View source for Unenforceable

{{Short description|Contract which a court will not enforce}}
{{Distinguish|Unenforced law}}
{{Refimprove|date=April 2007}}
An '''unenforceable''' [[contract]] or transaction is one that is valid but one the court will not enforce. Unenforceable is usually used in contradiction to '''[[void (law)|void]]''' (or '''''void ab initio''''') and '''[[voidable]]'''. If the parties perform the agreement, it will be valid, but the court will not compel them if they do not.

An "agreement to agree", where a purported contract contains an obligation to enter into a subsequent agreement in the future, the terms of which are not certain at the time of the initial agreement, is generally considered to lack sufficient certainty to constitute a legally enforceable contract and is therefore unenforceable.<ref>Carver, D., [https://www.charlesrussellspeechlys.com/en/news-and-insights/insights/real-estate/2016/are-agreements-to-agree-enforceable/ Are agreements to agree enforceable?], Charles Russell Speechlys, published 26 February 2016, accessed 3 January 2021</ref> However, an agreement under which "the parties contemplate entering into a further, more formal, agreement later" may be enforceable.<ref>[[Intellectual Property Enterprise Court]], [https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/IPEC/2019/2273.html Volumatic Ltd v Ideas for Life Ltd.] (2019), paragraph 11, EWHC 2273 (IPEC), published 29 August 2019, accessed 7 September 2021</ref>

==Prostitution==
An example of a transaction which is an unenforceable contract is a contract for [[prostitution]] under [[English law]].  Prostitution is not actually a [[crime]] under English law, but both soliciting a prostitute and living off the earnings of a prostitute are criminal offences.<ref>Archbold, Criminal Pleading, Evidence and Practice, 2012</ref> Yet so long as the contract is fully performed, it remains valid. However, if either refuses to complete the bargain (either the prostitute after being paid or the payer after receiving the services), the court will not assist the disappointed party.{{Citation needed|date=January 2013}}

Sometimes, contracts may be enforceable one way and unenforceable the other way. Again, there is an example from the field of prostitution. In [[German Law|Germany]], where prostitution is also legal, [[:de:ProstG|a law exists]] that{{snd}}once a contract has been entered into{{snd}}makes a prostitute's demands for payment legally enforceable (even via collection agencies and courts if necessary), but the [[Client (prostitution)|client]]'s demands for fulfillment of the contract and rendition of sexual services would be unenforceable. German lawmakers made only the claims of prostitutes enforceable because they intended for German prostitution law to protect only prostitutes, without helping or furthering the interests of buyers of sexual services.

== Restrictive covenants ==
In many jurisdictions, racially or ethnically restrictive [[Covenant (law)|covenants]] excluding disfavored groups such as [[Black people|Blacks]] or [[Jews]] were common until the 1940s. These were ruled [[unconstitutional]] in 1948 in the ''[[Shelley v. Kraemer]]'' case and therefore legally unenforceable.{{rp|94}}<ref>[http://www.bostonfairhousing.org/timeline/1948-Shelley-v-Kramer.html "1948: Shelley v. Kraemer"]. The Fair Housing Center of Greater Boston.</ref><ref>Jeffrey D. Gonda (2015). ''Unjust Deeds: The Restrictive Covenant Cases and the Making of the Civil Rights Movement''. University of North Carolina Press.</ref>

==Impugning a contract==
To impugn a contract means attacking the integrity of the contract. A way it can be done is by deeming the contract unenforceable. A contract can be said unenforceable if it goes against the statutes of fraud or the Statement of Goods Act.{{what|date=September 2021|What is the "Statement of Goods Act"?}}

== See also ==
{{Wiktionary}}
* [[Contract]]
* [[Unenforced law]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Common law legal terminology]]
[[Category:Contract law]]
[[Category:Contract law legal terminology]]
[[Category:English legal terminology]]


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