View source for United States Secretary of State

{{Short description|Head of the US Department of State}}
{{distinguish|Secretary of state (U.S. state government)}}
{{use American English|date=July 2018}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = United States Secretary
| body = State
| flag = Flag of the United States Secretary of State.svg
| flagborder = yes
| flagsize = 130
| flagcaption = Flag of the secretary of state
| insignia = Seal of the United States Secretary of State.svg
| insigniasize = 120
| insigniacaption = Seal of the secretary of state
| image = Official portrait of Secretary Marco Rubio.jpg
| incumbent = [[Marco Rubio]]
| incumbentsince = January 21, 2025
| department = [[United States Department of State]]
| style = Mr. Secretary (informal)<br>[[The Honourable#United States|The Honorable]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Protocol Reference|url=https://www.state.gov/protocol-reference/|access-date=January 31, 2021|website=United States Department of State|language=en-US|archive-date=January 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130184128/https://www.state.gov/protocol-reference/|url-status=live}}</ref> (formal)<br>[[Excellency|His Excellency]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 29, 2021|title=United Nations Heads of State, Protocol and Liaison Service|url=https://protocol.un.org/dgacm/pls/site.nsf/files/HSPMFM/$FILE/Hspmfm.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914205358/https://protocol.un.org/dgacm/pls/site.nsf/files/HSPMFM/$FILE/Hspmfm.pdf|archive-date=September 14, 2020|access-date=January 31, 2021|website=United Nations}}</ref> (diplomatic)
| member_of = [[Cabinet of the United States]]<br>[[United States National Security Council]]
| reports_to = [[President of the United States]]
| seat = [[Harry S Truman Building]]<br>[[Washington, D.C.]]
| appointer = The [[President of the United States|president]]
| appointer_qualified = with [[United States Senate|Senate]] [[advice and consent]]
| constituting_instrument = {{UnitedStatesCode|22|2651}}
| precursor = [[United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs|Secretary of Foreign Affairs]]
| formation = {{start date and age|1789|7|27}}
| first = [[Thomas Jefferson]]
| succession = [[United States presidential line of succession|Fourth]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/3/19 |title=3 U.S. Code § 19 – Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President; officers eligible to act |publisher=[[Cornell Law School]] |access-date=February 4, 2017 |archive-date=December 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226123834/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/3/19 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| deputy = [[United States Deputy Secretary of State]]
| salary = [[Executive Schedule|Executive Schedule, Level I]]<ref name="UnitedStatesCode|5|5312">{{UnitedStatesCode|5|5312}}.</ref>
| abbreviation = SecState
| termlength = No fixed term
| website = {{URL|https://www.state.gov/secretary|state.gov/secretary}}
}}

The '''United States secretary of state'''<!--"Secretary of State" is uncapitalized here because it is preceded by modifier "The", per [[MOS:JOBTITLES]] bullet 3 and table column 2 example 1. Any proposal for modification to the guideline should be posted at its talk page, [[WT:MOSBIO]].--> ('''SecState''')<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abbreviations and Terms |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/documents/organization/96602.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118111217/https://2001-2009.state.gov/documents/organization/96602.pdf |archive-date=January 18, 2022 |access-date=July 18, 2023 |website=2001-2009.state.gov}}</ref> is a member of the [[Federal government of the United States#Executive branch|executive branch]] of the [[federal government of the United States]] and the head of the [[U.S. Department of State]], equivalent to a [[minister of foreign affairs]].

The secretary of state serves as the principal advisor to the president of the United States on all [[foreign affairs]] matters. The secretary carries out the president's foreign policies through the U.S Department of State, which includes the [[Foreign Service Institute|Foreign Service]], Civil Service, and [[United States Agency for International Development|U.S. Agency for International Development]]. The office holder is the second-highest-ranking member of the president's [[Cabinet of the United States|cabinet]], after the vice president, and ranks fourth in the [[United States presidential line of succession|presidential line of succession]]; and is first amongst cabinet secretaries.

