View source for Typhoon

{{Short description|Regional tropical cyclone}}
{{Hatnote group|
{{Distinguish|Typhon|Typhoo}}
{{About|the type of tropical cyclones||Typhoon (disambiguation)}}
}}

[[File:Noru 2017-07-31 0415Z.jpg|thumb|alt=Space view of a symmetric tropical cyclone over open waters|[[Typhoon Noru (2017)|Typhoon Noru]] over the [[Pacific Ocean]]]]

A '''typhoon''' is a [[tropical cyclone]] that develops between [[180th meridian|180°]] and [[100th meridian east|100°E]] in the [[Northern Hemisphere]] and which produces sustained hurricane-force winds of at least {{convert|119|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Typhoon|url=http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Typhoon|work=Glossary of Meteorology|date=2012|access-date=2015-04-05|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|archive-date=2015-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412011727/http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Typhoon|url-status=live}}</ref> This region is referred to as the [[Tropical cyclone basins#Northwestern Pacific Ocean|Northwestern Pacific Basin]],<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/F1.html|author=Chris Landsea|access-date=2011-03-30|date=2010-06-01|title=Subject: F1) What regions around the globe have tropical cyclones and who is responsible for forecasting there?|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres|pages=D06108|author-link=Chris Landsea|archive-date=2012-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731202710/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/F1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> accounting for almost one third of the world's tropical cyclones. For organizational purposes, the northern [[Pacific Ocean]] is divided into three regions: the eastern (North America to [[140th meridian west|140°W]]), central (140°W to 180°), and western (180° to 100°E). The [[Regional Specialized Meteorological Center]] (RSMC) for tropical cyclone forecasts is in [[Japan]], with other tropical cyclone warning centres for the northwest Pacific in [[Hawaii]] (the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]]), the [[Philippines]], and [[Hong Kong]]. Although the RSMC names each system, the main name list itself is coordinated among 18 countries that have territories threatened by typhoons each year.<ref name="HCT">{{cite web | title = What is the difference between a hurricane, a cyclone, and a typhoon? | work = OCEAN FACTS | publisher = [[National Ocean Service]] | url = http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/cyclone.html | access-date = 2016-12-24 | archive-date = 2016-12-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161225071725/http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/cyclone.html | url-status = live }}</ref>

Within most of the northwestern Pacific, there are no official typhoon seasons as tropical cyclones form throughout the year. Like any tropical cyclone, there are several main requirements for typhoon formation and development. It must be in sufficiently warm [[sea surface temperature]]s, atmospheric instability, high [[relative humidity|humidity]] in the lower-to-middle levels of the [[troposphere]], have enough [[Coriolis effect]] to develop a [[low-pressure area|low pressure centre]], a pre-existing low level focus or disturbance, and a low vertical [[wind shear]]. Although the majority of storms form between June and November, a few storms may occur between December and May (although tropical cyclone formation is very rare during that time). On average, the northwestern Pacific features the most numerous and intense tropical cyclones globally. Like other basins, they are steered by the [[subtropical ridge]] towards the west or northwest, with some systems recurving near and east of [[Japan]]. The Philippines receive the brunt of the landfalls, with [[China]] and Japan being less often impacted. However, some of the deadliest typhoons in history have struck China. Southern China has the longest record of typhoon impacts for the region, with a thousand-year sample via documents within their archives. [[Taiwan]] has received the wettest known typhoon on record for the northwest Pacific [[tropical cyclone basin]]s. However, Vietnam recognises its typhoon season as lasting from the beginning of June through to the end of November, with an average of four to six typhoons hitting the country annually.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-29|title=Typhoon and Tropical Cyclone Seasons in Vietnam|url=https://vn.usembassy.gov/typhoon-and-tropical-cyclone-seasons-in-vietnam/|access-date=2022-01-07|website=U.S. Embassy & Consulate in Vietnam|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107033323/https://vn.usembassy.gov/typhoon-and-tropical-cyclone-seasons-in-vietnam/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Briefing|first=Vietnam|date=2021-09-15|title=Typhoon Season in Vietnam: How to Prepare Your Business|url=https://www.vietnam-briefing.com/news/typhoon-season-vietnam-how-to-prepare-your-business.html/|access-date=2022-01-07|website=Vietnam Briefing News|language=en|archive-date=2021-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216070109/https://www.vietnam-briefing.com/news/typhoon-season-vietnam-how-to-prepare-your-business.html/|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to the statistics of the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, from 1950 to 2022, the Northwest Pacific generated an average of 26.5 named tropical cyclones each year, of which an average of 16.6 reached typhoon standard or above as defined by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Northwest Pacific Ocean Historical Tropical Cyclone Statistics |url=http://tropical.atmos.colostate.edu/Realtime/index.php?arch&loc=northwestpacific |website=Colorado State University}}</ref>
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<ref name="BOM">{{cite web|url=http://www.cawcr.gov.au/bmrc/pubs/tcguide/globa_guide_intro.htm|title=Global Guide to Tropical Cyclone Forecasting|access-date=2009-10-19 | work = (Holland 1993). # Holland, G.J. (1993): "Ready Reckoner" – Chapter 9, Global Guide to Tropical Cyclone Forecasting, WMO/TC-No. 560, Report No. TCP-31, World Meteorological Organization; Geneva, Switzerland }}</ref>
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== Nomenclature ==
=== Etymology ===
The etymology of typhoon is either Chinese or [[Indo-Iranian languages|Persian-Hindustani]] origin.

