View source for Typhoon Zeb

{{Short description|Pacific typhoon in 1998}}
{{other hurricanes|List of storms named Iliang}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox weather event
| name = Typhoon Zeb (Iliang)
| image = Zeb_1998-10-13_1731Z.png
| caption = Zeb nearing landfall on Luzon at peak intensity on October 13
| formed = October 10, 1998
| extratropical = October 18, 1998
| dissipated = October 20, 1998
}}{{Infobox weather event/JMA
| winds = 110
| pressure = 900
}}{{Infobox weather event/JTWC
| winds = 155
| pressure = 872
| basin = WPac
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| year = 1998
| fatalities = 122 total
| damage = 576000000
| areas = [[Philippines]], Taiwan, Japan
| refs = 
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[1998 Pacific typhoon season]]
}}
'''Typhoon Zeb''', known in the Philippines as '''Super Typhoon Iliang''', was a powerful [[typhoon]] that struck the island of [[Luzon]] in October 1998. It is tied with [[Cyclone Ron]] and [[Cyclone Susan]] in terms of minimum pressure, for the most intense tropical cyclone worldwide for 1998. The tenth tropical storm of the [[1998 Pacific typhoon season|season]], Zeb formed on October&nbsp;10 from the [[monsoon trough]] near the [[Caroline Islands]]. It moved westward initially and quickly intensified. Zeb's [[inflow (meteorology)|inflow]] briefly spawned another tropical storm, which it ultimately absorbed. Developing an [[eye (cyclone)|eye]], Zeb [[rapid deepening|rapidly intensified]] into a [[Typhoon#Intensity classifications|super typhoon]], officially reaching [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 205&nbsp;km/h (125&nbsp;mph); [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center|one warning agency]] estimated winds as high as 285&nbsp;km/h (180&nbsp;mph). After reaching peak intensity, the typhoon struck northern Luzon and quickly weakened over land. Turning to the north, Zeb brushed the east coast of [[Taiwan]] at a reduced intensity, and after accelerating to the northeast it moved through [[Japan]]. It became [[extratropical cyclone|extratropical]] on October&nbsp;18 and moved eastward over open waters.

First affecting the Philippines, Zeb dropped torrential rainfall in Luzon, reaching {{convert|1116|mm|in|abbr=off}} in one day in [[La Trinidad, Benguet|La Trinidad]], estimated as a [[return period|one-in-1,147-year event]]. The rains caused floods and landslides, which compounded with high winds to leave heavy crop damage. Zeb destroyed or damaged 85,844&nbsp;houses in the Philippines, and damage in the country was estimated at ₱5.375&nbsp;billion (1998 [[Philippine peso]]s, $126&nbsp;million [[United States dollar|U.S. dollars]]), the fifth-costliest at the time. There were also 83&nbsp;deaths in the country, a number compounded upon when [[Typhoon Babs (1998)|Typhoon Babs]] struck the same region a week later. High winds and rainfall from Zeb later affected Taiwan, causing NT$4.15&nbsp;billion ([[New Taiwan dollar]], US$125&nbsp;million) in damage as well as 31&nbsp;deaths. Gusty winds affected much of Japan, while heavy rainfall peaked at {{convert|586|mm|in|abbr=on}} on [[Mount Ontake]]. The storm killed 14&nbsp;people in the country, several related to landslides. Zeb destroyed 770&nbsp;homes and flooded another 12,548 in Japan.

== Meteorological history ==
{{Storm path|Zeb 1998 path.png|colors = new}}
The [[monsoon trough]] spawned a tropical disturbance over the western [[Pacific Ocean]] to the east of [[Guam]] around October&nbsp;7. The system moved steadily westward, organizing enough for the American-based [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) to issue a [[Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert]] early on October&nbsp;9. After the disturbance passed south of Guam, the JTWC began issuing advisories on Tropical Depression 18W late on October&nbsp;9,<ref name="atcr">{{cite report|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|author-link=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|publisher=United States Navy|access-date=June 1, 2015|title=Super Typhoon Zeb (18W)|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/atcr/1998atcr.pdf}}</ref> and the [[Japan Meteorological Agency]] (JMA) followed suit the next day.<ref name="jma">{{cite report|publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency|title=RSMC Best Track Data (Text) 1990-1999|access-date=June 1, 2015|url=http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/Besttracks/bst9099.txt|format=TXT|archive-date=January 22, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122183440/http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/Besttracks/bst9099.txt|url-status=dead}}</ref> While passing north of [[Yap]] in the [[Caroline Islands]], the depression intensified into a tropical storm according to the JTWC, which gave it the [[tropical cyclone naming|name]] Zeb.<ref name="atcr"/> The JMA again was delayed in upgrading by a day.<ref name="jma"/>

