View source for Typhoon Mike

{{Short description|Pacific typhoon in 1990}}
{{Hatnote group|
{{Distinguish|Typhoon Ike}}
{{Other storms|List of storms named Mike|the 1990 typhoon|List of storms named Ruping}}
}}
{{Infobox weather event
| name = Typhoon Mike (Ruping)
| image = Mike 1990-11-10 2300Z.png
| caption = Mike at peak intensity while approaching the Philippines on November 10
| formed = November 6, 1990
| dissipated = November 18, 1990
}}{{Infobox weather event/JMA
| winds = 100
| pressure = 915
}}{{Infobox weather event/SSHWS
| winds = 150
| pressure = 885
| basin = Wpac
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| year = 1990
| fatalities = 816 total <!--748 in the Philippines, 68 in Vietnam-->
| damages = 448000000
| areas = [[Caroline Islands]], [[Philippines]], [[Vietnam]], China
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[1990 Pacific typhoon season]]
}}
'''Typhoon Mike''', known in the [[Philippines]] as '''Super Typhoon Ruping''', of 1990 was the strongest [[typhoon]] to hit the Philippines since [[Typhoon Irma (1981)|Typhoon Irma]] in [[1981 Pacific typhoon season|1981]] and [[Typhoon Nina (1987)|Typhoon Nina]] in 1987. Forming from an area of persistent [[atmospheric convection|convection]] over the [[Caroline Islands]], Mike was first designated on November&nbsp;6, 1990 and moved generally westward. Later that day, the depression strengthened to Tropical Storm Mike near [[Yap]]. Mike became a typhoon early on November&nbsp;9, and subsequently entered a period of [[rapid deepening]]. Late on November&nbsp;10, the typhoon reached its maximum intensity of {{convert|115|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5}}, as estimated by the [[Japanese Meteorological Agency]]. After weakening slightly, Mike made [[landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] in the central Philippines. The storm weakened considerably due to land interaction, only to briefly re-intensify on November&nbsp;14. Typhoon Mike turned west-northwest and later north-northwest, avoiding land interaction with [[Vietnam]]. [[Vertical wind shear]] increased, and on November&nbsp;15, Mike weakened below typhoon intensity. Early the next day, the storm passed over western [[Hainan Island]], and degraded to a tropical depression that night. After briefly emerging into the [[Gulf of Tonkin]], Mike passed over [[Northern Vietnam]] and southern [[China]], where it dissipated on November&nbsp;18.

During its formative stages, Mike passed just north of [[Palau]]. There, one person was injured and around 90% of the banana and coconut crops were leveled. A total of 1,035&nbsp;houses and 10&nbsp;businesses were damaged. Damage on the island totaled $2&nbsp;million, including $1.3&nbsp;million in property damage. After striking the Philippines, the typhoon brought widespread damage and was considered the worst typhoon to hit the country since [[Typhoon Ike]] in [[1984 Pacific typhoon season|1984]]. In [[Cebu City]], 88&nbsp;ships sunk, the most ships ever sunk at the Cebu City harbor during a tropical cyclone. Power and phone lines were downed and the city lost access to drinking water for two days. Approximately 60% of all buildings were demolished and 28&nbsp;people perished in the city. Nationwide, 748&nbsp;people were killed while 1,274&nbsp;others suffered injuries. A total of 1,900,000&nbsp;t (2,094,390&nbsp;short&nbsp;tons) of sugar crops were destroyed. A total of 630,885&nbsp;homes were damaged and 222,026&nbsp;houses were demolished, resulting in 1,110,020&nbsp;people displaced. Offshore, 159&nbsp;vessels sunk and 28&nbsp;others were washed aground and damaged. Monetary damage was estimated at $446&nbsp;million (₱10.8&nbsp;billion), including $46.1&nbsp;million (₱1.12&nbsp;billion) from crops, $350&nbsp;million (₱8.52&nbsp;billion) from public infrastructure, and $49.9&nbsp;million (₱1.21&nbsp;billion) from private infrastructure. At the time, Mike was the costliest tropical cyclone listed in the [[National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council]]'s database, and as of 2014, is the seventh costliest typhoon to strike the country since independence in 1947. Elsewhere, 68&nbsp;people were killed in Vietnam, but no damage was reported in China.

