View source for Type 38 rifle

{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox weapon
| is_ranged          = yes
| image              = Type 38 rifle.png
| image_size         = 300
| caption            = Type 38 rifle from the collections of the [[Swedish Army Museum]]
| name               = Type 38 rifle
| type               = [[Bolt-action rifle]]
| service            = 1906–1945 (Japan)
| origin             = [[Empire of Japan]]
| design_date        = 1905
| prod_design_date   = 
| used_by            = See [[#Users|Users]]
| wars               = [[Mexican Revolution]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://truewestmagazine.com/article/guns-of-mexicos-freedom-fighters/ | title=Guns of Mexico's Freedom Fighters}}</ref><br>[[Mexican Border War (1910–1919)|Mexican Border War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The "Bandit War" and the Porvenir Massacre |url=https://www.texasranger.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/HISTORY-Mexican-Revolution-and-Porvenir-Massacre.pdf}}</ref><br>[[World War I]]<br>[[Russian Civil War]]<br>[[Spanish Civil War]]<br>[[February 26 incident|February 26th Incident]]<br>[[Second Sino-Japanese War]]<br>[[World War II]]<br>[[Chinese Civil War]]<br>[[Indonesian National Revolution]]<br>[[Malayan Emergency]]<br>[[Korean War]]<br>[[First Indochina War]]<br>[[Vietnam War]]
| spec_type          = 
| part_length        = Rifle: {{convert|797|mm|in|abbr=on}}<br />Carbine: {{convert|487|mm|in|abbr=on}}
| cartridge          = [[6.5×50mmSR Arisaka|6.5×50mm Arisaka]]<br>[[7.62×39mm]] (post-war Chinese modified)<ref name="FWT38"/><br>[[7.92×57mm Mauser]] (Chinese modified)<ref>Allan and Macy (2021). p.243</ref><br>[[.303 British]]<br> (Estonian modified)<ref name="Nõmm"/>
| feed               = 5-round stripper clip
| action             = [[Bolt action]]
| rate               = 10–15 rounds per minute<ref name="Allan and Macy (2007). p.16">Allan and Macy (2007). p.16</ref>
| velocity           = {{convert|762|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on|sp=us|sigfig=4}}<ref name="Allan and Macy (2007). p.16"/>
| weight             = Rifle: {{convert|4.19|kg|lbs|abbr=on}}<ref name="Allan and Macy (2007). p.16"/><br />Carbine: {{convert|3.3|kg|lbs|abbr=on}}
| length             = Rifle: {{convert|1275|mm|in|abbr=on}}<ref name="Allan and Macy (2007). p.16"/><br>Carbine: {{convert|966|mm|in|abbr=on}}
| range              = {{convert|366-457|m|yd|abbr=on}} (with [[iron sight]])<ref name="Allan and Macy (2007). p.16"/>
| max_range          = {{convert|2.37|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Allan and Macy (2007). p.16"/>
| variants           = See ''[[#Variants|Variants]]''
| number             = Rifles: 2,999,200<ref name="Allan and Macy (2021). p.309">Allan and Macy (2021). p.309</ref><br /> Carbines: 579,300<ref name="Allan and Macy (2021). p.310">Allan and Macy (2021). p.310</ref><br /> Other variants: 403,000<ref>Allan and Macy (2021). p.309–311</ref>
}}
The {{nihongo|'''Type 38 rifle'''|三八式歩兵銃|sanhachi-shiki hoheijū}} is a [[bolt-action]] [[service rifle]] that was used by the [[Empire of Japan]] predominantly during the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] and [[Second World War]].<ref>Honeycutt and Anthony p. 84</ref> The design was adopted by the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] in 1905 (the 38th year of the [[Meiji period]], hence "Type 38"). Due to a perceived lack of power in its [[6.5×50mmSR Arisaka]] cartridge, it was partially replaced during the war with the 7.7 [[Type 99 rifle]], but both rifles saw usage until the end of the war.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harrimann |first1=Bill |title=The Arisaka Rifle |date=2019 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |page=26}}</ref>