After becoming a tropical storm, Zeb proceeded to steadily intensify. Its large [[Inflow (meteorology)|inflow]] spawned a circulation well to the east-northeast, which organized into a separate tropical storm &ndash; [[1998 Pacific typhoon season#Tropical Storm Alex|Alex]].<ref name="atcr"/> Early on October&nbsp;11, the storm entered the area of responsibility of [[PAGASA]] &ndash; the Philippine-based weather agency &ndash; which gave it the local name ''Iliang''.<ref name="pbt">{{cite web|title=1998 PAGASA Tropical Cyclone Track Data - Super Typhoon Iliang|date=November 10, 1998|access-date=June 2, 2015|url=http://www.typhoon2000.ph/iliang98.txt}}</ref>  Late on October&nbsp;11, the JTWC upgraded Zeb to typhoon status, or [[maximum sustained wind|one-minute winds]] of at least {{convert|120|kph|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref name="atcr"/> This was based on the appearance of a banding-type [[eye (cyclone)|eye]] on satellite imagery.<ref name="ogp">{{Cite web|author=Gary Padgett|title=Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary October 1998|access-date=June 1, 2015|url=http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/1999/summ9810.htm}}</ref> On October&nbsp;12, the storm [[rapid deepening|rapidly intensified]] as it turned more to the west-northwest toward the [[Philippines]]. During this time, it caused increased [[wind shear]] over the smaller Tropical Storm Alex to the east-northeast, ultimately absorbing it. At 00:00&nbsp;[[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] on October&nbsp;13, the JTWC upgraded Zeb to [[Typhoon#Intensity classifications|super typhoon]] status, estimating winds of {{convert|260|kph|mph|abbr=on}}, marking that Zeb attained Category 5 status on the Saffir-Simpson scale. Twelve hours later, the agency estimated that the typhoon strengthened further to a peak of 285&nbsp;km/h (180&nbsp;mph), making it the strongest storm of the season.<ref name="atcr"/> At the same time, PAGASA also estimated peak 10-minute winds of {{convert|240|kph|mph|abbr=on}}, also designating Zeb as a super typhoon.<ref name="pagasa">{{cite news|newspaper=GMA News|title=Past super typhoons in the Philippines|date=October 2, 2009|access-date=June 2, 2015|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/173677/news/nation/past-super-typhoons-in-the-philippines}}</ref> Late on October&nbsp;13, the JMA estimated peak 10-minute winds of {{convert|205|kph|mph|abbr=on}} just east of the island of [[Luzon]].<ref name="jma"/> While near peak intensity, the JTWC estimated that winds of {{convert|185|kph|mph|abbr=on}} extended {{convert|95|km|mi|abbr=off}}, and [[gale]]s extended {{convert|465|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the center.<ref name="ogp"/>