== Meteorological history ==
{{Storm path|Mike 1990 path.png|colors=new}}
Typhoon Mike originated from a persistent area of [[atmospheric convection|convection]] that was first monitored by the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) early on November&nbsp;6.<ref name="JTWC ATCR">{{cite report|title=Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: 1990|publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120160256/https://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1990atcr.pdf|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1990atcr.pdf|author2=Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|archive-date=January 20, 2021|access-date=November 25, 2023|year=1992}}</ref> At midday, the [[Japan Meteorological Agency]] (JMA) followed suit.<ref name="JMA">{{cite report|author=Japan Meteorological Agency|date=October 10, 1992|title=RSMC Best Track Data – 1990–1999|access-date=June 12, 2017|url=http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/Besttracks/bst9099.txt|format=[[.TXT]]|archive-date=January 22, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122183440/http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/Besttracks/bst9099.txt|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|The [[Japan Meteorological Agency]] is the official [[Regional Specialized Meteorological Center]] for the western Pacific Ocean.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency|title=Annual Report on Activities of the RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center 2000|date=February 2001|access-date=June 12, 2017|url=http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/AnnualReport/2000/Text/Text2000.pdf|page=3}}</ref>|group="nb"}} At 15:03&nbsp;UTC on November&nbsp;6, the JTWC issued a [[Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert]], after a rapid improvement in the system's convective structure and [[Dvorak technique|Dvorak estimates]] of T1.0/{{convert|30|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5|order=flip}}. Following an increase in the storm's convection and an expansion of its [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]], the JTWC upgraded the system into a tropical depression at 12:00&nbsp;UTC on November&nbsp;7.<ref name="JTWC ATCR" /> Several hours later, the JMA classified the system as a tropical storm.<ref name="IBTRACS">{{cite report|author1=Kenneth R. Knapp|author2=Michael C. Kruk|author3=David H. Levinson|author4=Howard J. Diamond|author5=Charles J. Neumann|year=2010|work=The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data|title=1990 MIKE (1990310N07152)|publisher=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|access-date=June 12, 2017|url=http://www.atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v04r00/index.php?name=v04r00-1990310N07152|archive-date=April 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408122156/http://www.atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v04r00/index.php?name=v04r00-1990310N07152|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Wind estimates from the JMA and most other basins throughout the world are [[maximum sustained winds|sustained]] over 10&nbsp;minutes, while estimates from the United States-based Joint Typhoon Warning Center are sustained over 1&nbsp;minute. 10-minute winds are about 1.14 times the amount of 1-minute winds.<ref name="FAQD4">{{cite book|author=Christopher W Landsea|author2=Hurricane Research Division|title=Frequently Asked Questions|chapter=Subject: D4) What does "maximum sustained wind" mean? How does it relate to gusts in tropical cyclones?|access-date=June 12, 2017|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory|chapter-url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/E7.html|date=April 26, 2004}}</ref>|group="nb"}} At 00:00&nbsp;UTC on November&nbsp;8, the JTWC upgraded the depression into Tropical Storm Mike.<ref name="BT">{{cite report|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/best_tracks/1990/1990s-bwp/bwp271990.txt|title=Typhoon 27W Best Track|date=December 17, 2002|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|access-date=June 12, 2017|format=TXT|archive-date=January 31, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131220351/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/best_tracks/1990/1990s-bwp/bwp271990.txt|url-status=dead}}</ref>

After becoming a tropical storm, Mike tracked west-northwest under the influence of a [[subtropical ridge]]. The JTWC initially forecast Mike to track northwest over the [[Philippine Sea]].<ref name="JTWC ATCR" /> Later in the morning hours of November&nbsp;8, the JMA classified Mike as a [[tropical cyclone scales|severe tropical storm]].<ref name="JMA" /> Shortly thereafter, Mike entered a period of [[rapid deepening]], aided by two dual outflow channels and a [[trough (meteorology)|trough]] to the northeast. Due to the formation of an [[eye (cyclone)|eye]], the JTWC declared Mike a typhoon at 00:00&nbsp;UTC on November&nbsp;9,<ref name="JTWC ATCR" /> with the JMA following suit six hours later.<ref name="JMA" /> Midday on November&nbsp;10, Dvorak intensity estimates reached T7.0/{{convert|160|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5|order=flip}} and satellite imagery indicated a {{convert|24|km|mi|abbr=on}} diameter eye and good upper-level outflow. Based on this, the JTWC raised the intensity of Mike to {{convert|155|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5|order=flip}}, making Mike a [[super typhoon]]. At 18:00&nbsp;UTC, the JTWC increased the winds to {{convert|175|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5|order=flip}}, marking a {{convert|110|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5|order=flip}} increase in wind speed, or a [[barometric pressure]] drop of {{convert|99|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}} in a two-day time period.<ref name="JTWC ATCR" /> Early on November&nbsp;11, the JMA estimated that Mike attained its peak intensity, with winds of {{convert|115|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5|order=flip}} and a minimum pressure of {{convert|915|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=3}},<ref name="JMA" /> while the JTWC stated that it had a mininum central pressure of {{Convert|885|mbar|inHg}}.<ref name="JTWC ATCR2">{{cite report |url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/atcr/1990atcr.pdf |title=Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: 1990 |author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |author2=Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center |publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force |pages=189 |access-date=August 16, 2018 |year=1992}}</ref>