Typhoon may trace to {{lang|zh|風癡}} (meaning "winds which long last"), first attested in 1124 in China. It was pronounced as {{IPA|nan-TW|hɔŋ tsʰi}} in [[Min Chinese]] at the time, but later evolved to [hɔŋ tʰai]. New characters {{lang|zh|風颱}} were created to match the sound, no later than 1566.<ref name="Li 1990"/><ref name="attest date">{{cite book|date=280|title=三國志·吳書|trans-title=[[Records of the Three Kingdoms]] – Book of Wu|chapter=陸凱傳|editor-last=Chen|editor-first=Shou|quote=蒼梧、南海，歲有舊風瘴氣之害，風則折木，飛沙轉石}}; {{cite book|title=宣和奉使高麗圖經|trans-title=The trip of the Imperial envoy to Korea, with illustrations|last=徐兢|date=1124|quote=海道之難甚矣...又惡三種險：曰癡風，曰黑風，曰海動。癡風之作，連日怒號不止，四方莫辨}}; {{cite book|title=荔鏡記|trans-title=[[Tale of the Lychee Mirror]]|date=1566|quote=風台過了，今即會[''sic'', 回]南}}. As cited in {{cite journal|title=台风的本字(上)|last=李荣|date=1990|journal=方言|issue=4|url=https://www.ispeakmin.com/bbs/thread-4425-1.html}}; {{cite journal|title=台风的本字(中)|last=李荣|date=1991|journal=方言|issue=1|url=https://www.ispeakmin.com/bbs/thread-4425-1.html}}; {{cite journal|title=台风的本字(下)|last=李荣|date=1991|journal=方言|issue=2|url=https://www.ispeakmin.com/bbs/thread-4425-1.html}}</ref> The word was introduced to [[Mandarin Chinese]] in the inverted Mandarin order {{lang|zh|颱風}} {{IPA|cmn|tʰaɪ fɤŋ}}, later picked up by foreign sailors to appear as typhoon.<ref name="Li 1990">{{cite journal|title=台风的本字(上)|last=李荣|date=1990|journal=方言|issue=4|url=https://www.ispeakmin.com/bbs/thread-4425-1.html}}; {{cite journal|title=台风的本字(中)|last=李荣|date=1991|journal=方言|issue=1|url=https://www.ispeakmin.com/bbs/thread-4425-1.html}}; {{cite journal|title=台风的本字(下)|last=李荣|date=1991|journal=方言|issue=2|url=https://www.ispeakmin.com/bbs/thread-4425-1.html}}; {{cite journal|title=台风的本字 [Selected reprint]|last=李荣|editor=冯爱珍|date=2006|journal=科技术语研究(季刊)|issue=4|volume=8|url=http://www.term.org.cn/CN/PDF/10948?token=7ea825541ba2405ca4e592c820de03bf}}</ref> The usage of {{lang|zh|颱風}} was not dominant until [[Chu Coching]], the head of meteorology of the [[Academia Sinica|national academy]] from 1929 to 1936, declared it to be the standard term.<ref name="Fu 2023"/><ref name="Wu 2020"/> There were 29 alternative terms for typhoon recorded in a chronicle in 1762, now mostly replaced by {{lang|zh|颱風}},<ref>The ''[[Chaozhou]] Chronicle'' 潮州府志 (1762) recorded 29 expressions for typhoon, including {{lang|zh|回南風, 落西風, 蕩西風, 奔龍 and 鐵風篩.}} As cited in {{cite journal|title=台风的本字(上)|last=李荣|date=1990|journal=方言|issue=4|url=https://www.ispeakmin.com/bbs/thread-4425-1.html}}; {{cite journal|title=台风的本字(中)|last=李荣|date=1991|journal=方言|issue=1|url=https://www.ispeakmin.com/bbs/thread-4425-1.html}}; {{cite journal|title=台风的本字(下)|last=李荣|date=1991|journal=方言|issue=2|url=https://www.ispeakmin.com/bbs/thread-4425-1.html}}</ref> although {{lang|zh|風癡}} or {{lang|zh|風颱}} continues to be used in [[Min Chinese]]- and [[Wu Chinese]]- speaking areas from [[Teochew dialect|Chaozhou]], Guangdong to [[Taizhou dialect|Taizhou]], Zhejiang.<ref name="Li 1990"/>

Some English linguists proposed the English word typhoon traced to the Cantonese pronunciation of {{lang|zh|颱風}} {{IPA|yue|tʰɔi fuŋ}} (correspond to Mandarin {{IPA|cmn|tʰaɪ fɤŋ}}), in turn the Cantonese word traced to Arabic.<ref>{{Cite book|author1=Garland Hampton Cannon|author2=Alan S. Kaye|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MiNWi1g3fJ4C&dq=typhoon+special&pg=PA74|title=The Arabic Contributions to the English Language: An Historical Dictionary|date=1994|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-03491-3|pages=74|language=en|quote=''Typhoon'' [...] is a special case, transmitted by Cantonese, from Arabic, but ultimately deriving from Greek.|access-date=2021-12-05|archive-date=2022-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502112032/https://books.google.com/books?id=MiNWi1g3fJ4C&dq=typhoon+special&pg=PA74|url-status=live}}</ref> This claim contradicts the fact that the Cantonese term for typhoon was {{lang|zh|風舊}} {{IPA|yue|fuŋ kɐu}} before the national promotion of {{lang|zh|颱風}}.<ref name="Li 1990"/> {{lang|zh|風舊}} (meaning "winds which long last") was first attested in 280, being the oldest Chinese term for typhoon.<ref name="attest date"/> Not one Chinese historical record links {{lang|zh|颱風}} to an Arabic or foreign origin.<ref name="Fu 2023"/><ref name="Wu 2020"/> On the other hand, Chinese records consistently assert foreigners refer typhoon as "black wind".<ref name="Fu 2023"/><ref name="Wu 2020"/> "Black wind" eventually enters the vocabulary of [[Jin Chinese]] as {{lang|zh|黑老風}} {{IPA|cjy|xəʔ lo fəŋ}}.<ref name="Wubu 2020">{{cite book|title=陕西方言集成:榆林卷|editor-last=王建领|last=贺雪梅|chapter=吴堡县篇|publisher=商务印书馆|date=2020|pages=692–726}}</ref>