Zeb's eyewall continued to contract up until it moved ashore.<ref name="pdf">{{cite report|title=The Eyewall Evolution and Intensity Change in a Landfalling Typhoon|author1=Hsiu-Ju Cheng|author2=Chun-Chieh Wu|author3=Yuqing Wang|publisher=American Meteorological Society|access-date=June 2, 2015|url=https://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/75629.pdf}}</ref> Early on October&nbsp;14, Zeb made [[landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] on eastern Luzon just south of Palanan Bay, or east of [[Ilagan]], near peak intensity. The typhoon weakened rapidly over land, while its track shifted more to the north around a [[ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] to the east.<ref name="atcr"/><ref name="ogp"/> It emerged into the [[Luzon Strait]] between the eponymous island and [[Taiwan]] with a much larger eyewall,<ref name="pdf"/> and failed to re-intensify over open waters. Late on October&nbsp;15, Zeb passed within {{convert|19|km|mi|abbr=on}} of Taiwan's east coast before accelerating to the northeast due to a passing [[trough (meteorology)|trough]].<ref name="atcr"/><ref name="ogp"/> The JMA downgraded the typhoon to tropical storm status on October&nbsp;16,<ref name="jma"/> although the JTWC retained Zeb at typhoon status.<ref name="atcr"/> Favorable upper-level conditions allowed the storm to briefly re-intensify after passing Taiwan, although this was short-lived, and it weakened while accelerating toward Japan.<ref name="ogp"/> At 07:00&nbsp;UTC on October&nbsp;17, Zeb struck southern [[Kyushu]] in [[Kagoshima Prefecture]]. It continued northeastward through the country, striking [[Kōchi Prefecture]] on [[Shikoku]] and later crossing central [[Honshu]] as a tropical storm.<ref name="jma"/> During this time, the storm was losing tropical characteristics as it swiftly entered the [[Sea of Japan]].<ref name="atcr"/> At 00:00&nbsp;UTC on October&nbsp;18, the JMA declared Zeb extratropical, and shortly after the storm moved over northern [[Hokkaido]] and into the [[Sea of Okhotsk]]. The remnants moved across the southern [[Kamchatka Peninsula]] and continued eastward through the open north Pacific. It was last noted by the JMA early on October&nbsp;20.<ref name="jma"/>

== Preparations ==
Ahead of the storm, PAGASA issued [[Typhoons in the Philippines#Public Storm Warning Signals|Public Storm Warning Signal #4]], in which winds of over {{convert|185|kph|mph|abbr=on}} were expected within 12&nbsp;hours.<ref name="pagasa"/> The warning covered [[Batanes]], [[Cagayan]], [[Isabela (province)|Isabela]], [[Quirino]], and northern [[Aurora (province)|Aurora]]. Lesser warnings were issued as far south as the [[Visayas]],<ref>{{cite news|author=Sol Jose Vanzi|newspaper=Philippine Headline News|title=Supertyphoon Hits Luzon Today|date=October 14, 1998|access-date=June 3, 2015|url=http://www.newsflash.org/199810/hl/hl000983.htm|archive-date=June 7, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607035633/http://www.newsflash.org/199810/hl/hl000983.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> and extended into the [[Metro Manila]] area.<ref name="ph15"/> After two damaging storms in September, the government began making widespread preparations on October&nbsp;13, organizing efforts through its National Disaster Coordinating Council.<ref>{{cite news|author=Sol Jose Vanzi|date=October 13, 1998|newspaper=Philippine Headline News|title=RP Prepares for Super-Typhoon|access-date=June 3, 2015|url=http://www.newsflash.org/199810/hl/hl000978.htm|archive-date=June 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606230701/http://www.newsflash.org/199810/hl/hl000978.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ports were closed and flights were canceled due to the storm.<ref name="bir">{{cite news|newspaper=The Birmingham Post|title=Four killed by 183mph Typhoon Zeb|access-date=June 3, 2015|date=October 15, 1998|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-60695218.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924160639/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-60695218.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 24, 2015}}</ref> Before the worst of the storm struck, power companies shut off electricity to prevent accidents.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|date=October 13, 1998|title='Super Typhoon' Zeb slams into northern Philippine province}}{{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> About 103,000&nbsp;people evacuated their homes,<ref name="lud"/> including over 6,325 staying in 114&nbsp;government shelters.<ref name="govt"/> Evacuations extended as far south as [[Camarines Sur]].<ref name="ph15"/>

The [[Hong Kong Observatory]] issued a stand-by [[Hong Kong tropical cyclone warning signals|warning signal]] #1 due to the storm's proximity to the South China Sea.<ref name="hko">{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclones in 1998|publisher=Hong Kong Observatory|access-date=June 6, 2015|url=http://www.hko.gov.hk/publica/tc/tc1998.pdf}}</ref>