Created in 1789 with [[Thomas Jefferson]] as its first office holder, the secretary of state represents the United States to foreign countries, and is therefore considered analogous to a secretary or [[Ministry of foreign affairs|minister of foreign affairs]] in other countries.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120927014351/http://www.un.int/protocol/documents/Hspmfm.pdf "Heads of State, Heads of Government, Ministers for Foreign Affairs"], Protocol and Liaison Service, [[United Nations]]. Retrieved November 2, 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-C0FDE451-36F2483B/natolive/nato_countries.htm NATO Member Countries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001021817/http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-C0FDE451-36F2483B/natolive/nato_countries.htm |date=October 1, 2017 }}, [[NATO]]. Retrieved November 2, 2012.</ref> The secretary of state is nominated by the president of the United States and, following a [[United States congressional hearing|confirmation hearing]] before the [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|Senate Committee on Foreign Relations]], is confirmed by the [[United States Senate|Senate]]. The secretary of state, along with the [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|secretary of the treasury]], [[United States Secretary of Defense|secretary of defense]], and [[United States Attorney General|attorney general]], are generally regarded as the four most crucial Cabinet members because of the importance of their respective departments.<ref>"Cabinets and Counselors: The President and the Executive Branch" (1997). ''[[Congressional Quarterly]]''. p. 87.</ref>

The secretary of state is a [[Executive Schedule#Level I|Level I position in the Executive Schedule]] and thus earns the salary prescribed for that level, $250,600 {{As of|lc=y|2025|January}}.<ref name="UnitedStatesCode|5|5312" /><ref name="Salary">{{cite web |date=January 1, 2025 |title=Rates of Basic Pay for the Executive Schedule |url=https://www.opm.gov/policy-data-oversight/pay-leave/salaries-wages/salary-tables/pdf/2025/EX.pdf |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=January 5, 2025 |website=[[United States Office of Personnel Management|Office of Personnel Management]]}}</ref>

== History ==
The secretary of state originates from the government under the [[Articles of Confederation]]. The [[Congress of the Confederation]] established the Department of Foreign Affairs in 1781 and created the office of secretary of foreign affairs.{{Sfn|Short|1923|pp=55–56}} After the [[Constitution of the United States]] was ratified, the [[1st United States Congress]] reestablished the department, renaming it the Department of State, and created the office of secretary of state to lead the department.<ref>{{cite web |title=An Act for establishing an Executive Department, to be denominated the Department of Foreign Affairs |date=27 July 1789 |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/link/statute/1/28?link-type=details |publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|GPO]] |access-date=27 July 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=An Act to provide for the Safe-keeping of the Acts, Records, and Seal of the United States, and for other purposes |date=15 September 1789 |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/link/statute/1/68?link-type=details |publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|GPO]] |access-date=27 July 2024 }}</ref>

==Duties and responsibilities==

The stated duties of the secretary of state are to supervise the United States [[foreign service]] and [[immigration policy]] and administer the Department of State. The secretary must also advise the president on U.S. foreign matters such as the appointment of diplomats and ambassadors, advising the president of the dismissal and recall of these people. The secretary of state can conduct negotiations, interpret, and terminate treaties relating to foreign policy. The secretary also can participate in international conferences, organizations, and agencies as a representative of the United States. The secretary communicates issues relating to the U.S. foreign policy to Congress and citizens. The secretary also provides services to U.S. citizens living or traveling abroad such as providing credentials in the form of passports. Doing this, the secretary also ensures the protection of citizens, their property, and interests in foreign countries.<ref name="Duties">{{Cite news |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/115194.htm |title=Duties of the Secretary of State |work=U.S. Department of State |access-date=February 1, 2017 |archive-date=August 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808114347/https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/115194.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{quote box
|align = left
|width = 40%
|quote = What are the Qualifications of a Secretary of State? He ought to be a Man of universal Reading in Laws, Governments, History. Our whole terrestrial Universe ought to be summarily comprehended in his Mind.
|qalign = left
|source = —[[John Adams]]<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last = Ford |editor-first = Worthington C. |editor-link = Worthington Chauncey Ford |year = 1927 |title = Statesman and Friend: Correspondence of John Adams with Benjamin Waterhouse, 1784–1822 |location = Boston, MA |publisher = [[Little, Brown, and Company]] |page = [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015026646540;view=1up;seq=69 57] }}</ref>
|salign = right
}}