Alternatively, some dictionaries propose that typhoon derived from (طوفان) ''tūfān'', meaning storm in [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]].<ref name="1966 oed">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology|editor-last=Onions|editor-first=C. T.|page=965|title=Typhoon|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1966|quote=typhoon. cyclonic storm in the China seas. XVI [century]. Adoption of Chinese ''tai fung'', dialect variant of ''ta'' big, ''feng'' wind; confer German ''taifun'', ''teifun'', French ''typhon''. Earlier † ''tuffoon'' (XVII), identified in form with † ''touffon'' (XVI), † ''tuffon'' (XVII) violent storm in India, adoption of Portuguese ''tufão'', adoption of Hindustani (in turn, adoption of Arabic) ''ṭūfān'' hurricane, tornado, beside which there was a contemporary † typhon (XVI), adoption of Latin ''tȳphōn'', adoption of Greek ''tuphôn'', related to ''tūphein'' (see TYPHUS).}}</ref><ref name="online">{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=typhoon|work=Online Etymology Dictionary|title=typhoon {{!}} Origin and meaning of typhoon by Online Etymology Dictionary|access-date=2008-10-26|archive-date=2014-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125091024/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=typhoon|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Root (linguistics)|root]] of (طوفان) ''tūfān'' possibly traces to the Ancient Greek mythological creature ''[[Typhon|Typhôn]]''.<ref name="online"/> In [[French language|French]] ''typhon'' was attested as storm in 1504.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/typhon|title=TYPHON : Définition de TYPHON|language=fr|access-date=2019-08-19|archive-date=2020-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809125523/https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/typhon|url-status=live}}</ref> Portuguese traveler [[Fernão Mendes Pinto]] referred to a ''tufão'' in his memoir published in 1614.<ref>{{cite book|title=Peregrinação: volume I|last=Pinto|first= Fernão Mendes|location=Rio de Janeiro|publisher=Fundação Darcy Ribeiro|date=2013|orig-date=1614|url=https://fundar.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/peregrinacao-vol-1.pdf|pages=181, 295}}</ref> The earliest form in English was "touffon" (1588),<ref name="online"/> later as touffon, tuffon, tufon, tuffin, tuffoon, tayfun, tiffoon, typhawn.<ref name="Fu 2023">{{cite journal |author=Fu |display-authors=et al |date=2023 |title=Historic and Future Perspectives of Storm and Cyclone |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00376-022-2184-1.pdf?error=cookies_not_supported&code=9b4e99db-050b-43d1-a238-bce77d44ed41 |journal=Advances in Atmospheric Sciences |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=450–451 |bibcode=2023AdAtS..40..447F |doi=10.1007/s00376-022-2184-1 |issn=0256-1530 |s2cid=253918708}}</ref><ref name="Wu 2020">{{cite journal |last=Wu |first=Liguang |date=2020 |title=台风一词的历史沿革 |trans-title=Historical evolution of the word 'Typhoon' |url=http://html.rhhz.net/qxxb_cn/html/2020072.htm |journal=气象学报 (Acta Meteorologica Sinica) |volume=78 |issue=6 |pages=1065–1075 |doi=10.11676/qxxb2020.072 |issn=0577-6619}}</ref>

=== Intensity classifications ===
{{See also|Tropical cyclone scales}}
{{Japan Meteorological Agency's Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale}}

A ''tropical depression'' is the lowest category that the [[Japan Meteorological Agency]] uses and is the term used for a tropical system that has wind speeds not exceeding {{convert|33|kn|mph km/h}}.<ref name="TCOM">{{cite web |author=Typhoon Committee |year=2008 |title=Typhoon Committee Operational Manual |url=http://www.wmo.ch/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/TCP-23EDITION2008.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717055253/http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/TCP-23EDITION2008.pdf |archive-date=2012-07-17 |access-date=2008-12-23 |publisher=[[World Meteorological Organization]] |type=report}}</ref> A tropical depression is upgraded to a ''tropical storm'' should its [[maximum sustained wind|sustained wind speeds]] exceed {{convert|34|kn|mph km/h}}. Tropical storms also receive official names from RSMC Tokyo.<ref name="TCOM" /> Should the storm intensify further and reach sustained wind speeds of {{convert|48|kn|mph km/h}} then it will be classified as a ''severe tropical storm''.<ref name="TCOM" /> Once the system's maximum sustained winds reach wind speeds of {{convert|64|kn|mph km/h}}, the JMA will designate the tropical cyclone as a ''typhoon''—the highest category on its scale.<ref name="TCOM" />

Since 2009 the [[Hong Kong Observatory]] has divided typhoons into three different classifications: ''typhoon'', ''severe typhoon'' and ''super typhoon''.<ref name="HKO" /> A ''typhoon'' has wind speed of {{convert|64–79|kn|mph km/h|abbr=on}}, a severe typhoon has winds of at least {{convert|80|kn|mph km/h}}, and a super typhoon has winds of at least {{convert|100|kn|mph km/h}}.<ref name="HKO">{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/news/2009/20090318_appendix1e.pdf|title=Classifications of Tropical cyclones|date=2009-03-18|publisher=[[Hong Kong Observatory]]|access-date=2009-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330002011/http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/news/2009/20090318_appendix1e.pdf|archive-date=2012-03-30|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[United States]]' [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) unofficially classifies typhoons with wind speeds of at least {{convert|130|kn|mph km/h}}—the equivalent of a strong Category&nbsp;4 storm in the [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale|Saffir-Simpson scale]]—as ''super typhoons''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC/frequently-asked-questions-1#labels|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|title=What are the description labels used with tropical cyclones by JTWC?|publisher=[[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] – Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)|date=2008-03-31|access-date=2008-12-22|author-link=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|archive-date=2012-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715214854/http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC/frequently-asked-questions-1#labels|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, the maximum sustained wind speed measurements that the JTWC uses are based on a 1-minute averaging period, akin to the U.S.'s [[National Hurricane Center]] and [[Central Pacific Hurricane Center]]. As a result, the JTWC's wind reports are higher than JMA's measurements, as the latter is based on a 10-minute averaging interval.<ref name="JTWC FAQ fcstdiff">{{cite web|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC/frequently-asked-questions-1#fcstdiff|title=How are JTWC forecasts different than forecasts issued by tropical cyclone warning centres (TCWCs) of other countries?|date=2008-03-31|publisher=[[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]]|access-date=2008-12-26|archive-date=2012-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715214854/http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC/frequently-asked-questions-1#fcstdiff|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Genesis ==
{{See also|Tropical cyclogenesis}}
There are six main requirements for tropical cyclogenesis: sufficiently warm sea surface temperatures, atmospheric instability, high [[humidity]] in the lower to middle levels of the [[troposphere]], enough [[Coriolis force]] to develop a low pressure center, a pre-existing low level focus or disturbance, and low vertical wind shear. While these conditions are necessary for tropical cyclone formation, [[necessary but not sufficient|they do not guarantee]] that a tropical cyclone will form. Normally, an ocean temperature of {{convert|26.5|°C|°F|abbr=on}} spanning through a depth of at least {{convert|50|m|ft}} is considered the minimum to maintain the special [[mesocyclone]] that is the tropical cyclone. These warm waters are needed to maintain the [[warm core]] that fuels tropical systems. A minimum distance of {{convert|500|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the [[equator]] is normally needed for tropical cyclogenesis.<ref name="A15" />
Whether it be a depression in the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]] (ITCZ) or [[monsoon trough]], a broad [[surface weather analysis|surface front]], or an [[outflow boundary]], a low level feature with sufficient [[vorticity]] and convergence is required to begin tropical cyclogenesis. About 85 to 90&nbsp;percent of Pacific typhoons form within the [[monsoon trough]].<ref name="KingTUTT">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uZvIuDv6A4gC&q=typhoon+origins+northwest+Pacific&pg=PA515|pages=520–521|title=Synoptic and dynamic climatology|author1=Roger Graham Barry|author2=Andrew Mark Carleto|year=2001|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-03115-8|access-date=2011-03-06|archive-date=2022-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502112032/https://books.google.com/books?id=uZvIuDv6A4gC&q=typhoon+origins+northwest+Pacific&pg=PA515|url-status=live}}</ref> Even with perfect upper-level conditions and the required atmospheric instability, the lack of a surface focus will prevent the development of organized convection and a surface low. Vertical wind shear of less than {{convert|10|m/s|kn ft/s|abbr=off}} between the ocean surface and the [[tropopause]] is required for tropical cyclone development.<ref name="A15">{{cite web |author1=[[Chris Landsea]] |author1-link= |title=Subject: A15) How do tropical cyclones form ? |url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/A15.html |website= NOAA's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory |publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]] |access-date=2011-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827030639/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/A15.html |archive-date=2009-08-27 |location= |pages= |doi= |date=1 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hurricane FAQ |url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/A15.html |website=NOAA's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory |access-date=}}</ref> Typically with Pacific typhoons, there are two [[jet stream|jets]] of [[outflow (meteorology)|outflow]]: one to the north ahead of an upper trough in the [[westerlies]], and a second towards the equator.<ref name="KingTUTT" />