After turning west-northwest in the general direction of the central Philippines, Mike leveled off in intensity. Land interaction took toll on the typhoon on November&nbsp;12 as cloud top temperatures surrounding the eye warmed and the eye became increasingly cloud-filled, coinciding with a weakening trend. Later that day, the typhoon made [[landfall (meteorology)|landfall]]<ref name="JTWC ATCR" /> on the [[Cebu]] province,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=McGlynn|first1=Charles|title=An island environment: Saltwater intrusion, groundwater management and water privatization in Cebu|journal=ProQuest Dissertations Publishing|date=2011|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/76b7d6c1aa22af1b31a51ca4b90bf2c7/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y}}</ref> with the JTWC and JMA reporting winds of {{convert|140|and|100|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5|order=flip}} respectively.<ref name="IBTRACS" /> The system maintained typhoon intensity over the island chain.<ref name="JMA" /><ref name="BT" /> After Mike entered the [[South China Sea]], the JTWC and many [[tropical cyclone forecast model]]s anticipated that the typhoon would strike into [[Vietnam]], but this did not occur. Slight re-strengthening occurred over the open waters in the South China Sea.<ref name="JTWC ATCR" /> On November&nbsp;14, the JMA reported that Mike reached a secondary peak intensity of {{convert|85|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5|order=flip}} while the JTWC estimated a secondary maximum intensity of {{convert|100|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5|order=flip}}.<ref name="IBTRACS" /> The next day, Typhoon Mike turned north-northwest in response to a weakness in the subtropical ridge. Increased [[vertical wind shear]] induced a weakening trend,<ref name="JTWC ATCR" /> and midday on November&nbsp;15, the JMA downgraded Mike to a severe tropical storm.<ref name="JMA" /> Twenty-four hours later, the JTWC downgraded Mike to a tropical storm as its structure became less organized.<ref name="JTWC ATCR" /> Later on November&nbsp;16, Mike passed over the western portion of [[Hainan Island]], and after briefly tracking through the [[Gulf of Tonkin]], Mike moved inland over [[Quảng Ninh]], [[Vietnam]] as a tropical depression. Overland, Mike rapidly dissipated;<ref name="HKO">{{cite report|author1=Hong Kong Observatory|author-link=Hong Kong Observatory|title=Meteorological Results: 1990|chapter=Part III – Tropical Cyclone Summaries|journal=Meteorological Results|year=1991|url=http://www.hko.gov.hk/publica/tc/tc1990.pdf|access-date=June 12, 2017|pages=16|publisher=Hong Kong Observatory}}</ref> both the JTWC and the JMA ended tracking the system on November&nbsp;18.<ref name="IBTRACS" />

== Preparations ==
Maximum [[weather alert|storm alert]]s were raised across the central Philippines, with lower warnings issued for the southern tip of Luzon. Authorities advised coastal residents to move to higher ground in [[Samar]], and [[Leyte]] islands, as well as the northern region of [[Mindanao]].<ref name="AP5" /> The [[Philippine Airlines]] cancelled 59&nbsp;domestic flights from [[Manila]] and [[Cebu]],<ref name="AP4" /> but international flights were unaffected.<ref name="AP5">{{cite news|last1=Cortes|first1=Clara|title=Typhoon Mike Weakens as It Hits Philippines|agency=Associated Press|date=November 12, 1990}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> Schools were called off in northern Mindanao<ref name="AP3">{{cite news|title=Typhoon Mike Heads For Philippines|agency=Associated Press|date=November 12, 1990}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> and domestic shipping services were temporarily cancelled.<ref name="UPI2" />

== Impact ==

=== Caroline Islands ===
During its formative stages, Mike caused minor damage in [[Yap]].<ref name="AP1" /> The storm passed {{convert|85|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of [[Koror]], the capital of [[Palau]]. The local National Weather Service office recorded winds of {{convert|133|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, {{convert|9.8|in|mm|abbr=on|round=5|order=flip}} of rain, and a minimum sea level pressure of {{convert|980.5|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}. Power, water and telephone services were knocked out and streets were blocked by fallen trees. Many roofs were lost and extensive damage occurred to boats, greenhouses, agriculture projects, fruit trees and vegetable gardens.<ref name="JTWC ATCR" /> The heaviest damage occurred in the states of [[Ngaraard]],  [[Ngarchelong]], and [[Kayangel]]. In Ngaraard, 50% of houses were destroyed and the other 50% were damaged.<ref name="FEMA">{{cite report|publisher=The Republic and Federal Typhoon Hazard Mitigation Team|title=Supertyphoon Mike November 10-11, 1990|url=https://hazdoc.colorado.edu/bitstream/handle/10590/5271/C013483.pdf?sequence=1|access-date=June 14, 2017|work=[[University of Colorado]]}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Across the state of Kayangel, situated just to the north of the island of [[Babelthuap]], most trees were uprooted and a majority of residents lost everything.<ref name="JTWC ATCR" /> Nationwide, around 90% of the banana and coconut crops were leveled.<ref name="AP1" /> In all, one person was wounded but no fatalities were reported,<ref name="JTWC ATCR" /> but the area the storm struck was sparsely populated.<ref name="AP1">{{cite news|title=Palau Recovering as Typhoon Heads for the Philippines|agency=Associated Press|date=November 12, 1990}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> A total of 1,035&nbsp;homes<ref name="FEMA" /> and 10&nbsp;businesses were damaged.<ref name="GB1">{{cite book|last1=Sem|first1=Graham|last2=Underhill|first2=Yvonne|title=Implications of climate change and sea level rise for the Republic of Palau|date=January 1, 1994|publisher=South Pacific Regional Environment Programme|pages=7|isbn=9789820400870|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XBQrAAAAMAAJ&q=typhoon+mike+palau}}</ref> Damage on Palau totaled $2&nbsp;million,<ref name=SD>{{cite report|pages=47|title=November 1990 Storm Data|publisher=National Climatic Data Center|work=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}</ref> $1.3&nbsp;million of which was property damage.<ref name="FEMA" /> Until [[Typhoon Bopha]] in [[2012 Pacific typhoon season|December 2012]], Mike was the most recent typhoon to hit Palau.<ref name="Palau">{{cite web|publisher=Coral Reef Research Foundation|title=A Summary of Palau's Typhoon History 1945-2013|url=http://coralreefpalau.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/CRRF-Palau-Typhoon-History-2014.pdf|page=11|date=December 2014}}</ref>

