View source for USATC S160 Class

{{short description|Class of American 2-8-0 locomotive built for service overseas during World War II}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox locomotive
| name = USATC S160 Class<br /><br /><small>China KD6, ÖBB Class 956, ČSD Class 456.1, SNCF Class 140U, [[SEK Class Θγ|SEK Class Θγ (THg)]], [[MÁV Class 411]], [[FS Class 736]], PKP Tr201 and Tr203, Russia class Ш<sup>A</sup>, Renfe class 553, [[TCDD 45171 Class]], JŽ class 37, KSR 8000 series, KNR Sori2 class, SNCB/NMBS type 281</small>
| powertype = Steam
| image = Lima_USATC-5740_locomotive.jpg
| caption = [[Lima Locomotive Works]] [[builder's photo|builder portrait]] of USATC number 5740
| designer = Major J. W. Marsh 
| builder = [[American Locomotive Company]] (755),<br />[[Baldwin Locomotive Works]] (712),<br />[[Lima Locomotive Works]] (653)
| serialnumber = 
| builddate = 1942–1945
| totalproduction = 2,120
| whytetype = [[2-8-0]]
| uicclass = 1′D h2
| gauge = {{Track gauge|1435 mm|allk=off}}<br />{{Track gauge|1520 mm|allk=off}} [[Russian Railways]]<br />{{Track gauge|1668 mm|allk=off}} [[Renfe Operadora]]<br />{{Track gauge|1676 mm|lk=off}}<br />[[Indian Railways]]
| leadingdiameter = {{convert|2|ft|9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| driverdiameter = {{convert|4|ft|9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|61|ft|0|in|m|2|abbr=on}},<br /> including tender
| wheelbase = {{convert|51|ft|7+3/4|in|m|2|abbr=on}}
| weightondrivers = {{convert|140000|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}
| locoweight = {{convert|161000|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}
| tenderweight = {{convert|115500|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}
| locotenderweight = {{convert|276500|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}
| fueltype = [[Coal]]
| fuelcap = {{convert|20000|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}
| watercap = {{convert|6500|USgal|L impgal|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
| boiler = {{convert|5|ft|10|in|m|2|abbr=on}}<br /> maximum diameter
| boilerpressure = {{convert|225|lbf/in2|MPa|2|abbr=on}}
| tubearea = {{convert|1055|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}<br />({{convert|150|in|mm|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} long × <br />{{convert|2|in|mm|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} diameter)
| fluearea = {{convert|567|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}<br />({{convert|30|in|mm|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} long × <br />{{convert|5.375|in|mm|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} diameter)
| firearea = {{convert|41|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
| fireboxarea = {{convert|136|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
| superheaterarea = {{convert|313|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
| totalsurface = {{convert|2253|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
| cylindercount = Two, outside
| cylindersize = {{convert|19|x|26|in|mm|1|abbr=on|disp=br()}}<br />[[Bore (engine)|bore]] x [[Stroke (engine)|stroke]]
| valvegear = [[Walschaerts valve gear|Walschaerts]]
| valvetype = {{convert|10|in|mm|0}} [[Piston valve (steam engine)|piston valves]]
| tractiveeffort = {{convert|31492|lbf|kN|1|abbr=on}}
| factorofadhesion = 4.45
| operatorclass = USATC S160 and country derivatives
| fleetnumbers = 
| officialname = USATC S160 Class
| locale = [[United States]]<br />[[Europe]]<br />[[China]]<br />[[Korea]]
| disposition = At least 33 known preserved, possibly more in derelict condition, remainder scrapped
}}
The [[United States Army Transportation Corps]] '''S160 Class''' is a class of [[2-8-0| 2-8-0 Consolidation]] [[steam locomotive]], designed for heavy freight work in [[Europe]] during [[World War II]]. A total of 2,120 were built and they worked on railroads across much of the world, including [[Africa]], [[Asia]], all of Europe and [[South America]].

==Design==
[[File:411x jav.jpg|thumb|left|S160 drawing.]]

During the 1930s, the [[United States Army Transportation Corps]] approved an update of a [[Baldwin Locomotive Works]] [[World War I]] design, to be used, if required, for war transportation. The result was the S159 Class loco. During the early period of World War II, when America was neutral, the government of [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] approved the [[Lend-Lease]] supply to the [[United Kingdom]] of the [[USATC S200 Class|S200 Class]], a 2-8-2 configuration, designed specifically to fit into the restricted British [[loading gauge]].<ref name="Turkey1">[http://www.trainsofturkey.com/w/pmwiki.php/Steam/45171 45171 to 45220] trainsofturkey.com</ref>

With America's entry to World War II, the USATC needed a developed design from which a large number of locomotives could be constructed to run on the wrecked railways of Europe, deploying military hardware and civilian goods. Hence, the development of the S160 Class, designed by Maj. J. W. Marsh from the Railway Branch of the Corps of Engineers, which drew on previous locomotives, using [[austerity]] principles, and was built using methods which allowed for efficient and fast construction, and a long life,<ref name="Turkey1"/> including axlebox grease lubricators, and rolled plates in preference to castings.

