View source for Type C1 ship

{{short description|Class of American cargo ships}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
[[File:USSFomalhautAK-22.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Type C1-A freighter, {{USS|Fomalhaut|AK-22|6}}]]
'''Type C1''' was a designation for [[cargo ship]]s built for the [[United States Maritime Commission]] before and during [[World War II]]. Total production was 493 ships built from 1940 to 1945. The first C1 types were the smallest of the three original Maritime Commission designs, meant for shorter routes where high speed and capacity were less important.  Only a handful were delivered prior to [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|Pearl Harbor]]. But many C1-A and C1-B ships were already in the works and were delivered during 1942. Many were converted to military purposes including [[Troopship|troop transport]]s during the war.

The Type C1-M ship was a separate design, for a significantly smaller and shallower [[Draft (hull)|draft]] vessel. This design evolved as an answer to the projected needs for military transport and supply of the [[Pacific Ocean theater of World War II]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usmm.org/c1ships.htmlu|title=smm.org United States Maritime Commission C1 and C1-M Type Ships used in World War II, Korean War and Vietnam War}}</ref>

Type C1 ships under the control of the British [[Ministry of War Transport]] took an [[Empire ship|'''Empire''']] name even if built with another name e.g. ''Cape Turner''.

==Origins==
The [[United States Maritime Commission]] (MARCOM) was an [[Independent agencies of the United States government|agency of the United States government]] that was created by the [[Merchant Marine Act of 1936]], passed by [[United States Congress|Congress]] on 29 June 1936 and replaced the [[U.S. Shipping Board]] which had existed since [[World War I]]. It was intended to formulate a merchant shipbuilding program to design and build five hundred modern merchant cargo ships to supplement and replace the World War I vintage vessels, including [[Hog Islander]] ships, that comprised the bulk of the [[U.S. Merchant Marine]]. These old standardized ship designs ranged in size from [[Design 1023 ship|5,075dwt]] to [[Design 1022 ship|7,500dwt]], [[Design 1013 ship|8,800dwt]] and [[Design 1037 ship|9,600dwt]] for the most common mass-produced types. They either had steam turbines or triple expansion engines, burning oil their boilers. None of the World War I standard designs had diesel engines.

From 1939 through the end of [[World War II]], MARCOM funded and administered the largest and most successful merchant shipbuilding effort in world history, producing thousands of ships, including [[Liberty ship]]s, [[Victory ship]]s, and others, notably type C1 ships, [[type C2 ship]]s, [[type C3 ships]], [[Type C4-class ship|type C4 ships]], [[T2 tanker]]s, [[Landing Ship Tank]] (LST)s and patrol [[frigate]]s. By the end of the war, U.S. shipyards working under MARCOM contracts had built a total of 5,777 oceangoing merchant and naval ships.

The C series of ships differed from the Liberty and Victory ships.  The first C series vessels were designed prior to hostilities and were meant to be commercially viable ships to modernize the US Merchant Marine, and reduce the US reliance on foreign shipping.  The Liberty ships were a throwback to late 19th century British designs with reciprocating steam engines, but were very cheap to build in large quantities; Victory ships evolved from the Liberty ships but used modern turbine engines.  The C series ships were more expensive to produce, but their economic viability lasted well into the late 1960s and early 1970s in military and merchant fleets.  Several ships are still in operation.<ref name="shipbuildinghistory.com">{{Cite web|url=http://shipbuildinghistory.com/merchantships/2c1cargoships.htm|title=C1 Cargo Ships}}</ref>

==Variations==
The Type C1-A and C1-B ships were similar in design, All had a rated top speed of {{convert|14|kn|lk=in}}. The primary difference between them was that C1-A ships were shelter deck ships, while C1-B ships were full [[scantling]] ships. The C1-M was the type with the largest production; it was a significant variation from the original C1 design in size, performance and profile; these were shorter, narrower, slower and the superstructure was farther toward the stern.

The C-1 (A and B variants) employed two kind of propulsion systems. One group comprising 19 C1-A, 85 C1-B and all 13 C1-S-AY1 used 4,000&nbsp;hp [[compound turbine]]s (one high pressure and one low pressure turbine) and turbo-electric generators for auxiliary power. The other group of 46 C1-A and 10 C1-B used two 2,000&nbsp;hp diesel engines connected to a single reduction gearset via [[magnetic coupling]]s, in the same family as the system used on [[HMS Archer (D78)#Propulsion|various C3 ships]] where four such engines were coupled to one gearset for a total of 8,000&nbsp;hp. The C1-M variant used diesel propulsion exclusively, but only a single 2,000&nbsp;hp range engine and without magnetic couplings. All turbines and diesel engines were sourced from a variety of manufacturers.

With the exception of ships built for specific shipping lines before the war, the majority of the C1-A and C1-B ships were given two-word names beginning with "Cape", such as {{SS|Cape Hatteras}}.

