View source for Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church

{{Short description|Eastern Catholic church}}
{{About|the Church that was formerly called "Ruthenian" or the "Ruthenian Uniate Church"|the Eastern Catholic Church presently called "Ruthenian"|Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox religion
| icon               = 
| icon_width         = 
| name               = Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
| native_name        = {{Nobold|{{lang|uk|Українська греко-католицька церква|italic=no}}}}
| native_name_lang   = uk
| caption_background = 
| image              = Logo of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.svg
| imagewidth         = 
| alt                = 
| caption            = 
| abbreviation       = UGCC
| type               = [[Particular church]] (''[[sui iuris]]'')
| main_classification = [[Christianity|Christian]], [[Catholic]]
| orientation        = [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Eastern Catholic]]
| theology           = Catholic Theology
| governance         = Synod of the Ukrainian Catholic Church<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/conference/214.htm |title=Synod of the Ukrainian Catholic Church |website=GCatholic |access-date=22 November 2019 |archive-date=24 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124125613/http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/conference/214.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
| polity             = [[Episcopal polity|Episcopal]]
| leader_title       = [[Pope]]
| leader_name        = {{incumbent pope}}
| leader_title2      = Major Archbishop
| leader_name2       = [[Sviatoslav Shevchuk]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2019-07/pope-wants-ukrainian-greek-catholic-church-to-flourish.html |title=Major Archbishop Sviatoslav: Pope wants Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church to develop and flourish – Vatican News |date=8 July 2019 |website=www.vaticannews.va |access-date=25 October 2019 |archive-date=16 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216035226/https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2019-07/pope-wants-ukrainian-greek-catholic-church-to-flourish.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| division_type      = Parishes
| division           = {{circa}} 3993
| director           = 
| fellowships        = 
| associations       = 
| area               = {{br list | Mainly: Ukraine | Minority: [[Canada]], [[the United States]], [[Australia]], [[France]], [[the United Kingdom]], [[Germany]], [[Brazil]], [[Poland]], [[Lithuania]] and [[Argentina]]}}
| founder            = [[Michael Rohoza]] (as Ruthenian Uniate Church)
| founded_date       = {{br list | 988, establishment of the [[Metropolitanate of Kyiv]] | 1596, [[Union of Brest]]}}
| founded_place      = [[Brest, Belarus|Brest]], [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]
| headquarters       = [[Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ, Kyiv|Cathedral of the Resurrection, Kyiv]], Ukraine
| separated_from     = [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]] (1596, as Ruthenian Uniate Church)
| parent             = 
| merger             = 
| liturgy            = [[Byzantine Rite]]
| language           = [[Church Slavonic]] (official); [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], [[English language|English]], and other regional vernaculars
| separations        = [[Ukrainian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church]]
| hospitals          = 
| nursing_homes      = 
| aid                = 
| congregations      = 
| members            = 4.2&nbsp;million<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ugcc.ua/official/ugcc-today/suchasniy_stan_70010.html |title=Склад і територія |website=ugcc.ua|access-date=23 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830092403/http://ugcc.ua/official/ugcc-today/suchasniy_stan_70010.html|archive-date=30 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
| ministers          = 
| missionaries       = 
| temples            = 
| primary_schools    = 
| secondary_schools  = 
| tax_status         = 
| tertiary           = 
| other_names        = {{ubl | ''Ukrainian Catholic Church'' | ''Ukrainian Greek Church'' | ''[[Uniate]] Church''}}
| website            = {{official URL}}
| footnotes          = 
}}
[[File:StGeorgeCathedral Lviv.JPG|alt=|thumb|[[St. George's Cathedral, Lviv|St. George's Cathedral]] in [[Lviv]].]]

{{Eastern Catholicism}}
{{History of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church}}
The '''Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church''' ('''UGCC'''){{efn|{{Langx|uk|Українська греко-католицька церква|links=http://news.ugcc.ua/en/|translit=Ukrainska hreko-katolytska tserkva}}; {{langx|el|Ουκρανική Ελληνοκαθολική Εκκλησία|Oukranikí Ellinokatholikí Ekklisía}}; {{langx|la|Ecclesia Graeco-Catholica Ucrainae}}}} is a [[Major archiepiscopal church|major archiepiscopal]] ''[[sui iuris]]'' ("autonomous") [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Eastern Catholic]] church that is based in [[Ukraine]]. As a [[particular church]] of the [[Catholic Church]], it is in [[full communion]] with the [[Holy See]]. The [[major archbishop]] presides over the entire Church but is not distinguished with the [[patriarch]]al title. The incumbent Major Archbishop is [[Sviatoslav Shevchuk]].

The church regards itself as a successor to the [[Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus'|metropolis]] that was established in 988 following the [[Christianization of Kievan Rus']] by Grand Prince [[Vladimir the Great]]. Following the establishment of the [[Metropolis of Kiev, Galicia and all Rus' (1441–1596)|metropolis of Kiev, Galicia and all Rus']], by the terms of the [[Union of Brest]], the Ruthenian church was transferred from the [[ecclesiastical jurisdiction]] of the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]] to the jurisdiction of the [[Holy See]] in 1596, thereby forming the [[Ruthenian Uniate Church]]. The Union of Brest was a treaty between the Ruthenian Orthodox Church in the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]], under the leadership of the metropolitan of Kiev, Galicia and all Rus'—[[Michael Rohoza|Michael&nbsp;III]]—on one part, and the Latin Church under the leadership of [[Pope Clement VIII]] on the other part.<ref name=cuob>[http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CH%5CChurchUnionofBerestia.htm Church Union of Berestia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531062837/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CH%5CChurchUnionofBerestia.htm |date=31 May 2020 }}. [[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]</ref>

Following the [[partitions of Poland]], the [[eparch]]ies of the Ruthenian Uniate Church ({{langx|la|Ecclesia Ruthena unita}})<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160613120934/http://www.stsophiaukrainian.cc/resources/ugccname/ The Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church's Name]. St Sophia Church website</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160613121615/https://books.google.com/books?id=REVEDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT1095&lpg=PT1095&dq=Ecclesia+Ruthena+unita&source=bl&ots=u3tUIoYfJZ&sig=qWQQVwKx3F2z8aWNfyq5osUTWKc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj795v1-6TNAhVFdR4KHcONAeEQ6AEITjAH#v=onepage&q=Ecclesia%20Ruthena%20unita&f=false Canonical aspects]. [[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]</ref> were liquidated in the [[Russian Empire]] and the [[Kingdom of Prussia]]. Only the three eparchies that came under [[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria|Austrian]] jurisdiction remained of the Brest Union. In 1963, the church was recognized as Ukrainian through the efforts of [[Yosyf Slipyi]].

In 1963, the [[Ordinary (Catholic Church)|ordinary]] (or [[hierarch]]) of the church was granted the title of "Major Archbishop". He currently holds the title of "Major archbishop of Kyiv-Galicia". However, the hierarchs and faithful of the church acclaim their ordinary as "[[Patriarch]]" and have requested Papal recognition of this honour.

== Names ==
In its early years, the church was called the ''Ecclesia (Ruthena) unita'' in Latin, often anglicized as the [[Ruthenian Uniate Church]], where ''[[Ruthenia]]'' is the anglicization of ''[[Kievan Rus'|Rus']]'', the medieval kingdom that ruled what is now Ukraine, Belarus, and western Russia, and ''uniate'' means 'part of a union', in this case the [[Union of Brest]] (1595).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ukrainian Catholic church |url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainianCatholicchurch.htm |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=www.encyclopediaofukraine.com |archive-date=14 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214001350/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainianCatholicchurch.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the term ''[[Uniate]]'' became a [[term of abuse]] in writings by Orthodox authors, and fell of out favour among Greek Catholics themselves. The people in this church were referred to by the Catholic hierarchy primarily as ''Graeci catholici'' ([[Greek Catholic Church|Greek Catholics]]) because they used the "Greek" or [[Byzantine Rite]], as well as more specifically ''Rutheni catholici'' ([[Ruthenians|Ruthenian]] Catholics). The leader of the Church was called ''Metropolita Kioviensis''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baran |first=Alexander |title=Metropolita Kioviensis et Eparchia Mukačoviensis |pages=passim |language=la}}</ref> or "Metropolitan of Kiev" and sometimes also "of Galicia and all Rus'" until 1805.{{cn|date=October 2023}}

The [[Austrian Empire]] later used ''Griechisch-katolisch'' (German for 'Greek Catholic') as a catch-all term for Eastern Catholics under its rule until 1918.{{cn|date=September 2023}}

The Ruthenian population of Galicia and Bukovyna began to increasingly identify themselves as Ukrainian, emphasizing the connection to Ukrainians in the Russian Empire, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The papal statistical yearbook [[Annuario Pontificio]] began referring to the church as Ukrainian from 1912.<ref name="Ц" /> In the wake of the creation of the [[West Ukrainian People's Republic]] in 1918, the church was also increasingly referred to as Ukrainian in pastoral letters. During the interwar period, the word ''Ukrainian'' was well established in the diasporan parishes. Most documents from the Vatican did not officially change the church's name until 1963.{{cn|date=October 2023}}

The first use of various names of the church are listed here.

* '''Uniate Church''' ({{langx|la|Ecclesia unita|links=no}} {{Langx|uk|Унійна Церква|Uniina Tserkva|links=no}})&nbsp;— since [[1596]], at its foundation;<ref name="Ц">{{Cite web |title=Історія УГКЦ — Визначення // Українська Греко-Католицька Церква. Офіційний сайт. 2013 |url=http://www.ugcc.org.ua/30.0.html#c231 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222234040/http://www.ugcc.org.ua/30.0.html#c231 |archivedate=22 February 2014 |accessdate=6 February 2014}}</ref>
* '''Ruthenian Uniate Church''' ({{langx|la|Ecclesia Ruthena unita|links=no}}, {{Langx|uk|Руська Унійна Церква|Ruska Uniina Tserkva|links=no}})&nbsp;— from the 17th century, in official church documents;<ref name="Ц" />
* '''Greek Catholic Church''' ({{langx|la|Ecclesia Graeco-Catholica|links=no}}, {{Langx|uk|Греко-Католицька Церква|Hreko-Katolytska Tserkva|links=no}})&nbsp;— since 1774; by the decision of Empress [[Maria Theresa]], to distinguish it from the [[Latin Church|Latin Catholic]] and [[Armenian Catholic Church in Ukraine|Armenian Catholic Churches]]);<ref name="Ц" />
* '''Ukrainian Catholic Church of the Byzantine Rite''' ({{Langx|uk|Українська Католицька Церква візантійського обряду|Ukrainska Katolytska Tserkva vizantiiskoho obriadu|links=no}})&nbsp;— since 1912, in the papal statistical yearbook [[Annuario Pontificio]]);<ref name="Ц" />
* '''Ukrainian Catholic Church''' ({{langx|la|Ecclesia Catholica Ucrainae|links=no}}, {{Langx|uk|Українська Католицька Церква|Ukrainska Katolytska Tserkva|links=no}})&nbsp;—since the early 1960s) {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Greek Catholic Church |encyclopedia=[[Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine]] |url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CR%5CGreekCatholicchurch.htm |last=Atanasii |first=Atanasii}};
* '''Kyivan Catholic Church''' ({{Langx|uk|Київська Католицька Церква|Kyivska Katolytska Tserkva|links=no}})&nbsp;— since 1999, approved by the [[Holy Synod#Catholic Church|Synod of Bishops of the UGCC]].<ref name="Ц" />

==History==

===Ruthenian Orthodox Church to the Union of Brest===
{{refimprove section|date=June 2024}}
{{Main|History of Christianity in Ukraine}}

The Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church was created with the [[Union of Brest]] in 1595/1596, yet its roots go back to the [[Christianization of Kievan Rus']]. [[Byzantine]] [[missionaries]] exercised decisive influence in the area. The 9th-century mission of [[Saints Cyril and Methodius]] in [[Great Moravia]] had particular importance as their work allowed the spread of worship in the [[Old Church Slavonic language]]. The Byzantine-Greek influence continued, particularly with the official adoption of Byzantine rites by Prince [[Vladimir the Great|Vladimir I of Kiev]] in 988 when the [[Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus'|metropolis of Kiev]] within the [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople]] was established. Later at the time of the [[East-West Schism|Great Schism]] ({{circa|1054}}), the church took sides and remained [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]].

Following the [[Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'|devastating Mongol invasions]] and the sack of Kiev in 1240, Metropolitan [[Maximos, Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus'|Maximos]] moved to the town of [[Vladimir, Russia|Vladimir-on-Klyazma]] in 1299. In 1303, at the request of the Ruthenian kings of the [[Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia]], Patriarch [[Athanasius I of Constantinople]] created the separate [[metropolis of Halych]] which included the western parishes of the original metropolis of Kiev. The new metropolis did not last for long (inconsistently throughout most of the 14th century), and its new metropolitan, [[Peter of Moscow]], was consecrated as the metropolitan of Kiev, rather than the metropolitan of Halych.

