date=2023-06-28 |access-date=2020-07-13 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Gameschooling, employs various games like board and card games to facilitate learning.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-09 |title=What is Gameschooling? |url=https://orisonorchards.com/what-is-gameschooling/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627220333/https://orisonorchards.com/what-is-gameschooling/ |archive-date=2023-06-27 |access-date=2020-07-13 |website=Orison Orchards |language=en-US}}</ref> In addition to developing skills in math, language, and history, board games also develop social skills such as interpersonal communication, negotiation, persuasion, diplomacy, and virtues like good sportsmanship.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oct 3, 2017 |title=The Ultimate Guide to Gameschooling |url=https://themulberryjournal.com/activities/mathematics/ultimate-guide-gameschooling |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627220329/https://themulberryjournal.com/activities/mathematics/ultimate-guide-gameschooling |archive-date=2023-06-27 |access-date=Jun 6, 2020}}</ref>

==Complementary philosophies==

Unschooling families may adopt the following philosophies:{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} 
*''Unconditional Parenting'' and ''Punished by Rewards''—parenting and education books by [[Alfie Kohn]].
*[[Continuum concept|The continuum concept]], [[attachment parenting]], and [[attachment theory]]—theories and practices attempting to encourage the child's development.
*[[Voluntaryism]]—the idea that all forms of human association should be voluntary, as far as possible (voluntaryism opposes the initiation of aggressive force or coercion).

== Other forms of alternative education ==
Many other forms of [[alternative education]] also prioritize student control of learning, albeit not necessarily by the individual learner. These include free [[democratic school]]s,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Democratic Schools |url=http://alternativestoschool.com/articles/democratic-schools/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206094522/https://alternativestoschool.com/articles/democratic-schools/ |archive-date=2022-12-06 |access-date=2020-07-13 |website=Alternatives to School |language=en-US}}</ref> like the [[Sudbury school]], [[Stonesoup School]], and [[open learning|open-learning]] [[virtual university|virtual universities]]. Democratic schools gives students the ability to take classes as they please, as well as befriend children from all age groups (as the schools do not separate students into grades). Students can also practice the idea of democracy in many ways, as voting is a large part of their school experience.

== Criticism ==
{{see also|Homeschooling criticism}}
<!--Please only include criticism that is explicitly related to unschooling. More general reception that also applies for homeschooling should be included in the article homeschooling because unschooling is only a subclass of homeschooling and all advocacy and criticism for homeschooling therefore also applies for unschooling, but not necessarily the other way around.-->

As a form of homeschooling, unschooling faces many of the same critiques as homeschooling. Criticisms of unschooling in particular tend to focus on whether students can receive sufficient education in a context with so little structure compared to standard schooling practices. Some critics maintain that it can be difficult to build sufficient motivation in students to allow them to learn without guardrails, and that some students might be left behind as a result,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Clayton |first=Victoria |date=2006-10-02 |title=A new chapter in education: unschooling |language=en |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna15029646 |access-date=2023-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518212400/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna15029646 |archive-date=2023-05-18}}</ref> and that they might fare poorly compared with their peers.<ref name="readers-share-heated-opinions">{{Cite web |date=2006-10-31 |title=Readers share heated opinions on "unschooling" |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna15148804 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927110828/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/15148804/ |archive-date=2016-09-27 |access-date=2008-09-04 |website=[[NBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Erbe |first=Bonnie |author-link=Bonnie Erbe |date=27 November 2006 |title=Unspooling 'Unschooling' |work=U.S. News & World Report |url=https://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/erbe/2006/11/27/unspooling-unschooling |access-date=11 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205085905/https://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/erbe/2006/11/27/unspooling-unschooling |archive-date=2023-02-05}}</ref>

Opponents of unschooling fear that children may be at the mercy of bad parents, like those who withdraw their children from school without taking on the role of "teacher." This leaves children directionless, which can affect them later in life if they have no practice expanding their curiosity and integrating into society.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2016-10-11 |title=Rise of the home 'unschoolers' – where children learn only what they want to |url=http://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/oct/11/unschool-children-monitor-home-schooling-education |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627220327/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/oct/11/unschool-children-monitor-home-schooling-education |archive-date=2023-06-27 |access-date=2020-12-30 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref>