=== Philippines ===
[[File:Mike Nov 12 1990 0529Z.png|thumb|right|Typhoon Mike nearing the Philippines on November&nbsp;12]]
Typhoon Mike was the strongest typhoon to strike the Philippines since [[Typhoon Irma (1981)|Typhoon Irma]] in [[1981 Pacific typhoon season|November 1981]].<ref name="UPI1">{{cite news|last1=Abbugago|first1=Martin|title=Super typhoon hits central Philippines|agency=United Press International|date=November 12, 1990}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> Mike was also the most severe typhoon to hit the Philippines since [[Typhoon Ike]] during [[1984 Pacific typhoon season|September 1984]], which killed over 1,000&nbsp;people.<ref name="T20002">{{cite report|url=http://www.typhoon2000.ph/stormstats/12WorstPhilippineTyphoons.htm|date=June 29, 2010|access-date=June 13, 2017|publisher=Typhoon2000|title=The Twelve Worst Typhoons of the Philippines (1947-2009)|archive-date=September 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919173157/http://www.typhoon2000.ph/stormstats/12WorstPhilippineTyphoons.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The typhoon destroyed a television broadcast tower,<ref name="HS">{{cite news|title=Killer Mike blows in|agency=Agence France-Presse|newspaper=Herald Sun|date=November 14, 1990}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> radio towers, electric cables and bridges, which resulted in widespread power outages and several radio stations briefly went off air. Hundreds of villages were also rendered impassable.<ref name="XGNS2" />