In general, the westerly wind increases associated with the [[Madden–Julian oscillation]] lead to increased tropical cyclogenesis in all [[tropical cyclone basins]]. As the oscillation propagates from west to east, it leads to an eastward march in tropical cyclogenesis with time during that hemisphere's summer season.<ref name="AMS2">{{Cite journal |author1=John Molinari |author2=David Vollaro |date=September 2000 |title=Planetary- and Synoptic-Scale Influences on Eastern Pacific Tropical Cyclogenesis |journal=[[Monthly Weather Review]] |volume=128 |issue=9 |pages=3296–307 |bibcode=2000MWRv..128.3296M |doi=10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<3296:PASSIO>2.0.CO;2 |issn=0027-0644 |s2cid=9278279|doi-access=free }}</ref> On average, twice per year twin tropical cyclones will form in the western Pacific Ocean, near the [[5th parallel north]] and the [[5th parallel south]], along the same meridian, or line of longitude.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RUbq73qXIIkC&q=typhoon+origins+northwest+Pacific&pg=PA269|page=271|title=Atmosphere, weather, and climate|author1=Roger Graham Barry|author2=Richard J. Chorley|year=2003|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-27170-7|access-date=2011-03-06|archive-date=2022-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502112033/https://books.google.com/books?id=RUbq73qXIIkC&q=typhoon+origins+northwest+Pacific&pg=PA269|url-status=live}}</ref> There is an inverse relationship between tropical cyclone activity in the western Pacific basin and the North Atlantic basin, however. When one basin is active, the other is normally quiet, and vice versa. The main reason for this appears to be the phase of the Madden–Julian oscillation, or MJO, which is normally in opposite modes between the two basins at any given time.<ref name="Mad-Jul">{{Cite journal |author1=E. D. Maloney |author2=D. L. Hartmann |date=September 2001 |title=The Madden–Julian Oscillation, Barotropic Dynamics, and North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Formation. Part I: Observations |journal=[[Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences]] |volume=58 |issue=17 |pages=2545–2558 |bibcode=2001JAtS...58.2545M |citeseerx=10.1.1.583.3789 |doi=10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<2545:TMJOBD>2.0.CO;2 |issn=0022-4928 |s2cid=35852730}}</ref>

== Frequency ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:300px; text-align:center; margin:0 1em; float:right"
|+Storm Frequency<br />Tropical storms and Typhoons by month,<br />for the period 1959–2020
(Northwest Pacific)
|-
! Month
! Count
! Average
|-
| Jan || 29 || 0.5
|-
| Feb || 16 || 0.3
|-
| Mar || 28 || 0.5
|-
| Apr || 38 || 0.6
|-
| May || 68 || 1.1
|-
| Jun || 108 || 1.7
|-
| Jul || 244 || 3.9
|-
| Aug || 348 || 5.6
|-
| Sep || 300 || 4.8
|-
| Oct || 246 || 4.0
|-
| Nov || 155 || 2.5
|-
| Dec || 73 || 1.2
|-
| Annual || 1653 || 26.7
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|Source: '''JTWC'''<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/atcr/2020atcr.pdf|title=2020 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: Western Pacific|year=2020|access-date=2025-05-01|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force}}</ref>
|}
Nearly one-third of the world's tropical cyclones form within the western Pacific. This makes this basin the most active on Earth.<ref name="enso">{{cite journal |author1=James B. Elsner |author2=Kam-Biu Liu |date=2003-10-08 |title=Examining the ENSO-Typhoon Hypothesis |url=https://www.int-res.com/articles/cr2003/25/c025p043.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Climate Research |volume=25 |page=43 |bibcode=2003ClRes..25...43E |doi=10.3354/cr025043 |issn=0936-577X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409132416/http://www.int-res.com/articles/cr2003/25/c025p043.pdf |archive-date=2008-04-09 |access-date=2007-08-18 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Pacific typhoons have formed year-round, with peak months from August to October. The peak months correspond to that of the [[Atlantic hurricane season]]s. Along with a high storm frequency, this basin also features the most globally [[List of notable tropical cyclones#Major records|intense storms]] on record. One of the most recent busy seasons was [[2013 Pacific typhoon season|2013]]. Tropical cyclones form in any month of the year across the northwest Pacific Ocean and concentrate around June and November in the northern Indian Ocean. The area just northeast of the Philippines is the most active place on Earth for tropical cyclones to exist.