===C1-A===
[[Image:USS Cyrene (AGP-13) at anchor, circa 1945.jpg|thumb|right|{{USS|Cyrene|AGP-13|6}}]]
Forty-six Type C1-A ships were built at [[Pennsylvania Shipyards, Inc.]] in [[Beaumont, Texas]], with another 19 being built by [[Pusey and Jones]] in [[Wilmington, Delaware]] (not to be confused with [[Consolidated Steel]]'s [[Wilmington, California]] location).  The majority were built with diesel motors, though 19 were built with steam turbine engines. These were shelter deck ships, having a very light upper deck, the sides of which are open ports to the second or main deck.

The first [[keel]]s were [[Keel laying|laid]] in 1939. Two of the Pusey and Jones ships were converted to [[PT boat]] tenders before entering service, including {{USS|Cyrene|AGP-13|6}}.
        
Some of the diesel vessels were powered by 2, 6-cylinder Nordberg 2-stroke engines (Sulzer type) driving the single shaft via magnetic couplings and a reduction gear-box. They were manufactured by [[Nordberg Manufacturing Company]]. The engine speed was 220 rpm and the shaft 110 rpm. This configuration made maneuvering very easy when entering port, as one engine was run in reverse and the other ahead; change of direction was simply performed by energizing the appropriate magnetic coupling. All auxiliary equipment was electric. The engine room was a pleasure to operate and the workmanship outstanding.

* [[Pennsylvania Shipyards, Inc.]], TX: '''46''' (launched May 1941 &mdash; Dec 1944)
* [[Pusey and Jones]], DE: '''19''' (Jan 1942 &mdash; May 1945)

Converted to Troop Ships<ref name="google.com">https://www.google.com/books/edition/Ship_Repair_Yards/h5-st_6fZ-0C p. 520</ref><ref name="shipbuildinghistory.com"/>

* {{SS|Cape Bon|1943|6}} (MC-301) at [[Bethlehem Brooklyn 56th Street]]
* {{SS|Cape Douglas||6}} (MC-300) at Cardinal Engineering Company
* {{SS|Adabelle Lykes||6}} (MC-141) at Eureka Shipbuilding Company
* {{SS|Cape Henlopen||6}} (MC-296) at McNulty Shipyards
* {{SS|Cape Canso||6}} (MC-303) at Arthur Tickle

4 Modified and redesignated (to [[United States Navy]])

* Cargo
** {{MS|Cape Lookout||6}} (MC-138) as {{USS|Fomalhaut|AK-22|3}} then {{USS|Fomalhaut|AKA-5|3}} then {{USS|Fomalhaut|AE-20|3}}
** {{MS|Cape Sable||6}} (MC-225) as {{USS|Sangay|AE-10|3}}
* Motor Torpedo Boat Tender
** {{SS|Cape Carthage||6}} (MC-304) as {{USS|Acontius|AGP-12|3}}
** {{SS|Cape Farewell|1944|6}} (MC-891) as {{USS|Cyrene|AGP-13|3}}

===C1-B===
[[File:USS Auriga (AK-98).jpg|thumb|right|{{USS|Auriga|AK-98|6}} during World War II]]
The Type C1-B ships were built in eight different yards, all but 15 in West Coast yards, all but 20 in California, the majority at [[Consolidated Steel Corporation]] in [[Wilmington, California]]. All but ten of the C1-B ships had steam turbine engines; the diesels were all built at [[Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corporation|Seattle-Tacoma SB Corp.]], [[Tacoma, Washington]] and [[Western Pipe & Steel]], San Francisco, California, with each producing five ships.  The C1-B were full scantling ships with three decks in which the frames hold the same dimensions as the upper deck.  Full scantling ships have deck gear sufficient to completely unload their cargoes. A C1-B example and perhaps the most well-known was the {{SS|Flying Enterprise}}.

{{anchor|C1-B-early-years}}
In 1939, under the [[Long Range Shipbuilding Program]], contracts for 38 ships in batches of 2 to 5 vessels were awarded after one round of competitive bidding. ''Bethlehem San Francisco'' and ''Bethlehem Staten Island'' only produced on this occasion for the Maritime Commission. For ''Seattle-Tacoma'', the C1-B contract prompted the reopening (and rebuilding) of the Tacoma yard. ''Consolidated Steel'' entered the shipbuilding business in 1939. Timing makes these ship constructions interesting, as they were on slipways when the U.S. shipbuilding industry was going through the transition of 1940/1941 towards war time production and many ships, whether afloat or building, were reassigned to fulfill new duties. Unsuccessful bids were made by the [[General Engineering & Dry Dock Company]], the [[Tampa Shipbuilding and Engineering Company]], the Newburgh Shipbuilding and Repair Company of New York, the [[Sun Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company]], the [[Los Angeles Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company]]. Bids (for either C1-A or C1-B in either steam of diesel variants) were opened on 11 July 1939. [[Pusey and Jones]] successfully bid on 2 C1-A ships.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://archive.org/details/pacificmarinerev3639paci/page/n419/mode/1up|title=Pacific Marine Review|date=August 1939|page=44}}</ref> Contracts were awarded in September 1939.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://archive.org/details/pacificmarinerev3639paci/page/n539/mode/1up|title=Pacific Marine Review|date=October 1939|page=52}}</ref> Two of these early-built ships joined the ship launching parade of the [[Liberty Fleet Day]] on 27 September 1941.