Before Zeb brushed the east coast of Taiwan, a [[tropical cyclone warnings and watches|typhoon warning]] was issued, causing schools, government buildings, and financial markets to close. Airports and ferry travel were also disrupted.<ref name="bbc1018"/> 183&nbsp;residents evacuated to storm shelters, including 50 from a nursing home.<ref name="ap1016">{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|date=October 16, 1998|title=Typhoon Zeb heads for Japan after hitting Philippines, Taiwan}}{{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> Hundreds of Chinese fishing boats rode out the storm in Taiwan harbors.<ref name="afp1016"/> Similarly to Taiwan, Zeb delayed ferry service in Japan,<ref name="bbc1018"/> and caused 271&nbsp;domestic flights to be canceled.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=October 18, 1998|title=Typhoon Zeb Strikes|access-date=June 3, 2015|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1998/10/18/typhoon-zeb-strikes-1000-flee-homes/}}</ref> Train service was canceled on Kyushu during the storm.<ref name="ap1017">{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|date=October 17, 1998|title=Typhoon Zeb hits Japan after killing 92 in Taiwan and Philippines}}{{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref>

== Impact ==
[[File:Zeb_1998-10-13_0231Z.png|right|thumb|Zeb approaching Luzon on October 13]]

===Philippines===
Striking the Philippines at peak intensity, Zeb largely affected the island of Luzon, including the [[Regions of the Philippines|regions]] of [[Ilocos Region|Ilocos]], [[Cagayan Valley]], and [[Central Luzon]].<ref name="ndcc"/> Wind gusts were estimated as high as {{convert|296|kph|mph|abbr=on}} in the country.<ref name="lud"/> The storm also dropped torrential rainfall, particularly in mountainous regions. In the municipality of [[Bakun, Benguet|Bakun]], the {{convert|1000|mm|in|abbr=off|adj=mid}} [[rain gauge]] overflowed, and in nearby [[La Trinidad, Benguet|La Trinidad]], the rainfall was {{convert|1116|mm|in|abbr=on}} on October&nbsp;14 alone. The latter total was estimated as a [[return period|one-in-1,147-year event]], based on the history of local rainfall totals.<ref name="rain"/> In the city of [[Baguio]], the precipitation reached {{convert|994.6|mm|in|abbr=on}}, enough to flood the town {{convert|9|m|ft|abbr=on}} deep.<ref name="ogp"/> The [[Binga Dam|Binga]] and [[Ambuklao Dam|Ambuclao]] dams in [[Benguet]] were unable to support the rains from the storm, forcing them to be opened and flood three towns in neighboring [[Pangasinan]].<ref name="ph16"/> Minor street flooding occurred along the west coast near Manila.<ref>{{cite news|agency=United Press International|date=October 14, 1998|title=UPI Focus: One dead as Zeb smashes Philippines}}{{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref>

Across Luzon, the high rains caused flooding, landslides, and halted construction of a dam in Bakun.<ref name="rain">{{cite report|title=Rainfall Duration-Frequency Curve for Ungaged Sites in the High Rainfall, Benguet Mountain Region in the Philippines|author1=Guillermo Q. Tabios III|author2=David S. Rojas Jr.|publisher=Kyoto University|access-date=June 2, 2015|url=http://rwes.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~tanaka/APHW/APHW2004/proceedings/FWR/56-FWR-M113/56-FWR-M113.pdf}}</ref> Considered one of the strongest typhoons to hit the area in decades, Zeb knocked down trees and power lines, which covered roads and left areas isolated. The winds were strong enough to blow over a [[jeepney]].<ref name="ph15">{{cite news|author=Sol Jose Vanzi|newspaper=Philippine Headline News|title=Supertyphoon Isolates North Luzon|date=October 15, 1998|access-date=June 3, 2015|url=http://www.newsflash.org/199810/hl/hl000986.htm|archive-date=June 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606230757/http://www.newsflash.org/199810/hl/hl000986.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Along its path, the storm destroyed 26,305&nbsp;houses and damaged another 59,539,<ref name="ndcc"/> mostly affecting those of weaker building materials.<ref name="afp1014">{{cite news|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=October 14, 1998|title=Deadly typhoon hits Philippines}}{{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> River flooding caused heavy damage to crops,<ref name="ph16"/> estimated at ₱1.76&nbsp;billion (1998 [[Philippine peso]]s, $41.3&nbsp;million [[United States dollar|U.S. dollars]]);<ref name="ndcc"/> the storm destroyed {{convert|181630|MT|lb|abbr=on}} of rice in Ilocos Region and Cagayan Valley.<ref name="ogp"/> Most of the damage occurred in Luzon, with little impact elsewhere.<ref name="mapfre">{{cite journal|number=10|date=January 1999|journal=Trébol|title=News|publisher=[[Mapfre]]|url=http://www.mapfre.com/ccm/content/documentos/mapfrere/fichero/en/trebol-en-num10-completo.pdf}}</ref> The storm also marred the local infrastructure; areas in northeastern Luzon were isolated when landslides blocked a highway,<ref name="ph16">{{cite news|author=Sol Jose Vanzi|date=October 16, 1998|newspaper=Philippine Headline News|title=Iliang Toll: 33 Dead, Highways Closed, Towns Flooded|access-date=June 3, 2015|url=http://www.newsflash.org/199810/hl/hl000992.htm|archive-date=June 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606230716/http://www.newsflash.org/199810/hl/hl000992.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> and several other roads and bridges were impassible.<ref name="govt"/> Overall, Zeb killed 83&nbsp;people in the country,<ref name="afp1017"/> while injuring another 63;<ref name="ndcc"/> most of the deaths were related to the landslides,<ref name="lud"/> and 33 of the deaths were in [[Cordillera Administrative Region]].<ref name="ph16"/> Overall damage was estimated at ₱5.375&nbsp;billion (PHP, US$126&nbsp;million),<ref name="ndcc">{{cite web|url=http://baseportal.com/cgi-bin/baseportal.pl?htx=/miso/typhoons&range=180,20|title=Destructive Typhoons 1970-2003|date=November 9, 2004|author=National Disaster Coordinating Council|publisher=Government of the Philippines|access-date=June 1, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041109175210/http://baseportal.com/cgi-bin/baseportal.pl?htx=%2Fmiso%2Ftyphoons&range=180%2C20|archive-date=November 9, 2004|location=Manila, Philippines|url-status=dead}}</ref> which as of 2011 was the thirteenth-costliest typhoon in the Philippines and the fifth-costliest at the time.<ref>{{cite report|page=8|url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/phlnc2.pdf|access-date=June 3, 2015|title=Second National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change}}</ref>