With cast frames (a few had frames which were flame-cut from rolled steel slabs)<ref>American Locomotive Company Frame drawing 466S119000</ref> and cast wheels, the front two driving axles were sprung independently from the rear two driving axles, to cater for running on poor-quality track. The larger tender layout was derived from the similar design of the British [[WD Austerity 2-8-0]], with an inset coal bunker above the water tank to improve visibility when running backwards.

==Construction==
{| class="wikitable"
!Builders
!Construction<br />numbers
!Years
!Quantity
! USATC numbers
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[American Locomotive Company]]
|{{center|70431 – 70455}}
|{{center|1942}}
|{{center|25}}
|{{center|1600 – 1624}}
|-
|{{center|70278 – 70302}}
|{{center|1942}}
|{{center|25}}
|{{center|1625 – 1649}}
|-
|{{center|70457 – 70483}}
|{{center|1942}}
|{{center|27}}
|{{center|1650 – 1676}}
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Baldwin Locomotive Works]]
|{{center|67661 – 67685}}
|{{center|1943}}
|{{center|25}}
|{{center|1677 – 1701}}
|-
|{{center|64641 – 64665}}
|{{center|1942}}
|{{center|25}}
|{{center|1702 – 1726}}
|-
|{{center|67561 – 67660}}
|{{center|1942}}
|{{center|100}}
|{{center|1727 – 1826}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Lima Locomotive Works]]
|{{center|8058 – 8101}}
|{{center|1942}}
|{{center|44}}
|{{center|1827 – 1870}}
|-
|{{center|8102 – 8157}}
|{{center|1943}}
|{{center|56}}
|{{center|1871 – 1926}}
|-
|rowspan="3"|American Locomotive Company
|{{center|70514 – 70531}}
|{{center|1942}}
|{{center|18}}
|{{center|2032 – 2049}}
|-
|{{center|70532 – 70540}}
|{{center|1942}}
|{{center|9}}
|{{center|2050 – 2058}}
|-
|{{center|70541 – 70633}}
|{{center|1943}}
|{{center|93}}
|{{center|2059 – 2151}}
|-
|Lima Locomotive Works
|{{center|8158 – 8247}}
|{{center|1943}}
|{{center|90}}
|{{center|2152 – 2241}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|Baldwin Locomotive Works
|{{center|69485 – 69574}}
|{{center|1943}}
|{{center|90}}
|{{center|2242 – 2331}}
|-
|{{center|69589 – 69639}}
|{{center|1943}}
|{{center|51}}
|{{center|2332 – 2382}}
|-
|American Locomotive Company
|{{center|70749 – 70808}}
|{{center|1943}}
|{{center|60}}
|{{center|2400 – 2459}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|Lima Locomotive Works
|{{center|8317 – 8376}}
|{{center|1943}}
|{{center|60}}
|{{center|2500 – 2559}}
|-
|{{center|8262 – 8291}}
|{{center|1943}}
|{{center|30}}
|{{center|2560 – 2589}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|Baldwin Locomotive Works
|{{center|69818 – 69867}}
|{{center|1943}}
|{{center|50}}
|{{center|2590 – 2639}}
|-
|{{center|69903 – 70038}}
|{{center|1943}}
|{{center|136}}
|{{center|2640 – 2775}}
|-
|Lima Locomotive Works
|{{center|8429 – 8456}}
|{{center|1943}}
|{{center|28}}
|{{center|2776 – 2803}}
|-
|rowspan="4"|American Locomotive Company
|{{center|70959 – 71008}}
|{{center|1943}}
|{{center|50}}
|{{center|2804 – 2853}}
|-
|{{center|71051 – 71186}}
|{{center|1943}}
|{{center|136}}
|{{center|2854 – 2989}}
|-
|{{center|71455 – 71459}}
|{{center|1943}}
|{{center|5}}
|{{center|3200 – 3204}}
|-
|{{center|71460 – 71634}}
|{{center|1944}}
|{{center|175}}
|{{center|3205 – 3379}}
|-
|Baldwin Locomotive Works
|{{center|70337 – 70516}}
|{{center|1944}}
|{{center|180}}
|{{center|3380 – 3559}}
|-
|Lima Locomotive Works
|{{center|8473 – 8612}}
|{{center|1944}}
|{{center|140}}
|{{center|3560 – 3699}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|American Locomotive Company
|{{center|71895 – 71944}}
|{{center|1943}}
|{{center|50}}
|{{center|3700 – 3749}}
|-
|{{center|73394 – 73475}}
|{{center|1945}}
|{{center|82}}
|{{center|4402 – 4483}}
|-
|rowspan="5"|Lima Locomotive Works
|{{center|8814 – 8858}}
|{{center|1945}}
|{{center|45}}
|{{center|5155 – 5199}}
|-
|{{center|8623 – 8662}}
|{{center|1944}}
|{{center|40}}
|{{center|5700 – 5739}}
|-
|{{center|8678 – 8699}}
|{{center|1944}}
|{{center|22}}
|{{center|5740 – 5761}}
|-
|{{center|8700 – 8707}}
|{{center|1944}}
|{{center|8}}
|{{center|5762 – 5769}}
|-
|{{center|8708 – 8797}}
|{{center|1945}}
|{{center|90}}
|{{center|5770 – 5859}}
|-
|Baldwin Locomotive Works
|{{center|72058 – 72112}}
|{{center|1945}}
|{{center|55}}
|{{center|6024 – 6078}}
|}