Twenty-five crewmen and passengers of the commercial vessel ''MV Dona Roberta'' were reported missing<ref name="AP6">{{cite news|last1=Teves|first1=Oliver|title=At Least Five Dead in Typhoon|agency=Associated Press|date=November 13, 1990}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> after it sank from strong waves in the southern quadrant of the typhoon. Two sailors were also rescued.<ref name="NST" /> Eighty-eight ships sunk at the Cebu City harbor, the most ships ever sunk at the harbor, eclipsing the previous record set by [[Typhoon Amy (1951)|Typhoon Amy]] of the [[1951 Pacific typhoon season|1951 season]]. Of the 88&nbsp;ships that sunk,<ref name=CebuNRL>{{cite web|title=Cebu Port Study|url=http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/port_studies/thh-nc/phillipi/cebu/text/tropical_cyclones.htm|publisher=Navy Research Laboratory|access-date=June 19, 2017|author=Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command|archive-date=November 12, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112031346/http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/port_studies/thh-nc/phillipi/cebu/text/tropical_cyclones.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> at least 12&nbsp;were passenger ships and at least 3&nbsp;were navy ships.<ref name="NST" /><ref name="XGNS1">{{cite news|title=Super Typhoon hits Philippines|agency=Xinhua General News Service|date=November 13, 1900}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref><ref name="HS2">{{cite news|title=Typhoon hit like 'bomb'|agency=[[Reuters]]|newspaper=Herald Sun|date=November 16, 1990}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> Rainfall peaked at {{convert|276.1|mm|in|abbr=on}} at the port of Cebu City; this was the fourth highest total ever observed by a tropical cyclone in Cebu City. Furthermore, a [[storm surge]] of {{convert|3|to|4|m|ft|abbr=on}} was reported.<ref name=CEbuNRL2>{{cite web|title=Most Disastrous Tropical Cyclones Affecting Cebu Province Selection By Year From 1948–2012|url=http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/port_studies/thh-nc/phillipi/cebu/text/Table_3.htm|publisher=Navy Research Laboratory|access-date=June 19, 2017|author=Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command|location=Monterrey, California|archive-date=February 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213222322/https://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/port_studies/thh-nc/phillipi/cebu/text/Table_3.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Power and phone lines were downed and the city lost access to drinking water for two days.<ref name="HKO" /> Approximately 60% of all buildings were demolished<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bankoff|first1=Greg|title=A history of poverty: The politics of natural disasters in the Philippines, 1985–95|journal=The Pacific Review|date=April 3, 2007|volume=12|issue=3|pages=381–420|doi=10.1080/09512749908719297}}</ref> and 28&nbsp;people perished.<ref name="TS" /> Throughout the Cebu province, 40&nbsp;fatalities were reported and 90% of all wooden homes were damaged or destroyed.<ref name="AP7">{{cite news|last1=Cortes|first1=Claro|title=More Than 40 Killed In Typhoon|agency=Associated Press|date=November 14, 1990}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref>
[[File:PSWSMAPTYMIKE.png|alt=|left|thumb|Map of [[Public Storm Warning Signal]] ]]
Elsewhere across the Philippines, six individuals perished due to drownings in the [[Leyte]] province.<ref name="NST"/> Across Leyte island, more than 50,000 people fled their homes.<ref name="NST">{{cite news|agency=[[Reuters]]|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9GxPAAAAIBAJ&pg=6831,4038593&dq=typhoon+philippines&hl=en|title=Typhoon Kills 12 in Central Philippines|newspaper=[[New Straits Times]]|date=November 14, 1990|access-date=May 14, 2013}}</ref> In the [[Negros Occidental]] province, five casualties occurred,<ref name="UPI2" /> including three that drowned in {{convert|1.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} floodwaters.<ref name="NST" /> A total of 27&nbsp;people perished in a landslide in [[Isabela, Negros Occidental|Isabela]].<ref name="AP7" /> Throughout Negros island, 35&nbsp;people were killed,<ref name="UPI3" /> with 61&nbsp;others reported missing.<ref name="AP7" /> In six towns across the island, 9,500&nbsp;people were evacuated to shelter.<ref name="AP4" /> Nevertheless, the typhoon's inner core spared [[Metro Manila|Manila's metropolitan area]].<ref name="NST"/> A tornado was spawned by Mike near [[Cagayan de Oro]],<ref name="NST"/> which destroyed 160&nbsp;houses<ref name="UPI2">{{cite news|last1=Gomez|first1=Anna|title=Super typhoon' kills 14 in Philippines|agency=United Press International|date=November 13, 1980}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> and left thousands homeless.<ref name="NST"/> On [[Panay Island]], seven people were killed,<ref name="UPI3">{{cite news|last1=Mariano|first1=Anna|title=Super Typhoon Leaves 86 Dead in Philippines, Heads to Vietnam|agency=United Press International|date=November 14, 1990}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> including a 10-year-old boy that was hit by a tree.<ref name="AP4" /> Offshore, seventeen people, including six Americans, were rescued on an [[drilling rig|oil rig]],<ref name="AP9">{{cite news|last1=Teeves|first1=Oliver|title=Typhoon Kills At Least 112 People|agency=Associated Press|date=November 14, 1990}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> and sixty-eight other workers were evacuated.<ref>{{cite news|title=Strong Typhoon Hits Philippines; 19 Missing|newspaper=The Free Lance-Star|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OQJOAAAAIBAJ&pg=4617,2368320&dq=typhoon+philippines&hl=en|date=November 13, 1990|access-date=May 16, 2013}}</ref> Three bridges were crushed in [[Misamis Oriental]], on [[Mindanao]].<ref name="AP4">{{cite news|last1=Cortes|first1=Clara|title=One Confirmed Dead, 19 Missing In Fierce Storm|agency=Associated Press|date=November 13, 1990}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> Three people died due to rough seas offshore Misamis Oriental.<ref name="GS">{{cite news|title=Typhoon Kills 5 in the Philippines|agency=Associated Press|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=28pWAAAAIBAJ&pg=6920,4980976&dq=typhoon+philippines&hl=en|newspaper=Gainesville Sun|date=November 14, 1990|access-date=May 16, 2013}}</ref> In the nearby [[Surigao del Norte]] province, 32 people drowned.<ref name="AP8">{{cite news|last1=Guerrero|first1=Eileen|title=Storm Kills More Than 110, Devastates Cebu City, Some 320,000 Homeless|agency=Associated Press|date=November 14, 1990}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> Offshore Mindoro Island, six ships were run aground.<ref name="UPI3" /> Another ship called the ''Iligan Flores'' was missing off the coast of Mindanao but there were no reports about the fate of the passengers and crew.<ref name="GS"/> In the [[Bohol]] province, 20&nbsp;individuals were killed while floods up to {{convert|10|ft|m|abbr=on|round=5|order=flip}} high submerged roofs of cars and houses in the towns of [[Loboc, Bohol|Loboc]] and [[Loay, Bohol|Loay]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.boholchronicle.net/19901118-20-die-%E2%82%B1134m-damage.html|title=20 die; ₱134M damage|last1=Fred|first1=Araneta|date=18 November 1990|newspaper=[[The Bohol Chronicle]]|last2=Manny|first2=Bautista|access-date=10 September 2016}}</ref>