In a 2006 study of children aged five to ten, unschooled children scored below traditionally schooled children in four of seven studied categories, and significantly below structured homeschoolers in all seven studied categories.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Martin-Chang |first1=Sandra |last2=Gould |first2=O.N. |last3=Meuse |first3=R.E. |year=2011 |title=The impact of schooling on academic achievement: Evidence from home-schooled and traditionally-schooled students |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232544669 |journal=Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=195–202 |doi=10.1037/a0022697 |access-date=16 November 2014}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col}}
* [[Anti-schooling activism]]
* [[Alternative school]]
* [[Anarchistic free school]]
* [[Autodidacticism]]
* [[Democratic education]]
* [[Deschooling Society]]
* [[Gifted education]]
* [[Montessori method]]
* [[Not Back to School Camp]], an annual gathering of over 100 unschoolers ages 13 to 18
* [[Reggio Emilia approach]]
* [[Special education]]
* [[Taking Children Seriously]]
* ''[[The Teenage Liberation Handbook|The Teenage Liberation Handbook: How to Quit School and Get a Real Life and Education]]''
* [[Waldorf Education]]
{{div col end}}

== Unschooling Books ==

* <small>'''Learning All The Time''' Book by [[John Holt (educator)|John Holt]]</small>
* '''"Teach Your Own: The John Holt Book of Homeschooling" by [[John Holt (educator)|John Holt]] and [[Pat Farenga]],''' A foundational text in the unschooling movement, this book explores self-directed education and the philosophy of trusting children to learn naturally
* '''"How Children Learn" by John Holt.''' A classic that examines how children learn through curiosity and exploration, this book is a staple for understanding unschooling principles
* '''"The Unschooling Handbook: How to Use the Whole World as Your Child's Classroom" by [[Mary Griffith (activist)|Mary Griffith]].''' This practical guide includes real-life stories and tips for integrating learning into everyday life
* '''"Homeschooling - The Choice and the Consequences",''' Ari Neuman, [[Aharon Aviram]]
* '''"The Call of the Wild + Free: Reclaiming Wonder in Your Child's Education"''' by [[Ainsley Arment]]. This book challenges traditional schooling norms and celebrates child-led education
* '''"The Unschooling Journey: A Field Guide" by [[Pam Laricchia]].''' Laricchia offers a personal and philosophical exploration of the unschooling lifestyle, tailored for families starting their journey
* '''"Sandra Dodd’s Big Book of Unschooling".''' A comprehensive collection of thoughts, practices, and stories about unschooling, it’s designed for both new and experienced unschoolers by [[Sandra Dodd]]
* '''"Free to Learn: Five Ideas for a Joyful Unschooling Life"''' by [[Pam Laricchia]]. Part of a box set, this book dives into fostering a joyful and enriching unschooling environment

== Persons of interest ==<!-- New links in alphabetical order please -->
* [[Albert Cullum]], elementary school teacher from 1960s
* [[John Taylor Gatto]], New York City's 1989 Teacher of the Year, New York State Teacher of the Year 1991
* [[Charlotte Thomson Iserbyt]]
* [[Grace Llewellyn]], author/advocate/speaker/camp director
* [[Wendy Priesnitz]]
* [[Daniel Quinn]], author/cultural critic<ref>{{Cite web |title=Schooling: The Hidden Agenda |url=http://ishmael.org/Education/Writings/unschooling.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730191705/http://ishmael.org:80/Education/Writings/unschooling.shtml |archive-date=2019-07-30 |access-date=2014-01-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Van Gestel |first1=Nanda |title=The Unschooling Unmanual |last2=Quinn |first2=Daniel |last3=Hunt |first3=Jan |date=2008 |publisher=The Natural Child Project |isbn=978-0968575451 |location=USA}}</ref>
* [[Ken Robinson (educationalist)|Ken Robinson]]