Just before his death, Peter moved his episcopal see from Vladimir to Moscow. During his reign, the [[Metropolitanate of Lithuania]] was established in the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]], while the metropolis of Halych was also re-established after his death. In 1445, the metropolitan [[Isidore of Kiev|Isidore]], with his see in Moscow, joined the [[Council of Florence]] and became the [[papal legate]] for all Ruthenia and Lithuania. After Isidore suffered prosecution by the local bishops and royalty of the [[Grand Principality of Moscow]], he was exiled from Moscow, while a council of Russian bishops appointed their own metropolitan, [[Jonah of Moscow]], without the consent of the [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople]], leading to the independence of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] in 1448.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McGrath |first1=Alister E. |title=Christian History: An Introduction |date=4 March 2013 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-33780-6 |page=123 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e6MNAhwfE6QC |language=en}}</ref>

For this reason, Patriarch [[Gregory III of Constantinople]] reorganized the Ruthenian Church in the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]. Its new primates were styled "[[Metropolis of Kiev, Galicia and all Rus' (1441–1596)|Metropolitans of Kiev, Galicia and all Ruthenia]]". He appointed [[Gregory II Bulgarian]] as the new Greek Catholic primate, who rejoined the [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople]] under [[Dionysius I of Constantinople]] in 1470.

===From the Union of Brest to the Partitions of Poland===
{{Main|Union of Brest|Ruthenian Uniate Church}}
[[File:Religie w I Rz-plitej 1573.svg|166px|thumb|right|{{br list | Religions in the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] in 1573: | {{Color box|#fffce1|Catholic|border=darkgray}} | {{Color box|#93c789|Orthodox|border=darkgray}} | {{Color box|#b279b2|Calvinist|border=darkgray}}}}]]
[[File:Religie w I Rz-plitej 1750.svg|166px|thumb|{{br list | Religions in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1750: | {{Color box|#fffce1|Latin Catholic|border=darkgray}} | {{Color box|orange|Greek Catholic||border=darkgray}}}}]]

This situation continued for some time, and in the intervening years what is now western and central Ukraine came under the rule of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]. The Polish king [[Sigismund III Vasa]] was heavily influenced by the ideals of the [[Counter-Reformation]] and wanted to increase the Catholic presence in Ukraine. While the clergy of the Ruthenian lands were technically ruled from Constantinople, the Ruthenian Orthodox bishops were appointed by the Polish Catholic monarch, often with disastrous results. In the Eparchy of Volodymyr, for example, two different lay noblemen were both appointed as bishop by the Polish king. Both "bishops" hired mercenaries and fought a pitched battle over control of the Eparchy, before the Polish king finally stepped in and appointed one of the two candidates to an adjacent Orthodox See.

Meanwhile, the religious renewal caused by the Counter-Reformation among Latin Catholics in Poland and Lithuania drew the envy of Orthodox clergy. With the encouragement of the [[Society of Jesus]], four bishops of the Ruthenian Church signed the [[Union of Brest]] in 1595, broke from the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]], and reunited with the [[Catholic Church]] under the authority of the [[Holy See]], while continuing to say the [[Byzantine Rite]] in [[Old Church Slavonic]]. The Union of Brest was also motivated by outrage over the insult to the Primacy of the See of Kiev implicit in the recent promotion of the See of Moscow to [[Moscow Patriarchate|a patriarchate]] by [[Jeremias II of Constantinople]]. In 1596, the Ruthenian bishops finalized their agreement with the Holy See.<ref name=cuob/>

The union was not accepted by all the members of the Ruthenian Orthodox Church in these lands, and marked the creation of Greek Catholic Church and separate eparchies that continued to stay Orthodox among which were Lviv eparchy, Peremyshel eparchy, Mukachevo eparchy and Lutsk eparchy that at first accepted the union but later oscillated back and forth, depending on who was the Bishop.

There was an attempt to resolve the conflict between Orthodox and Greek Catholics by adopting "Articles for Pacification of Ruthenian people" in 1632.<ref>Sas, P.M. ''[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?Z21ID=&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Punkty_zaspokoiennia Articles for Pacification of Ruthenian People (ПУНКТИ ДЛЯ ЗАСПОКОЄННЯ РУСЬКОГО НАРОДУ)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402101613/http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?Z21ID=&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Punkty_zaspokoiennia |date=2 April 2018 }}''. Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine</ref> Following that, both churches existed legally in the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] with Metropolitans of Kyiv, one, [[Josyf Veliamyn Rutsky]], Greek Catholic, and another, [[Peter Mogila]], Orthodox.

Following the Union of Brest, the new Greek Catholic church was widely supported by both the Ukrainian clergy and local Christians.<ref name=nemec>{{cite journal |last1=Nemec |first1=Ludvik |date=1968 |title=The Ruthenian Uniate Church in Its Historical Perspective |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3162256 |journal=Church History |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=365–388 |doi=10.2307/3162256 |jstor=3162256 |s2cid=154527129 |access-date=2023-02-20 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115201405/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3162256 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> According to Ludvik Nemec, the creation of the Uniate church was a turning point for the development of Ukrainian national awareness – the separation from Russian-dominated Orthodoxy made the Ukrainian population more aware of the linguistic and cultural differences from Russia, and the Ukrainian identity started to sharply develop in the 16th and 17th century.<ref name=nemec/> Greek Catholicism became the dominating religion in Ukraine, and "the Ukrainians became almost strangers to the Russians".<ref name=wolff>{{cite journal |last1=Wolff |first1=Larry |date=2002 |title=The Uniate Church and the Partitions of Poland: Religious Survival in an Age of Enlightened Absolutism |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/41036852 |journal=Harvard Ukrainian Studies |volume=26 |issue=1/4 |pages=153–244 |jstor=41036852 |access-date=2023-02-20 |archive-date=8 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208225049/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41036852 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=nemec/>

At the same time, the Uniates were not treated on par with Latin Catholics in Poland-Lithuania; Greek Catholics were excluded from the [[Senate of Poland|Polish Senate]], and bishops were to be supervised by Latin Catholic bishops. The Uniate church was neglected by Polish authorities, causing resentment towards Polish rule as well. As the result of being alienated from both Polish Latin Catholicism and Russian Orthodoxy, the Greek Catholic church in Ukraine had developed its own separate, Ukrainian identity.<ref name=nemec/> Greek Catholic bishops of Ukraine such as [[Josaphat Kuntsevych]] are considered the precursors of [[Ukrainian nationalism]].<ref name=nemec/>

===Impact of the Partitions of the Commonwealth===
[[File:Univ lavra.jpg|thumb|The [[Univ Lavra]] was established in 1400 by the ruler [[Lubart]]'s son [[Feodor Lubartovich|Theodore]] and remains the holiest monastery of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.]]
[[File:Sielec 007.JPG|thumb|Small wooden church and belfry in the village of [[Selets|Selets, Drohobych Raion]] from the 17th century, in the typical architectural style of that region]]

After the partitions of Poland, the original diocesan structure of the Ruthenian Uniate Church was split among the three states in the following way:
;To the [[Russian Empire]]
* [[Ruthenian Catholic Archeparchy of Polotsk–Vitebsk|Archeparchy of Polotsk]], Metropolitan of all [[Byzantine Catholic]]s in Russia
* Eparchy of [[Brest, Belarus|Brest]]
* Eparchy of [[Lutsk]]
* Eparchy of [[Lithuania]]

;To the [[Kingdom of Prussia]]
* Eparchy of [[Supraśl]]

;To the [[Habsburg monarchy]]
* Archeparchy of Lviv, Metropolitan of [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]]
* [[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Chełm–Belz|Eparchy of Chełm]]
* Eparchy of Przemyśl and Sambir

The Habsburg monarchy established the crown land of the [[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria]] and also a territory called [[West Galicia]], which in 1803 was merged with Galicia and Lodomeria. In 1804, the combined entities became a crownland of the [[Austrian Empire]]. The Greek Catholic Church was established in 1807 with its metropolitan see based in [[Lviv|Lemberg]]. Its [[suffragan]] dioceses included [[Chelm]] and [[Przemyśl]].<ref>Yasinovsky, Yu. ''[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?Z21ID=&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Galycka_g_k_mytropolija Greek-Catholic Metropolitan Archdiocese in Galicia (ГАЛИЦЬКА ГРЕКО-КАТОЛИЦЬКА МИТРОПОЛІЯ)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811020807/http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?Z21ID=&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Galycka_g_k_mytropolija |date=11 August 2020 }}''. Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine. 2004</ref> Following the 1809 [[Treaty of Schönbrunn]], the Austrian Empire was forced to cede most of the territory of the former West Galicia to the [[Duchy of Warsaw]]. In 1815, the final decision of [[Congress of Vienna]] resulted in the cession of West Galicia to the [[Russian Empire]]. The diocese of Chelm, which was located in West Galicia, ended up under the Russian jurisdiction.

The Russian emperor [[Pavel I of Russia]] restored the Uniate church, which was reorganized with three eparchies suffragan to metropolitan bishop Joasaphat Bulhak.<ref>Dzyuba, O.M. ''[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Kyivska_mytropoliya Kyiv Uniate Metropolitan (КИЇВСЬКА УНІЙНА МИТРОПОЛІЯ)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402163054/http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Kyivska_mytropoliya |date=2 April 2018 }}''. Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine</ref> The church was allowed to function without restraint (calling its adherents [[Basilian monk|Basilians]]). The clergy soon split into pro-Catholic and pro-Russian, however, with the former tending to convert to Latin Catholicism, while the latter group, led by Bishop [[Yosyf Semashko|Iosif Semashko]] (1798–1868)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9780631232032_chunk_g978063123203213_ss1-16 |title=Iosif Semashko: The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity: Blackwell Reference Online |publisher=Blackwellreference.com |access-date=2011-05-11 |archive-date=10 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810072235/http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9780631232032_chunk_g978063123203213_ss1-16 |url-status=live }}</ref> and firmly rejected by the ruling Greek-Catholic synod remained largely controlled by the pro-Polish clergy with the Russian authorities largely refusing to interfere.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

Following the [[Congress of Vienna]], the Russian Empire occupied so-called [[West Galicia]] (formerly in Austrian Poland) and, temporarily, [[Tarnopol]] district, where a separate metropolitan of Galicia was established between 1809 and 1815. The territory of Kholm eparchy along with Central Polish territories became part of [[Congress Poland]]. The situation changed abruptly following Russia's successful suppression of the [[November Uprising|1831 Polish uprising]], aimed at overthrowing Russian control of the Polish territories. As the uprising was actively supported by the Greek-Catholic church, a crackdown on the Church occurred immediately.<ref name="auto4">{{CathEncy|wstitle=Ruthenians}}</ref>

The pro-Latin members of the synod were removed; and the Church began to disintegrate, with its parishes in Volhynia reverting to Orthodoxy, including the 1833 transfer of the famous [[Pochaiv Lavra]]. In 1839 the [[Synod of Polotsk]] (in modern-day Belarus), under the leadership of [[Yosyf Semashko|Bishop Semashko]], dissolved the Greek-Catholic church in the [[Russian Empire]], and all its property was transferred to the Orthodox state church. The 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia says that, in what was then known as 'Little Russia' (now [[Ukraine]]), the pressure of the Russian Government "utterly wiped out" Greek Catholicism, and "some 7,000,000 of the Uniats there were compelled, partly by force and partly by deception, to become part of the Greek Orthodox Church".<ref name="auto4"/>

In the years following and preceding the Partitions, [[Catherine the Great]] played a huge rule in forcefully dismantling the Greek Catholic Church in Ukraine. She expressed disdain towards both Greek and Latin Catholicism while praising Protestant denominations, and was determined to reinstate Orthodoxy as the majority religion in Ukraine.<ref name="wolff"/> As Russian troops entered Polish-controlled Ukraine to suppress the [[Bar Confederation]], Catherine "unleashed an Orthodox missionary crusade against the Uniate parishes of Ukraine", and actively incited violence against Latin Catholics, Uniates, and Jews, resulting in atrocities such as the [[Massacre of Uman]].<ref name="wolff"/>

Greek Catholic parishes were pressured to convert to Russian Orthodoxy, and priests who resisted were expelled. More than a thousand Ukrainian Uniate parishes were taken over by Orthodox priests. According to Larry Wolff of [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]], the years of Polish partitions were "years of lawless bullying in Ukraine, which remained in a state of suspended irregularity while Catherine fought her wars and negotiated the partition".<ref name="wolff"/> Following the failure of [[Kościuszko Insurrection]] and the [[Third Partition of Poland|final partition of Poland]], the persecution of Ukrainian Greek Catholics intensified, and the church was forbidden from accepting converts from Orthodoxy. Russian authorities harassed and arrested Uniate priests, while Russian Orthodox priests accompanied by Russian soldiers visited Ukrainian villages and intimidated the population into converting to Orthodoxy. Wolff notes that despite harsh persecution and heavy pressure, "the great majority of Uniates held fast to the Union."<ref name="wolff"/>

[[Theodosius Rostocki]] wrote that in response to resistance encountered by Greek Catholics in Ukraine, Russian authorities took over the Uniate churches: "Wherever priests and people, in spite of threats and terrors, remained steadfast, then, even when they [the persecutors] had obtained only a few signatures from the community, they confiscated the church with all its furnishings, took the whole village under their spiritual administration ad drove out the Uniate priests."<ref name="wolff"/> A 19th-century historian [[Edward Likowski]] commented on Catherine's death: "The eternal Judge called her to the justice of His judgment seat so that she might account for the rivers of blood and tears that flowed during her reign from millions of Uniates, solely on account of their religious conviction."<ref name="wolff"/>

The dissolution of the Greek-Catholic Church in Russia was completed in 1875 with the [[Conversion of Chełm Eparchy|abolition of the Eparchy of Kholm]].<ref>''St. Nicholas Ukrainian Catholic Parish in Winnipeg, Historical Timeline of the Basilian Order of St. Josaphat''</ref> By the end of the century, those remaining faithful to this church began emigrating to the U.S., Canada, and Brazil due to persecution by the Orthodox Church and the Russian Empire, e.g. the [[Pratulin Martyrs]]. Despite being once the majority religion in Ukraine,<ref name="nemec"/> the Uniate church was now mostly confined to [[Eastern Galicia]].<ref name="wolff"/>