==History and development==
The Imperial Japanese Army introduced the [[Type 30 rifle]] in 1897. However, the weapon had numerous shortcomings, which were highlighted by combat experience in the early stages of the [[Russo-Japanese War]]. These included bursting cartridges, a poorly designed [[lock (firearm)|lock]] in which excess gunpowder tended to accumulate, burning the face of the shooter, frequent misfires, jamming, difficulty in cleaning, and cartridge extraction. Major [[Kijiro Nambu]] undertook a redesign of the Type 30, which was introduced in 1906. Nambu reduced the number of parts making up the Type 30's bolt from nine to six and at that same time simplified manufacture and disassembly of the bolt without the need for tools.<ref>Allan and Macy (2007). p.4–5</ref> A dust cover was added because of experiences in the Russo-Japanese War that left rifles inoperable from dust.<ref>Honeycutt and Anthony p. 38</ref> The weapon was produced in several locations:

*[[Koishikawa Arsenal|Tokyo Arsenal]] from 1906 to 1932; 2,029,000 units (est.)<ref name="Allan and Macy (2021). p.309"/>
*[[Kokura Arsenal]] from 1937 to 1941: 495,500 units (est.)<ref name="Allan and Macy (2021). p.309"/>
*[[Nagoya Arsenal]] from 1932 to 1942: 312,500 units (est.)<ref name="Allan and Macy (2021). p.309"/>
*Jinsen (in what is now [[Incheon]]) arsenal during 1942: 13,400 units (est.)<ref name="Allan and Macy (2021). p.309"/>
*Hoten (was called Mukden Arsenal before the Japanese took it over.<ref>Allan and Macy (2007). p.30</ref> In what is now [[Shenyang]]) arsenal from 1937 to 1944: 148,800 units (est.)<ref name="Allan and Macy (2021). p.309"/>

In 1939, the Type 38 rifle manufactured by these arsenals cost 75.9 [[yen]] per unit.<ref name="National-Archives">{{cite web|title=兵器臨時定価、予価、表送付の件 Military catalogue of the Japanese military|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/listPhoto?LANG=default&BID=F2006083120452299318&ID=M2006083120453599356&REFCODE=C01004699100|date=August 1939|website=National Archives of Japan|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212901/https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/listPhoto?LANG=default&BID=F2006083120452299318&ID=M2006083120453599356&REFCODE=C01004699100|archive-date=June 2, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> By 1940 more than three million Type 38s had been issued to the Imperial Japanese Army. However, a concern that the [[6.5×50mmSR Arisaka]] cartridge did not compare favorably to the ammunition used by the other great powers in the war led to the introduction of a further generation of rifles in 1939, during the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]. Designated the [[Type 99 rifle]], this new rifle used the more powerful [[7.7×58mm Arisaka]] cartridge already in use with the [[Type 92 heavy machine gun]] and the [[Type 97 light machine gun]]. However, not all units received the new weapon, and the mixture of types with incompatible cartridges led to considerable logistics issues during World War II.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}

==Variants==
{{More citations needed|section|date=August 2021}}
The Type 38 rifle used the [[6.5×50mm Arisaka]] cartridge. This cartridge produces little recoil when fired.  However, while on par with the [[6.5×55mm|Norwegian]] and [[6.5×52mm Mannlicher-Carcano|Italian 6.5 mm]] military cartridges of the time, the 6.5×50mm was not as powerful as several others in use by other nations. The Type 38 at {{convert|128|cm|in|abbr=on|sigfig=3|sp=us}} was the longest rifle of the war, due to the emphasis on bayonet training for the Japanese soldier of the era, whose average height was {{convert|160|cm|ftin|sp=us}}.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20070320031012/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,774254-3,00.html Battle of the Pacific: How Japs Fight]". ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine, February 15, 1943. Accessed June 24, 2009.</ref>  The rifle was even longer when the {{convert|40|cm|in|sigfig=4|abbr=in|sp=us}} [[Type 30 bayonet]] was fixed. The Type 38 was fairly heavy, at about 4.25&nbsp;kg.

Post-war inspection of the Type 38 by the [[Military of the United States|U.S. military]] and the [[National Rifle Association of America]] found that the Type 38's receiver was the strongest bolt action of any nation's<ref>Hatcher, p. 206, 210</ref> and capable of handling more powerful cartridges.