===Adult unschoolers of note===<!-- New links in alphabetical order please -->
* [[Sawyer Fredericks]], singer/songwriter, [[The Voice (U.S. season 8)|''The Voice'' (U.S. season 8)]]
* [[Lisa Harvey-Smith]], astronomer
* [[Neil Cicierega|Neil Stephen Cicierega]], musician, singer/songwriter, animator, video game designer/creator, filmmaker, actor
* [[Dale J. Stephens]], entrepreneur, speaker, author, and founder of [[UnCollege]]
* [[Aaron Swartz]], political activist and computer programmer{{Citation needed|reason=Aaron Swartz is said to have attended a private school in Chicago and Lake Forest College, neither of which appear to be unschooling institutions|date=June 2023}}
* [[Astra Taylor]], filmmaker
* [[Sunny Taylor]], painter and disability activist (also younger sister of Astra Taylor)
* [[Billie Eilish]], singer/songwriter<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transcript of We Are Family Season 2 Episode 22: Maggie Baird |url=https://static.onecms.io/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/sites/38/2022/02/22/WE-ARE-FAMILY_-SEASON-2-EPISODE-22-Maggie-Baird.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809044407/https://static.onecms.io/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/sites/38/2022/02/22/WE-ARE-FAMILY_-SEASON-2-EPISODE-22-Maggie-Baird.pdf |archive-date=2022-08-09 |access-date=2024-03-26 |page=2 |publisher=Parents.com }}</ref>
* [https://www.juliagatphotography.com/ Julia Gat], [[Photographer]], daughter of [[Emanuel Gat]], [[Choreography|Choreographer]]. Known for her photography project ''[https://www.juliagatphotography.com/khamsa-khamsa-khamsa Khamsa khamsa khamsa]'' about her upbringing. 
* [[Astor Taylor]] – Speaker and artist, advocate for creative education.
* Devin Young – Co-founder of Changemakers, social entrepreneur.
* Jeremy Stuart – Filmmaker, director of *Class Dismissed* documentary.
* [[Peter Kowalke]] – Creator of *Grown Without Schooling* documentary.
* Zac Sunderland – Youngest solo sailor to circumnavigate the globe.
* Dale J. Stephens – Founder of UnCollege, Thiel Fellow.
* Logan LaPlante – TEDx speaker on "Hackschooling" and self-directed learning.
* Maya Donnelly – Writer focused on identity and alternative education.
* Kio Stark – Author of *Don’t Go Back to School*.
* Nathen Aaren – Entrepreneur and coach inspired by unschooling.

==References==
{{reflist|1=30em}}

== Further reading ==

=== Books ===

*[[John Holt (educator)|John Holt]] (1990) [https://www.amazon.com/Learning-All-Time-John-Holt/dp/0201550911 Learning All the Time]. How small children begin to read, write, count, and investigate the world, without being taught
*{{Cite book |last=Mary Griffith |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780761512769 |title=The Unschooling Handbook: How to Use the Whole World As Your Child's Classroom |publisher=Three Rivers Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0761512769}}
* {{Cite book |last=Grace Llewelyn |title=The Teenage Liberation Handbook: How to Quit School and Get a Real Life and Education |publisher=Lowry House Pub |year=1998 |isbn=978-0962959172}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Grace Llewelyn |url=https://archive.org/details/guerrillalearnin00grac |title=Guerrilla Learning: How to Give Your Kids a Real Education With or Without School |last2=Amy Silver |publisher=Wiley |year=2001 |isbn=978-0471349600 |name-list-style=amp}}
* {{Cite book |last=John Taylor Gatto |title=The Underground History of American Education: A School Teacher's Intimate Investigation Into the Problem of Modern Schooling |publisher=Odysseus Group |year=2000 |isbn=978-0945700043}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130517062832/http://johntaylorgatto.com/chapters/index.htm The Underground History of American Education by John Taylor Gatto (complete download)]
* {{Cite book |last1=Van Gestel |first1=Nanda |title=The Unschooling Unmanual |last2=Hunt |first2=Jan |last3=Quinn |first3=Daniel |first4=Rue |last4=Kream |publisher=The Natural Child Project |year=2008 |isbn=978-0968575451 |display-authors=etal}}

=== Essays and articles ===
* [http://www.naturalchild.org/guest/john_gatto.html "Why Schools Don't Educate - Teacher of the Year acceptance speech"]
* [http://www.ttfuture.org/files/2/pdf/gotto_interview.pdf Everything We Think About Schooling Is Wrong!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109031925/http://www.ttfuture.org/files/2/pdf/gotto_interview.pdf |date=2020-11-09 }} – Interview with Gatto (PDF file download)
* [http://www.self-directed.org/sde What is Self-Directed Education?]

== External links ==
* [https://www.johnholtgws.com/ Growing without schooling by John Holt] 
* Common Objections to Homeschooling by John Holt [https://www.naturalchild.org/articles/john_holt/common_objections/10-17.html The Natural Child Project]
* [https://www.joyfullyrejoycing.com/ Joyfully Rejoycing] by Joyce Fetteroll
* [https://livingjoyfully.ca/ Living Joyfully with Unschooling] by Pam Laricchia

{{Homeschooling}}

[[Category:Homeschooling]]
[[Category:Pedagogical movements and theories]]
[[Category:Philosophy of education]]
[[Category:Alternative education]]
[[Category:Lifestyles]]