{{Further|Western Ukrainian Clergy}}

Within the lands of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, the largest [[Eastern Catholic Church]], priests' children often became priests and married within their social group, establishing a [[Western Ukrainian Clergy|tightly knit hereditary caste]], which numbered approximately 2,000-2,500 by the 19th century.<ref name="Subtelny2009">{{cite book |last=Subtelny |first=Orest |date=2009 |title=Ukraine: a history |edition=4th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ktyM07I9HXwC&pg=PT119 |location=Toronto [u.a.] |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |pages=214–219 |isbn=978-1-4426-9728-7 |access-date=18 March 2022 |archive-date=11 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211065118/https://books.google.com/books?id=ktyM07I9HXwC&pg=PT119 |url-status=live }}</ref>  In the absence of a significant culturally and politically active [[Western Ukrainian Nobility|native nobility]] (although there was considerable overlap, with more than half of the clerical families also being of petty noble origin<ref>[http://kolomyya.org/se/sites/pb/33715/ Шляхетська свідомість збереглася в багатьох галичан] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301074804/http://kolomyya.org/se/sites/pb/33715/ |date=1 March 2022 }} 2010 12-04. Interview with Liubov Slivka by Vazyl Moroz, newspaper ''Galicia'' (Ukrainian)</ref>), and enjoying a virtual monopoly on education and wealth within western Ukrainian society, the clergy came to form that group's native aristocracy. The clergy adopted Austria's role for them as bringers of culture and education to the Ukrainian countryside. Most Ukrainian social and political movements in Austrian-controlled territory emerged or were highly influenced by the clergy themselves or by their children. This influence was so great that western Ukrainians were accused by their Polish rivals of wanting to create a theocracy in western Ukraine.<ref name="Himka, John Paul 1999 Pg. 10">Himka, John Paul.  (1999). ''Religion and Nationality in Western Ukraine.'' McGill-Queen's University Press: Montreal and Kingston.  Pg. 10</ref>

The territory received by Austria in the partition of Poland included [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]] (modern western Ukraine and southern Poland). Here the Greek-Catholic Ruthenian (Ukrainian) peasantry had been largely under Polish Catholic domination. The Austrians granted equal freedom of worship to the Greek-Catholic Church and removed Polish influence. They also mandated that Uniate seminarians receive a formal higher education (previously, priests had been educated informally by their fathers), and organized institutions in [[Vienna]] and [[Lviv]] that would serve this function. This led to the appearance, for the first time, of a large, educated class within the Ukrainian population in Galicia.<ref>Himka, John Paul.  (1999). ''Religion and Nationality in Western Ukraine.'' McGill-Queen's University Press: Montreal and Kingston.  Pg. 6.</ref> It also engendered a fierce sense of loyalty to the Habsburg dynasty. When Polish rebels briefly took control of Lviv in 1809, they demanded that the head of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, [[Antin Anhelovych]], substitute [[Napoleon]]'s name in the [[Divine Liturgy]] for that of Austrian Emperor [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis I]]. Anhelovych refused, and was imprisoned. When the Austrians retook control over Lviv, Anhelovych was awarded the [[Order of Leopold (Austria)|cross of Leopold]]{{clarify|date=September 2023}} by the Emperor.<ref>John-Paul Himka. (1986). ''The Greek Catholic Church and Ukrainian Society in Austrian Galicia.'' Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.</ref>

As a result of the reforms, over the next century the Greek-Catholic Church in [[Austrian Galicia]] ceased being a puppet of foreign interests and became the primary cultural force within the Ukrainian community. Most independent native Ukrainian cultural and political trends (such as Rusynophilia, [[Russophilia]] and later [[Ukrainophilia]]) emerged from within the ranks of the Greek-Catholic Church [[Western Ukrainian Clergy|clergy]]. The participation of Greek Catholic priests or their children in western Ukrainian cultural and political life was so great that western Ukrainians were accused of wanting to create a theocracy in western Ukraine by their Polish rivals.<ref name="Himka, John Paul 1999 Pg. 10"/> Among the political trends that emerged, the [[Christian Social Movement in Ukraine|Christian social movement]] was particularly linked to the Ukrainian Catholic Church. Many people saw the Austrians as having saved the Ukrainians and their Church from the Poles, though it was the Poles who set into motion the [[Greek-Catholic]] cast of their church.
[[File:St Georges.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Cathedral of St. George (Saskatoon)|St George's Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]] built by the architect Philip Ruh in 1923.  [[Pleasant Hill, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan|Protected Heritage site, Saskatoon]], Saskatchewan<ref>[http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cansk/Saskatchewan/ethnic/PhilipRuh.html The Very Reverend Philip Ruh, O.M.I. Priest, Architect and Builder of about 40 Ukrainian Catholic Churches] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630053857/http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cansk/Saskatchewan/ethnic/PhilipRuh.html |date=30 June 2017 }} URL accessed 9 February 2007</ref>]]

===The Church in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union===
{{Main|The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in the USSR}}
[[File:Biskupi greckokatoliccy 1927 Lwów.jpg|300px|thumb|Bishops of Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. [[St. George's Cathedral, Lviv]], Lviv  12.1927.  Sitting: bp. [[Hryhory Khomyshyn]],  [[Metropolitan Archbishop]] [[Andrey Sheptytsky]], bp. [[Nykyta Budka]], bp. [[Josaphat Kotsylovsky]].]]
[[File:The relics of the blessed of Josaphat Kotsylovsky.JPG|thumbnail|Stryi. The relics of the blessed of Josaphat Kotsylovsky|alt=]]
[[File:Greckokatolicka metropolia lwowska 1939.png|right|250px|thumb|Map of the Ukrainian Catholic Church in the province of Lviv in 1939]]
After [[World War I]], Ukrainian Greek Catholics found themselves under the governance of the nations of [[Poland]], [[Hungary]], [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] and [[Czechoslovakia]]. Under the previous century of Austrian rule, the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church attained such a strong Ukrainian national character that in interwar Poland, the Greek Catholics of Galicia were seen by the nationalist Polish and Catholic state as even less patriotic than the Orthodox Volhynians. Extending its [[Polonisation|Polonization]] policies to its [[Kresy|Eastern Territories]], the Polish authorities sought to weaken the UGCC. In 1924, following a visit with Ukrainian Catholic believers in North America and western Europe, the head of the UGCC was initially denied reentry to Lwów (the Polish name at the time for Lviv), only being allowed back after a considerable delay. Polish Catholic priests, led by their Latin bishops, began missionary work among Greek Catholics; and administrative restrictions were placed on the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.<ref name=Magosci>{{cite book |author=Magosci, P. |title=Morality and Reality: the Life and Times of Andrei Sheptytsky |location=Edmonton, Alberta |publisher=Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, University of Alberta |year=1989}}</ref>

After [[World War II]] Ukrainian Catholics came under the rule of [[Communist Poland]] and the hegemony of the [[Soviet Union]]. With only a few clergy invited to attend, a synod was convened in Lviv, which revoked the Union of Brest. Officially all of the church property was transferred to the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] under the [[Moscow Patriarchate]],<ref name=RFEAug72009>[http://www.rferl.org/content/SovietEra_Documents_Shed_Light_On_Suppression_Of_Ukrainian_Catholic_Church/1795023.html Soviet-Era Documents Shed Light On Suppression Of Ukrainian Catholic Church Soviet-Era Documents Shed Light On Suppression Of Ukrainian Catholic Church] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182635/http://www.rferl.org/content/SovietEra_Documents_Shed_Light_On_Suppression_Of_Ukrainian_Catholic_Church/1795023.html |date=3 March 2016 }}, ''[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]'', 7 August 2009</ref> Most of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic clergy went underground. This catacomb church was strongly supported by its [[diaspora]] in the Western Hemisphere. Emigration to the U.S. and Canada, which had begun in the 1870s, increased after World War II.

According to [[Karel C. Berkhoff]], during the [[Reichskommissariat Ukraine|Nazi occupation of Ukraine]], the treatment of Christian churches by German authorities varied from denomination to denomination.<ref name=berkhoff>{{cite journal |last1=Berkhoff |first1=Karel C. |author-link=Karel C. Berkhoff |date=2000 |title=Was There a Religious Revival in Soviet Ukraine under the Nazi Regime? |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4213088 |journal=The Slavonic and East European Review |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=536–567 |jstor=4213088 |access-date=2023-02-20 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207005412/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4213088 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Nazi authorities were friendly towards Ukrainian Protestants and treated them with "magnanimity", and were left unsuppressed; pacifist denominations were specifically favoured as well. Meanwhile, Greek and Latin Catholics were harshly persecuted, something that Berkhoff attributes to "Nazi hostility to the Vatican combined with hostility to the Poles, who in Ukraine constituted the vast majority of these Christians".<ref name=berkhoff/> Latin Catholic and Uniate churches were closed, and Catholic clergy was a common target of Nazi executions. Nazi [[Anti-Catholicism|anti-Catholic]] policies were extended to Germans as well – the Catholic church in [[Mykolaiv]] was also forcefully closed, despite most of the parishioners being ethnic Germans.<ref name=berkhoff/>

In the winter of 1944–1945, Ukrainian Greek Catholic clergy were summoned to 'reeducation' sessions conducted by the [[NKVD]]. Near the end of the war in Europe, the state media began an anti-Ukrainian-Catholic campaign.<ref name="Ukrainian Catholic Church 1987">"Soviet repression of the Ukrainian Catholic Church." Department of State Bulletin 87 (1987)</ref> The creation of the community in 1596 was discredited in publications, which went to great pains to try to prove the Church was conducting activities directed against Ukrainians in the first half of the 20th century.<ref name="Ukrainian Catholic Church 1987"/>

In 1945, Soviet authorities arrested, deported, and sentenced to forced-labor camps in [[Siberia]] and elsewhere the church's metropolitan [[Josyf Slipyj|Yosyf Slipyi]] and nine other Greek Catholic bishops, as well as hundreds of clergy and leading lay activists. In Lviv alone, 800 priests were imprisoned.<ref name="Ukrainian Catholic Church 1987"/> All the above-mentioned bishops and significant numbers of clergymen died in prisons, concentration camps, internal exile, or soon after their release during the post-Stalin thaw.<ref name="ugcc">''"The Ukrainian Greek Catholics: A Historical Survey", by Religious Information Service of Ukraine''</ref> The exception was metropolitan [[Josyf Slipyj|Yosyf Slipyi]] who, after 18 years of imprisonment and persecution, was released in 1963 thanks to the intervention of [[Pope John XXIII]]. Slipyi took refuge in Rome, where he received the title of Major Archbishop of Lviv, and became a cardinal in 1965.<ref name="ugcc"/>
[[File:St Joseph the Betrothed 080202.jpg|thumb|250px|The center dome of [[St. Joseph the Betrothed Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]] in Chicago, Illinois<ref>[http://www.stjosephucc.org/ St Joseph Ukrainian Catholic Church Homepage] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123093435/http://www.stjosephucc.org/ |date=23 January 2016 }}</ref>]]
[[File:Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in Spas, Ukraine.jpg|thumb|The interior of Greek Catholic Church in [[Spas, Staryi Sambir Raion|Spas]], Ukraine]]

The clergy who joined the Russian Orthodox Church were spared the large-scale persecution of religion that occurred elsewhere in the country (see [[Religion in the Soviet Union]]). In the city of Lviv, only one church was closed (at a time when many cities in the rest of Ukraine did not have a working church). Moreover, the western dioceses of Lviv-Ternopil and Ivano-Frankivsk were the largest in the USSR and contained the majority of the Russian Orthodox Church's cloisters (particularly convents, of which there were seven in Ukrainian SSR but none in Russia). Orthodox canon law was also relaxed on the clergy allowing them to shave beards (a practice uncommon to Orthodoxy) and conduct liturgy in Ukrainian as opposed to [[Church Slavonic]].

The Ukrainian Catholics continued to exist underground for decades and were the subject of vigorous attacks in the state media. The clergy gave up public exercise of their clerical duties, but secretly provided services for many lay people.<ref name="Ukrainian Catholic Church 1987"/> Many priests took up civilian professions and celebrated the sacraments in private. The identities of former priests could have been known to the Soviet police who regularly watched, interrogated and fined them, but stopped short of arrest unless their activities went beyond a small circle of people.<ref name="Ukrainian Catholic Church 1987"/> New [[Crypto-papism|secretly ordained]] priests were often treated more harshly.<ref name="Ukrainian Catholic Church 1987"/>

The church even grew during this time, and this was acknowledged by Soviet sources. The first secretary of the Lviv [[Komsomol]], Oleksiy Babiychuk, claimed:

<blockquote> in this oblast, particularly in the rural areas, a large number of the population adheres to religious practices, among them a large proportion of youth. In the last few years, the activity of the Uniates [Ukrainian Catholics] has grown, that of representatives of the Uniates as well as former Uniate priests; there are even reverberations to renew the overt activity of this Church.<ref name="Ukrainian Catholic Church 1987"/></blockquote>

After Stalin died, Ukrainian Catholics hoped this would lead to better conditions for themselves, but such hopes were dashed in the late 1950s when the authorities arrested even more priests and unleashed a new wave of anti-Catholic propaganda.<ref name="Ukrainian Catholic Church 1987"/> Secret ordinations occurred in exile. Secret theological seminaries in Ternopil and Kolomyia were reported in the Soviet press in the 1960s when their organizers were arrested.<ref name="Ukrainian Catholic Church 1987"/> In 1974, a clandestine convent was uncovered in Lviv.<ref name="Ukrainian Catholic Church 1987"/>

During the Soviet era, the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church did flourish throughout the Ukrainian diaspora. Cardinal [[Josyf Slipyj|Yosyf Slipyi]] was jailed as a dissident but named ''[[in pectore]]'' (in secret) a cardinal in 1949; he was freed in 1963 and was the subject of an extensive campaign to have him named as a [[patriarch]], which met with strong support as well as controversy. [[Pope Paul VI]] demurred, but compromised with the creation of a new title of [[major archbishop]] (assigned to Yosyf Slipyi on 23 December 1963<ref>{{Catholic-hierarchy|bishop|bslipiy|Josyf Ivanovycè Cardinal Slipyj (Slipiy)|21 January 2015}}</ref>
), with a jurisdiction roughly equivalent to that of a [[patriarch]] in an Eastern church. This title has since passed to [[Myroslav Ivan Lubachivsky]] in 1984 and thereafter to [[Lubomyr Husar]] in 2000 and [[Sviatoslav Shevchuk]] in 2011; this title has also been granted to the heads of three other [[Eastern Catholic Churches]].