==British deployment==
800 locomotives were constructed in 1942/3 in thirteen batches, split between [[American Locomotive Company|ALCO]], [[Baldwin Locomotive Works|Baldwin]] and [[Lima Locomotive Works]]. Shipped to [[South Wales]] and dispatched from the [[Great Western Railway]] locomotive depot at Ebbw Junction, [[Newport, Wales|Newport]], the first 43 locomotives were transferred to the [[London & North Eastern Railway]]'s [[Doncaster Works]] for completion, and later running in over the [[East Coast Main Line]]. This started a pattern whereby each of the four British railway companies eventually deployed a total of 400 S160's under the guise of "running in," but factually replacing damaged stock and increasing the capacity of the British railway system to allow for shipping of military pre-invasion equipment and troops. The eventual deployment of S160's were:

*174 to the [[Great Western Railway]]
*168 to the [[London & North Eastern Railway]]
*50 to the [[London, Midland & Scottish Railway]]
*6 to the [[Southern Railway (England)|Southern Railway]]

The second batch of 400 S160's were prepared for storage by USATC personnel at the Great Western's Ebbw Junction locomotive depot in the immediate run-up to [[Normandy Landings|D-Day]]. After the D-Day invasion of [[Normandy]], the locomotives deployed across Britain again began to be collected and be refurbished at Ebbw Junction in preparation for shipment to Europe.

===Operational failures===
The S160's were designed for quick and efficient building, not long-term operations, thus compromises in design led to some difficulties in operation. The axle-box grease-lubricators were not very efficient, particularly when maintenance procedures lapsed or were delayed for operational war reasons, and so axle-boxes often ran hot.<ref name="LNER, S160">{{cite web |url = http://www.lner.info/locos/O/s160.shtml |title = The USATC S160 2-8-0s |website= The London & North Eastern Railway (LNER) Encyclopedia }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Boddy|Brown|Neve|Yeadon|1983|p=99}}</ref> Braking was poor by modern standards, with a [[Westinghouse Air Brake Company|Westinghouse]] steam brake used for the locomotive,<ref name="Turkey1"/> which was woefully insufficient, due to the long distance from the driver's valve to the brake cylinder.

A major fault of the S160 was use of a single water gauge of a Klinger design, unfamiliar to U.K. crews; it was necessary to open the top and bottom cocks slowly or the [[check valve]]s would close, trapping water in the gauge and giving a false reading.<ref>{{cite web |title=Installation and service guide for Klinger reflex gauges for saturated steam |url=http://www.tc-fluidcontrol.com/documents/installation--service-guide-reflex-d-steam/?direct=1 |access-date=11 October 2021}}</ref> If the valves were not fully open, the crews could be misled into thinking that the water level was adequate, even though it was becoming dangerously low. When a low water condition allowed the crown sheet to overheat, the stay bolts holding the crown sheet would fail with little warning, resulting in a boiler explosion.<ref name="Poland1"/> In a space of ten months, three UK S160s suffered a collapse of the firebox crown, with the first leading to the death of a GWR fireman on No. 2403 in November 1943. Although there are claims that the stay bolts or firebox design were less than for domestic locomotive boilers, the locomotives were equipped with a "boiler built to comply in all aspects with the A.S.M.E. Boiler Code,  except that the shell shall have a factor safety of 4."<ref>Baldwin Locomotive Works Specification No. 43-F-19 for United States Government class 2-8-0 19S.</ref>

==Deployment==
Judging accurately the actual deployment of 2120 locomotives is difficult, but the following numbers are referenced:<ref name="Poland1">{{Cite web |title=Tr201 and Tr203 |url=http://locomotives.com.pl/Freight%20Steam%20Locomotives/Tr201.htm |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=locomotives.com.pl}}</ref>