{{external media|float=right||video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qiMqaWVD85U Launch of the Cape Mendocino]}}

* [[Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company|Federal Shipbuilding]], Kearny, NJ: 5
** {{SS|Joseph Lykes||2}} (MC-67) ... {{SS|John Lykes||2}} (MC-71)
* [[Consolidated Steel Corporation|Consolidated Steel]], Long Beach, CA: 4
** {{SS|Agwimonte||2}} (MC-75) ... {{SS|Alcoa Polaris||2}} (MC-78)
* [[Bethlehem Sparrows Point Shipyard|Bethlehem Sparrows Point]], MD: 5
** {{SS|James Lykes||2}} (MC-79) ... {{SS|James McKay||2}} (MC-83)
* Bethlehem San Francisco, CA: 5 ([[Union Iron Works#C1-B-details|details]]) 
* [[Bethlehem Staten Island]], NY: 5
** {{SS|Alcoa Pathfinder||2}} (MC-89) ... {{SS|Stella Lykes||2}} (MC-93)
* [[Western Pipe and Steel Company|Western Pipe & Steel]], San Francisco, CA: 5 (diesel)
** {{MS|American Manufacturer||2}} (MC-94) ... {{MS|American Packer||2}} (MC-98)
* Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding, WA: 5 diesel ([[Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corporation#C1-B-details|details]])

after the Emergency Shipbuilding Program picked up momentum, ''Consolidated Steel'' remained the only manufacturer of the C1-B type.

* [[Consolidated Steel Corporation|Consolidated Steel]], Long Beach, CA: 14 (in addition to the original 4)
* [[Consolidated Steel Corporation|Consolidated Steel]], Wilmington, CA: 47

Converted to Troop Ships<ref name="google.com"/><ref name="shipbuildinghistory.com"/><ref name="trooper">Roland Wilbur Charles, Troopships of World War II, 1947, https://www.google.com/books/edition/Troopships_of_World_War_II/YzJKAAAAMAAJ</ref> (all steam turbine driven)

* {{SS|Zoella Lykes||2}} (MC-83) at [[Bethlehem Brooklyn 27th Street]], New York
* {{SS|Agwiprince||2}} (MC-76) at [[Bethlehem Brooklyn 27th Street]], New York
* {{SS|Santa Cruz|1941|2}} (MC-84) at [[Hoboken Shipyard|Bethlehem Hoboken]], New York
* {{SS|Cape Neddick||2}} (MC-91) at [[Hoboken Shipyard|Bethlehem Hoboken]], New York
* {{SS|Mormacdove|1942|2}} (MC-265) at [[Todd Shipyards#Hoboken|Todd Hoboken]], New York
* {{SS|John Lykes||2}} (MC-71) at Zalud Marine Corporation
* {{SS|Alcoa Polaris||2}} (MC-78) at Zalud Marine Corporation
* {{SS|Alcoa Patriot||2}} (MC-87) at Arthur Blair
* {{SS|Cape Cod||2}} (MC-92) at Arthur Blair
* {{SS|Cape Perpetua||2}} (MC-503) at [[General Engineering & Drydock Company]], Alameda
* {{SS|Cape Mendocino||2}} (MC-505) at Matson Navigation, San Francisco
* {{SS|Cape Newenham||2}} (MC-502) at [[Moore Dry Dock Company]], Oakland
* {{SS|Cape Meares||2}} (MC-510) at [[United Engineering Co.]], Alameda
* {{SS|Cape Cleare||2}} (MC-504) at [[Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corporation|Todd Seattle]]
* {{SS|Cape San Juan||2}} (MC-509)<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|url=https://shipbuildinghistory.com/shipyards/emergencylarge/consolidatedwilmington.htm|title=Consolidated Steel, Wilmington}}</ref> in San Francisco<ref name="trooper"/>
* {{SS|Cape Victory||2}} (MC-1025)<ref name="ReferenceA"/> at Matson Navigation, San Francisco<ref name="trooper"/>
* {{SS|Mormachawk|1942|2}} (MC-263) completed as troopship by the [[Consolidated Steel Corporation]]<ref name="trooper"/>
* {{SS|Mormacwren|1942|2}} (MC-264) <ref name="trooper"/>