In 1968, when the Greek Catholic Church was legalized in [[Czechoslovakia]], a large-scale campaign was launched to harass recalcitrant clergy who remained illegal.<ref name="Ukrainian Catholic Church 1987"/> These clergy were subject to interrogations, fines and beatings. In January 1969 the [[KGB]] arrested an underground Catholic bishop named [[Vasyl Velychkovsky]] and two Catholic priests, and sentenced them to three years of imprisonment for breaking anti-religious legislation.<ref name="Ukrainian Catholic Church 1987"/>

Activities that could lead to arrest included holding religious services, educating children as Catholics, performing baptisms, conducting weddings or funerals, hearing confessions or giving the last rites, copying religious materials, possessing prayer books, possessing icons, possessing church calendars, possessing religious books or other sacred objects.<ref name="Ukrainian Catholic Church 1987"/> Conferences were held to discuss how to perfect the methodology in combatting Ukrainian Catholicism in West Ukraine.<ref name="Ukrainian Catholic Church 1987"/>

At times the Ukrainian Catholics attempted to employ legal channels to have their community recognized by the state. In 1956–1957, there were petitions to the proper authorities to request for churches to be opened. More petitions were sent in the 60s and 70s, all of which were refused. In 1976, a priest named Volodymyr Prokipov was arrested for presenting such a petition to Moscow.<ref name="Ukrainian Catholic Church 1987"/> The response to these petitions by the state had been to sharpen attacks against the community.

In 1984 a [[samizdat]] ''Chronicle of the Catholic Church'' began to be published by Ukrainian Catholics. The founder of the group behind this publication, Yosef Terelya, was arrested in 1985 and sentenced to seven years imprisonment and five years of exile.<ref name="Ukrainian Catholic Church 1987"/> His successor, Vasely Kobryn, was arrested and sentenced to three years of exile.<ref name="Ukrainian Catholic Church 1987"/>

The [[Solidarity movement]] in Poland and Pope [[John Paul II]] supported the Ukrainian Catholics. The state media attacked John Paul II. The antireligious journal ''Liudyna i Svit'' (Man and the World) published in Kyiv wrote:

<blockquote> Proof that the Church is persistently striving to strengthen its political influence in socialist countries is witnessed by the fact that Pope John Paul II gives his support to the emigre hierarchy of the so-called Ukrainian Catholic Church . . .. The current tactic of Pope John Paul II and the Roman Curia lies in the attempts to strengthen the position of the Church in all socialist countries as they have done in Poland, where the Vatican tried to raise the status of the Catholic Church to a state within a state. In the last few years, the Vatican has paid particular attention to the question of Catholicism of the Slavonic nations. This is poignantly underscored by the Pope when he states that he is not only a Pope of Polish origin, but the first Slavic Pope, and he will pay particular attention to the Christianization of all Slavic nations.<ref name="Ukrainian Catholic Church 1987"/>
</blockquote>

By the late 1980s there was a shift in the Soviet government's attitude towards religion. At the height of [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]'s [[Glasnost|liberalization reforms]] the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church was allowed again to function officially in December 1989.<ref name=RFEAug72009/> But then it found itself largely in disarray with the nearly all of its pre-1946 parishes and property lost to the Orthodox faith. The church, actively supported by nationalist organizations such as [[People's Movement of Ukraine|Rukh]] and later the [[UNA-UNSO]], took an uncompromising stance towards the return of its lost property and parishes. According to a Greek-Catholic priest, "even if the whole village is now Orthodox and one person is Greek Catholic, the church [building] belongs to that Catholic because the church was built by his grandparents and great-grandparents."<ref name=Wilson>[[Andrew Wilson (historian)|Andrew Wilson]], ''The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation'', p. 246, [[Yale University Press]], 2002, {{ISBN|0-300-09309-8}}</ref>

The weakened Soviet authorities were unable to pacify the situation, and most of the parishes in Galicia came under the control of the Greek-Catholics during the events of a large scale inter-confessional rivalry that was often accompanied by violent clashes of the faithful provoked by their religious and political leadership.<ref name=Davis>Nathaniel Davis, ''A Long Walk to Church: A Contemporary History of Russian Orthodoxy'', p. 75, Westview Press, 2003, {{ISBN|0-8133-4067-5}}</ref> These tensions led to a rupture of relations between the [[Moscow Patriarchate]] and the [[Holy See|Vatican]].

===Current situation===
[[File:Chomnycky london cathedral.jpg|thumb|250px|Bishop [[Paul Patrick Chomnycky]] in London.]]

====Membership====
The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church is the second largest Eastern Catholic Church in the world. As of 2022, it had approximately 4.2&nbsp;million members.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ugcc.ua/official/ugcc-today/suchasniy_stan_70010.html |title=Склад і територія |website=ugcc.ua|access-date=2019-08-23|archive-date=30 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830092403/http://ugcc.ua/official/ugcc-today/suchasniy_stan_70010.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-09 |title=Annuario Orientale Cattolico - 2023 by Vartan Waldir Boghossian EXARMAL - Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/exarmal/docs/annuarioorientale_-_2023_pdf |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=issuu.com |language=en}}</ref> In [[Ukraine]], the UGCC is the second largest religious organization in terms of number of communities within the Catholic Church. The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church has third most members in allegiance among the population of Ukraine after the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)]] and the [[Orthodox Church of Ukraine]]. The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church predominates in three western [[oblast]]s of Ukraine, including the majority of the population of [[Lviv]], but constitutes a small minority elsewhere in the country.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |url=https://risu.org.ua/php_uploads/files/articles/ArticleFiles_70946_2018_Religiya.pdf |script-title=uk:Особливості Релігійного і Церковно-Релігійного Самовизначення Українських Громадян: Тенденції 2010–2018рр. |language=uk |trans-title=The religion and church-denomination of Ukrainian citizens as self-determined: trends 2010–2018 |date=26 April 2018 |work=Razumkov Centre |page=13 |access-date=12 October 2018 |archive-date=11 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511081642/https://risu.org.ua/php_uploads/files/articles/ArticleFiles_70946_2018_Religiya.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{cite web |url=http://razumkov.org.ua/ukr/poll.php?poll_id=300 |script-title=uk:Соціологічне опитування: Віруючим якої церкви, конфесії Ви себе вважаєте? |language=uk |trans-title=Sociological survey: which church or religious denomination do you believe in yourself? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416150625/http://razumkov.org.ua/ukr/poll.php?poll_id=300 |archive-date=16 April 2010 |date=4 June 2006 |work=Razumkov Centre|access-date=12 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=http://www.risu.org.ua/eng/news/article;13940 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927192925/http://www.risu.org.ua/eng/news/article;13940 |title=Survey Conducted on Church Membership in Ukraine |date=29 January 2007 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |work=Religious Information Service of Ukraine|access-date=12 October 2018}}</ref>

The church has followed the spread of the [[Ukrainian diaspora]] and has some 40 hierarchs in over a dozen countries on four continents, including three other [[metropolitan bishop]]s in [[Poland]], the United States, and Canada. The Church in the diaspora including the United States and Canada is largely multi-ethnic. National surveys conducted since 2000 show that between 5.3% and 9.4% of Ukraine's total population are of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto"/> In surveys, 18.6–21.3% of believers or religious people in Ukraine were Greek Catholic.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://old.risu.org.ua/eng/news/article%3b2964 |title=70 Percent of Ukrainians Religious, Survey Shows |date=17 June 2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721210320/http://old.risu.org.ua/eng/news/article%3B2964|archive-date=21 July 2011|access-date=12 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://press.unian.net/press/1640077-bolee-70-ukraintsev-schitayut-sebya-veruyuschimi-opros.html |script-title=ru:Более 70% украинцев считают себя верующими – опрос |trans-title=A poll says that more than 70% of Ukrainians consider themselves to be believers |language=ru |date=23 November 2016 |agency=[[UNIAN]] |access-date=12 October 2018 |archive-date=30 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630214132/https://press.unian.net/press/1640077-bolee-70-ukraintsev-schitayut-sebya-veruyuschimi-opros.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Worldwide, the faithful now number some 6 to 10 million, forming the second largest [[particular church|particular]] [[Catholic Church]],{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} after the majority [[Latin Church]].

According to a 2015 survey, followers of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church make up 8.1% of the total population (excluding Crimea) and form the majority in 3 oblasts:<ref name="2015survey2">[http://infolight.org.ua/content/religiyni-vpodobannya-naselennya-ukrayiny "Religious preferences of the population of Ukraine". Sociology poll by] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709204810/http://infolight.org.ua/content/religiyni-vpodobannya-naselennya-ukrayiny |date=9 July 2017 }} [[Razumkov Centre]], [[SOCIS]], [[Sociological group "RATING"|Rating]] and [[Kyiv International Institute of Sociology|KIIS]] about the religious situation in Ukraine (2015)The survey sample was 25000 people, excluded Crimea, so 1000 people for oblast.</ref>
[[File:Feast of Transfiguration in Spas village 12.jpg|thumb|The [[Feast of the Transfiguration]] in Ukraine in 2017]]
* [[Lviv Oblast]] — 59% of the population
* [[Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast]] — 57%
* [[Ternopil Oblast]] — 52%

====Governance====
Most Ukrainian Catholic Churches have moved away from Church Slavonic; church services are mainly in the Ukrainian language. Many churches also offer liturgies in a country's vernacular (i.e. German in Germany or English in Canada). Some parishes continue to celebrate the liturgy in Slavonic even today, however, and services in a mix of languages are not unusual.

In the early first decade of the 21st century, the major see of the Ukrainian Catholic Church was transferred to the Ukrainian capital of [[Kyiv]]. The enthronement of the new head of the church Major Archbishop [[Sviatoslav Shevchuk]] took place there on 27 March 2011 at the cathedral under construction on the left bank. On 18 August 2013, the [[Patriarchal Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ]] was dedicated and solemnly opened.

On 5 July 2019, [[Pope Francis]] declared to the church's leaders during a meeting in the Vatican "I hold you in my heart, and I pray for you, dear Ukrainian brothers."<ref name=popefrancismeets>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2019-07/pope-to-ukrainian-greek-catholics-i-carry-you-in-my-heart.html |title=Pope to Ukrainian Greek-Catholics: I hold you in my heart – Vatican News |date=5 July 2019 |access-date=5 July 2019 |archive-date=5 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705190933/https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2019-07/pope-to-ukrainian-greek-catholics-i-carry-you-in-my-heart.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He also advocated greater humanitarian aid to Ukraine and warned the Church's Bishops to show "closeness" to their "faithful."<ref name=popefrancismeets /> The Pope also told the Church leaders to that "fruitful" unity within the Church can be achieved through three important aspects of synodality: listening; shared responsibility; and the involvement of the laity.<ref name=popefrancismeets />

====Position on the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine====
During the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], the UGCC has promoted Ukrainian statehood and independence. It opened its churches and cathedrals to use as bomb shelters and warehouses.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ACN |date=2022-05-02 |title=Ukraine: "As long as there are believers in Kharkiv, I will remain with them", says bishop |url=https://acninternational.org/bishop-in-kharkiv-stays-in-war-territory/ |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=ACN International |language=en-US |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104141535/https://acninternational.org/bishop-in-kharkiv-stays-in-war-territory/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ACN |date=2022-03-07 |title=Bishop of Odessa, in Ukraine: "The war has united us. Thank you for your support!" |url=https://acninternational.org/bishop-of-odessa-in-ukraine-the-war-has-united-us-thank-you-for-your-support/ |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=ACN International |language=en-US |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104145731/https://acninternational.org/bishop-of-odessa-in-ukraine-the-war-has-united-us-thank-you-for-your-support/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It has used its social organisations, such as [[Caritas Ukraine]] and [[Caritas-Spes]], to provide humanitarian assistance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ACN |date=2022-03-08 |title=Caritas in Ukraine focuses on evacuating civilians from danger zones |url=https://acninternational.org/caritas-in-ukraine-focuses-on-evacuating-civilians-from-danger-zones/ |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=ACN International |language=en-US |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104150854/https://acninternational.org/caritas-in-ukraine-focuses-on-evacuating-civilians-from-danger-zones/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Several leading prelates, including Major Archbishop [[Sviatoslav Shevchuk]], denounced the invasion and used their connections to the wider Catholic Church to gather support and provide information on the situation on the ground. Despite a few moments of tension between the leadership of the UGCC and Rome, namely over the inclusion of a Russian woman alongside a Ukrainian during the 2022 Good Friday Via Crucis, and the Pope's words regarding the assassination of [[Darya Dugina]], Shevchuk often emphasised Francis' support for Ukraine during the war.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Безсоромна крадіжка на державному рівні", — Блаженніший Святослав про анексію територій чотирьох областей України |url=https://ugcc.ua/data/bezsoromna-kradizhka-na-derzhavnomu-rivni-blazhennishyy-svyatoslav-pro-aneksiyu-terytoriy-chotyroh-oblastey-ukrayny-1121/ |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=Українська Греко-Католицька Церква |language=uk |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104150856/https://ugcc.ua/data/bezsoromna-kradizhka-na-derzhavnomu-rivni-blazhennishyy-svyatoslav-pro-aneksiyu-terytoriy-chotyroh-oblastey-ukrayny-1121/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