===Europe===
The British locomotives, together with those shipped direct from America were also similarly deployed first with troops reclaiming Europe, and then subsumed throughout European national railways as replacements for their destroyed stock after the war:
[[File:A Budapest-Szob vasútvonal a község Zebegény felé eső határában, pályafelújítás. Háttérben a visegrádi fellegvár. Fortepan 87395.jpg|thumb|MÁV 411.061 on the [[Budapest]] to [[Szob]] line at [[Zebegény]] in 1971]]
[[File:Loco 6046 - 51351732860.jpg|thumb|Loco 6046 at [[Didcot Railway Centre|Didcot]]]]
*[[Austria]], [[ÖBB]] Class '''956''' – 30 examples, all scrapped<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.30937.co.uk/AUST_CLASS_STEA_OBB.htm |title = 30937.co.uk}}</ref>
*[[Czechoslovakia]], [[Czechoslovak State Railways|ČSD]] Class '''456.1''' – 80 examples, last of them (456.173) withdrawn in 1972 and scrapped the following year
*[[France]], [[SNCF]] Class '''140U''' – 121 examples, all passed on to other countries by 1947;
*[[Germany]] – 40 examples briefly used in 1947 in American and British zones, based in [[Bremen]]. All sold to Hungary in August 1947;
*[[Greece]], [[SEK Class Θγ|Class '''Θγ''']] (THg) – 27 examples received in 1947 (Θγ 521 to 537 and Θγ 551 to 560), plus 25 examples bought from Italian FS railways in 1959 (Θγ 571 to 595);
*[[Hungary]], [[MÁV]] [[MÁV Class 411|Class '''411''']] – 510 examples, bought at $10 000 for coal-fired ones, and $10 000, $16 000 or $20 000 for oil-fired ones, depending on condition. 484 were put into service with road numbers from 411,001 through 411,484. A further 26 were cannibalized for spares;<ref name="Churnet">[http://cvr-extra.mysite.wanadoo-members.co.uk/5197.htm USATC S160 2-8-0 No. 5197 & 6046] The Churnet Valley Guide</ref>
*[[Italy]], [[Ferrovie dello Stato|FS]] [[FS Class 736|Class '''736''']] – 244 examples, plus four salvaged from a sunken ship, all but eight with oil firing. 25 sold to Greece in 1959, the rest were withdrawn in early 1960s
*[[Poland]], [[Polish State Railways|PKP]] Class '''Tr201''' – PKP received 75 S160s from UNRRA and numbered them Tr201-1 through 75; a further 500 arrived from the USATC as class '''Tr203''', numbered Tr203-1 through 500.<ref name="Churnet"/> In PKP service, boiler pressure was reduced to {{convert|13|bar|kPa psi|abbr=on}} and maximum speed was set at {{convert|65|km/h|abbr=on}}. Modifications included fitting Trofimov piston valves, electric headlights and cab side doors. One engine was converted to a [[Tank locomotive]] in 1957, and designated class '''TKr55'''<ref name="Poland1"/>
*[[Soviet Union]], Class '''Ш<sup>A</sup>''' (Sh<sup>A</sup>) – 200 machines ordered from Baldwin (Ш<sup>A</sup> 1 to 90) and ALCO (Ш<sup>A</sup> 91 to 200), designated S162s and S166s. Ш<sup>A</sup> 52 to 55, 69 and 70 were lost en route to [[Vladivostok]] and Ш<sup>A</sup> 13 remained in the USA.<ref name=rakov>{{Harvnb|Rakov|1995|pp=338–339}}</ref> In 1957, 50 of them were for {{track gauge|1067mm|lk=on}} track and used by the southern [[Sakhalin Railway]]<ref name=rakov/>
*[[Spain]], Renfe Class 553 – in 1958 the [[Alaska Railroad]] sold six S160's to the [[Ferrocarril de Langreo]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Tourret|1977|pp=63–64}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gregoriou.itgo.com/custom4.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050405214111/http://www.gregoriou.itgo.com/custom4.html|url-status=unfit|title=USATC steam and diesel locomotives 1942-1947|archivedate=5 April 2005|website=www.gregoriou.itgo.com}}</ref><ref>http://www.ratrust.org/Photos/Spain/Locomotives/Narrow_Gauge__W_/N_G__West/n_g__west_23.html{{Dead link|date=May 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
*[[Turkey]], [[Turkish State Railways|TCDD]] [[TCDD 45171 Class|Class '''45171''']] – 50 units, numbered 45171 to 45220<ref name="Turkey1"/>
*[[United Kingdom]] – none in use with any of the mainline railways after World War II, as almost all were exported post D-Day. However, one was kept back by the British Army, ALCO-built works number 71512, and used at the [[Longmoor Military Railway]] as WD 93257 "Carl R Gray Jr" until it was scrapped in 1957.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railalbum.co.uk/steam-locomotives/usatc-s160-1.htm|title=Rail Album - USATC S-160 2-8-0s Part 1|website=www.railalbum.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://mikemorant.smugmug.com/Trains-Railways-British-Isles/Miscellaneous/Longmoor-Military-Railway/i-qHrMpwM/A |title = Longmoor Military Railway - MikeMorant}}</ref> Some have now been re-imported for use by [[Heritage railway|preserved railways]].
*[[Yugoslavia]], [[Jugoslovenske Železnice|JŽ]] Class '''37''' - 80 examples.

===Africa===
At the same time as S160s were being deployed into Britain, when [[George S. Patton|General Patton]] led American troops in [[Operation Torch]] into the [[North African Campaign]], their Transport Corps brought the S160s with them. These locomotives moved across the north of the continent as Patton's troops waged war, and when the troops moved to Italy the majority of their S160s moved up with them. These locomotives, supplemented with those directly imported from America, were eventually to create a group of 243 locomotives, subsumed by the [[Ferrovie dello Stato|Italian State Railway's]] to become the '''FS Class 736''' class.

*[[Algeria]], Class '''140-U''' – number unknown
*[[Morocco]], Class '''140-B''' – number unknown
*[[Tunisia]], Class '''140-250''' – number unknown

===Americas===
[[File:FEMRR Lima 2-8-0 No. 607.jpg|thumb|607 at the [[U.S. Army Transportation Museum]]]]
*[[Mexico]], although it has been claimed that class '''GR-28''' – 10 examples purchased by [[Mexican Railway|FCM]] directly from Baldwin in 1946 and allocated service numbers 211 to 220, were derived from the S-160, unlike an S-160 the spacing of the third and fourth driver is wider than between the other two, driver diameter is given as 60 inch vs 57 inch, and bore and stroke are 22X28 vs 19X26.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jdhsmith.math.iastate.edu/term/slmxfnm.htm|title = NdeM steam locomotives}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=Donald |date=2021 |title=Nacionales de Mexico Steam Locomotives |url=https://donsdepot.donrossgroup.net/dr308.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704133759/http://donsdepot.donrossgroup.net/dr308.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=4 July 2008 |website=Don's Depot}}</ref>
*[[Peru]], class '''80''' – 2 examples, with different [[Janney coupler|couplers]], probably directly from ALCO in 1943
*[[United States]] – an unknown number with USATC and then various military transportation units. Five surplus to requirements of the [[Alaska Railroad]] later shipped to Spain