Overall, 748&nbsp;people were reported killed,<ref name="T20002" /> with an additional 1,274&nbsp;people hurt.<ref name="RW" /> Nearly 5.5&nbsp;million people sought shelter<ref name="NDCC">{{cite report|url=http://baseportal.com/cgi-bin/baseportal.pl?htx=%2Fmiso%2Ftyphoons&range=120%2C20|title=Destructive Typhoons 1970-2003|date=November 9, 2004|publisher=National Disaster Coordinating Council|access-date=June 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041109182632/http://baseportal.com/cgi-bin/baseportal.pl?htx=%2Fmiso%2Ftyphoons&range=120%2C20|archive-date=November 9, 2004|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> in schools.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=t5MrAAAAIBAJ&pg=3198,2961954&dq=typhoon+philippines&hl=en|title=Typhoon Leaves 235 Dead in Philippines|newspaper=Moscow-Pullman Daily News|date=November 20, 1990|access-date=May 16, 2013}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> Thousands of hectares of agricultural crops, including {{convert|1900000|MT|ST|abbr=on|round=5}} of sugar crops, were destroyed.<ref name="HKO" /> A total of 630,885&nbsp;homes were damaged and 222,026&nbsp;houses were destroyed,<ref name="NDCC2" /> leaving 1,110,020&nbsp;people homeless.<ref name="USAID">{{cite report|publisher=United States Agency for International Development|date=August 1993|access-date=June 13, 2017|title=Disaster History: Significant Data on Major Disasters Worldwide, 1900–Present|url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABP986.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718110440/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABP986.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 18, 2011|page=168}}</ref> One hundred fifty-nine vessels sunk<ref name="XGNS4">{{cite news|title=Typhoon Death Toll Rises to 176 in Philippines|agency=Xinhua General News Service|date=November 16, 1990}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref><ref name="XGNS8">{{cite news|title=71 Vessels Sunk by Super Typhoon in Philippines|agency=Xinhua General News Service|date=November 17, 1990}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref><ref name=CebuNRL /> and 28&nbsp;others were washed aground and damaged.<ref name="UPI4">{{cite news|title=Typhoon hits Vietnam after killing 176 in Philippines|url=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1990/11/15/Typhoon-hits-Vietnam-after-killing-176-in-Philippines/2697658645200/?spt=su|access-date=June 17, 2017|work=United Press International|date=November 15, 1990}}</ref> Two-thirds of all damages occurred in Negros Occidental and Iloilo provinces.<ref name="RW" /> Monetary damage was estimated at $446&nbsp;million (₱10.8&nbsp;billion),{{#tag:ref|All currencies are converted to United States Dollars using Philippines Measuring worth with an exchange rate of the year 1990.|group=nb}}{{#tag:ref|All damage totals are in 1990 values of their respective currencies.|group="nb"}} with $46.1&nbsp;million (₱1.12&nbsp;billion) from crops, $350&nbsp;million (₱8.51&nbsp;billion) from public infrastructure, and $49.9&nbsp;million (₱1.21&nbsp;billion) from private infrastructure.<ref name="NDCC2">{{cite report|url=http://baseportal.com/cgi-bin/baseportal.pl?htx=/miso/typhoons&cmd=list&range=120,20&cmd=all&Id=123|title=Destructive Typhoons 1970-2003|date=November 9, 2004|publisher=National Disaster Coordinating Council|access-date=June 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805072803/http://baseportal.com/cgi-bin/baseportal.pl?htx=%2Fmiso%2Ftyphoons&cmd=list&range=120%2C20&cmd=all&Id=123|archive-date=August 5, 2011|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> At the time, Mike was the costliest tropical cyclone listed in the [[National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council]]'s database.<ref name="NDCC" /><ref name="NDCC4">{{cite report|url=http://baseportal.com:80/cgi-bin/baseportal.pl?htx=/miso/typhoons&range=0,20|title=Destructive Typhoons 1970-2003|date=November 9, 2004|publisher=National Disaster Coordinating Council|access-date=June 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041112154749/http://baseportal.com/cgi-bin/baseportal.pl?htx=%2Fmiso%2Ftyphoons&range=0%2C20|archive-date=November 12, 2004|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="NDCC5">{{cite report|url=http://baseportal.com/cgi-bin/baseportal.pl?htx=%2Fmiso%2Ftyphoons&range=20%2C20|title=Destructive Typhoons 1970-2003|date=November 9, 2004|publisher=National Disaster Coordinating Council|access-date=June 13, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041126011214/http://baseportal.com/cgi-bin/baseportal.pl?htx=%2Fmiso%2Ftyphoons&range=20%2C20|archive-date=November 26, 2004 }}</ref><ref name="NDCC6">{{cite report|url=http://baseportal.com/cgi-bin/baseportal.pl?htx=%2Fmiso%2Ftyphoons&range=40%2C20|title=Destructive Typhoons 1970-2003|date=November 9, 2004|publisher=National Disaster Coordinating Council|access-date=June 13, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041126011214/http://baseportal.com/cgi-bin/baseportal.pl?htx=%2Fmiso%2Ftyphoons&range=40%2C20|archive-date=November 26, 2004 }}</ref><ref name="NDCC7">{{cite report|url=http://baseportal.com/cgi-bin/baseportal.pl?htx=%2Fmiso%2Ftyphoons&range=80%2C20|title=Destructive Typhoons 1970-2003|date=November 9, 2004|publisher=National Disaster Coordinating Council|access-date=June 13, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041126011214/http://baseportal.com/cgi-bin/baseportal.pl?htx=%2Fmiso%2Ftyphoons&range=80%2C20|archive-date=November 26, 2004 }}</ref><ref name="NDCC3">{{cite report|url=http://baseportal.com/cgi-bin/baseportal.pl?htx=%2Fmiso%2Ftyphoons&range=100%2C20|title=Destructive Typhoons 1970-2003|date=November 9, 2004|publisher=National Disaster Coordinating Council|access-date=June 13, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041126011214/http://baseportal.com/cgi-bin/baseportal.pl?htx=%2Fmiso%2Ftyphoons&range=100%2C20|archive-date=November 26, 2004 }}</ref> However, this mark was eclipsed by [[Typhoon Fengshen]] in [[2008 Pacific typhoon season|June 2008]]. As of [[2014 Pacific typhoon season|2014]], Mike is the seventh most damaging Philippine typhoon since independence in 1947.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.typhoon2000.ph/stormstats/WPF_CostliestTyphoonsPhilippines_2015Ed.pdf|date=2015|access-date=January 4, 2018|title=Costliest Typhoons of the Philippines (1947-2014)|archive-date=May 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508143822/http://www.typhoon2000.ph/stormstats/WPF_CostliestTyphoonsPhilippines_2015Ed.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Elsewhere ===
Although Typhoon Mike recurved north before striking Vietnam, the storm was responsible for the lives of 68&nbsp;individuals in the Central Vietnamese province of [[Nghệ Tĩnh Province|Nghệ Tĩnh]]. Many fishing boats also sunk.<ref name="XGNS3">{{cite news|title=Whirlwind Kills 68 Vietnamese|agency=Xinhua General News Service|date=November 15, 1990}}</ref> Mike was rapidly deteriorating by the time it moved onshore China and as a result, no damage was reported.<ref name="HKO" />