Across the Philippines themselves, activity reaches a minimum in February, before increasing steadily through June and spiking from July through October, with September being the most active month for tropical cyclones across the [[archipelago]]. Activity falls off significantly in November, although [[Typhoon Haiyan]], the strongest Philippine typhoon on record, was a November typhoon.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Ricardo |last1=García-Herrera |first2=Pedro |last2=Ribera |first3=Emiliano |last3=Hernández |first4=Luis |last4=Gimeno |year=2006 |title=Typhoons in the Philippine Islands, 1566–1900 |url=http://www.typhoon2000.ph/stormstats/PhilippineTyphoons1566-1900.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=112 |issue=D6 |page=40 |bibcode=2007JGRD..112.6108G |bibcode-access=free |doi=10.1029/2006JD007370 |doi-access=free |issn=0148-0227 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007120619/http://www.typhoon2000.ph/stormstats/PhilippineTyphoons1566-1900.pdf |archive-date=2009-10-07 |access-date=2010-04-13}}</ref> The most frequently impacted areas of the Philippines by tropical cyclones are northern and central [[Luzon]] and eastern [[Visayas]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Colleen A. Sexton|url=https://archive.org/details/philippinesinpic0000sext|url-access=registration|quote=most active typhoon season for the Philippines.|title=Philippines in Pictures|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|access-date=2008-11-01|isbn=978-0-8225-2677-3|year=2006|page=[https://archive.org/details/philippinesinpic0000sext/page/16 16]}}</ref> A ten-year average of satellite determined precipitation showed that at least 30&nbsp;percent of the annual rainfall in the northern Philippines could be traced to tropical cyclones, while the southern islands receive less than 10&nbsp;percent of their annual rainfall from tropical cyclones.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Edward B. Rodgers |author2=Robert F. Adler |author3=Harold F. Pierce |date=October 2000 |title=Contribution of Tropical Cyclones to the North Pacific Climatological Rainfall as Observed from Satellites |journal=Journal of Applied Meteorology |volume=39 |issue=10 |page=1662 |bibcode=2000JApMe..39.1658R |doi=10.1175/1520-0450(2000)039<1658:COTCTT>2.0.CO;2 |issn=1558-8424 |hdl-access=free |hdl=2060/19990109670}}</ref> The genesis and intensity of typhoons are also modulated by slow variation of the sea surface temperature and circulation features following a near-10-year frequency.<ref name="WangClark2010">{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Shih-Yu |last2=Clark |first2=Adam J. |date= 2011 |title=Quasi-decadal spectral peaks of tropical western Pacific SSTs as a precursor for tropical cyclone threat  |journal= Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=37 |issue=21 |pages=n/a |doi=10.1029/2010GL044709 |issn=0094-8276 |pmid=|bibcode=2010GeoRL..3721810W |s2cid=39433860 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Paths ==
{{See also|Monsoon trough}}
[[File:Pacific typhoon tracks 1980-2005.jpg|thumb|Tracks of all tropical cyclones in the northwestern [[Pacific Ocean]] between 1980 and 2005. The vertical line to the right is the [[International Date Line]].]]
Most tropical cyclones form on the side of the subtropical ridge closer to the equator, then move poleward past the ridge axis before recurving north and northeast into the main belt of the [[westerlies]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|year=2006|url=http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/forecaster_handbooks/Philippines2/Forecasters%20Handbook%20for%20the%20Philippine%20Islands%20and%20Surrounding%20Waters%20Typhoon%20Forecasting.3.pdf|title=3.3 JTWC Forecasting Philosophies|publisher=[[United States Navy]]|access-date=2007-02-11|archive-date=2012-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705161830/http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/forecaster_handbooks/Philippines2/Forecasters%20Handbook%20for%20the%20Philippine%20Islands%20and%20Surrounding%20Waters%20Typhoon%20Forecasting.3.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Most typhoons form in a region in the northwest Pacific known as typhoon alley, where the planet's most powerful tropical cyclones most frequently develop.<ref name="typhoon alley">{{cite web|url=https://weather.com/storms/typhoon/news/typhoon-alley-most-powerful-cyclone-earth|title=Typhoon Alley: Where the Planet's Most Intense Tropical Cyclones Most Frequently Happen|author=Jonathan Belles|publisher=[[The Weather Company]]|date=July 6, 2016|access-date=April 12, 2019|archive-date=April 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412095427/https://weather.com/storms/typhoon/news/typhoon-alley-most-powerful-cyclone-earth|url-status=live}}</ref> When the subtropical ridge shifts due to [[El Niño-Southern Oscillation|El Niño]], so will the preferred tropical cyclone tracks. Areas west of Japan and [[Korea]] tend to experience many fewer September–November tropical cyclone impacts during El Niño and neutral years. During El Niño years, the break in the subtropical ridge tends to lie near [[130th meridian east|130°E]], which would favor the Japanese archipelago.<ref name="China" /> During La Niña years, the formation of tropical cyclones, and the subtropical ridge position, shift westward across the western Pacific Ocean, which increases the landfall threat to [[China]] and greater intensity to [[Philippines]].<ref name="China">{{cite journal |author1=M. C. Wu |author2=W. L. Chang |author3=W. M. Leung |year=2003 |title=Impacts of El Nino-Southern Oscillation Events on Tropical Cyclone Landfalling Activity in the Western North Pacific |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=1419–1428 |bibcode=2004JCli...17.1419W |citeseerx=10.1.1.461.2391 |doi=10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<1419:IOENOE>2.0.CO;2 |issn=0894-8755}}</ref> Those that form near the [[Marshall Islands]] find their way to [[Jeju Island]], Korea.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Za4my8EshDEC&q=where+most+typhoons+form+northwest+Pacific&pg=PA51|page=51|title=The architecture of ideology: neo-Confucian imprinting on Cheju Island, Korea|author=David J. Nemeth|year=1987|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-09713-1|access-date=2011-03-06|archive-date=2022-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502112033/https://books.google.com/books?id=Za4my8EshDEC&q=where+most+typhoons+form+northwest+Pacific&pg=PA51|url-status=live}}</ref> Typhoon paths follow three general directions.<ref name="enso" />
* Straight track (or straight runner). A general westward path affects the [[Philippines]], southern China, [[Taiwan]], and [[Vietnam]].
* A parabolic recurving track. Storms recurving affect the eastern Philippines, eastern China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, and the Russian Far East.
* Northward track. From point of origin, the storm follows a northerly direction, only affecting small islands.

A rare few storms, like [[Hurricane John (1994)|Hurricane John]], were redesignated as typhoons as they originated in the Eastern/Central Pacific and moved into the western Pacific.