Secretaries of state also have domestic responsibilities. Most of the historical domestic functions of the Department of State were gradually transferred to other agencies by the late 19th century as part of various administrative reforms and restructurings.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Administrative Timeline of the Department of State – Department History – Office of the Historian|url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/timeline/1789-1899|access-date=January 10, 2022|website=history.state.gov|archive-date=November 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111183128/https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/timeline/1789-1899|url-status=live}}</ref> Those that remain include storage and use of the Great Seal, performance of [[Protocol (diplomacy)|protocol]] functions for the [[White House]], and the drafting of certain proclamations. The secretary also negotiates with the individual states over the extradition of fugitives to foreign countries.<ref name="Duties"/> Under federal law, the resignation of a president or of a vice president is valid only if declared in writing, in an instrument delivered to the office of the secretary of state.<ref>{{Cite web|title=3 U.S. Code § 20 – Resignation or refusal of office|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/3/20|access-date=January 31, 2021|website=LII / Legal Information Institute|language=en|archive-date=December 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202201822/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/3/20|url-status=live}}</ref> Accordingly, the resignations of President [[Watergate scandal#Final investigations and resignation|Richard Nixon]] and of Vice President [[Spiro Agnew]] were formalized in instruments delivered to then-Secretary of State [[Henry Kissinger]].

Although they have historically decreased over time, Congress may occasionally add to the responsibilities of the secretary of state. One such instance occurred in 2014, when Congress passed the Sean and David Goldman International Child Abduction Prevention and Return Act which mandated actions the secretary of state must take in order to facilitate the return of abducted children from nations who are party to the [[Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/3212 |website=Congress.gov |access-date=May 1, 2022 |title=H.R.3212 – 113th Congress (2013–2014): Sean and David Goldman International Child Abduction Prevention and Return Act of 2014 |date=August 8, 2014 |archive-date=May 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501221523/https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/3212 |url-status=live }}</ref>

As the highest-ranking member of the cabinet, the secretary of state is the third-highest official of the [[executive branch]] of the U.S. federal government, after the president and vice president, and is fourth in [[United States presidential line of succession|line to succeed the presidency]], after the [[Vice President of the United States|vice president]], the [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|speaker of the House of Representatives]], and the [[President pro tempore of the United States Senate|president pro tempore of the Senate]].

Six past secretaries of state{{snd}}[[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]], [[James Madison|Madison]], [[James Monroe|Monroe]], [[John Quincy Adams]], [[Martin Van Buren|Van Buren]] and [[James Buchanan|Buchanan]]{{snd}}have gone on to be elected president. Others, including [[Henry Clay]], [[Daniel Webster]], [[Lewis Cass]], [[John C. Calhoun]], [[John M. Clayton]], [[William L. Marcy]], [[William H. Seward|William Seward]], [[Edward Everett]], [[Jeremiah S. Black]], [[James G. Blaine|James Blaine]], [[Elihu B. Washburne]], [[Thomas F. Bayard]], [[John Sherman]], [[Walter Q. Gresham]], [[William Jennings Bryan]], [[Philander C. Knox]], [[Charles Evans Hughes]], [[Elihu Root]], [[Cordell Hull]], [[Edmund Muskie]], [[Alexander Haig]], [[John Kerry]], [[Hillary Clinton]], and [[Marco Rubio]] have also campaigned as presidential candidates, either before or after their term of office as secretary of state, but were ultimately unsuccessful. The position of secretary of state has therefore been viewed to be a consolation prize for failed presidential candidates.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/why-do-secretaries-state-make-such-terrible-presidential-candidates-180952327/ |title=Why Do Secretaries of State Make Such Terrible Presidential Candidates? |last=Stone |first=Andrea |magazine=Smithsonian Magazine |date=August 12, 2014 |access-date=September 15, 2021 |url-status=live|archive-date=September 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918151233/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/why-do-secretaries-state-make-such-terrible-presidential-candidates-180952327/}}</ref>

== Timeline of secretaries of state ==
{{See also|List of secretaries of state of the United States}}
The following [[Bar chart|timeline]] depicts the progression of the secretaries of state and their political affiliation at the time of assuming office.{{#tag:timeline|ImageSize=width:1000 height:auto barincrement:12
PlotArea  = top:10 bottom:120 right:80 left:20
AlignBars = late