One of the major issues has been the targeting of the Church by Russian forces. Churches have been destroyed, and priests have had to evacuate sacred items to protect them from attacks.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russian forces destroy Catholic Church in Ukraine, as another parish prepares for attack|url=https://www.cathstan.org/us-world/russian-forces-destroy-catholic-church-in-ukraine-as-another-parish-prepares-for-attack|date=14 August 2024|publisher=Catholic Standard}}</ref> Additionally, Russian occupation authorities have banned the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and other Catholic ministries in the occupied regions of Ukraine, such as Zaporizhzhia. This includes organizations like the Knights of Columbus and Caritas.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia bans Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, Catholic ministries|url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/russia-bans-ukrainian-greek-catholic-church-catholic-ministries/103517|date=8 December 2023|publisher=Union of Catholics Asia Network}}</ref> Church leaders have also been targeted for assassination. Major Archbishop Sviatoslav Shevchuk, head of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, has had to move between safe houses to avoid threats.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia has Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in the crosshairs|url=https://www.churchinneed.org/russia-has-ukrainian-greek-catholic-church-in-the-crosshairs/|date=14 March 2022|publisher=Aid the Church in Need}}</ref> The ongoing conflict has led to significant damage and threats to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and its members.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church: Putin Is "Destroying the Basic Principles of Peace"|url=https://bitterwinter.org/ukrainian-greek-catholic-church-putin-and-peace/|date=24 February 2022|publisher=Bitter Winter}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Russian drone attack damages Kyiv's Catholic cathedral|url=https://www.detroitcatholic.com/news/russian-drone-attack-damages-kyivs-catholic-cathedral|date=27 November 2023|publisher=Detroit Catholic}}</ref>

Historical documents from the Soviet era have also shed light on the suppression of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. These documents reveal the extent of Soviet efforts to eradicate the Church's influence in western Ukraine during the 1940s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Soviet-Era Documents Shed Light On Suppression Of Ukrainian Catholic Church|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/SovietEra_Documents_Shed_Light_On_Suppression_Of_Ukrainian_Catholic_Church/1795023.html|date=7 August 2009|publisher=RFE/RL}}</ref> The fate of the Crimean Exarchate of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church after the Russian occupation of the Crimean Peninsula has been particularly challenging. The local branches of the Church were labeled as "agents of foreign influence" and accused of spreading seditious ideas such as "Ukrainian nationalism" and "separatism." This led to significant restrictions and threats to the Church's activities in the region.<ref>{{cite web|title=The fate of the Crimean Exarchate of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church after the Russian occupation of the Crimean Peninsula|url=https://culture.voicecrimea.com.ua/en/the-fate-of-the-crimean-exarchate-of-the-ukrainian-greek-catholic-church-after-the-russian-occupation-of-the-crimean-peninsula/|date=1 August 2022|publisher=Voice of Crimea}}</ref>

Russian and pro-Russian militants in occupied territories have reportedly engaged in systematic persecution of non-Orthodox faiths, often under the guise of the Russian Orthodox Church. Incidents include the torture of detainees by individuals disguised as priests and the abduction of religious leaders such as Ihor Kozlovsky. These actions reflect a broader strategy of using religion to justify violence and exert control, tied to the Kremlin and Moscow Patriarchate's promotion of the "Russian World." Halya Coynash has criticized the Vatican for failing to address these abuses in its 2016 statement with Patriarch Kirill.<ref>{{cite web |title=Russian crimes & religious persecution in Donbas that the Pope ignored |date=19 February 2016 |url=https://khpg.org/en/1455660484 |author=Halya Coynash |publisher=Human Rights in Ukraine - The Information Portal of the Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group}}</ref>

The persecution extends to Catholic communities in occupied Ukraine, where Russian forces have intensified their crackdown on the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC). According to the Institute for Religious Freedom, Russian militants have closed UGCC churches in the Donetsk region, barring worshippers from entering, and have seized church properties since early 2024. Clergy have been expelled from occupied territories, leaving the UGCC without any clergy in Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson, and Zaporizhzhia. Two UGCC priests, Fathers Ivan Levitsky and Bohdan Geleta, were detained in Berdyansk in November 2022 and remain in harsh conditions in Russian custody, facing severe mistreatment, including torture.

In December 2022, Russian-installed authorities in Zaporizhzhia banned the UGCC and other Catholic groups, labeling them as extremist organizations. This aligns with a pattern of religious repression by Russian forces, who have reportedly damaged or destroyed over 660 religious sites since 2022. Archbishop Borys Gudziak noted that religious institutions in Russia function only if aligned with state policies, a practice now being enforced in occupied Ukrainian regions.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://catholicreview.org/russian-occupation-forces-close-more-catholic-churches-in-ukraine/ |title=Russian occupation forces close more Catholic churches in Ukraine |date=27 March 2024 |publisher=Catholic Review }}</ref>

In a 2025 interview, [[Maksym Ryabukha|Bishop Maksym Ryabukha]], of the [[Ukrainian Catholic Archiepiscopal Exarchate of Donetsk|Archiepiscopal Exharchate of Donetsk]] told pontifical charity [[Aid to the Church in Need]] that "before the war we had over 80 parishes, and now we have only 37 active parishes. The rest were closed, occupied or destroyed." He went on to say that "the laws of the occupation force forbid any affiliation with the Catholic Church, either Greek-Catholic or Latin rite, and it is very difficult to provide any sort of ministry there. My exarchate no longer has any priests in these territories, all our churches have been destroyed, or they are closed and people are not allowed to attend them."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Burgos |first=Xavier |date=2025-08-12 |title=Greek-Catholic Bishop of Donetsk: "Before the war we had over 80 parishes, but more than half closed, are under occupation or were destroyed" |url=https://acninternational.org/before-the-war-we-had-over-80-parishes/ |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=ACN International |language=en-US}}</ref>

====Calendar reform====
On 24 December 2022, [[Major archbishop]] [[Sviatoslav Shevchuk|Sviatoslav]] handed over to [[Metropolitan of Kyiv and All Ukraine|Metropolitan]] [[Epiphanius I of Ukraine|Epiphanius]] for review a letter outlining the considerations of the UGCC hierarchs regarding the {{ill|Reform of the church calendar in Ukraine|lt=church calendar reform|uk|Реформа церковного календаря в Україні|display=1}}, which aims to replace the use of the old [[Julian calendar]] with the [[Revised Julian calendar]]. The primates decided to create a joint working group on specific proposals for calendar reform. The joint group is initiated on the occasion of the celebration of the 1700th anniversary of the [[First Council of Nicaea|First Ecumenical Council]], held in [[Nicaea]] in 325. In this [[Ecumenical council|Council]], in particular, the calendar principles of church life were determined.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Heads of OCU, UGCC agree to set up working group to reform church calendar |url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society/3640576-heads-of-ocu-ugcc-agree-to-set-up-working-group-to-reform-church-calendar.html |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=www.ukrinform.net |date=24 December 2022 |language=en |archive-date=25 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225105700/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society/3640576-heads-of-ocu-ugcc-agree-to-set-up-working-group-to-reform-church-calendar.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=During the meeting of His Beatitude Sviatoslav with His Beatitude Epiphanius, they talked about the reform of the church calendar |url=https://news.ugcc.ua/data/pid-chas-zustrichi-blazhennishogo-svyatoslava-z-blazhennishym-epifaniem-govoryly-pro-reformu-tserkovnogo-kalendarya-1713/ |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=Українська Греко-Католицька Церква |language=uk |archive-date=24 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224150917/https://news.ugcc.ua/data/pid-chas-zustrichi-blazhennishogo-svyatoslava-z-blazhennishym-epifaniem-govoryly-pro-reformu-tserkovnogo-kalendarya-1713/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-24 |title=There was a meeting of the Primate of the OCU with the Father and the Primate of the UGCC |url=https://www.pomisna.info/uk/vsi-novyny/vidbulasya-zustrich-predstoyatelya-ptsu-z-ottsem-i-glavoyu-ugkts/ |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=OCU |language=uk |archive-date=24 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224220329/https://www.pomisna.info/uk/vsi-novyny/vidbulasya-zustrich-predstoyatelya-ptsu-z-ottsem-i-glavoyu-ugkts/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 1–2 February 2023 in [[Lviv]]-[[Briukhovychi]], the Synod of Bishops of the UGCC decided that from 1 September 2023, the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in Ukraine will switch to a new style ([[Revised Julian calendar]]) for fixed holidays with the preservation of the current [[Easter#Date|Paschalion]], which was announced by Supreme Archbishop [[Sviatoslav Shevchuk|Sviatoslav]] on 6 February 2023.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=HISTORICAL DECISION: THE UGCC IN UKRAINE SWITCHES TO A NEW CALENDAR |url=https://ugcc.ua/en/data/historical-decision-the-ugcc-in-ukraine-switches-to-a-new-calendar-232/ |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church |language=en |archive-date=11 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111164044/https://ugcc.ua/en/data/historical-decision-the-ugcc-in-ukraine-switches-to-a-new-calendar-232/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-06 |title=Ukraine's main Catholic church moves Christmas to Dec. 25 in pivot to West |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraines-main-catholic-church-moves-christmas-dec-25-pivot-west-2023-02-06/ |access-date=2023-02-06 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206232456/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraines-main-catholic-church-moves-christmas-dec-25-pivot-west-2023-02-06/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The calendar reform will have two stages. The first refers to all fixed holidays, and the second to the Easter date which would be kept in the old Julian. Parishes of the UGCC that are not ready to switch to the new style in 2023 have a transition period until 1 September 2025 to make the change.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-06 |title=Ukraine Catholic Church moves from Russian-affiliated Julian calendar |url=https://www.pillarcatholic.com/ukraine-catholic-church-moves-from-russian/ |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=The Pillar |language=en |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206235410/https://www.pillarcatholic.com/ukraine-catholic-church-moves-from-russian/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 6 February 2023, the [[Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Przemyśl–Warsaw|Archeparchy of Przemyśl–Warsaw]], taking into account the [[#Position on the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|previous decision]] of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in Ukraine<ref name="auto2"/> and the opinion of the Delegates of the Joint Diocesan Council in [[Porszewice]] in June 2022, adopted a decree on the transition to the [[Revised Julian calendar]] from 1 September 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The UGCC in Poland is also switching to a new calendar |url=https://ugcc.ua/data/ugkts-u-polshchi-takozh-perehodyt-na-novyy-kalendar-2068/ |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church |language=uk |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322144206/https://ugcc.ua/data/ugkts-u-polshchi-takozh-perehodyt-na-novyy-kalendar-2068/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stepan |first=ks Bogdan |title=Від 1 вересня 2023 року УГКЦ в Польщі переходить на новий стиль щодо нерухомих свят – декрет (6 лютого 2023) {{!}} Archidiecezja Przemysko-Warszawska Kościoła Greckokatolickiego w Polsce |date=6 February 2023 |url=http://cerkiew.org/2023/02/06/%d0%b2%d1%96%d0%b4-1-%d0%b2%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%b5%d1%81%d0%bd%d1%8f-2023-%d1%80%d0%be%d0%ba%d1%83-%d1%83%d0%b3%d0%ba%d1%86-%d0%b2-%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%8c%d1%89%d1%96-%d0%bf%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%b5%d1%85%d0%be/ |access-date=2023-03-22 |language=pl-PL |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325045910/http://cerkiew.org/2023/02/06/%d0%b2%d1%96%d0%b4-1-%d0%b2%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%b5%d1%81%d0%bd%d1%8f-2023-%d1%80%d0%be%d0%ba%d1%83-%d1%83%d0%b3%d0%ba%d1%86-%d0%b2-%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%8c%d1%89%d1%96-%d0%bf%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%b5%d1%85%d0%be/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 22 March 2023, the [[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Saints Peter and Paul of Melbourne|Eparchy of Saints Peter and Paul of Melbourne]], according to the decree of Bishop [[Mykola Bychok]], decided that from 1 September 2023, the UGCC in Australia and Oceania will completely switch to the Gregorian calendar, including [[Date of Easter|Easter]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The UGCC in Australia and Oceania switches to the Gregorian calendar |url=https://ugcc.ua/data/ugkts-v-avstraliy-ta-okeaniy-perehodyt-na-grygorianskyy-kalendar-2387/ |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=Українська Греко-Католицька Церква |language=uk |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322073255/https://ugcc.ua/data/ugkts-v-avstraliy-ta-okeaniy-perehodyt-na-grygorianskyy-kalendar-2387/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to the decree of Bishop [[Bohdan Dzyurakh|Bohdan Dziurakh]] dated 22 April 2023, from 1 September 2023, the [[Ukrainian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Germany and Scandinavia]] completely switches to the Gregorian calendar, including [[Paschal greeting|Paschal]], in contrast to the UGCC in Ukraine, in Poland.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Apostolic Exarchate in Germany and Scandinavia switches to the Gregorian calendar |url=https://ugcc.ua/en/data/the-apostolic-exarchate-in-germany-and-scandinavia-switches-to-the-gregorian-calendar-377/ |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church |language=en |archive-date=10 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610142710/https://ugcc.ua/en/data/the-apostolic-exarchate-in-germany-and-scandinavia-switches-to-the-gregorian-calendar-377/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 9 June 2023, the [[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of the Holy Family of London]], according to the decree of Bishop [[Kenneth Nowakowski]], switches from 1 September 2023 to the Gregorian calendar, in particular with Easter.<ref name=":192">{{Cite web |language=uk |url=https://ugcc.ua/data/eparhiya-presvyatoy-rodyny-v-londoni-perehodyt-na-grygorianskyy-kalendar-2951/ |title=Єпархія Пресвятої родини в Лондоні переходить на григоріанський календар |website=Українська Греко-Католицька Церква |accessdate=2023-06-10 |archive-date=10 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610134200/https://ugcc.ua/data/eparhiya-presvyatoy-rodyny-v-londoni-perehodyt-na-grygorianskyy-kalendar-2951/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":202">{{Cite web |language=en |url=https://www.ucc-gb.com/eparchialnews?lightbox=dataItem-lipyh2f8 |title=EPARCHIAL NEWS |website=ukrainianchurch |accessdate=2023-06-10 |archive-date=10 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610134200/https://www.ucc-gb.com/eparchialnews?lightbox=dataItem-lipyh2f8 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Historic administrative division==
[[File:Administrative divisions of the Greek Catholic Church in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772.PNG|thumb|The administrative divisions of the Ruthenian Uniate (Greek-Catholic) Church in 1772 (before partition of Poland)]]
[[File:Theotokos vilnius.jpg|thumb|[[Cathedral of the Theotokos, Vilnius|Cathedral of the Theotokos]] in [[Vilnius]], mother church of Ruthenian Uniate Church]]
[[File:Lviv - Cathedral of Saint George 01.JPG|thumb|[[St. George's Cathedral, Lviv|St. George's Cathedral]] in [[Lviv]], mother church of Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]]