===Elsewhere===
The interaction between Zeb and the monsoon brought gusty winds to [[Hong Kong]], reaching {{convert|88|kph|mph|abbr=on}} on [[Cheung Chau]]. High tides were also recorded, although there was no reported damage in the territory.<ref name="hko"/>

Later, Zeb produced sustained winds of {{convert|155|kph|mph|abbr=on}} in Taiwan, although gusts topped at {{convert|191|kph|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref name="mapfre"/> The typhoon dropped torrential rainfall in the northern and eastern portions of the island, with peak hourly rates of {{convert|42.1|mm|in|abbr=on}}. Several regions of Taiwan received over {{convert|400|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rainfall. The rains caused severe flooding along rivers, with a peak [[discharge (hydrology)|discharge]] of 3715&nbsp;m<sup>3</sup>/s (131,193&nbsp;ft<sup>3</sup>/s).<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Journal of Hydrometeorology|title=Simulating Typhoon Floods with Gauge Data and Mesoscale-Modeled Rainfall in a Mountainous Watershed|volume=6|date=June 2005|author1=Ming-Hsu Li|author2=Ming-Jen Yang|author3=Ruitang Soong|issue=3|publisher=American Meteorological Society|doi=10.1175/JHM423.1|pages=306–323|bibcode = 2005JHyMe...6..306L |doi-access=free}}</ref> The high rainfall forced workers at the Fei-tsui Dam to release water, after water levels rose by {{convert|300|mm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=October 15, 1998|title=Typhoon Zeb takes chaos and death to Taiwan}}{{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> Landslides near [[Taipei]] wrecked homes, trapping at least two people.<ref name="bbc1018"/> Landslides also covered several highways while floods washed away bridges, cutting off traffic.<ref name="lud">{{cite news|newspaper=Ludington Daily News|access-date=June 3, 2015|title=Typhoon Heads for Japan; 28 People Dead|agency=Associated Press|author=Kozo Mizoguchi|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=110&dat=19981016&id=gvhOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=f0wDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7251,4395414&hl=en}}</ref><ref name="ap1016"/> Flooding occurred in the suburbs of Taipei, and the winds were strong enough to cause skyscrapers to sway in the city.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=BBC|date=October 18, 1998|title=Asia-Pacific Killer typhoon threatens Japan|access-date=June 3, 2015|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/194768.stm}}</ref> Zeb's winds knocked over trees, billboards, and power lines,<ref name="lud"/> leaving 1.15&nbsp;million without electricity.<ref name="hko"/> Two-story high waves killed a fisherman in [[Taitung City]],<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|date=October 14, 1998|title=Super Typhoon Zeb slams into northern Philippine provinces}}{{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> washed a freighter ashore in [[Taichung]],<ref name="afp1016"/> and capsized a boat in [[Tamsui District]], killing one sailor; five of the others on board swam two hours to reach shore.<ref name="ap1017"/> The storm left $57.6&nbsp;million (USD) in crop damage,<ref name="bbc1018"/> after hundreds of acres of fields were damaged in the southern and central Taiwan.<ref name="afp1016">{{cite news|agency=Agence France-Press|date=October 16, 1998|title=Seven dead, three missing as Typhoon Zeb sweeps through Taiwan}}{{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> Overall damage was estimated at NT$4.15&nbsp;billion ([[New Taiwan dollar]], US$125&nbsp;million), and there were 31&nbsp;confirmed deaths in Taiwan, with 19&nbsp;people injured.<ref name="hko"/>