Define $now= {{#time:Y}}

Colors     =
  id:ind        value:rgb(0.63,0.63,0.63)           legend: Independent
  id:federalist value:rgb(0.85, 0.52, 0.38)         legend: Federalist_Party
  id:demrep     value:rgb(0, 0.5, 0)                legend: Democratic_Republican_Party
  id:natrep     value:rgb(1, 0.902, 0.69)           legend: National_Republican_Party
  id:democratic value:rgb(0,0.33,0.86)              legend: Democratic_Party
  id:whig       value:rgb(0.84, 0.74, 0.34)         legend: Whig_Party
  id:republican value:rgb(0.86,0.08,0.18)           legend: Republican_Party
  id:gray1      value:gray(0.8)
  id:gray2      value:gray(0.9)

DateFormat = yyyy
Period     = from:1788 till:{{#expr:{{#time:Y}}+2}}
TimeAxis   = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMajor = gridcolor:gray1 unit:year increment:12 start:1788
ScaleMinor = gridcolor:gray2 unit:year increment:4 start:1788

Legend     = columns:1 left:150 top:70 columnwidth:150

TextData =
  pos:(20,75) textcolor:black fontsize:M
  text:"Political parties:"

BarData =
 bar:Jefferson  
 bar:Randolph
 bar:Pickering
 bar:Marshall
 bar:Madison
 bar:Smith
 bar:Monroe
 bar:JQA
 bar:Clay
 bar:Buren
 bar:Livingston
 bar:McLane
 bar:Forsyth
 bar:Webster
 bar:Upshur
 bar:Calhoun
 bar:Buchanan
 bar:Clayton
 bar:Everett
 bar:Marcy
 bar:Cass
 bar:Black 
 bar:Seward
 bar:Washburne
 bar:Fish
 bar:Evarts
 bar:Blaine
 bar:Frelinghuysen
 bar:Bayard
 bar:Foster
 bar:Gresham
 bar:Olney
 bar:Sherman
 bar:Day
 bar:Hay
 bar:Root
 bar:Bacon
 bar:Knox
 bar:Bryan
 bar:Lansing
 bar:Colby
 bar:Hughes
 bar:Kellogg
 bar:Stimson
 bar:Hull
 bar:Stettinius
 bar:Byrnes
 bar:GCMarshall
 bar:Acheson 
 bar:Dulles
 bar:Herter
 bar:Rusk 
 bar:Rogers
 bar:Kissinger
 bar:Vance
 bar:Muskie
 bar:Haig
 bar:Shultz
 bar:Baker
 bar:Eagleburger
 bar:Christopher
 bar:Albright 
 bar:Powell
 bar:Rice
 bar:Clinton 
 bar:Kerry
 bar:Tillerson
 bar:Pompeo 
 bar:Blinken
 bar:Rubio