===Asia===
Under the [[United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration]], a number of S160s were deployed to [[China]] and [[South Korea]].<ref>[http://freespace.virgin.net/rio.grande/cn/pics2/sy_pics1984.html Vintage Shenyang Area Pictures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070827044357/http://freespace.virgin.net/rio.grande/cn/pics2/sy_pics1984.html |date=2007-08-27 }} January 1985</ref> In addition to this, a 1944 batch of 60 from Baldwin were sent to India and locally assembled.

* [[China]], '''KD6''' Class – number unknown. Many were modernized with larger cabs, higher stacks, some fitted with large smoke lifters with horizontal riffles. They were later transferred to industrial operators, mainly coal mines. The last example was withdrawn in the late 1990s, with 2 surviving; 463 & 487.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cotterill |first1=Duncan |date=2002 |title=Chinese Steam Locomotive Profiles: KD6 Class 2-8-0s |url=http://www.railography.co.uk/info/cn_steam/profiles/kd6.htm |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=Railography}}</ref>
* [[North Korea]], '''8000''' series - number unknown. The DPRK's S160s came from the Soviet Union and China, starting almost immediately following the end of the Second World War,<ref name="Hayato">Hayato, Kokubu, 将軍様の鉄道  (Shōgun-sama no Tetsudō), p. 110, {{ISBN|978-4-10-303731-6}}</ref> and the [[Korean State Railway]] eventually numbered them in the 8000 series. Ironically, the S160's were used by both North and South Korean forces during this conflict.<ref>[http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/steam/trains/nkorea04.htm A Glimpse of North Korea's Railways] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502142007/http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/steam/trains/nkorea04.htm |date=2008-05-02 }} Florian Schmidt for Continental Railway Journal</ref>
* [[South Korea]], '''소리2''' (Sori2) class, 소리2-1 — 소리2-100. 100 S160s were delivered to the [[Korail|Korean National Railroad]] in 1947.<ref name="dons">{{cite web|url=http://donsdepot.donrossgroup.net/dr142.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506205953/http://donsdepot.donrossgroup.net/dr142.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 May 2008|title=Korean National CS-2 2-8-0s|website=donsdepot.donrossgroup.net|date=6 August 2023 }}</ref> In KNR service they were used primarily in yard duty and occasional short local trains, but they were not popular with Korean locomotive crews, as they were right-hand drive on a left-running railway.<ref name="dons"/>
* [[India]], [[Indian locomotive class AWC|Class '''AWC''']] – 60 locomotives were sent to India in kit form for local assembly as {{track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] engines. Originally allocated USATC numbers 3433–3492 (Baldwin 70390–70449, 1944) they had their running numbers increased by 3000 by the Indian authorities to avoid numbers in use by the local railway companies.<ref name=Hughes>{{Harvnb|Hughes|1979|pp=35–36}}</ref> They were split between the [[East Indian Railway]] and the [[South Indian Railway]]; at the all-India renumbering scheme the former EIR locomotives became 22601–22614, and SIR locomotives became 22615–22660.<ref name=Hughes /> Forty-five were still in service as of June 1977.<ref name=Hughes />

==Class designation==
{{original research|section|date=May 2015}}
Although "S160" has been popularly adopted as the class identification for this design of War Department Consolidation, it can not be verified as an official designation despite considerable research. The S160 designation is not found in 1942 and 1943 Baldwin drawing indexes,<ref>The Baldwin Locomotive Works Drawing Record, Sales Order No. 42302, July 9, 1942</ref><ref>Baldwin Locomotive Works Drawing Index for Sales Order Number 43306, August 7, 1943</ref> the Lima drawing index for the class,<ref>Lima Locomotive Works Direct Locomotive Card Index, United States War Department Type 2-8-0, with updates annotated through April 27, 1945.</ref> nor in meeting minutes<ref>U.S. War Department Memoranda of Interview dated May 18 and June 2, 15, and 16, 1942.</ref> in which representatives of the War Department and the three builders made several design decisions prior to production. It is also not found in any of approximately 900 engineering drawings which are still in existence. The Baldwin designation for the design, 2-8-0-19S, is found in their drawing indexes, on some drawings, and is stamped onto major locomotive components on examples built by Baldwin.

==Variants==
There were several major variants of the S160 class, excluding in-life design development:
*S161 - designed for deployment in [[Jamaica]] on British military railways used by the United States. Later subsumed by the [[Jamaica Railway Corporation]]<ref name="Poland1"/>
*S162 and S166 - both designed for Russian five foot broad gauge track.
*Sixty {{railgauge|indian}} broad gauge examples were constructed for use in India in 1944 as part of an order for 180 locomotives which also include one locomotive configured to Alaska Railroad specifications. 
*There were several variations in equipment from the "standard" design for the War Department Consolidations, depending on the user. Typically, European-style buffers and couplers and kerosene lighting were fitted. Examples for India, the U.S.S.R., at least six purchased new for the Alaska Railroad, and possibly approximately 10 which remained on U.S. Army bases were fitted with turbo-generators and electric lighting. The six purchased new for the Alaska Railroad were also fitted by Baldwin with U.S. style automatic couplers, bells, power reverse, and U.S. style pilots.<ref>Baldwin Locomotive Works Specification No. 43-F-19 for Class 2-8-0 19S nos. 476 to 479 (Alaska Railroad 551 through 554), July 20, 1943</ref> Some later production had screw type reverse gear. The War Department also required that the locomotives could be configured to burn either coal or oil.