7 Modified and redesignated (to [[United States Navy]]) (all steam turbine driven)

* ''SS Fred Morris'' (MC-70) as submarine tender {{USS|Otus|AS-20|3}} and then as internal combustion engone repair ship {{USS|Otus|ARG-20|3}}
* Navy troop transports
** ''SS Cape Johnson'' (MC-507) as {{USS|Cape Johnson|AP-172|3}} at the [[Los Angeles Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company]], San Pedro<ref name="trooper"/>
** ''SS Fred Morris'' (MC-490) as {{USS|Arlington|AP-174|3}} at [[Todd Shipyards#Hoboken|Todd Hoboken]]<ref name="trooper"/>
* Cargo ships
** ''SS Alcoa Partner'' (MC-493) to US Navy as {{USS|Auriga|AK-98|3}}
* Hospital ships
** ''SS Comfort'' (MC-1021) as {{USS|Comfort|AH-6|3}} at [[Bethlehem Shipbuilding San Pedro]]
** ''SS Hope'' (MC-1015) as {{USS|Hope|AH-7}} at the U.S. Naval Dry Dock on [[Terminal Island]]
** ''SS Mercy'' (MC-1022) as {{USS|Mercy|AH-8}} at the [[Los Angeles Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company]]
** these ships were originally ordered as uncompleted hospital ships from ''Consolidated Steel'' and completed at nearby facilities in the [[Port of Los Angeles]]

===C1-S-AY1===
The C1-S-AY1 subtype of thirteen ships built by [[Consolidated Steel Corporation]] was modified from the C1-B design for use as troopships by Great Britain under [[lend-lease]] called ''[[Landing ship, infantry|Landing Ship Infantry, Large]]'' and they were originally ordered as troopships. These ships were all given two-word names beginning with "Empire", such as [[HMS Ormonde (F172)|SS ''Empire Spearhead'']]. {{SS|Empire Broadsword||2}} was lost at the [[D-day|Normandy Invasion]], to a mine.  {{SS|Empire Javelin||2}} was sunk by a torpedo from a German [[U-boat]] on 28 December 1944. The original ''Cape'' names are what the ships were launched as and by which name they were known to the [[Maritime Commission]].

* ''Cape Berkeley'' / {{HMS|Empire Battleaxe}} / {{HMS|Donovan|F161}}
* ''Cape Compass'' / {{HMS|Empire Cutlass}} / {{HMS|Sansovino|F162}}
* ''Cape Gregory'' / [[List of Empire ships (H)#Empire Halberd|HMS Empire Halberd]] / {{HMS|Silvio|F160}}
* ''Cape Marshall'' / {{HMS|Empire Broadsword}}
* ''Cape Pine'' / [[List of Empire ships (L)#Empire Lance|HMS Empire Lance]] / {{HMS|Sir Hugo}}
* ''Cape St. Roque'' / [[List of Empire ships (M)#Empire Mace|HMS Empire Mace]] / {{HMS|Galteemore|F171}}
* ''Cape Turner'' / [[List of Empire ships (R)#Empire Rapier|HMS Empire Rapier]]
* ''Cape Argos'' / {{HMS|Empire Anvil}} / {{HMS|Rocksand|F184}}
* ''Cape Lobos'' / {{HMS|Empire Javelin}}
* ''Cape Girardeau'' / {{HMS|Empire Spearhead}} / {{HMS|Ormonde|F172}}
* ''Cape St. Vincent'' / [[Empire Arquebus|HMS Empire Arquebus]] / {{HMS|Cicero|F170}}
* ''Cape Comorin'' / [[List of Empire ships (G)#Empire Gauntlet|HMS Empire Gauntlet]] / {{HMS|Sefton|F123}}
* ''Cape Washington'' / {{HMS|Empire Crossbow}} / {{HMS|Sainfoin|F183}}

===C1-S-D1===
Twenty-four concrete C1-S-D1 ships were made by [[McCloskey & Company Shipyard]] in Hookers Point, [[Tampa, Florida]] in 1944. Many were sunk during or after the as war as breakwater barriers.

*  Vitruvius     Dec-43  Sunk as a [[Mulberry harbours|breakwater at Normandy]]
*  David O. Saylor    Nov-43  Sunk as a breakwater at Normandy
*  Arthur Newell Talbot    Feb-44  Sunk as a breakwater at Kiptopeke VA
*  Richard Lewis Humphrey    Mar-44  Sold in Mexico
*  Richard Kidder Meade    Mar-44  Sunk as a breakwater at Kiptopeke VA
*  Willis A. Slater    Feb-44  Sunk as a breakwater at Kiptopeke VA
*  Leonard Chase Watson    Jun-44  Sunk as a breakwater at Kiptopeke VA
*  John Smeaton      Apr-44  Afloat as a breakwater at [[Powell River, British Columbia|Powell River BC]]
*  Joseph Aspdin      May-44  Wrecked and lost 1948
*  John Grant      Jun-44  Sunk as a breakwater at Kiptopeke VA
*  M. H. Le Chatelier    1055  Jul-44  Afloat as a breakwater at Powell River BC
*  L. J. Vicat      Jul-44  Afloat as a breakwater at Powell River BC
*  Robert Whitman Lesley    1057  Jul-44  Sunk as a breakwater at Kiptopeke VA
*  Edwin Thacher      Jul-44  Sunk as a breakwater at Kiptopeke VA
*  C. W. Pasley      Aug-44  Sunk as a breakwater at Newport OR
* Armand Considere    Sep-44  Afloat as a breakwater at Powell River BC
*  Francois Hennebique    Sep-44  Sunk as a breakwater at Newport OR
*  P. M. Anderson      Sep-44  Afloat as a breakwater at Powell River BC
* Albert Kahn     Oct-44  Abandoned and lost 1947
*  Willard A. Pollard    Nov-44  Sunk as a breakwater at Kiptopeke VA
*  William Foster Cowham    Nov-44  Sunk as a breakwater at Kiptopeke VA
*  Edwin Clarence Eckel    Dec-44  Scuttled 1946
*  Thaddeus Merriman    Nov-44  Afloat as a breakwater at Powell River BC
*  Emile N. Vidal      Dec-44  Afloat as a breakwater at Powell River BC