PlotData=
  width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till

 bar:Jefferson  
  from: 1790 till: 1793 color:DemRep     text:"[[Thomas Jefferson]]"
 bar:Randolph
  from: 1794 till: 1795 color:Federalist text:"[[Edmund Randolph]]"
 bar:Pickering
  from: 1795 till: 1800 color:Federalist text:"[[Timothy Pickering]]"
 bar:Marshall
  from: 1800 till: 1801 color:Federalist text:"[[John Marshall]]"
 bar:Madison
  from: 1801 till: 1809 color:DemRep     text:"[[James Madison]]"
 bar:Smith
  from: 1809 till: 1811 color:DemRep     text:"[[Robert Smith (American cabinet member)|Robert Smith]]"
 bar:Monroe
  from: 1811 till: 1817 color:DemRep     text:"[[James Monroe]]"
 bar:JQA
  from: 1817 till: 1825 color:DemRep     text:"[[John Quincy Adams]]"
 bar:Clay
  from: 1825 till: 1826 color:DemRep
  from: 1826 till: 1829 color:NatRep     text:"[[Henry Clay]]"
 bar:Buren
  from: 1829 till: 1831 color:Democratic text:"[[Martin Van Buren]]"
 bar:Livingston
  from: 1831 till: 1833 color:Democratic text:"[[Edward Livingston]]"
 bar:McLane
  from: 1833 till: 1834 color:Democratic text:"[[Louis McLane]]"
 bar:Forsyth
  from: 1834 till: 1841 color:Democratic text:"[[John Forsyth (politician)|John Forsyth]]"
 bar:Webster
  from: 1841 till: 1843 color:Whig
  from: 1850 till: 1852 color:Whig       text:"[[Daniel Webster]]"
 bar:Upshur
  from: 1843 till: 1844 color:Whig       text:"[[Abel P. Upshur]]"
 bar:Calhoun
  from: 1844 till: 1845 color:Democratic text:"[[John C. Calhoun]]"
 bar:Buchanan
  from: 1845 till: 1849 color:Democratic text:"[[James Buchanan]]"
 bar:Clayton
  from: 1849 till: 1850 color:Whig       text:"[[John M. Clayton]]"
 bar:Everett
  from: 1852 till: 1853 color:Whig       text:"[[Edward Everett]]"
 bar:Marcy
  from: 1853 till: 1857 color:Democratic text:"[[William L. Marcy]]"
 bar:Cass
  from: 1857 till: 1860 color:Democratic text:"[[Lewis Cass]]"
 bar:Black 
  from: 1860 till: 1861 color:Democratic text:"[[Jeremiah S. Black]]"
 bar:Seward
  from: 1861 till: 1869 color:Republican text:"[[William H. Seward]]"
 bar:Washburne
  from: 1869 till: 1869 color:Republican text:"[[Elihu B. Washburne]]"
 bar:Fish
  from: 1869 till: 1877 color:Republican text:"[[Hamilton Fish]]"
 bar:Evarts
  from: 1877 till: 1881 color:Republican text:"[[William M. Evarts]]"
 bar:Blaine
  from: 1881 till: 1881 color:Republican
  from: 1889 till: 1892 color:Republican text:"[[James G. Blaine]]"
 bar:Frelinghuysen
  from: 1881 till: 1885 color:Republican text:"[[Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen]]"
 bar:Bayard
  from: 1885 till: 1889 color:Democratic text:"[[Thomas F. Bayard]]"
 bar:Foster
  from: 1892 till: 1893 color:Republican text:"[[John W. Foster]]"
 bar:Gresham
  from: 1893 till: 1895 color:Democratic text:"[[Walter Q. Gresham]]"
 bar:Olney
  from: 1895 till: 1897 color:Democratic text:"[[Richard Olney]]"
 bar:Sherman
  from: 1897 till: 1898 color:Republican text:"[[John Sherman]]"
 bar:Day
  from: 1898 till: 1898 color:Republican text:"[[William R. Day]]"
 bar:Hay
  from: 1898 till: 1905 color:Republican text:"[[John Hay]]"
 bar:Root
  from: 1905 till: 1909 color:Republican text:"[[Elihu Root]]"
 bar:Bacon
  from: 1909 till: 1909 color:Republican text:"[[Robert Bacon]]"
 bar:Knox
  from: 1909 till: 1913 color:Republican text:"[[Philander C. Knox]]"
 bar:Bryan
  from: 1913 till: 1915 color:Democratic text:"[[William Jennings Bryan]]"
 bar:Lansing
  from: 1915 till: 1920 color:Democratic text:"[[Robert Lansing]]"
 bar:Colby
  from: 1920 till: 1921 color:Democratic text:"[[Bainbridge Colby]]"
 bar:Hughes 
  from: 1921 till: 1925 color:Republican text:"[[Charles Evans Hughes]]"
 bar:Kellogg
  from: 1925 till: 1929 color:Republican text:"[[Frank B. Kellogg]]"
 bar:Stimson
  from: 1929 till: 1933 color:Republican text:"[[Henry L. Stimson]]"
 bar:Hull
  from: 1933 till: 1944 color:Democratic text:"[[Cordell Hull]]"
 bar:Stettinius
  from: 1944 till: 1945 color:Democratic text:"[[Edward Stettinius Jr.]]"
 bar:Byrnes 
  from: 1945 till: 1947 color:Democratic text:"[[James F. Byrnes]]"
 bar:GCMarshall
  from: 1947 till: 1949 color:Ind        text:"[[George C. Marshall]]"
 bar:Acheson 
  from: 1949 till: 1953 color:Democratic text:"[[Dean Acheson]]"
 bar:Dulles
  from: 1953 till: 1959 color:Republican text:"[[John Foster Dulles]]"
 bar:Herter
  from: 1959 till: 1961 color:Republican text:"[[Christian Herter]]"
 bar:Rusk 
  from: 1961 till: 1969 color:Democratic text:"[[Dean Rusk]]"
 bar:Rogers
  from: 1969 till: 1973 color:Republican text:"[[William P. Rogers]]"
 bar:Kissinger
  from: 1973 till: 1977 color:Republican text:"[[Henry Kissinger]]"
 bar:Vance
  from: 1977 till: 1980 color:Democratic text:"[[Cyrus Vance]]"
 bar:Muskie
  from: 1980 till: 1981 color:Democratic text:"[[Edmund Muskie]]"
 bar:Haig
  from: 1981 till: 1982 color:Republican text:"[[Alexander Haig]]"
 bar:Shultz
  from: 1982 till: 1989 color:Republican text:"[[George Shultz]]"
 bar:Baker
  from: 1989 till: 1992 color:Republican text:"[[James Baker]]"
 bar:Eagleburger
  from: 1992 till: 1993 color:Republican text:"[[Lawrence Eagleburger]]"
 bar:Christopher
  from: 1993 till: 1997 color:Democratic text:"[[Warren Christopher]]"
 bar:Albright 
  from: 1997 till: 2001 color:Democratic text:"[[Madeleine Albright]]"
 bar:Powell 
  from: 2001 till: 2005 color:Republican text:"[[Colin Powell]]"
 bar:Rice
  from: 2005 till: 2009 color:Republican text:"[[Condoleezza Rice]]"
 bar:Clinton 
  from: 2009 till: 2013 color:Democratic text:"[[Hillary Clinton]]"
 bar:Kerry
  from: 2013 till: 2017 color:Democratic text:"[[John Kerry]]"
 bar:Tillerson
  from: 2017 till: 2018 color:Republican text:"[[Rex Tillerson]]"
 bar:Pompeo 
  from: 2018 till: 2021 color:Republican text:"[[Mike Pompeo]]"
 bar:Blinken
  from: 2021 till: 2025 color:Democratic text:"[[Antony Blinken]]"
 bar:Rubio
  from: 2025 till: $now color:Republican text:"[[Marco Rubio]]"
}}