== Basin monitoring ==
Within the Western Pacific, [[Regional Specialized Meteorological Center|RSMC Tokyo-Typhoon Center]], part of the [[Japan Meteorological Agency]], has had the official warning responsibility for the whole of the Western Pacific since 1989,<ref name="JMA2000">{{cite web|url=http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/AnnualReport/2000/Text/Text2000.pdf|pages=iii,11|title=Annual Report on Activities of the RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center: 2000|author=Japan Meteorological Agency|date=2001-05-25|access-date=2011-03-11|author-link=Japan Meteorological Agency|archive-date=2013-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212234149/http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/AnnualReport/2000/Text/Text2000.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and the naming responsibility for systems of tropical storm strength or greater since 2000.<ref name="HKO" /> However each [[WMO|National Meteorological and Hydrological Service]] within the western Pacific has the responsibility for issuing warnings for land areas about tropical cyclones affecting their country, such as the Joint Typhoon Warning Center for United States agencies,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC/products-and-services-notice|title=Products and Service Notice|access-date=2011-03-11|year=2011|author=Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command|publisher=[[United States Navy]]|archive-date=2017-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609092158/http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC/products-and-services-notice|url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration]] (PAGASA) for interests in the island archipelago nation,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/mission.shtml |title=Mission/Vision |author=Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration |year=2004 |access-date=2011-03-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040422082657/http://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/mission.shtml |archive-date=2004-04-22 }}</ref> and the [[Hong Kong Observatory]] for storms that come close enough to cause the issuance of [[Hong Kong tropical cyclone warning signals|warning signals]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.gov.hk/publica/tc/tc2009.pdf|date=September 2010|access-date=2011-03-11|title=Tropical Cyclones in 2009|author=Hong Kong Observatory|pages=18–19|archive-date=2017-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629115042/http://www.weather.gov.hk/publica/tc/tc2009.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Name sources and name list ===
The list of names consists of entries from 14 southeast and east Asian nations and regions and the United States who have territories directly affected by typhoons. The submitted names are arranged into a list, the names on the list will be used from up to down, from left to right. When all names on the list are used, it will start again from the left-top corner. When a typhoon causes damage in a region, the affected region can request for retiring the name in the next session of the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee. A new name will be decided by the region whose name was retired.

Unlike tropical cyclones in other parts of the world, typhoons are not named after people. Instead, they generally refer to animals, flowers, astrological signs, and a few personal names. However, Philippines (PAGASA) retains its own naming list, which consists of both human names and other objects.<ref name="TyphoonBasic">{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/weather/hurricane/typhoon-names.htm|title=How typhoons are named|access-date=2008-08-18|work=USA Today|date=2007-11-01|archive-date=2008-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930180613/http://www.usatoday.com/weather/hurricane/typhoon-names.htm|url-status=dead }}</ref> Japan and some other East Asian countries also assign numbers to typhoons.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Digital Typhoon: Typhoon Names (Asian Names) |url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/digital-typhoon/help/tcnames.html.en#:~:text=Number-based%20conventions%20are%20based,typhoon%20of%20the%20typhoon%20season. |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=agora.ex.nii.ac.jp}}</ref>

Storms that cross the date line from the central Pacific retain their original name, but the designation of hurricane becomes typhoon.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|+List of Western Pacific tropical cyclone names <small>(as of 2024)</small>
|-
!scope="col" rowspan=2 | List
!scope="col" colspan=14| Contributing nations/regions
|-
!scope="col"|{{KHM}}
!scope="col"|{{CHN}}
!scope="col"|{{PRK}}
!scope="col"|{{HKG-CHN}}
!scope="col"|{{JPN}}
!scope="col"|{{LAO}}
!scope="col"|{{MAC-CHN}}
!scope="col"|{{MYS}}
!scope="col"|{{FSM}}
!scope="col"|{{PHI}}
!scope="col"|{{KOR}}
!scope="col"|{{THA}}
!scope="col"|{{USA}}
!scope="col"|{{VIE}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=2| 1
|[[Typhoon Damrey|Damrey]]||[[Typhoon Haikui (disambiguation)|Tianma]]||[[Typhoon Kirogi|Kirogi]]||[[Typhoon Kai-tak|Yun-yeung]]||[[Typhoon Koinu|Koinu]]||[[Typhoon Bolaven|Bolaven]]||[[Typhoon Sanba (disambiguation)|Sanba]]||[[Typhoon Jelawat|Jelawat]]||[[Typhoon Ewiniar|Ewiniar]]||[[Typhoon Maliksi (disambiguation)|Maliksi]]||[[Typhoon Gaemi|Gaemi]]||[[Typhoon Prapiroon|Prapiroon]]||[[Typhoon Maria|Maria]]||[[Typhoon Son-Tinh (disambiguation)|Son-Tinh]]
|-
|[[Typhoon Bopha (disambiguation)|Ampil]]||[[Typhoon Wukong|Wukong]]||[[Tropical Storm Sonamu|Jongdari]]||[[Typhoon Shanshan|Shanshan]]||[[Typhoon Yagi|Yagi]]||[[Typhoon Leepi (disambiguation)|Leepi]]||[[Typhoon Bebinca|Bebinca]]||[[List of tropical storms named Rumbia|Pulasan]]||[[Typhoon Soulik|Soulik]]||[[Typhoon Cimaron|Cimaron]]||[[Typhoon Jebi|Jebi]]||[[Tropical Storm Mangkhut|Krathon]]||[[List of typhoons named Utor|Barijat]]||[[Typhoon Trami (disambiguation)|Trami]]
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=2| 2
|[[Typhoon Kong-rey|Kong-rey]]||[[List of storms named Yutu|Yinxing]]||[[Typhoon Toraji|Toraji]]||[[Typhoon Man-yi|Man-yi]]||[[Typhoon Usagi (2024)|Usagi]]||[[Typhoon Pabuk|Pabuk]]||[[Typhoon Wutip|Wutip]]||[[Typhoon Sepat|Sepat]]||[[Typhoon Fitow (disambiguation)|Mun]]||[[Typhoon Danas|Danas]]||[[Typhoon Nari|Nari]]||[[Typhoon Wipha|Wipha]]||[[List of storms named Francisco|Francisco]]||[[Typhoon Lekima|Co-may]]
|-
|[[Typhoon Krosa|Krosa]]||[[Typhoon Bailu|Bailu]]||[[Typhoon Podul|Podul]]||[[Typhoon Lingling|Lingling]]||[[Typhoon Kajiki|Kajiki]]||[[Typhoon Faxai|Nongfa]]||[[Typhoon Peipah|Peipah]]||[[Tropical Storm Tapah|Tapah]]||[[Typhoon Mitag|Mitag]]||[[Typhoon Hagibis (disambiguation)|Ragasa]]||[[Typhoon Neoguri|Neoguri]]||[[Typhoon Rammasun (disambiguation)|Bualoi]]||[[Typhoon Matmo|Matmo]]||[[Typhoon Halong|Halong]]
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=2| 3
|[[Typhoon Nakri|Nakri]]||[[Typhoon Fengshen|Fengshen]]||[[Typhoon Kalmaegi|Kalmaegi]]||[[Typhoon Fung-wong|Fung-wong]]||[[Tropical Storm Kammuri|Koto]]||[[Typhoon Phanfone|Nokaen]]||[[Tropical Storm Vongfong|Penha]]||[[Typhoon Nuri|Nuri]]||[[Typhoon Sinlaku|Sinlaku]]||[[Typhoon Hagupit|Hagupit]]||[[Typhoon Jangmi|Jangmi]]||[[Tropical Storm Mekkhala|Mekkhala]]||[[Typhoon Higos|Higos]]||[[Typhoon Bavi|Bavi]]
|-
|[[Typhoon Maysak|Maysak]]||[[Typhoon Haishen|Haishen]]||[[Typhoon Noul|Noul]]||[[Typhoon Dolphin|Dolphin]]||[[Typhoon Kujira|Kujira]]||[[Typhoon Chan-hom|Chan-hom]]||[[Typhoon Linfa|Peilou]]||[[Typhoon Nangka|Nangka]]||[[List of tropical storms named Soudelor|Saudel]]||[[Typhoon Molave|Narra]]||[[Typhoon Goni|Gaenari]]||[[Typhoon Atsani (disambiguation)|Atsani]]||[[Typhoon Etau|Etau]]||[[Typhoon Vamco|Bang-Lang]]
|-