Nomenclature note: In the West, Japanese equipment is commonly referred to as "Type XX", rather than "Model XX". In the case of a firearm, "model" is a more accurate interpretation of the SHIKI (式) character, but the word "type" has become well-established by collectors for decades.

===Type 38 short rifle===
In the late 1930s to the early 1940s, an unknown number of Type 38 rifles were converted into short rifles at [[Nagoya Arsenal]], that did all rebuilds of Type 38 and Type 44 rifles and carbines.<ref>Allan and Macy (2007). p.234–235</ref> The barrels were shortened to {{convert|635|mm|in|abbr=on}} from the standard {{convert|794|mm|in|abbr=on}} barrel and the stock shortened to match the barrel while the handguard retained its original length.<ref>Allan and Macy (2007). p.234</ref> The result is a Type 38 which is similar in size to the  [[Arisaka Type 99]] short rifle. There is no consistency to serial numbers or arsenal marks as the rifles were converted from existing stock. Although total production is unknown, it is estimated that approximately 100,000 were converted.<ref name="Allan and Macy (2007). p.235">Allan and Macy (2007). p.235</ref>

===Type 38 carbine===
Intended for use by [[cavalry]], [[Military engineering|engineer]]s, and other roles where a full sized rifle would be a hindrance, the Type 38 carbine was introduced into service at the same time as the standard Type 38.  Its barrel was {{convert|487|mm|in|sp=us}}, overall length {{convert|966|mm|in|sp=us}}, and weight {{convert|3.3|kg|lb|sp=us}}. The carbine lacked a bayonet and the cost in 1939 was 67.9 [[yen]] per unit.<ref>"National-Archives"</ref> It was produced in a number of locations:
*Tokyo Arsenal from 1906 to 1931; 209,500 units (est.)<ref name="Allan and Macy (2021). p.310"/>
*Kokura arsenal from 1938 to 1941: 51,500 units (est.)<ref name="Allan and Macy (2021). p.310"/>
*Nagoya arsenal from 1935 to 1942: 206,500 units (est.)<ref name="Allan and Macy (2021). p.310"/>
*Hoten/Mukden arsenal from 1937 to 1944: 52,300 units (est.)<ref name="Allan and Macy (2021). p.310"/>

===Type 44 carbine ===
Similar to the Type 38 carbine from the middle band back. The [[Type 44 carbine|Type 44 cavalry carbine]] is almost entirely different from the middle band forward with an under-folding bayonet, metal nosecap, stacking hook to the left side of the nosecap and wide front sight guards. This model was introduced in 1911. There are three variations of this rifle. Each variation based entirely on the nosecap size and the spacing of the nosecap screws. They have a unique storage compartment in the buttstock for a cleaning rod. These additional features increased the cost of the carbine to 86.2 [[yen]] per unit by 1939.<ref name="National-Archives"/> It was produced in three arsenals:
*Tokyo Arsenal from 1912 to 1932; 56,900 units (est.)<ref name="Allan and Macy (2021). p.311">Allan and Macy (2021). p.311</ref>
*Kokura arsenal from 1935 to 1941: 21,800 units (est.)<ref name="Allan and Macy (2021). p.311"/>
*Nagoya arsenal from 1935 to 1942: 14,300 units (est.)<ref name="Allan and Macy (2021). p.311"/>

=== Type 97 sniper rifle===
As with the standard Type 38, but with a rifle scope with 2.5x magnification, the [[Type 97 sniper rifle|Type 97]] was introduced in 1937. The scope was offset to allow loading by stripper clip and bolt handle slightly bent down. Some 22,500 were produced.<ref>Soto and Allan. p.18</ref>

=== Chinese six/five infantry rifle ===
Chinese copy of the Japanese Type 38 at the [[Taiyuan]] Arsenal in the very late 1920s to early 1930s for the warlord of [[Shanxi]] province, General [[Yan Xishan]]. The receiver is marked "six-five rifle" (六五步槍). Estimated to have been 108,000 made.<ref>Allan and Macy (2007). p.387–392</ref>