===C1-M===
[[File:SC 204192 - The “Spar Hitch”, C1-M-AVI, captained by Carl, E. Peterson, New York, N.Y., in background, is the first big ship to enter Naha Harbor, Okinawa.jpg|thumb|The "Spar Hitch", C1-M-AV1, captained by Carl, E. Peterson, New York, N.Y., in background, is the first big ship to enter Naha Harbor, Okinawa, August 9, 1945.]]
[[File:USS Alamosa.jpg|thumb|right|USS ''Alamosa'' – typical Type C1-M vessel]]
[[File:Rotterdam_IMO 5016274_G_Hamburg_05-1973 (2).jpg|thumb|right|''Coastal Captain'' (type C1-M-AV1) sailed as ''Rotterdam'' until 1981]]
The [[Marine diesel engine|diesel]] (M for Motor) powered C1-M Type ships were a separate design from the C1-A and C1-B, meant for shorter runs and shallow harbors, either along the coasts, or for "island hopping" in the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]].  These ships were shorter, narrower, and had less draft than the earlier C1 designs, and were rated at only {{convert|11|kn|km/h|0}}. {{USS|Alamosa|AK-156|6}} is an example of a C1-M ship.

The '''C1-M-AV1''' subtype, a general cargo ship with one large diesel engine, was the most numerous. About 215 of this type were built in ten different shipyards. [[Consolidated Steel Wilmington shipyard|Consolidated Steel Corp., Ltd.]] of Wilmington, California built the largest number – about a quarter of all built. These ships were either named for [[knot]]s, such as {{MS|Acorn Knot}}, or with a two-word name beginning with "Coastal", such as {{MS|Coastal Sentry}}; a large number built for lend-lease were also given two-word names, this time beginning with "Hickory". About 65 of this subtype were complete for the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]], like the [[USS Gadsden (AK-182)|USS ''Gadsden'']] built by [[Walter Butler Shipyard]]. Those ships were generally named after [[County (United States)|counties]] in the U.S. C1-M-AV1 ships are a '''''Alamosa''-class cargo ships'''.

One '''C1-ME-AV6''' (also called C1-M-AV7<ref>{{cite web | url=http://shipbuildinghistory.com/shipyards/large/bay.htm | title=Bay Shipbuilding Leathem D. Smith Shipbuilding Christy Corp. Sturgeon Bay Shipbuilding }}</ref>) subype was built, {{MS|Coastal Liberator}}. Instead of the diesel engine direct drive of the AV1 subtypes, it used [[Diesel–electric transmission|diesel-electric]] drive.  The diesel engine powered a generator to produce electricity, and an electric motor with {{convert|2,200|hp}} actually propelled the vessel.

Four of the '''C1-MT-BU1''' subtype were built as lumber carriers, with twin screws. The lumber carriers were given U.S. State-and-tree names, such as {{MS|California Redwood}}. Built by [[Albina Engine & Machine Works]], Portland, Oregon.

The final subtype, '''C1-M-AV8''', had a variable-pitch propeller. Only one ship was planned as this type, but five previously launched C1-M-AV1 ships were converted to this type for France.

* Launched August 1944 &mdash; December 1945
* [[Consolidated Steel Corporation]], CA: '''55'''
* [[Richmond Shipyards|Kaiser Richmond Shipyards]], CA: '''24'''
* [[Pennsylvania Shipyards, Inc.]], TX: '''25''' (1 AV8)
* [[Walter Butler Shipbuilders Inc.]], WI: '''22'''
* [[Walter Butler Shipbuilders Inc.]], MN: '''18'''
* [[Southeastern Shipbuilding Corporation]], GA: '''18''' (5 AV8)
* [[Leathem D. Smith Shipbuilding Company]], WI: '''17''' (1 AV6)
* [[Froemming Brothers]], WI: '''14'''
* [[J.A. Jones Construction]], GA: '''14'''
* [[Globe Shipbuilding Company]], WI: '''11'''
* [[Albina Engine & Machine Works]], OR: '''4''' (4 C1-MT-BU1)