===Ruthenian Uniate (eparchies) and partition of Poland===
* Vilno archeparchy (Metropolitan of Kyiv) → Russia
* [[Ruthenian Catholic Archeparchy of Polotsk–Vitebsk|Polotsk archeparchy]] (Polotsk) → Russia
* Smolensk archeparchy (Smolensk) → Russia
* [[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Lutsk–Ostroh|Lutsk-Ostroh eparchy]] (Lutsk) → Russia
* Turow-Pinsk eparchy (Pinsk) → Russia
* Volodymyr-Brest eparchy (Volodymyr) → [[Suprasl|Suprasl eparchy]] in Germany
* Halych-Kamianets eparchy (Lviv) → Lemberg archeparchy (Metropolitan of Galicia) in Austria
* Chelm-Belz eparchy (Chelm) → Austria
* Przemysl-Sanok eparchy (Przemysl) → Austria

===Greek Catholic church after the 1839 Synod of Polotsk===
* Archeparchy of Lemberg (Lviv, Metropolitan of Galicia)
* Eparchy of Kulm and Belz (Chelm) covering Kingdom of Poland → territory lost due to [[Congress of Vienna]]
* Eparchy of Premissel and Saanig (Przemysl)
* added eparchy of Stanislau (Ivano-Frankivsk)
* added apostolic exarchate of Lemkowszczyna (Sanok)

===Cathedrals===
;Ruthenian Uniate Church
(governing title Metropolitan of Kyiv, Galicia and all Ruthenia)
* 1609–1746 [[Cathedral of the Theotokos, Vilnius]] by [[Hypatius Pociej]]
* 1746–1809 Cathedral of Saint Trinity,<ref>Molodyko, V. ''[http://radomyshl.blogspot.com/2014/07/blog-post_18.html Tragic fate of the Saint Trinity Church (Трагічні долі Троїцької церкви)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402101746/http://radomyshl.blogspot.com/2014/07/blog-post_18.html |date=2 April 2018 }}''. 18 October 2003.</ref> [[Radomyshl]]
;Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
(governing title Metropolitan of Galicia, since 2005 – Major Archbishop of Kyiv-Galicia)
* 1816–1946 [[St. George's Cathedral, Lviv]]
* 1946–1989 Church liquidated by Soviet authorities (preserved on efforts of [[Josyf Slipyj]] at [[Santa Sofia a Via Boccea]])
* 1989–2011 [[St. George's Cathedral, Lviv]]
* 2011–present [[Patriarchal Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ]], Kyiv

===Primates===
* 1808 – 1814 [[Antin Anhelovych|Antoni of Galicia]] (as Meteropolitan bishop of Galicia)
* 1816 – 1858 [[Mykhailo Levytsky|Michael of Galicia]] (as Meteropolitan bishop of Galicia, [[Primate of Galicia and Lodomeria]])
* 1860 – 1863 [[Hryhoriy Yakhymovych|Gregory of Galicia]] (as Meteropolitan bishop of Galicia)
* 1864 – 1869 [[Spyrydon Lytvynovych|Spyridon of Galicia]] (as Meteropolitan bishop of Galicia)
* 1870 – 1882 [[Joseph Sembratovych|Joseph I of Galicia]] (as Meteropolitan bishop of Galicia)
* 1885 – 1898 [[Sylwester Sembratowicz|Sylvester of Galicia]] (as Meteropolitan bishop of Galicia)
* 1899 – 1900 [[Julian Sas-Kuilovsky|Julian of Galicia]] (as Meteropolitan bishop of Galicia)
* 1901 – 1944 [[Andrey Sheptytsky|Andrew of Galicia]] (as Meteropolitan bishop of Galicia)
* 1944 – 1963 [[Josyf Slipyj|Joseph II of Galicia]] (as Meteropolitan bishop of Galicia, persecution)
** 1963 – 1984 [[Josyf Slipyj|Joseph II of Galicia]] (as [[Major archbishop]] of Galicia, exile (1963–1984))
** 1984 – 1991 [[Myroslav Ivan Lubachivsky|Myroslav of Galicia]] (as [[Major archbishop]] of Galicia, exile (1984–1991))
** 1963 – 1971 ''[[Vasyl Velychkovsky]]'' (Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in catacombs, locum tenens)
** 1971 – 1991 ''[[Volodymyr Sterniuk]]'' (Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in catacombs, locum tenens)
* 1991 – 2000 [[Myroslav Ivan Lubachivsky|Myroslav of Galicia]] (as [[Major archbishop]] of Galicia)
* 2001 – 2005 [[Liubomyr Huzar|Liubomyr of Galicia]] (as [[Major archbishop]] of Galicia)
* 2005 – 2011 [[Liubomyr Huzar|Liubomyr of Kyiv-Galicia]] (as [[Major archbishop]] of Kyiv-Galicia)
* 2011 – ''present'' [[Sviatoslav Shevchuk|Sviatoslav of Kyiv-Galicia]] (as [[Major archbishop]] of Kyiv-Galicia)

== Current administrative division ==
{{-}}
{{Image label begin|image=Ukraine eparchies.png|width=600|float=center}}
{{Image label|x=-213|y=-160.0|scale=-1|text='''[[Ukrainian Catholic Major Archeparchy of Kyiv–Galicia|Archeparchy of Kyiv]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=-100|y=-150.0|scale=-1|text='''[[Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Lviv|1]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=-105|y=-195.0|scale=-1|text=[[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Ivano-Frankivsk|2]]}}
{{Image label|x=-145|y=-165.0|scale=-1|text=[[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Ternopil – Zboriv|3]]}}
{{Image label|x=-70 |y=-170.0|scale=-1|text=[[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Sambir-Drohobych|4]]}}
{{Image label|x=-110|y=-130.0|scale=-1|text=[[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Sokal – Zhovkva|5]]}}
{{Image label|x=-102|y=-168.0|scale=-1|text=[[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Stryi|6]]}}
{{Image label|x=-130|y=-230.0|scale=-1|text=[[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Kolomyia – Chernivtsi|7]]}}
{{Image label|x=-150|y=-195.0|scale=-1|text=[[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Buchach|8]]}}
{{Image label|x=-430|y=-200.0|scale=-1|text=''[[Exarchate of Donetsk]]''}}
{{Image label|x=-350|y=-120.0|scale=-1|text=''[[Ukrainian Catholic Archiepiscopal Exarchate of Kharkiv|Exarchate of Kharkiv]]''}}
{{Image label|x=-300|y=-270.0|scale=-1|text=''[[Ukrainian Catholic Archiepiscopal Exarchate of Odesa|Exarchate of Odesa]]''}}
{{Image label|x=-110|y=-88.0 |scale=-1|text=''[[Ukrainian Catholic Archiepiscopal Exarchate of Lutsk|{{br list | Exarchate | of Lutsk}}]]''}}
{{Image label|x=20|y=-217.0|scale=-1|text=[[Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church|{{br list | Ruthenian Greek |Catholic Church}}]]}}
{{Image label|x=-384|y=-377.0|scale=-1|text=''[[Ukrainian Catholic Archiepiscopal Exarchate of Krym|{{br list | Exarchate | of Krym}}]]''}}

{{Image label end}}
{{Clear}}
The [[Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo]] belongs to jurisdiction of the [[Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church]] rather than the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.

The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church moved its administrative center from Western Ukrainian [[Lviv]] to a new cathedral in [[Kyiv]] on 21 August 2005. The title of the head of the UGCC was changed from ''The Major Archbishop of Lviv'' to ''The Major Archbishop of Kyiv and Halych''.

The Patriarchal Curia of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church is an organ of Sviatoslav Shevchuk, the head of the UGCC, Major Archbishop of Kyiv and Halych, which coordinates and promotes the common activity of the UGCC in Ukraine to make influence on society in different spheres: education, policy, culture, etc. The Curia develops action of the Church's structures, enables relations and cooperation with other Churches and major public institutions in religious and social areas for implementation of the Social Doctrine of the Catholic Church through everyday life.

In 2011 the church introduced territorial subdivisions in Ukraine, metropolia.<ref name=UW111108>[https://tyzhden.ua/News/34861 The UGCC created three new metropolia in Ukraine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226084518/https://tyzhden.ua/News/34861 |date=26 December 2018 }}. [[The Ukrainian Week]]. 8 November 2011</ref> A metropolitan bishop, an archbishop of main archeparchy, may gather own metropolitan synod, decisions of which shall be approved by the Major Archbishop.<ref name=UW111108/>

This is a list of the eparchies of the church that are subject to the Major Archbishop:
[[File:Україна Вінниця, Українська греко-католицька церква (4).jpg|thumb|Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in [[Vinnytsia]]]]
* [[Ukrainian Catholic Major Archeparchy of Kyiv-Halych|Metropolitis of Kyiv – Galicia]] (2005)<ref name=UW111108/>
** [[Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Kyiv]] ({{langx|la|Archidioecesis Kioviensis}}, previously as uniate diocese, 1996)
** [[Ukrainian Catholic Archiepiscopal Exarchate of Donetsk]] (2002)
** [[Ukrainian Catholic Archiepiscopal Exarchate of Odesa]] (2003)
** [[Ukrainian Catholic Archiepiscopal Exarchate of Lutsk]] (previously as uniate diocese, 2008)
** [[Ukrainian Catholic Archiepiscopal Exarchate of Crimea]] (2014 as administration in [[Odesa]])
** [[Ukrainian Catholic Archiepiscopal Exarchate of Kharkiv]] (2014)
* Metropolis of Lviv (1808–2005, 2011)<ref name=UW111108/>
** [[Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Lviv]] ({{langx|la|Archidioecesis Leopolitana Ucrainorum}}, 1539–1946, 1989)
** [[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Sambir-Drohobych|Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Sambir–Drohobych]] (1993)
** [[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Zboriv]] (1993–2000)
** [[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Stryi]] (2000)
** [[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Sokal – Zhovkva|Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Sokal–Zhovkva]] (2000)
* Metropolis of Ternopil – Zboriv (2011)<ref name=UW111108/>
** [[Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Ternopil–Zboriv]] (1993)
** [[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Buchach]] (2000)
** [[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Kamyanets-Podilskyi]] (previously as united diocese, 2015)
* Metropolis of Ivano-Frankivsk (2011)<ref name=UW111108/>
** [[Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Ivano-Frankivsk]] (1885–1946, 1989)
** [[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Kolomyia]] (1993)
** [[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Chernivtsi]] (2017)
* Metropolis of Przemyśl–Warsaw (Poland, 1996)<ref name=UW111108/>
** [[Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Przemyśl–Warsaw]] (1087–1946, 1996)
** [[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Wrocław-Koszalin]] (1996)
** [[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Olsztyn–Gdańsk]] (2020)
* Metropolis of Winnipeg (Canada, 1956)<ref name=UW111108/>
** [[Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Winnipeg]] (1912)
** [[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Edmonton]] (1948)
** [[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Toronto and Eastern Canada]] (1948)
** [[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Saskatoon]] (1951)
** [[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of New Westminster]] (1974)
* Metropolis of Philadelphia (United States, 1958)<ref name=UW111108/>
** [[Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Philadelphia]] (1913)
** [[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Stamford]] (1956)
** [[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Chicago]] (1961)
** [[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Parma]] (1983)
* Metropolis of Curitiba (Brazil, 2014)
** [[Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of São João Batista em Curitiba|Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Curitiba]] (1962)
** [[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Imaculada Conceição in Prudentópolis|Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Prudentópolis]] (2014)