[[File:Typhoon Zeb 17 Oct 1998 0732Z.jpg|thumb|Typhoon Zeb making landfall on Kyushu on October&nbsp;17]]
While moving through Japan, Zeb produced peak sustained winds of {{convert|130|kph|mph|abbr=on}} in Kōchi Prefecture within Shikoku. The highest rainfall was {{convert|586|mm|in|abbr=on}} on [[Mount Ontake]] on Honshu.<ref name="dt"/> The widespread rainfall caused 332&nbsp;landslides and washed away seven bridges.<ref name="afp1019">{{cite news|agency=Agence France-Press|date=October 19, 1998|title=Typhoon Zeb claims more than 100 lives in Asia}}{{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> Within Japan, Zeb first affected [[Miyako-jima]] while passing about {{convert|180|km|mi|abbr=on}} to the northwest. High winds left 2,600&nbsp;houses without power and caused damage to public buildings.<ref>{{cite report|author=Digital Typhoon|title=Weather Disaster Report (1998-927-04)|access-date=June 2, 2015|url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/dt/report.pl?id=1998-927-04&lang=en}}</ref> It later passed about {{convert|230|km|mi|abbr=on}} to the northwest of [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]]. Along the island, wind gusts reached {{convert|134|kph|mph|abbr=on}}, and wave heights peaked at 13.7&nbsp;m (45&nbsp;ft).<ref name="odt">{{cite report|date=December 7, 1998|author=Digital Typhoon|title=Weather Disaster Report (1998-936-15)|access-date=June 2, 2015|url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/dt/report.pl?id=1998-936-15&lang=en}}</ref> The waves swept away two people over a sea wall,<ref name="bbc1018"/> killing them both. High waves also damaged a port at [[Kadena Air Base]] as well as several houses near the coast.<ref name="odt"/> The storm also passed near the [[Yaeyama Islands]] with strong winds. Salt spray coated trees and ruined them, and there was scattered public building damage.<ref>{{cite report|author=Digital Typhoon|title=Weather Disaster Report (1998-918-07)|access-date=June 2, 2015|url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/dt/report.pl?id=1998-918-07&lang=en}}</ref>