Modified and redesignated

* Cargo - AK (63)
** 63 {{sclass|Alamosa|cargo ship|2}}s
*** (these ships probably were no different than defensively equipped C1-M-AV1 merchant vessels)
*** MC-2101 ... MC-2112 to {{USS|Alamosa|AK-156|3}} ... {{USS|Caledonia|AK-167|3}}
*** MC-2141 ... MC-2148 to {{USS|Charlevoix|AK-168|3}} ... {{USS|Craighead|AK-175|3}}
*** MC-2374 ... MC-2377 to {{USS|Fairfield|AK-178|3}} ... {{USS|Flagler|AK-181|3}}
*** MC-2113 ... MC-2127 to {{USS|Gadsden|AK-182|3}} ... {{USS|Minidoka|AK-196|3}}
*** MC-2151 ... MC-2169 to {{USS|Muscatine|AK-197|3}} ... {{USS|Tipton|AK-215|3}}
*** MC-2477 to {{USNS|Capt. Arlo L. Olson|T-AK-245}}
*** MC-2323 to {{USNS|Colonel William J. O'Brien|T-AK-246}}
*** MC-2486 to {{USNS|Pvt. John F. Thorson|T-AK-247}}
*** MC-2172 to {{USNS|Sgt. George Peterson|T-AK-248}}
*** MC-2464 to {{USNS|Short Splice|T-AK-249}}
*** MC-2329 to {{USNS|Pvt. Frank J. Petrarca|T-AK-250}}
* Aviation stores issue ships - AVS (3AK)
** 3 {{sclass|Gwinnett|aviation stores issue ship|0}}
*** AK-185 -> {{USS|Gwinnett|AVS-5|3}}
*** AK-199 -> {{USS|Nicollet|AVS-6|3}}
*** AK-206 -> {{USS|Pontotoc|AVS-7|3}}
* Stores ships - AF (1)
** {{USNS|Grommet Reefer|T-AF-53}}
* Miscellaneous Auxiliary ships - AG (1 + 2APC)
** T-APC-119 -> {{USNS|Pvt. Jose F. Valdez|T-AG-169}}
** T-APC-118 -> {{USNS|Sgt. Joseph E. Muller|T-AG-171}}
** {{USNS|Sgt. Curtis F. Shoup|T-AG-175}} <ref>Alamosa class according to http://www.navsource.net/archives/09/49/49175.htm</ref>
* Missile Range Instrumentation Ship - AGM (4 + 1AK + 1???)
** {{USNS|Sword Knot|T-AGM-13}}
** {{USNS|Rose Knot|T-AGM-14}}
** AK-212 -> {{USNS|Coastal Sentry|T-AGM-15}}
** {{USNS|Coastal Crusader|T-AGM-16}}
** {{USNS|Timber Hitch|T-AGM-17}} (alamosa?)
** {{USNS|Sampan Hitch|T-AGM-18}}
* Survey ship - AGS (1APC)
** T-APC-117 -> {{USNS|Sgt. George D. Keathley|T-AGS-35}}
* Coastal Transport- APC (4)
** {{USNS|Sgt. Jonah E. Kelley|T-APC-116}}
** {{USNS|Sgt. George D. Keathley|T-APC-117}} -> T-AGS-35
** {{USNS|Sgt. Joseph E. Muller|T-APC-118}} -> T-AG-171
** {{USNS|Pvt. Jose F. Valdez|T-APC-119}} -> T-AG-169

==Final disposition==
Many of these ships have been sold and scrapped but numerous examples are still in service with Non Governmental Organizations (NGO)s such as "Friend Ships". That organization used the ex "{{USS|Pembina|AK-200|2}}" built in Superior Wisconsin and renamed the "Spirit of Grace" until she was removed in 2006 and scrapped in 2008.  Several are sailing in merchant service around the world making port calls and delivering cargo.

== Type C1 specifications ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Specifications of Type C1 ship subtypes
|-
! scope="row" | Ship type
! scope="col" | C1-A Shelter deck
! scope="col" | C1-B full scantling
! scope="col" | C1-M
|-
! scope="row" | Length overall
| 412.25&nbsp;ft (125.6 m) || 417.75&nbsp;ft (127.3 m) || 338.5&nbsp;ft (103.2 m)
|-
! scope="row" | Beam
| 60&nbsp;ft (18.3 m) || 60&nbsp;ft (18.3 m) || 50&nbsp;ft (15.2 m) 
|-
! scope="row" | Depth
| 37.5&nbsp;ft (11.4 m) || 37.5&nbsp;ft (11.4 m) || 29&nbsp;ft (8.8 m) 
|-
! scope="row" | Draft 
| 23.5&nbsp;ft (7.2 m) || 27.5&nbsp;ft (8.4 m) || 18&nbsp;ft (5.5 m) 
|-
! scope="row" | Gross tons
| 5,028 || 6,750 || 3,805 
|-
! scope="row" | Deadweight tons, steam
| 6,240 || 7,815 || {{n/a}} 
|-
! scope="row" | Deadweight tons, diesel
| 6,440 || 8,015 || 5,032 
|-
! scope="row" | Speed
| {{convert|14|kn|km/h|0}} || {{convert|14|kn|km/h|0}} || {{convert|11|kn|km/h|0}} 
|-
! scope="row" | Power
| 4,000&nbsp;hp (3,000&nbsp;kW) || 4,000&nbsp;hp (3,000&nbsp;kW)|| 1,750&nbsp;hp (1.300&nbsp;kW)
|}