==Preservation==
Mainly due to their numbers, rather than the design or build quality, at least 26 examples of the S160 have survived into preservation, making them one of the most numerous survivors of all Mainline Steam Locomotives:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!'''USATC No.'''
!'''Builder'''
!'''Post World War II Owner'''
!'''Current Owner'''
!'''Location'''
!'''Image'''
!'''Notes'''
|-
|1631
|Alco 70284
|{{flagicon|Hungary}} [[MÁV]] 411.388
|[[Great Central Railway (Nottingham)]]
|{{flagicon|UK}}[[Ruddington]], [[Nottinghamshire]]
| [[File:NottinghamTransportHeritageCentre1631'sBoiler.JPG|center|150px]]
|under restoration<ref name=SteamRailway535>{{cite magazine |title=Ruddington S160 trip put up for sale |magazine=Steam Railway |issue=535 |date=19 August 2022 |page=21}}</ref>
|-
|-
|2138
|Alco 70620
|{{flagicon|Hungary}} [[MÁV]] 411.380
|[[Great Central Railway (Nottingham)]]
|{{flagicon|UK}}[[Ruddington]], [[Nottinghamshire]]
|
|Source of strategic spares for 1631<ref name=SteamRailway535/>
|-
|2364
|Baldwin 69621
|{{flagicon|Hungary}} [[MÁV]] 411.337<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.steamlocomotive.info/vlocomotive.cfm?Display=27903|title = Steam Locomotive Information}}</ref>
|[[Great Central Railway (Nottingham)]]
|{{flagicon|UK}}[[Ruddington]], [[Nottinghamshire]]
|
|Chassis only, source for strategic spares for 1631<ref name=SteamRailway535/>
|-
|2627
|Baldwin 69855
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Alaska Railroad]] 556
|[[Anchorage, Alaska|City of Anchorage]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Anchorage, Alaska|Anchorage]], [[Alaska]]
|[[File:Former Alaska Railroad locomotive on display at Delaney Park Strip, Anchorage, Alaska.jpg|150x150px]]
|Restored for static display in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.muni.org/Departments/parks/Pages/DelaneyParkLocomotive.aspx|title = Delaney Park Locomotive 556 Improvement Project|access-date=10 February 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[Alaska Railroad 557|3523]]
|Baldwin 70480
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Alaska Railroad]] 557
|Engine 557 Restoration Company<ref>{{cite web |title=Engine 557 Restoration Company |url=https://heritagerail.org/visit/engine-557-restoration-company/ |website=HeritageRail Alliance |access-date=10 February 2024}}</ref>
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Wasilla, Alaska]]
|
|Under restoration for operation from August, 2012 through present (as of March 2025).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaskarails.org/pix/former-loco/557/restore/progress-reports/2024_01/Pyle-National-headlight-comes-home.html|title=ARR Locomotive #557 - History is where you find it!|website=www.alaskarails.org}}</ref>
|-
|5846
|Lima 8784
|{{flagicon|USA}} US Army 606
|Crewe Railroad Museum
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Crewe, Virginia|Crewe]], [[Virginia]]
|[[File:Engine - panoramio.jpg|150x150px]]
|Re-lettered to Norfolk and Western #606
|-
|5187
|Lima 8846
|{{flagicon|USA}} US Army 5187; US Army 607
|[[U.S. Army Transportation Museum|US Army Transportation Museum]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Fort Eustis Military Railroad]]
|[[File:FEMRR Lima 2-8-0 No. 607.jpg|center|150px]]
|
|-
|2628
|Baldwin 69856
|{{flagicon|USA}} US Army 611
|[[Bill Miller Equipment Sales]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Eckhart Mines]], [[Maryland]]
|
|Fitted with [[Valve gear|Franklin Type B Rotary Cam Poppet valve gear]],{{cn|date=February 2024|reason=Unreliable source removed}} which is intended for use on the [[Pennsylvania Railroad 5550|PRR 5550 project]], undergoing restoration. [[Tender (rail)|Tender]] supposedly used behind ''Pershing'' [[Southern Pine Lumber Co. 28|No. 28]] in [[Texas]].
|-
|2630
|Baldwin 69858
|{{flagicon|USA}} US Army 612
|[[Age of Steam Roundhouse]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Sugarcreek, Ohio|Sugarcreek]], [[Ohio]]
|[[File:Steam locomotive at the Age of Steam Roundhouse April 2022 5.jpg|center|150px]]
|From [[Southeastern Railway Museum]], [[Duluth, Georgia]]
|-
|[[Great Smoky Mountains Railroad 1702|1702]]
|Baldwin 64641
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Reader Railroad]]
|[[Great Smoky Mountains Railroad]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Bryson City, North Carolina|Bryson City]], [[North Carolina]]
|[[File:GSMR 1702 at Bryson City, NC - June 18, 2022.jpg|center|150px]]
|Operational
|-
|5197
|Lima 8856
|{{flagicon|China}} Fushun Industrial Railway, #KD6.463
|[[Churnet Valley Railway]]
|{{flagicon|UK}} [[Stoke-on-Trent]], [[Staffordshire]]
|[[File:5197 at Cheddleton.jpg|center|150px]]
|Overhaul began 2013, returned to service February 2017.
|-
|6046
|Baldwin 72080
|{{flagicon|Hungary}} [[MÁV]] 411.144
|[[Churnet Valley Railway]]
|{{flagicon|UK}} [[Stoke-on-Trent]], [[Staffordshire]]
|[[File:Loco 6046 - 51351732860.jpg|center|150px]]
|Overhaul finished July 2012, Returned to service December 2012.
|-
|2253
|Baldwin 69496
|{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Polish State Railways|PKP]] Tr.203.208
|Peter Best
|{{flagicon|UK}} [[Dartmouth Steam Railway]]{{cn|date=February 2024|reason=Unreliable source removed}}
|[[File:Paignton - USATC 2253.JPG|center|150px]]
| 6 June 2019 Full restoration completed by Steam Powered Services in Stockton. Renamed [[Omaha Beach]] (shortened to 'Omaha') honouring the 75th anniversary of the D-Day invasion.
|-
|[[Rolling stock of the Keighley & Worth Valley Railway|5820]]
|Lima 8758
|{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Polish State Railways|PKP]] Tr.203.474
|[[Keighley & Worth Valley Railway]]
|{{flagicon|UK}} [[West Yorkshire]]
|[[File:S160 'Big Jim' 5820 on the run round loop at Oxenhope at the KWVR.jpg|center|150px]]