On Kyushu, Zeb damaged houses,<ref>{{cite report|date=October 18, 1998|author=Digital Typhoon|title=Weather Disaster Report (1998-827-10)|access-date=June 2, 2015|url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/dt/report.pl?id=1998-827-10&lang=en}}</ref> marred crops, and flooded rivers. The storm spawned a tornado in [[Miyazaki Prefecture]] that damaged two roofs and a vehicle.<ref>{{cite report|author=Digital Typhoon|title=Weather Disaster Report (1998-830-05)|access-date=June 2, 2015|url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/dt/report.pl?id=1998-830-05&lang=en}}</ref> In [[Saganoseki, Ōita|Saganoseki]], a motorist died after a roadway collapse landed his vehicle in a nearby river.<ref>{{cite report|author=Digital Typhoon|title=Weather Disaster Report (1998-815-06)|access-date=June 2, 2015|url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/dt/report.pl?id=1998-815-06&lang=en}}</ref> On Shikoku, Zeb destroyed roads and farmlands and eroded lands along waterways.<ref>{{cite report|date=October 19, 1998|author=Digital Typhoon|title=Weather Disaster Report (1998-895-17)|access-date=June 2, 2015|url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/dt/report.pl?id=1998-895-17&lang=en}}</ref> Three people died due to a landslide in [[Matsuyama, Ehime|Matsuyama]].<ref>{{cite report|author=Digital Typhoon|title=Weather Disaster Report (1998-887-13)|access-date=June 2, 2015|url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/dt/report.pl?id=1998-887-13&lang=en}}</ref> In [[Okayama Prefecture]] along Honshu, Zeb left six people missing or killed and was the costliest typhoon since [[Typhoon Fran]] in 1976.<ref>{{cite report|author=Digital Typhoon|title=Weather Disaster Report (1998-768-06)|access-date=June 3, 2015|url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/dt/report.pl?id=1998-768-06&lang=en}}</ref> Landslides killed three people in [[Hiroshima Prefecture]].<ref>{{cite report|author=Digital Typhoon|title=Weather Disaster Report (1998-765-04)|access-date=June 3, 2015|url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/dt/report.pl?id=1998-765-04&lang=en}}</ref> Power outages and landslides affected much of Honshu, while strong winds damaged many fields.<ref>{{cite report|author=Digital Typhoon|title=Weather Disaster Report (1998-777-08)|access-date=June 3, 2015|url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/dt/report.pl?id=1998-777-08&lang=en}}</ref> A cargo freighter washed aground amid high waves in [[Shizuoka Prefecture]], causing oil to leak and requiring assistance from the Coast Guard; oil recovery equipment was sent to the area to clean the spill.<ref>{{cite report|author=Digital Typhoon|title=Weather Disaster Report (1998-656-18)|access-date=June 3, 2015|url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/dt/report.pl?id=1998-656-18&lang=en}}</ref> Lastly, Zeb affected the northern island of Hokkaido, causing one landslide, damaging 152&nbsp;buildings, and knocking 152,000&nbsp;apples to the ground.<ref>{{cite report|author=Digital Typhoon|title=Weather Disaster Report (1998-423-07)|access-date=June 3, 2015|url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/dt/report.pl?id=1998-423-07&lang=en}}</ref> Nationwide, Zeb destroyed 770&nbsp;homes and flooded another 12,548,<ref name="dt"/> with thousands forced to evacuate their homes due to flooding.<ref name="bbc1018"/> Overall, there were 14&nbsp;deaths and 67&nbsp;injuries,<ref name="dt">{{cite report|author=Digital Typhoon|title=Typhoon 199810 (Zeb)|access-date=June 2, 2015|url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/dt/dsummary.pl?id=199810&basin=wnp&lang=en}}</ref> with damage estimated at $335.5&nbsp;million (1998&nbsp;USD).{{EM-DAT}}