Eparchies subject to the Major Archbishop without being in his metropolis:
** [[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Santa María del Patrocinio in Buenos Aires|Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Buenos Aires]] (Argentina, 1968)
** [[Ukrainian Eparchy of Ss Peter and Paul|Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Melbourne]] (Australia, New Zealand and Oceania, 1958)
** [[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of the Holy Family of London]] (England, Scotland and Wales, 1957)
** [[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Saint Wladimir-Le-Grand de Paris]] (France, Switzerland and Benelux, 1960)

This is a list of eparchies of the church that are exempt (i.e. directly dependent on the [[Holy See]]):
* [[Ukrainian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Germany and Scandinavia]]<nowiki>*</nowiki> (1959)
* [[Ukrainian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Italy]]<nowiki>*</nowiki> (2019)

As of 2014, the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church is estimated to have 4,468,630 faithful, 39 bishops, 3993 parishes, 3008 diocesan priests, 399 religious-order priests, 818 men religious, 1459 women religious, 101 deacons, and 671 seminarians.<ref name="cnewastat">{{cite web |url=http://www.cnewa.org/source-images/Roberson-eastcath-statistics/eastcatholic-stat14.pdf |author=Ronald Roberson |title=The Eastern Catholic Churches 2014 |publisher=Catholic Near East Welfare Association|access-date=10 January 2015|archive-date=22 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822015856/http://www.cnewa.org/source-images/Roberson-eastcath-statistics/eastcatholic-stat14.pdf|url-status=dead}} Information sourced from ''Annuario Pontificio'' 2014 edition.</ref>

{{See also|List of Leaders of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church}}

===Monastic orders and religious congregations===
List of orders and congregations<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ugcc.org.ua/eng/church_in_action/ugcc_chyny/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060816085324/http://www.ugcc.org.ua/eng/church_in_action/ugcc_chyny/ |title=Male Monastic Orders and Congregations |archive-date=16 August 2006 |work=The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church Official Website |date=2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Male====
* [[Order of Saint Basil the Great]]
* [[Studite Brethren]]
* [[Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer]]
* [[Congregation of the Salesian Fathers of St. Don Bosco]]
* [[Miles Jesu]]
* [[Missionary Congregation of Saint Andrew the Apostle]]

====Female====
* [[Sisters of the Order of Saint Basil the Great]]
* [[Sisters Servants of Mary Immaculate]]
* [[Sisters of St. Joseph, the Spouse of the Virgin Mary]] (related to [[Sisters of St. Joseph]])
* [[Sisters Catechists of Saint Anne]] (related to [[Sisters of Saint Anne]])
* [[Sisters of the Holy Family (Ukraine)|Sisters of the Holy Family]]
* [[Sisters of the Priest and Martyr St. Josaphat Kuntsevych]]
* [[Sisters of Mercy of St. Vincent de Paul]] (related to [[Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul]])
* [[Salesian Sisters of Don Bosco|Salesian Sisters]]
* [[Sisters of the Most Holy Eucharist]]
* [[Myrrh-bearing Sisters under the Protection of St. Mary Magdalene]]

==Prison ministry of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2017}}
{{Main|Ukraine prison ministry#Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|l1=Ukraine prison ministry § Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church}}
[[File:Capelany.jpg|thumb|Prison chaplains of the UGCC, 2008]]
In contemporary [[Ukraine prison ministry]] of chaplains does not exist ''de jure''.{{citation needed|date=October 2017}} The prison pastoral care was at the very heart of the spirituality of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church throughout her history. Prison Pastoral of the UGCC was restored in 1990 after the Church, formerly forbidden, emerged from the underground. Pastoral care has grown steadily from several establishments in the Western Part of Ukraine to more than 40 penal institutions in every region of the country. Since 2001 the UGCC is the co-founder of the Ukrainian Interdenominational Christian Mission "Spiritual and Charitable Care in Prisons" including twelve Churches and Denominations. This Mission is a part of the World Association of Prison Ministry. The most active prison chaplains are the Redemptorist Fathers.

In the year 2006 Lubomyr Husar established in the Patriarchal Curia of the UGCC the Department for Pastoral Care in the Armed Forces and in the Penitentiary System of Ukraine. This structure implements a general management of Prison Ministry. The chief of the Department is Most Rev. Michael Koltun, Bishop of Sokal and Zhovkva. The head of the Unit for penitentiary pastoral care is Rev. Constantin Panteley, who is directly responsible for coordination of activity in this realm. He is in direct contact with 37 priests in 12 eparchies who have been assigned responsibility for prison pastoral care. Those pastors ensure regular attendance of penitentiary facilities, investigatory isolators and prisons.

==Ukrainian diaspora==
The Ukrainian Catholic Church in the United States has limited growth opportunities, because in the United States and in other non-Ukrainian jurisdictions, many parishes choose to focus on immigrants from Ukraine and their children (during the time the children are subject to parental control) as opposed to making new converts. They maintain this characteristic by resisting the use of English in liturgies and, in some parishes, insisting on the use of the Julian Calendar to calculate dates of Christmas, Easter, and other religious holidays, thus placing themselves outside the U.S. mainstream. The Ukrainian Catholic Church considers the descendants of those who migrated from Ukraine to be part of a "[[Ukrainian diaspora|diaspora]]." Around 40% of the diocesan priests in the diaspora are [[Clerical marriage|married]], compared to 90% marriage rate of [[diocesan priests]] in Ukraine.<ref>{{cite book |last=Galadza |first=Peter |chapter=Eastern Catholic Christianity |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWp9JA3aBvcC&pg=PA303 |page=303 |editor1-last=Parry |editor1-first=Kenneth |title=The Blackwell companion to Eastern Christianity |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4443-3361-9 |location=Malden, MA |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |series=Blackwell companions to religion |access-date=17 April 2022 |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801160812/https://books.google.com/books?id=fWp9JA3aBvcC&pg=PA303 |url-status=live }}</ref>

By the time the immigrants' children, and especially the immigrants' grandchildren, grow up, they have learned English in school, know little to no Ukrainian, and are otherwise fully assimilated into U.S. Most of the children are either members of the Latin Church or join some non-Catholic denomination.  To the extent that a Ukrainian Catholic Church in the United States is able to make progress toward adaptation (e.g. the use of English in its liturgies and in the conducting of parish business), the next group of immigrants arrives from the old country and insists that the church maintain its old world characteristics without change and all former progress is reversed.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} For this reason, many parishes and Eparchies have begun to focus on producing converts.

In Canada, the wave of [[Ukrainian Canadians|immigration]] from [[Halychyna|Galicia]] in the late 19th and early 20th centuries led to the establishment of a number of Ukrainian Catholic churches in the [[Prairie provinces]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ukrainianchurchesofcanada.ca/history/early_period.html |title=The early period of Ukrainian Church history in Canada |first=Sterling |last=Demichinsky |access-date=28 December 2020 |archive-date=9 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209163752/http://www.ukrainianchurchesofcanada.ca/history/early_period.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Ukrainian Catholic Church is also represented in other provinces, for example by the [[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Toronto|Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Toronto and Eastern Canada]], which includes dioceses in Ontario, Quebec, and Nova Scotia, and the [[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of New Westminster]] in British Columbia.

==De-Latinization vs. Traditionalism==
===Background===
{{main|Eastern Catholic liturgy|Liturgical Latinization}}
Even before the [[Second Vatican Council]] the [[Holy See]] declared it important to guard and preserve the customs and distinct forms for administering the sacraments in use in the Eastern Catholic Churches ([[Pope Leo XIII]], encyclical ''[[Orientalium Dignitas]]'').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Leo13/l13orient.htm |author=Pope Leo XIIl |title=Orientalium dignitas |date=30 November 1894 |access-date=15 February 2015 |archive-date=4 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504053853/http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Leo13/l13orient.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> After the [[Russian Revolution of 1905]], the underground parish of the [[Russian Greek Catholic Church]] in St. Petersburg split between the followers of Pro-Latinisation priest Fr. [[Aleksei Zerchaninov]] and those of Pro-Orientalist priest Fr. [[Ivan Deubner]]. When asked by Metropolitan [[Andrey Sheptytsky]] to make a decision on the dispute, [[Pope Pius X]] decreed that Russian Greek Catholic priests should offer the [[Divine Liturgy]] ''Nec Plus, Nec Minus, Nec Aliter'' ("No more, No Less, No Different") than priests of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] and the [[Old Believers]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250135379 |title=Eastern Catholic Churches and the Question of 'Uniatism' |website=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=George Thomas Kurian |author2=Mark A. Lamport |title=Encyclopedia of Christianity in the United States |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=73xfDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1724 |date=10 November 2016 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |isbn=978-1-4422-4432-0 |page=1724 |access-date=3 September 2021 |archive-date=11 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111024924/https://books.google.com/books?id=73xfDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1724#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, [[Liturgical Latinization|liturgical de-latinization]] began with the 1930s corrections of the liturgical books by Metropolitan [[Andrey Sheptytsky]]. According to his biographer Cyril Korolevsky, Metropolitan Andrey opposed use of coercion against those who remained attached to [[Latin liturgical rites|Latin liturgical practices]], fearing that any attempt to do so would lead to a Greek-Catholic equivalent of the [[Raskol|1666 Schism]] within the [[Russian Orthodox Church]].<ref>Cyril Korolevsky, ''Metropolitan Andrew (1868–1944)'', Translated and Edited by Fr. Serge Keleher. Stauropegion Brotherhood, Lviv, 1993.</ref>

Following the 1964 decree ''[[Orientalium Ecclesiarum]]'' during the [[Second Vatican Council]] and several subsequent documents, [[Liturgical latinisation|Latinisations]] were discarded within the [[Ukrainian diaspora]]. Meanwhile, among Byzantine Catholics in Western Ukraine, forced into a persecuted and secret existence following the Soviet ban on the UGCC, the latinizations remained, "an important component of their underground practices",<ref>Stéphanie Mahieu and Vlad Naumescu (2008), ''Churches In-between: Greek Catholic Churches in Postsocialist Europe'', Halle Studies in the Anthropology of Eurasia. Page 162, Footnote 10.</ref> in illegal parishes, seminaries, and religious communities. After proscription of the UGCC was lifted in 1989, priests and hierarchs arrived from the diaspora and began to enforce a liturgical conformity that has been met with considerable opposition.

In response, many priests, nuns, and candidates for the priesthood found themselves, "forced towards the periphery of the church since 1989 because of their wish to '[[Traditionalist Catholicism|keep the tradition]]'." In some eparchies, particularly those of [[Ivano-Frankivsk]] and [[Ternopil]]-[[Zboriv]], the bishops would immediately suspend any priest who, "displayed his inclination toward 'traditionalist' practices".<ref>Stéphanie Mahieu and Vlad Naumescu (2008), ''Churches In-between: Greek Catholic Churches in Postsocialist Europe'', Halle Studies in the Anthropology of Eurasia. Pages 164–165.</ref>

In the February 2003 issue of ''[[Patriayarkhat]]'', the official journal of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church, an article appeared written by a student at the [[Ukrainian Catholic University]], which since its 1994 foundation has been, "the strongest progressive voice within the Church". The article named priests and parishes in every [[eparchy]] in Ukraine as being involved in "a well-organized movement" and who described themselves as "traditionalists". According to the article, they constituted "a parallel structure" with connections with the [[Society of St. Pius X]] and with a charismatic leader in Fr. [[Basil Kovpak]], the Pastor of St. Peter and Paul's Church in the suburb of [[Lviv]]-Riasne.<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/1809806/Continuities_and_Ruptures_of_a_Religious_Tradition_Making_Orthodoxyin_the_Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church Vlad Naumescu, "Continuities and Ruptures of a Religious Tradition: Making 'Orthodoxy' in the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830033219/https://www.academia.edu/1809806/Continuities_and_Ruptures_of_a_Religious_Tradition_Making_Orthodoxyin_the_Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church |date=30 August 2021 }}" in Stephanie Mahieu, Vlad Naumescu (editors), ''Churches In-between: Greek Catholic Churches in Postsocialist Europe'' (LIT Verlag Münster 2008), pp. 161–162, {{ISBN|978-3-8258-9910-3}}</ref>

According to Vlad Naumescu, "Religious life in a traditionalist parish followed the model of the 'underground church.' Devotions were more intense, with each priest promoting his parish as a 'place of pilgrimage' for the neighboring areas, thus drawing larger crowds on Sunday than his local parish could provide. On Sundays and feast days, religious services took place three times a day (in Riasne), and the Sunday liturgy lasted for two and a half to three hours. The main religious celebrations took place outside the church in the middle of the neighborhood, and on every occasion traditionalists organized long processions through the entire locality. The community was strongly united by its common opponent, re-enacting the model of the 'defender of faith' common to times of repression. This model, which presupposes clear-cut attitudes and a firm moral stance, mobilized the community and reproduced the former determination of the 'underground' believers."<ref>Stephanie Mahieu, Vlad Naumescu (editors), ''Churches In-between: Greek Catholic Churches in Postsocialist Europe'' (LIT Verlag Münster 2008), page 164. {{ISBN|978-3-8258-9910-3}}</ref>

===Basil Kovpak and the Society of St. Josaphat===
{{main|Traditionalist Catholicism}}
According to Vlad Naumescu, during the early 1990s, priests of the [[Society of Saint Pius X]] began visiting Western Ukraine and made contact with, "a group of Greek Catholic priests and lay members that favored liturgical latinization (an important component of their underground practices) and helped them organize into an active society."<ref>Stéphanie Mahieu and Vlad Naumescu (2008), ''Churches In-between: Greek Catholic Churches in Postsocialist Europe'', Halle Studies in the Anthropology of Eurasia. Page 162.</ref>

In 1999, [[Basil Kovpak]] and two other traditionalist UGCC priests asked [[Society of Saint Pius X]] Superior General Bishop [[Bernard Fellay]] to become their spiritual leader. The reasons for this move were that the three priests hoped to obtain both approval and support from fellow Traditionalist Catholics in the West. In September 2000, Bishop Fellay agreed and the [[Priestly Society of St. Josaphat]] was founded.<ref name="Vlad Naumescu 2008 Page 165">Stéphanie Mahieu and Vlad Naumescu (2008), ''Churches In-between: Greek Catholic Churches in Postsocialist Europe'', Halle Studies in the Anthropology of Eurasia. Page 165.</ref>

The Priestly Society of Saint Josaphat extends the SSPX's criticism of [[indifferentism]] and [[Modernism in the Catholic Church]] to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. They oppose certain decisions of the [[Second Vatican Council]] and aspects of [[ecumenism]] and [[interreligious relations|interreligious]] [[dialogue]] practiced by the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Hierarchy and the [[Holy See]].