|-
!scope="row" rowspan=2| 4
|[[Typhoon Krovanh|Krovanh]]||[[Typhoon Dujuan|Dujuan]]||[[List of storms named Mujigae|Surigae]]||[[Typhoon Choi-wan|Choi-wan]]||[[List of tropical storms named Koppu|Koguma]]||[[Typhoon Champi (disambiguation)|Champi]]||[[Typhoon Parma (disambiguation)|In-fa]]||[[Typhoon Melor (disambiguation)|Cempaka]]||[[Typhoon Nepartak|Nepartak]]||[[Typhoon Lupit|Lupit]]||[[Typhoon Mirinae|Mirinae]]||[[Typhoon Nida|Nida]]||[[Tropical Storm Omais|Omais]]||[[Typhoon Conson|Luc-binh]]
|-
|[[Typhoon Chanthu|Chanthu]]||[[Typhoon Dianmu|Dianmu]]||[[Typhoon Mindulle|Mindulle]]||[[Typhoon Lionrock|Lionrock]]||[[Typhoon Kompasu|Tokei]]||[[Typhoon Namtheun|Namtheun]]||[[Tropical Storm Malou|Malou]]||[[List of tropical storms named Meranti|Nyatoh]]||[[List of storms named Rai|Sarbul]]||[[Typhoon Malakas|Amuyao]]||[[Typhoon Megi|Gosari]]||[[Typhoon Chaba|Chaba]]||[[Typhoon Aere|Aere]]||[[Typhoon Songda|Songda]]
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=2| 5
|[[Typhoon Sarika (disambiguation)|Trases]]||[[Tropical Storm Haima|Mulan]]||[[Typhoon Meari|Meari]]||[[Typhoon Ma-on|Tsing-ma]]||[[Typhoon Tokage|Tokage]]||[[Typhoon Nock-ten (disambiguation)|Ong-mang]]||[[Typhoon Muifa|Muifa]]||[[Typhoon Merbok|Merbok]]||[[Typhoon Nanmadol|Nanmadol]]||[[Typhoon Talas|Talas]]||[[Typhoon Noru|Hodu]]||[[Tropical Storm Kulap|Kulap]]||[[Typhoon Roke|Roke]]||[[Typhoon Sonca|Sonca]]
|-
|[[Typhoon Nesat|Nesat]]||[[Typhoon Haitang|Haitang]]||[[Typhoon Nalgae|Jamjari]]||[[Typhoon Banyan|Banyan]]||[[Tropical Storm Hato|Yamaneko]]||[[Tropical Storm Pakhar|Pakhar]]||[[Tropical Storm Sanvu|Sanvu]]||[[Typhoon Mawar|Mawar]]||[[Typhoon Guchol|Guchol]]||[[Typhoon Talim|Talim]]||[[Tropical Storm Doksuri|Bori]]||[[Typhoon Khanun|Khanun]]||[[Tropical Storm Vicente|Lan]]||[[Typhoon Saola|Saobien]]
|-
!colspan=20|References:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/tyname.html|title=List of names for tropical cyclones adopted by the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee for the western North Pacific and the South China Sea (valid as of 2019)|website=[[Japan Meteorological Agency]]: [[Regional Specialized Meteorological Center|RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center]]|publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency|author=RSMC Tokyo-Typhoon Center|access-date=October 25, 2019|archive-date=January 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105031223/http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/tyname.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== Records ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:300px; text-align:center; margin:0 1em; float:right; clear:right"
|-
! Total<br />storms
! Year
! Tropical<br />storms
! Typhoons
! Super<br />typhoons
|-
| 39 || [[1964 Pacific typhoon season|1964]] || 13 || 19 || 7
|-
| 35 || [[1965 Pacific typhoon season|1965]]<br />[[1967 Pacific typhoon season|1967]]<br />[[1971 Pacific typhoon season|1971]] || 14<br />15<br />11 || 10<br />16<br />16 || 11<br />4<br />4
|-
| 34 || [[1994 Pacific typhoon season|1994]] || 14 || 14 || 6
|-
| 33 || [[1996 Pacific typhoon season|1996]] || 12 || 15 || 6
|-
| 32 || [[1974 Pacific typhoon season|1974]] || 16 || 16 || 0
|-
| 31 || [[1989 Pacific typhoon season|1989]]<br />[[1992 Pacific typhoon season|1992]]<br />[[2013 Pacific typhoon season|2013]] || 10<br />13<br />18 || 15<br />17<br />8 || 6<br />5<br />5
|-
| 30 || [[1962 Pacific typhoon season|1962]]<br />[[1966 Pacific typhoon season|1966]]<br />[[1972 Pacific typhoon season|1972]]<br />[[1990 Pacific typhoon season|1990]]<br />[[2004 Pacific typhoon season|2004]] || 7<br />10<br />8<br />9<br />10<br /> || 17<br />17<br />20<br />17<br />13 || 6<br />3<br />2<br />4<br />7
|}
The most active Western Pacific typhoon season was in [[1964 Pacific typhoon season|1964]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-07 |title=A Tale of Two Cyclone Seasons |url=https://www.naturalhazards.nasa.gov/images/82528/a-tale-of-two-cyclone-seasons |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=www.naturalhazards.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> when 39&nbsp;storms of tropical storm strength formed. Only 15 seasons had 30 or more storms developing since reliable records began. The least activity seen in the northwest Pacific Ocean was during the [[2010 Pacific typhoon season]], when only 14&nbsp;tropical storms and seven typhoons formed. In the Philippines, the most active season since 1945 for tropical cyclone strikes was [[1993 Pacific typhoon season|1993]], when nineteen tropical cyclones moved through the country.<ref>{{cite web|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|year=2009|url=http://www.typhooncommittee.org/41st/docs/TC2_MemberReport2008_PHILIPPINES1.pdf|title=Member Report Republic of the Philippines|work=[[Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration]]|publisher=[[World Meteorological Organization]]|access-date=2010-04-14|author-link=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|archive-date=2019-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912115140/http://www.typhooncommittee.org/41st/docs/TC2_MemberReport2008_PHILIPPINES1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> There was only one tropical cyclone that moved through the Philippines in [[1958 Pacific typhoon season|1958]]. The [[2004 Pacific typhoon season]] was the busiest for Okinawa since 1957.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.stripes.com/news/preparation-critical-for-japan-s-coming-typhoon-season-1.33979|publisher=Stars and Stripes|title=Preparation critical for Japan's coming typhoon season|author=Erik Slavin|date=2005-05-30|access-date=2011-03-06|archive-date=2011-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628213824/http://www.stripes.com/news/preparation-critical-for-japan-s-coming-typhoon-season-1.33979|url-status=live}}</ref> Within [[Guangdong]] in southern China, during the past thousand years, the most active decades for typhoon strikes were the 1660s and 1670s.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|year=2001|author1=Kam-Biu Liu |author2=Caiming Shen |author3=Kin-Sheun Louie |title=A 1,000-Year History of Typhoon Landfalls in Guangdong, Southern China, Reconstructed from Chinese Historical Documentary Records|volume=91|issue=3|pages=453–464|issn=0004-5608|doi=10.1111/0004-5608.00253|s2cid=53066209}}</ref>