== Quantities of Type C1 ships ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ Number of Type C1 ships builts
|-
! scope="col" | Type
! scope="col" | Quantity
! scope="col" | Naming scheme
|-
! scope="row" | C1-A
| 65 || "Cape" names, {{SS|Cape Hatteras}}, {{SS|Cape St Elias}}
|-
! scope="row" | C1-B
| 95 || also "Cape" names, other names, specific shipping lines names include {{SS|Mormacgull (II)}}
|-
! scope="row" | C1-S-AY1
| 13 || took "Empire" names after transfer to the British [[Ministry of War Transport]], several became [[Landing Ship, Infantry|Landing Ship, Infantry (Large)]] such as {{SS|Empire Spearhead}}
|-
! scope="row" | C1-S-D1
| 24 || most named after individuals
|-
! scope="row" | C1-M-AV1
| 217 || "Knot" ships, {{MS|Emerald Knot}}<br />"Coastal" ships, {{MS|Coastal Ranger}}
|-
! scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;" | C1-MT-BU1
| 4 || "Tree" ships, {{MS|California Redwood}}, by Albina Engine
|-
! scope="row" | C1-ME-AV6
| 1 || Only one, {{MS|Coastal Liberator}}
|-
! scope="row" | C1-M-AV8
| 11 || Originally knots
|}

Note any ship in the control of the British [[Ministry of War Transport]] took an '''Empire''' name even if being built as another name e.g. ''Cape Turner''

==Incidents==

* ''Liscomb Lykes'' a C1-B, was wrecked and lost in [[New Caledonia]] in 1943.
* ''Elmer J. Burr'' a C1-M-AV1, renamed ''Crown Reefer'' was wrecked and scrapped in 1946.
* ''Cape Constance'' a	C1-B, was hit by [[kamikaze]] plane in the [[Philippines]] on 4 November 1944 and was repaired. Later she was wrecked and abandoned in 1947.
* ''Diamond Knot'' a C1-M-AV1, collided with the Fenn Victory in the [[Strait of Juan de Fuca]] and sunk in 1947. 
* ''[[SS Flying Enterprise|Cape Kumukaki]]'' a C1-B, renamed ''Flying Enterprise'' was wrecked in the [[English Channel]] in a storm and sank on 10 January 1952.
* ''Kenneth E. Gruennert'' a C1-M-AV1, renamed {{USNS|Grommet Reefer|T-AF-53|6}} was wrecked in grounding near [[Livorno]] on 15 December 1952 and then scrapped.
* ''Sheepshank'' a C1-M-AV1, was wrecked and sank in 1961.
* ''Idaho'' a C1-B, was wrecked and scrapped in  1962.
* ''Traverse'' a C1-M-AV1, was wrecked and scrapped in 1962.
* ''Rolling Hitch'' a C1-M-AV1, renamed MS ''Hoegh Aronde'' sank in 1963. She started leaking off the coast of [[Morocco]] at 31.30N 10.45W, steaming from [[Sassandra]] to [[Valencia]] with a cargo of 3,000 tons of phosphates and 2,000 tons of logs. She sent out a SOS with a message "sinking fast", but of the Norwegian crew of 32, 14 survivors were found in the sea.
* ''Cape Frio'' a C1-A, was wrecked and scrapped in 1964.
* ''Fisherman's Bend''  a C1-M-AV1, was wrecked and abandoned in 1965.
* ''Cape Avinoff'' a C1-A, renamed ''Tropicana'' was wrecked and scrapped in 1966.
* ''Oregon Fir'' a C1-MT-BU1 wrecked and scrapped in 1967.
* ''Star Knot'' a C1-M-AV1, was wrecked and scrapped in 1967.
* ''Yard Hitch'', a C1-M-AV1, built by Froemming Bros. Inc., Milwaukee, Wisconsin which sank in 1967.
* ''Gwinnett'' a	C1-M-AV1, (USN AK 185) was wrecked and scrapped in 1968.
* ''Rockdale'' a C1-M-AV1, (USN AK 208) was wrecked and scrapped in 1969.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.historycentral.com/navy/AK/rockdale.html|title=Rockdale AK-208|website=www.historycentral.com}}</ref>
* ''Carrick Bend'' a C1-M-AV1, was wrecked and scrapped in 1969.
* ''Hickory Beck'' a C1-M-AV1, was renamed ''Coastal Cadet'', was wrecked and scrapped in 1969.
* ''Masthead Knot'' a C1-M-AV1, caught fire and sank in 1969.
* ''Bight Knot'' a C1-M-AV1, was wrecked and scrapped in 1970.
* ''Coastal Courser''  a C1-M-AV1, was wrecked and scrapped in 1970.
* ''Hickory Glen'' a C1-M-AV1, was wrecked and abandoned in 1970.
* {{USS|Clarion|AK-172|6}} a C1-M-AV1, sold and renamed ''Livdal'' or ''Løvdal'', was wrecked and abandoned in 1970.
* ''Boatswain's Hitch'' a C1-M-AV1, sank in 1971.
* ''Hickory Tor'' C1-M-AV1, renamed ''Coastal Skipper'', sank 1971.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shipbuildinghistory.com/shipyards/emergencylarge/froemming.htm|title=Froemming Bros.}}</ref>
* ''Mariner's Splice'' a	C1-M-AV1, was wrecked and abandoned in 1971.
* ''Reeving Eye'' a C1-M-AV1, sank in 1971.
* ''Crown Knot'' a C1-M-AV1, was wrecked and sank in 1974.
* ''Long Eye'' a C1-M-AV1, renamed ''Almagro'', sank 1976.