In addition to opposing the banning of pre-Vatican II Latin liturgical practices and devotions, the Society rejects the shortened [[Divine Liturgy]] and the mirroring of the [[Mass of Paul VI]] that has been introduced from the [[Ukrainian diaspora]], as well as the replacement of the traditional [[Church Slavonic]] [[liturgical language]] with the [[vernacular]] [[Ukrainian language]]. As an alternative, Kovpak and his fellow Greek Catholic traditionalists celebrate what they consider the ''Pravdyvyi'' ("True") Rite,<ref>Stéphanie Mahieu and Vlad Naumescu (2008), ''Churches In-between: Greek Catholic Churches in Postsocialist Europe'', Halle Studies in the Anthropology of Eurasia. Page 162-163.</ref> which often lasts two and a half to three hours.<ref>Stéphanie Mahieu and Vlad Naumescu (2008), ''Churches In-between: Greek Catholic Churches in Postsocialist Europe'', Halle Studies in the Anthropology of Eurasia. Page 164.</ref>

On 10 February 2004 Cardinal [[Lubomyr Husar]] declared Kovpak excommunicated over his links to the SSPX.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.risu.org.ua/eng/news/article;2559/ |title=RISU / English / News / Lefebvrite Priest Excommunicated from Greek Catholic Church |access-date=2017-04-07 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20050420025155/http://www.risu.org.ua/eng/news/article;2559/ |archive-date=2005-04-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kovpak announced his plans to appeal to the [[Holy See]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.risu.org.ua/eng/news/article;2573/ |title=RISU / English / News / Excommunicated Greek Catholic Priest Denies Accusations, Disagrees with Decision |access-date=2006-09-07 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20050420025325/http://www.risu.org.ua/eng/news/article;2573/ |archive-date=2005-04-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Sacra Rota Romana]] accepted his appeal and declared Kovpak's excommunication null and void for lack of canonical form.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.laportelatine.org/accueil/entret/2006/jenkins/versionanglaise/anglais2006.php |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060823133035/http://www.laportelatine.org/accueil/entret/2006/jenkins/versionanglaise/anglais2006.php |url-status=dead |title=An Interview with the SSPX Prior of Warsaw |archivedate=23 August 2006}}</ref> The process was immediately restarted and Kovpak's second decree of excommunication was confirmed by the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]] on 21 November 2007.<ref>Catholic World News, 21 November 2007.  [http://www.catholicculture.org/news/features/index.cfm?recnum=54919 Ukrainian priest excommunicated] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610060510/http://www.catholicculture.org/news/features/index.cfm?recnum=54919 |date=10 June 2011 }}</ref> While pro-Kovpak Ukrainian traditionalists have often been accused of having links to the SSPX solely for financial reasons, they would not, according to Vlad Naumescu, have been able to survive as a movement without the money donated to them by [[Roman Rite]] traditionalists.<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/1809806/Continuities_and_Ruptures_of_a_Religious_Tradition_Making_Orthodoxyin_the_Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church Vlad Naumescu, "Continuities and Ruptures of a Religious Tradition: Making 'Orthodoxy' in the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830033219/https://www.academia.edu/1809806/Continuities_and_Ruptures_of_a_Religious_Tradition_Making_Orthodoxyin_the_Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church |date=30 August 2021 }}" in Stephanie Mahieu, Vlad Naumescu (editors), ''Churches In-between: Greek Catholic Churches in Postsocialist Europe'' (LIT Verlag Münster 2008), page 167, {{ISBN|978-3-8258-9910-3}}</ref>

The Society operates a seminary in Lviv, where the seminarians are taught by Kovpak and by SPPX priests visiting from Poland. The Society also consists of a group of Greek Catholic nuns, who were forced to leave the [[Order of Saint Basil the Great|Basilian Order]] in 1995, "because of their 'traditionalist' ideas"<ref name="Vlad Naumescu 2008 Page 165"/> and who now reside in the house where Blessed [[Nicholas Charnetsky]] died following his release from the [[Gulag]]. The room in which Kyr Nicholas died is now the convent's chapel.<ref>[http://www.redemptorists.org.uk/red/mag/ruthen10.htm A Convent for Tradition in the Ukraine] Web site of the [[Transalpine Redemptorist]]s who became reconciled with the Holy See in 2009. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113192948/http://www.redemptorists.org.uk/red/mag/ruthen10.htm |date=13 January 2008 }}</ref>

Unlike the [[Ukrainian orthodox Greek Catholic Church]], Kovpak and the PSSJK reject both [[Sedevacantism]] and [[Conclavism]].

===Sedevacantism and Conclavism in the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church===
In 2008, a group of [[Order of Saint Basil the Great|Basilian]] priests from [[Slovakia]], after relocating to the [[Pidhirtsi]] monastery, declared that four of them had been consecrated bishops without permission of the Pope or the Major Archbishop. The "Pidhirtsi fathers" have claimed they opposed de-latinization, and also further claim that the members of the hierarchy of the Ukrainian Greek catholic church follows liberal theology due to ecumenism.

Because they had consecrated bishops without the authorization of Rome they were as of consequence officially excommunicated in 2008, in 2009 they constituted themselves as the ''[[Ukrainian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church]]''.

Having elected [[Czech people|Czech]] Basilian priest Fr. Anthony Elias Dohnal as "Patriarch Elijah", they declared on 1 May 2011 that both [[Pope John Paul II]] and [[Pope Benedict XVI]] were excommunicated and that the Holy See was vacant ([[Sedevacantism]]). They added: "The Byzantine Catholic Patriarchate is now commissioned by God to protect the orthodox doctrine of the Catholic Church, including the Latin Church. Only after an orthodox Catholic hierarchy and an orthodox successor to the Papacy is elected, will the Patriarchate be relieved of this God-given duty."<ref>[http://uogcc.org.ua/en/actual/article/?article=4554 Declaration of an excommunication upon Pope Benedict XVI and John Paul II] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813143225/http://uogcc.org.ua/en/actual/article/?article=4554 |date=13 August 2021 }}. Uogcc.org.ua. Retrieved on 4 July 2013.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uogcc.org.ua/res/download/pastoral_letter_for_the_catholic_church.doc |title=Pastoral letter for the Catholic Church |access-date=3 September 2021 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308125521/http://uogcc.org.ua/res/download/pastoral_letter_for_the_catholic_church.doc |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 14 October 2019, the UOGCC broke with their former policy of [[Sedevacantism]] and embraced [[Conclavism]]. They announced they had elected Archbishop [[Carlo Maria Viganò]], the former [[Apostolic Nunciature to the United States|Apostolic Nuncio to the United States]], as their Pope.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://vkpatriarhat.org/en/?p=16979 |title=Habemus papam |date=14 October 2019 |website=Byzantine Catholic Patriarchate |language=en |access-date=2019-10-15 |archive-date=31 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831021427/http://vkpatriarhat.org/en/?p=16979 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uogcc.org.ua/en/actual/article/?article=20610 |title=Habemus papam |date=2019-10-15 |website=uogcc.org.ua |access-date=2021-08-30 |archive-date=31 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831021353/http://uogcc.org.ua/en/actual/article/?article=20610 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In a 2014 article in ''[[The New York Times]]'' about the UOGCC, Patriarch Elijah and his followers were alleged to be [[Russophile|Pro-Russian]], [[anti-Ukrainian sentiment|anti-Ukrainian]], and violently opposed to the [[2014 Ukrainian Revolution]]. In the same article, Kyr [[Ihor Vozniak]], UGCC Archeparch of Lviv, was quoted as saying that the UOGCC is financed and secretly led by the [[Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)|Foreign Intelligence Service]] of the [[Russian Federation]] (SVR RF) ({{langx|ru|СВР РФ}}) to introduce anarchy and chaos into the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.<ref>{{cite news | first=Andrew | last=Higgins | date=21 June 2014 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/22/world/europe/ukrainian-church-faces-obscure-pro-russia-revolt-in-its-own-ranks.html | title=Ukrainian Church Faces Obscure Pro-Russia Revolt In Its Own Ranks | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831023127/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/22/world/europe/ukrainian-church-faces-obscure-pro-russia-revolt-in-its-own-ranks.html |archivedate=31 August 2021 | newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

According to the Lviv-based newspaper ''[[Ekspres]]'', Fr. Dohnal, alias Patriarch Elijah, was a [[KGB]] informer inside the Latin [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Litoměřice|Diocese of Litoměřice]] before the [[Velvet Revolution|Fall of Communism]] in the [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic]]. In support of their claims, ''Ekspres'' published a document identifying Fr. Dohnal as a KGB [[mole (espionage)|mole]] with the code name "Tonek." The UOGCC denies the accusation.

==See also==
[[File:St. George's Krystynopol.jpg|thumb|The interior of St. George's Church in [[Chervonohrad]]]]
* [[History of Christianity in Ukraine|Major events]]: [[Christianization of Kyivan Rus]], [[Ruthenia]], [[Conversion of Chelm Eparchy|Conversion of Kholm Eparchy]]
* [[Western Ukrainian Clergy]]: [[Lists of leaders of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|List of major archbishops of Kyiv-Galicia]] and [[List of metropolitans and patriarchs of Kyiv]], [[Andrey Sheptytsky]], [[Josyf Slipyj|Yosyf Slipyi]], [[Hryhoriy Khomyshyn]], [[Josaphata Hordashevska]]
* [[List of eparchies of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]]
* [[Dzhublyk]]
* Supporting organizations: [[Ukrainian Catholic University]], [[Ukraine prison ministry]], [[Priestly Society of Saint Josaphat]]
* Related organizations: [[Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church]] ([[Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo]]), [[Belarusian Greek Catholic Church]]
* [[Autocephaly of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine]]
* [[Prairie cathedral]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Articles in [[Zerkalo Nedeli]] (Mirror Weekly): "Moscow, Vatican and an unpredictable weather in Ukraine", March 2004,[https://projects.zn.ua/SOCIETY/moskva,_vatikan_i_neperedbachuvana_pogoda_v_ukrayini.html in Ukrainian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213172850/https://projects.zn.ua/SOCIETY/moskva,_vatikan_i_neperedbachuvana_pogoda_v_ukrayini.html |date=13 February 2020 }} and [https://zn.ua/SOCIETY/moskva,_vatikan_i_nepredskazuemaya_pogoda_v_ukraine.html in Russian]
* "Account of the history of the Unia and its disestablishment in 19th Century Russia" [https://web.archive.org/web/20070926221333/http://www.pravoslavie.ru/arhiv/050513111111/ in Russian]
* ''Orientales Omnes Ecclesias'', Encyclical on the Reunion of the Ruthenian Church with Rome His Holiness Pope Pius XII, Promulgated on 23 December 1945.
* {{CathEncy|wstitle=Greek Catholics in America}}
* Gudziak, Borys A. (2001). ''Crisis and Reform: The Kyivan Metropolitanate, The Patriarchate of Constantinople, and the Genesis of the Union of Brest.'' Harvard University Press. Cambridge, MA.
* Chirovsky, A. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160612230209/http://www.ukrweekly.com/uwwp/as-pope-and-russian-patriarch-meet-ukraine-fears-a-shaky-vatican/ As pope and Russian patriarch meet, Ukraine fears a "shaky" Vatican]''. [[The Ukrainian Weekly]]. 19 February 2016.

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{Official website}} {{in lang|uk}}
* [https://ugcc.ua/en/ Official website] {{in lang|en}}
* [https://synod.ugcc.ua/ Synod of Bishops of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church] {{in lang|uk}}
* [https://news.ugcc.ua/ Information Resource of Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church] {{in lang|en}}
* [https://ugcc.lviv.ua/ Lviv Archeparchy] {{in lang|uk}}
* [https://www.saintelias.com/ St. Elias Ukrainian Catholic Church] {{in lang|en}}
* [http://unici.pl/ Website dedicated to the Byzantine-Slavic tradition in the Catholic Church] {{in lang|pl}}
* [https://risu.ua/en Religious Information Service of Ukraine] {{in lang|en}}
* [https://cnewa.org/eastern-christian-churches/toc/the-catholic-eastern-churches/from-the-orthodox-church/the-ukrainian-catholic-church/ Article on the UGCC by Ronald Roberson on the CNEWA web site] {{in lang|en}}

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{{Hierarchs (ordinaries) of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church}}
{{Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church}}
{{Ruthenian Uniate Church}}
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[[Category:Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church| ]]