The highest reliably-estimated [[maximum sustained wind]]s on record for a typhoon was that of [[Typhoon Haiyan]] at {{convert|195|mph|km/h|order=flip|abbr=on}} shortly before its landfall in the central [[Philippines]] on November 8, 2013.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/capital-weather-gang/wp/2013/11/07/super-typhoon-haiyan-closes-in-on-philippines-among-strongest-storms-ever/ |title=Among Strongest Storms Ever |last=Samenow |first=Jason |author2=McNoldy Brian |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=2013-11-08 |access-date=2013-11-08 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108103028/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/capital-weather-gang/wp/2013/11/07/super-typhoon-haiyan-closes-in-on-philippines-among-strongest-storms-ever/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The most intense storm based on minimum pressure was [[Typhoon Tip]] in the northwestern Pacific Ocean in 1979, which reached a minimum pressure of {{convert|870|hPa|inHg}} and maximum sustained wind speeds of {{convert|165|kn|mph km/h}}.<ref name="JTWC">{{cite journal|author1=George M. Dunnavan |author2=John W. Diercks |year=1980|issue=11|pages=1915–1923|title=An Analysis of Super Typhoon Tip (October 1979)|journal=Monthly Weather Review|volume=108|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108<1915:AAOSTT>2.0.CO;2|bibcode = 1980MWRv..108.1915D|issn=1520-0493 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The deadliest typhoon of the 20th century was [[Typhoon Nina (1975)|Typhoon Nina]], which killed nearly 100,000 in China in 1975 due to a flood that caused 12 reservoirs to fail.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/iwtc/AndersonBerry5-1.html|title=Fifth International Workshop on Tropycal Cyclones: Topic 5.1: Societal Impacts of Tropical Cyclones.|last=Anderson-Berry|first=Linda J.|author2=Weyman James C.|date=2008-02-26|work=World Meteorological Organization|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=2011-03-31|archive-date=2012-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114001936/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/iwtc/AndersonBerry5-1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> After [[Typhoon Morakot]] landed in Taiwan at midnight on August 8, 2009, almost the entire southern region of Taiwan ([[Chiayi County]]/[[Chiayi City]], [[Tainan County]]/[[Tainan City]] (now merged as Tainan), [[Kaohsiung County]]/[[Kaohsiung City]] (now merged as Kaohsiung), and [[Pingtung County]]) and parts of [[Taitung County]] and [[Nantou County]] were flooded by record-breaking heavy rain. The rainfall in [[Pingtung County]] reached {{convert|2,327|mm|in|abbr=off}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wmo.asu.edu/Taiwan-rainfall-record-investigation|author=Arizona State University|title=Taiwan Rainfall Record Investigation|date=2009-08-12|access-date=2011-03-06|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102193453/http://wmo.asu.edu/Taiwan-rainfall-record-investigation|archive-date=2011-01-02}}</ref> breaking all rainfall records of any single place in Taiwan induced by a single typhoon,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national-news/2009/08/09/219677/RECORD-RAINS.htm|title=Record rains in south|publisher=The China Post|access-date=2009-08-09|date=2009-08-09|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090812031824/http://chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national-news/2009/08/09/219677/Record-rains.htm|archive-date=2009-08-12}}</ref> and making the cyclone the wettest known typhoon.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
* [[Pacific typhoon season]]
* [[Tropical cyclones in {{CURRENTYEAR}}]]
* [[{{CURRENTYEAR}} Pacific typhoon season]]
* [[Effects of tropical cyclones]]
* [[China tropical cyclone rainfall climatology]]
For storms that have affected countries in this basin:
* [[Tropical cyclones in Malaysia]]
* [[Tropical cyclones in Vietnam]]
* [[Typhoons in the Korean peninsula]]
* [[Typhoons in the Philippines]]
* [[Typhoons in Japan]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{WPAC EL's}}

{{Good article}}
{{Cyclones}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pacific Typhoon}}
[[Category:Tropical cyclone meteorology]]
[[Category:Typhoons| ]]