===Type C1 ships===
* MV ''Cape Texas'', Type C1-A <ref name="usmm">[http://www.usmm.org/c1ships.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130083622/http://www.usmm.org/c1ships.html|date=30 January 2015}} American Merchant Marine at War: United States Maritime Commission C1 and C1-M Type Ships used in World War II, Korean War and Vietnam War, accessed July 2018.</ref><ref name=CTarr460905>[https://www.ancestry.com/interactive/7488/NYT715_7171-0716 Alien Manifest List of M/V ''Cape Texas'' arriving 5 Sep 1946 at the Port of New York], via ancestry.com paid subscription site, accessed July 2018.</ref>
* [[SS Flying Enterprise|SS ''Cape Kumukaki''/''Flying Enterprise'']]
* {{USS|Fomalhaut|AK-22|6}}
* {{USS|Cyrene|AGP-13|6}}

== See also ==
* [[Type C2 ship]]
* [[Type C3 ship]]
* [[Type C4 ship]]
* [[Type R ship]]
* [[T1 tanker]]
* [[T2 tanker]]
* [[T3 tanker]]
* [[Liberty ship]]
* [[Victory ship]]
* [[Hog Islander]]
* [[U.S. Merchant Marine Academy]]

== Citations ==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite web |url= http://www.usmm.org/c1ships.html |title= United States Maritime Commission C1 and C1-M Type Ships used in World War II, Korean War and Vietnam War |website= American Merchant Marine at War |date= 29 September 2000 |access-date= 15 February 2016 |archive-date= 30 January 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150130083622/http://www.usmm.org/c1ships.html  }}
* {{cite web |url= http://shipbuildinghistory.com/merchantships/2c1cargoships.htm |title=  C1 Cargo Ships |website= shipbuildinghistory.com |first= Tim |last= Colton |date= 28 August 2009 |access-date= 9 February 2017}}
* {{cite web |url= http://drawings.usmaritimecommission.de/drawings_c1.htm  |title= Outboard Profiles of Maritime Commission Vessels – The C1 Cargo Ship, Conversions and Subdesigns |author=Karsten Kunibert Krueger-Kopiske |website= drawings.usmaritimecommission.de |year= 2007 |access-date= 15 February 2016 }}
* {{cite web |url= http://www.usmaritimecommission.de/ |title= U.S. Maritime Commission 1936 to 1950 |first= Frank A. |last= Gerhardt |website= usmaritimecommission.de |access-date= 15 February 2016}}
* {{cite web |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080309204541/http://techspec.us-maritime-commission.de/technical_specifications_Introduction.htm |archive-date=9 March 2008 |url= http://techspec.us-maritime-commission.de/technical_specifications_Introduction.htm |title= Technical Specifications for Ships buil[t] under the Merchant Marine Act of 1936 }} including definitions of terms
* {{cite book |title= From America to United States: The History of the long-range Merchant Shipbuilding Programme of the United States Maritime Commission |first1= L.A. |last1= Sawyer |first2= W.H. |last2= Mitchell |location= London |year= 1981 |publisher= World Ship Society |isbn= 978-0-905617-08-4}}
* {{cite book |title= Ships for Victory: A History of Shipbuilding under the U.S. Maritime Commission in World War II |first= Frederic C. |last= Lane |location= Baltimore |publisher= Johns Hopkins University Press |year= 2001 |isbn= 978-0-8018-6752-1}}

{{Type C1-A ships}}
{{Type C1-B ships}}
{{Type C1-M ships}}
{{Type C1-S ships}}
{{Alamosa class cargo ships}}
{{MARCOMships}}
{{WWII US ships}}
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{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cargo ships of the United States|C1]]
[[Category:Type C1 ships| ]]
[[Category:Standard ship types of the United States]]