|Returned to service in January 2014 following overhaul
|-
|3278
|Baldwin 70340
|{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Ferrovie dello Stato|FS]] 736.073; {{flagicon|Greece}} [[Hellenic State Railways|SEK]] Θγ575
|Richard Stone
|{{flagicon|UK}}[[Stoke-on-Trent]], [[Staffordshire]]
|[[File:USATC S160 Class No. 3278 'Franklin D. Roosevelt'.jpg|center|150px]]
| #701 ''Franklin D. Roosevelt'', under overhaul at [[Churnet Valley Railway]], last steamed at [[Watercress Line]] in 1999<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Third S160 for Chedderton in Restore and Run Arrangement |magazine=[[Steam Railway]] |issue=504 |date=April 2020 |page=28}}</ref>
|-
|5164
|Lima 8823
|{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Polish State Railways|PKP]] Tr.201.51
|[[Polish State Railways|Polskie Koleje Państwowe]]
|{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Jaworzyna Śląska]]
|[[File:Museum of Industry and Railway in Lower Silesia 2021 P24 Tr201.jpg|150x150px]]
|
|-
|2438
|ALCO 70787
|{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Polish State Railways|PKP]] Tr.203.296 
|[[Polish State Railways|Polskie Koleje Państwowe]]
|{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Jaworzyna Śląska]]
|[[File:Tr203 296 Javorzyna-Slaska.jpg|150x150px]]
|
|-
|5801
|Lima 8739
|{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Polish State Railways|PKP]] Tr203-451 
|[[Polish State Railways|Polskie Koleje Państwowe]]
|{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Warsaw Railway Museum]]
|[[File:Tr203-451 - Warsaw Rail Museum.jpg|150x150px]]
|
|-
|3540
|Baldwin 70497
|{{flagicon|Hungary}} [[MÁV]] 411.118
| [[Hungarian Railway Museum]]
|{{flagicon|Hungary}}[[Budapest]]
|[[File:MÁV 411,118.jpg|center|150px]]
|Operational, wore incorrect builders plate from ALCO 70587.  Correct builder's plate restored in July, 2020.{{cn|date=February 2024|reason=Unreliable source removed}}
|-
|2781
|Lima 8434
|{{flagicon|Hungary}} [[MÁV]] 411.264
|Railway station
|{{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Hatvan]]
|[[File:Hungary, Kisterenye MAV depot with 411 264 rattlesnake.jpg|150px]]
|Plinthed
|-
|6056
|Baldwin 72090
|{{flagicon|Hungary}} [[MÁV]] 411.358
|Railway station
|{{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Hegyeshalom]] 
| [[File:Hegyeshalom 411,358.jpg|center|150px]]
|Plinthed
|-
|1786
|Baldwin 67679
|{{flagicon|Hungary}} [[MÁV]] 411.005
|Unknown
|{{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Komarom]]
|
|Boiler only.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.steamlocomotive.info/vlocomotive.cfm?Display=20196|title = Steam Locomotive Information}}</ref>
|-
|2206
|Lima 8212
|{{flagicon|Greece}} [[Hellenic State Railways|SEK]] Θγ 525
|[[Hellenic Railways Organisation|OSE]]
|{{flagicon|Greece}} Thessaloniki Old Depot
|
|stored
|-
|2524
|Lima 8341
|{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkish State Railways|TCDD]] 45172
|[[Turkish State Railways]]
|{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Çamlık Railway Museum]]
|
|
|-
|2879
|Alco 71076
|{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkish State Railways|TCDD]] 45174
|[[Turkish State Railways]]
|{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[TCDD Open Air Steam Locomotive Museum|Ankara Railway Museum]]
| [[File:Steam locomotive No.45174 Ankara Museum.JPG|center|150px]]
|
|-
|3292
|Alco 71547
|{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Ferrovie dello Stato|FS]] 736.083
|Museo Ferroviario Piemontese
|{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Turin]]
|[[File:FS 736.086 retro.JPG|150x150px]]
|Awaiting restoration
|-
|3324
|Alco 71579
|{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Ferrovie dello Stato|FS]] 736.114
|[[Ferrovie dello Stato|FS]] 
|{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Pietrarsa railway museum]]
|[[File:Museo nazionale ferroviario di Pietrarsa - locomotiva 736.114.jpg|150x150px]]
|
|-
|—
|Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton 75503
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Tennessee Valley Railroad 610|US Army 610]]
|[[Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Chattanooga]], [[Tennessee]]
|[[File:Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum - panoramio.jpg|center|150px]]
|Out of service for its 1472 inspection & rebuild. 610 is technically not an S-160 but classified as a type A, constructed in 1952
|-
|3524
|Baldwin 70481
|{{flagicon|Greece}} [[Hellenic State Railways|SEK]] Θγ 532
|[[Hellenic Railways Organisation|OSE]]
|{{flagicon|Greece}} Thessaloniki Old Depot
|[[File:SEK Class Θγ No. Θγ532.jpg|150px]]
|stored
|-
|-
|2226
|Lima 8232
|{{flagicon|Greece}} [[Hellenic State Railways|SEK]] Θγ 535
|[[Hellenic Railways Organisation|OSE]]
|{{flagicon|Greece}} Thessaloniki Old Depot
|
|stored
|-
|-
|3299
|ALCo 71554
|{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Ferrovie dello Stato|FS]] 736.090;{{flagicon|Greece}} [[Hellenic State Railways|SEK]] Θγ 576
|[[Hellenic Railways Organisation|OSE]]
|{{flagicon|Greece}} Tithorea Depot
|
|stored. Oil burner, bought from Italian FS (Class 736) in 1959
|-
|3420
|Baldwin 70377
|{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Ferrovie dello Stato|FS]] 736.158;{{flagicon|Greece}} [[Hellenic State Railways|SEK]] Θγ 584
|[[Hellenic Railways Organisation|OSE]]
|{{flagicon|Greece}} Thessaloniki Old Depot
|[[File:SEK Class Θγ No. Θγ584.jpg|150px]]
|stored. Oil burner, bought from Italian FS (Class 736) in 1959. Has tender from Θγ 689
|-
|-
|3698
|Lima 8611
|{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Ferrovie dello Stato|FS]] 736.207;{{flagicon|Greece}} [[Hellenic State Railways|SEK]] Θγ 593
|[[Hellenic Railways Organisation|OSE]]
|{{flagicon|Greece}} Thessaloniki Depot
|
|stored. Oil burner, bought from Italian FS (Class 736) in 1959
|-
|}