==See also==
*[[List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Short |first=Lloyd Milton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N12GAAAAMAAJ |title=The Development of National Administrative Organization in the United States, Issue 10 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins Press]] |year=1923 |isbn=0598686584 |location=United States |language=en}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
* Bemis, Samuel Flagg, ed. (1963) ''The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy'' (19 vols.), scholarly biographies
* Graebner, Norman A., ed. (1961) ''An Uncertain Tradition: American Secretaries of State in the Twentieth Century'' scholarly essays on John Hay through [[John Foster Dulles]].
* Hopkins, Michael F. (2008) "[[President Harry Truman]]'s Secretaries of State: Stettinius, Byrnes, Marshall and Acheson" ''[[Journal of Transatlantic Studies]]'' v.6 n.3 pp.&nbsp;290–304.
* Mihalkanin, Edward, ed. (2004) ''[https://www.questia.com/read/106788643/american-statesmen-secretaries-of-state-from-john online American Statesmen: Secretaries of State] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327172244/https://www.questia.com/read/106788643/american-statesmen-secretaries-of-state-from-john |date=March 27, 2020 }} from [[John Jay]] to [[Colin Powell]]'' short scholarly articles by experts

==External links==
{{Spoken Wikipedia|En-secretaryofstate.ogg|date=February 23, 2010}}
*{{Commons category-inline|Secretaries of State of the United States}}
*{{Wikiquote-inline}}
*{{official website}}

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[[Category:United States Department of State]]
[[Category:United States secretaries of state| ]]
[[Category:Cabinet of the United States|State]]
[[Category:Lists of members of the Cabinet of the United States|State]]
[[Category:United States diplomacy]]
[[Category:1789 establishments in the United States]]