== Aftermath ==
On November&nbsp;28, the Republic of Palau was declared a disaster area.<ref name="FEMA2">{{cite report|title=Palau Typhoon Mike (DR-882)|url=https://www.fema.gov/disaster/882|publisher=Federal Emergency Management Agency|date=1990|access-date=June 14, 2017}}</ref> After Mike traversed the Philippines, [[President of the Philippines|President]] [[Corazon Aquino]] declared a [[state of emergency|state of calamity]] in 29&nbsp;provinces and 24&nbsp;cities<ref name="RW" /> in the [[Visayas]] region.<ref name="XGNS2">{{cite news|title=Super Typhoon Leaves 27 Dead, 400,000 Homeless in Philippines|agency=Xinhua General News Service|date=November 14, 1980}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> Thirty-nine provinces in the Philippines were declared a disaster area,<ref name="TS">{{cite news|title=Typhoon Mike kills 110 Filipinos|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=Toronto Star|date=November 14, 1990}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref><ref name="HS" /> twenty-nine of which were exempted from government cuts in oil deliveries and energy conservation measures.<ref name="XGNS5">{{cite news|title=major news items in leading Philippine newspapers|agency=Xinhua General News Service|date=November 21, 1990}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> Former [[First Lady of the Philippines|Philippine First Lady]] [[Imelda Marcos]] offered $3.6&nbsp;million for victims of the typhoon.<ref name="AP11">{{cite news|title=Mrs. Marcos Wants to Give Money From Frozen Account to Typhoon Victims|agency=Associated Press|date=November 25, 1990}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> However, she only ended up writing a check of $125,000 and even that check bounced.<ref name="AP12">{{cite news|title=Government's Relief Checks Bounced|agency=Associated Press|date=November 27, 1990}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> A total of $9.3&nbsp;million was released by Aquino from a calamity fund to rehabilitate devastated areas.<ref name="XGNS7">{{cite news|title=Additional Typhoon relief fund approved in Philippines|agency=Xinhua General News Service|date=November 28, 1990}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> Around 86,840&nbsp;families received food from the government, valued at $106,983. The health department sent {{convert|5500|lbs|kg|abbr=on|order=flip}} of medicine to [[Iloilo City]] for distribution to provincial health offices in affected provinces. The defense secretary ordered 150&nbsp;tents to be airlifted to five affected cities. A total of {{convert|110|ST|kg|abbr=on|round=5}} of relief supplies were provided by the local government. Philippine navy vessels were used to transport rice from nearby island provinces.<ref name="RW">{{cite report|work=United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=January 3, 1991|access-date=June 19, 2017|title=Philippines Typhoon Mike Nov 1990 UNDRO Situation Reports 1-6|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/philippines/philippines-typhoon-mike-nov-1990-undro-situation-reports-1-6}}</ref> As a result of the typhoon, authorities projected annual economic growth in the Philippines would be less than 2% – down from 2.3% earlier in the year.<ref name="XGNS6">{{cite news|title=Philippine economic growth will be less than 2 percent: Planning Secretary|agency=Xinhua General News Service|date=November 25, 1990}}</ref> The typhoon also prompted PAGASA to expand its [[tropical cyclone warnings and watches|warning system]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bankoff|first1=Greg|title=In the eye of the Storm: The Social Construction of the Forces of Nature and the Climatic and Seismic Construction of God in the Philippines|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies|date=February 2004|volume=35|issue=1|page=107|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228795622|access-date=June 19, 2017|doi=10.1017/s0022463404000050|s2cid=154796694 }}</ref>