== See Also ==

* [[USATC S100 Class]], a tank engine also built by the US Army Transportation Corps for wartime export
* [[WD Austerity 2-8-0|WD Austerity Class]], a comparable 2-8-0 built in Britain for the war effort

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=35em}}
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last1=Boddy |first1=M.G. |last2=Brown |first2=W.A. |last3=Neve |first3=E. |last4=Yeadon |first4=W.B. |author-link4=Willie Yeadon |editor-last=Fry |editor-first=E.V. |title=Locomotives of the L.N.E.R., part 6B: Tender Engines - Classes O1 to P2 |date=November 1983 |publisher=[[Railway Correspondence & Travel Society]] |location=Kenilworth |isbn=0-901115-54-1 }}
*{{cite book |last=Hughes |first=Hugh |year=1979 |title=Steam Locomotives in India, Part 3 – Broad Gauge |location=Harrow, Middlesex |publisher=The Continental Railway Circle |isbn=0-9503469-4-2 }}
*{{cite book |last=Rakov |first=V. A. |title=Lokomotivy otechestvennykh zheleznykh dorog 1845–1955 |location=Moscow |year=1995 |isbn=5-277-00821-7 |language=ru}}
*{{cite book |first=R. |last=Tourret |title=United States Army Transportation Corps Locomotives |location=Abingdon |publisher=Tourret Publishing |year=1977 |isbn=0-905878-01-9 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|USATC S160 Class}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.gregoriou.itgo.com/custom4.html |title=The USATC steam locomotives in Greece, 1947, 1959 |language=el |work=www.gregoriou.itgo.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111191553/http://www.gregoriou.itgo.com/custom4.html |archive-date=January 11, 2016 }}
*{{cite web|url = http://www.trainsofturkey.com/w/pmwiki.php/Steam/45171| title =45171 to 45220|work=www.trainsofturkey.com}}

{{navboxes
|list =
{{Broad gauge locomotives of India}}
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{{DPRKloco}}
{{Korail rolling stock}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Usatc S160 Class}}
[[Category:USATC S160 Class| ]]
[[Category:United States Army locomotives|S160]]
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[[Category:1′D h2 locomotives]]

[[it:Locomotiva FS 736]]