==Aftermath==
After the storm, then-[[President of the Philippines|Philippine president]] [[Joseph Estrada]] declared six provinces as a state of calamity,<ref name="bbc1018"/> which allocated ₱1&nbsp;million in emergency funds for each province.<ref name="money"/> The president was unable to return home from a trip to [[Singapore]] due to the storm.<ref name="afp1014"/> The military was activated to help organize relief efforts,<ref name="bbc1018">{{cite news|newspaper=BBC|title=Asia-Pacific Pacific typhoon death toll rises |date=October 18, 1998|access-date=June 2, 2015|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/195281.stm}}</ref> using rubber boats and trucks to reach the hardest hit areas as floodwaters decreased. They were aided by the Philippine [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|Red Cross]] and other government agencies.<ref name="govt"/> Most evacuees returned home after the storm passed, excluding those whose houses sustained damage.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|date=October 15, 1998|author=Kozo Mizoguchi|title=Typhoon Zeb heads for Japan after hitting the Philippines hard}}{{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> Volunteers, the military, and public workers helped clean up from the damage.<ref name="afp1017">{{cite news|agency=Agence France-Press|date=October 17, 1998|title=Death toll from Typhoon Zeb rises to 83 in the Philippines}}{{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> Just seven days after Zeb's damaging Philippine landfall, another typhoon—[[Typhoon Babs (1998)|Babs]]—struck the same general region with a similar, but lesser intensity.<ref name="atcr"/> After both storms, the Philippine [[Department of Energy (Philippines)|National Electrification Administration]] provided ₱1.78&nbsp;million to the Batanes Electric Cooperative to restore damaged power lines.<ref>{{cite news|date=May 29, 2014|author=Kristine Angeli Sabillo|title=Batanes electric cooperative denies dealing with Napoles|newspaper=Philippine Inquirer|access-date=June 3, 2015|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/606485/batanes-electric-cooperative-denies-dealing-with-napoles}}</ref> Power was gradually restored in northeastern Luzon, allowing communication of the damage extent.<ref name="ph16"/> The nation's Department of Health distributed ₱547,469 worth of medicine to four provinces.<ref name="govt">{{cite news|author=Sol Jose Vanzi|date=October 17, 1998|newspaper=Philippine Headline News|title=Typhoon Aftermath: Govt Steps up Relief Efforts|access-date=June 3, 2015|url=http://www.newsflash.org/199810/hl/hl000994.htm|archive-date=June 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606230811/http://www.newsflash.org/199810/hl/hl000994.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The government airlifted about 3,000&nbsp;bags of supplies to Cagayan that included rice and canned goods.<ref name="money">{{cite news|author=Sol Jose Vanzi|date=October 17, 1998|newspaper=Philippine Headline News|title=First Lady Supervises Typhoon Relief|access-date=June 4, 2015|url=http://www.newsflash.org/199810/hl/hl000997.htm|archive-date=June 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606230845/http://www.newsflash.org/199810/hl/hl000997.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The back to back storm impacts caused an estimated 30% drop in coconut exports.<ref>{{cite news|author=Sol Jose Vanzi|date=October 21, 1998|newspaper=Philippine Headline News|title=Tuphoons Reduce RP Coco Exports by 30%|access-date=June 4, 2015|url=http://www.newsflash.org/199810/hl/hl001010.htm|archive-date=June 7, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607035702/http://www.newsflash.org/199810/hl/hl001010.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Food prices]] rose dramatically, in some instances up to 400%, after both storms damaged crops.<ref>{{cite news|author=Sol Jose Vanzi|date=October 24, 1998|newspaper=Philippine Headline News|title=Food Prices Triple as Floods Paralyze Luzon, Visayas|access-date=June 4, 2015|url=http://www.newsflash.org/199810/hl/hl001022.htm|archive-date=June 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606230758/http://www.newsflash.org/199810/hl/hl001022.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The storms also delayed shipments of sugar from neighboring countries, although prices were expected to fall once they arrived.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|date=October 29, 1998|title=Philippines considers sugar price controls as prices soar}}{{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> By December 1998, consumer prices had risen by 11.2% over the previous year due to the typhoons' damage.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=December 4, 1998|title=Typhoon damage push Philippine consumer prices higher in November}}{{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref>

Workers in Taiwan began a search-and-rescue mission for missing victims once the typhoon warning was lifted.<ref name="bbc1018"/> Workers immediately began repairing road damage in Japan once the storm passed.<ref name="afp1019"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
* [[Typhoon Koppu]]
* [[Typhoon Noul (2015)]]
* [[Typhoon Nida (2004)]]
* [[Typhoon Haima]]
* [[Typhoon Megi (2010)]]
* [[Typhoon Chanthu (2021)]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/digital-typhoon/summary/wnp/s/199810.html.en JMA General Information] of Typhoon Zeb (9810) from Digital Typhoon
*[http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/besttrack.html JMA Best Track Data (Text)]
*[http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/best_tracks/1998/1998s-bwp/bwp181998.txt JTWC Best Track Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000747/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/best_tracks/1998/1998s-bwp/bwp181998.txt |date=March 4, 2016 }} of Super Typhoon 18W (Zeb)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20240220172942/https://www.nrlmry.navy.mil//tcdat/tc98/WPAC/18W.ZEB/ 18W.ZEB] from the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory

{{Retired Philippine typhoon names}}
{{1998 Pacific typhoon season buttons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zeb (1998)}}
[[Category:1998 Pacific typhoon season]]
[[Category:Typhoons in Japan]]
[[Category:1998 in Japan|Typhoon Zeb]]
[[Category:Retired Philippine typhoon names]]
[[Category:1998 disasters in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Typhoons in the Philippines]]