Typhoon Mike's damage to the infrastructure of Cebu forced local authorities to rethink governmental priorities,<ref name="JTWC ATCR" /> where a food shortage was observed and water was rationed. Lines for gasoline and fuel was {{convert|1.5|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} long.<ref name="AP10">{{cite news|title=Local Officials Appeal for Government Help in Typhoon-Hit Areas|agency=Associated Press|date=November 15, 1990}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> However, the city quickly recovered, and by the end of the decade, it was experiencing rapid economic growth,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hutchinson|first1=Francis|title=Architects of Growth?: Sub-national Governments and Industrialization in Asia|date=2014|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wJzhAwAAQBAJ&q=Ceboom+typhoon&pg=PA59|isbn=9789814414531}}</ref> dubbed [[Ceboom]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/338753/has-ceboom-returned| title=Has 'Ceboom' returned?|first= Fernando|last=Fajardo|newspaper= Cebu Daily News
| date= January 11, 2013| archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20130113042653/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/338753/has-ceboom-returned| archive-date = January 13, 2013| url-status= live|access-date=June 19, 2017}}</ref>

The [[United States]] provided $25,000 to [[Philippine Red Cross]] for immediate disaster relief needs. The [[United States Agency for International Development]] distributed {{convert|97|MT|ST|abbr=on}} of food in Leyte and eastern Samar, and by November&nbsp;28, the country was granted $432,000 worth of supplies and cash. The [[United Kingdom]] provided $38,000 in medicine.<ref name="RW" /> [[France]] loaned the country $36&nbsp;million that was expected to be paid back within three decades.<ref>{{cite news|title=Philippines receives 36 mn U.S. dollar loan from France|agency=Xinhua General News Service|date=December 9, 1990}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> [[Belgium]] provided $90,252 in relief assistance. [[Sweden]] granted nearly $18,000 worth of relief items. [[Denmark]] awarded $25,950 in cash. [[Germany]] added $132,450 in tents and medicine. [[Japan]] also contributed $400,000. [[Catholic Relief Services]] provided $25,000 in relief. [[Caritas Internationalis]] donated nearly $250,000 in cash. [[Save The Children]] contributed $10,000. [[World Vision]] donated $25,000. Within the [[United Nations]], the [[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] and [[United Nations Development Programme]] offered $25,000 and $50,000 in emergency grants respectively. The [[UNICEF|United Nations Children's Fund]] donated $28,710 worth of medical supplies.<ref name="RW" />

Due to the severity of damage and loss of life caused by the storm, the name ''Mike'' was [[Tropical cyclone naming#Retirement|retired]] and replaced with ''Manny''.<ref name="TCRR">{{cite journal|author=Xiaotu Lei and Xiao Zhou (Shanghai Typhoon Institute of China Meteorological Administration)|journal=Tropical Cyclone Research and Review|volume=1|issue=1|doi=10.6057/2012TCRR01.03|date=February 2012|access-date=May 7, 2013|title=Summary of Retired Typhoons in the Western North Pacific Ocean|pages=23–32|bibcode=2012TCRR....1...23L |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2225603218300122 }}</ref> PAGASA also retired the name ''Ruping'', which was replaced with ''Ritang'',<ref>{{cite web|author1=Cimatru, Frank|title=Typhoon Naming|url=http://unholyhours.blogspot.co.uk/2006/11/typhoon-naming.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210090458/http://unholyhours.blogspot.co.uk/2006/11/typhoon-naming.html|archive-date=February 10, 2015|publisher=Pine for Pine|access-date=December 20, 2014|date=November 2, 2006|df=mdy-all}}</ref> which was first used in the [[1994 Pacific typhoon season|1994 season]].<ref name="Old PAGASA Names">{{cite web|url=http://www.typhoon2000.ph/oldPAGASAnames.jpg|title=Old PAGASA Names: List of names for tropical cyclones occurring within the Philippine Area of Responsibility 1991–2000|work=Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration|access-date=June 13, 2017|publisher=Typhoon 2000}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Typhoons in the Philippines]]
*[[Typhoon Rai|Typhoon Rai (Odette, 2021)]] – a late-season Category 5 super typhoon which took a similar path and ravaged through the same areas in [[Visayas]] and northern [[Mindanao]]
*[[Typhoon Son-Tinh (2012)|Typhoon Son-Tinh (Ofel, 2012)]] – took a similar path
*Other tropical cyclones that have struck the Central Philippines and claimed more than 1,000&nbsp;lives
**[[Tropical Storm Thelma|Tropical Storm Thelma (Uring, 1991)]]
**[[Typhoon Haiyan|Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda, 2013)]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Digital Typhoon|199025|MIKE}}
* [http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1990atcr.pdf JTWC Mike Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019075456/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1990atcr.pdf |date=2016-10-19 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051126011454/http://www.typhoon2000.ph/stats/WorstVisayasTyphoons.htm Deadly Philippine History]

{{Retired Pacific typhoon names}}
{{Retired Philippine typhoon names}}
{{1990 Pacific typhoon season buttons}}
{{Corazon Aquino}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Good article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mike (1990)}}
[[Category:Retired Pacific typhoons]]
[[Category:1990 Pacific typhoon season]]
[[Category:Typhoons in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Typhoons in China]]
[[Category:Typhoons in Palau]]
[[Category:1990 disasters in the Philippines|Typhoon Mike]]
[[Category:1990 disasters in China|Typhoon Mike]]
[[Category:Retired Philippine typhoon names]]
[[Category:Typhoons in Vietnam]]
[[Category:1990 in Vietnam]]
[[Category:1990 disasters in Vietnam]]