=== Type 918 rifle ===
These copies of the Type 38 rifles are believed to have been manufactured at the South Manchuria Army Arsenal (also known as the 918 Arsenal), but very little is known about them. Chinese sources state that these rifles were made in China for Japan, but for whom it is not known. It does not bear the Japanese Imperial Chrysanthemum, but instead has a heart symbol and under it written "918 Type" (九一八式). It is also not known if these were made before or right after the surrender of Japanese forces. It has an under-folding bayonet similar to the Japanese Type 44. The ''918'' stamped on top of the receivers stands for the date of September 18, 1931; the date of the [[Mukden Incident]].<ref>Allan and Macy (2007). p.398–401</ref>

=== North China Type 19 carbine ===
A relatively crude mix of the Type 38 and Type 99 that is believed to have been made mostly in the Chinese city of Tientsin and may have been intended for puppet troops. The Type 19 is in 6.5 Japanese, unlike its predecessor, the North China Type 30 carbine copy which is in 8mm Mauser. Like the North China Type 30, it has a cherry blossom on the breech instead of the Japanese Imperial Chrysanthemum, and is marked with "North China Type 19" (北支一九式) above the cherry blossom unlike the North China Type 30. The ''19'' may mean the 19th year of Showa Era or 1944. The true military designation is unknown. Approximately 43,000 carbines are thought to have been produced.<ref>Allan and Macy (2021). p.230–238</ref>

=== Siamese Type 66 long rifle ===
Siam (Thailand) ordered 50,000 Type 38 rifles in 1924 from the Tokyo Army Arsenal chambered in their Type 66 8x52mmR cartridge. The receiver is marked with the Siamese Charkra with "Type 66" (แบบ ๖๖) written under it. Not only was the caliber changed, but the sights, bayonet and cleaning rod are different than the Japanese version. Almost all parts, including screws cannot be interchanged with the Japanese Type 38.<ref>Allan and Macy (2007). p.421–427</ref>

=== Thai Type 83 rifle ===
Unlike the Siamese Type 66 (แบบ ๖๖), this rifle is a standard Japanese Type 38 in 6.5x50mmSR that was sent as aid from Japan to Thailand in 1940. These were taken straight from assembly lines at Nagoya and Kokura arsenals, after the Japanese Imperial Chrysanthemum was canceled out by zeros along the petals. In Thailand they called it the Type 83 (แบบ ๘๓). These rifles were issued to second-line troops to free up rifles in their main caliber from front line duties for the [[Franco-Thai War]].<ref>Allan and Macy (2007). p.430</ref> Later in the 1950s, some of these rifles had their barrels and stocks cut down to short rifle length with many of those being rechambered for .30-06 Type 88 cartridge and becoming Type Type 83/88s (แบบ ๘๓/๘๘).<ref>Allan and Macy (2007). p.431–432</ref> Very few of these rifles were imported into the United States because of the [[Gun Control Act of 1968]] restricting former military arms from entering the country.<ref>Allan and Macy (2007). p.432–433</ref>

=== Thai Type 91 police carbine ===
Made after World War II, these carbines were made in Thailand at the Royal Thai Arsenals in Bangkok from Type 38 parts for a handy carbine for police. The stock and barrel was cut down. The stocks were cut out like a [[M1 carbine]] stock and used M1 carbine slings and oilers. Some bolts were turned down, some not. Some had the Royal Thai Police symbol stamped on the receiver with "91" (๙๑) stamped above it and some received the Siamese Charkra stamped on the receiver. They all retained their original Japanese caliber of 6.5x50sr.<ref>Allan and Macy (2007). p.434–440</ref>

=== Mexican Model 1913 rifle and carbine===
Ordered in mid 1913 by the [[Victoriano Huerta|Huerta government]] in the standard Mexican military caliber, [[7×57mm Mauser]], for 50,000 rifles and later for another 25,000 carbines from the [[Koishikawa Arsenal|Tokyo Artillery Arsenal]]. They were made to fit the Mexican [[Mauser Model 1895|Mauser model 1895]], 1902 or 1910 bayonets. Due to the [[Mexican Revolution]], Japan instead sold them to Russia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Harriman|first=Bill|title=The Arisaka Rifle|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=2019|pages=64}}</ref> The breech had the Mexican crest under "Republica Mexicana" where the Japanese Imperial Chrysanthemum would be on a Type 38 Arisaka. Early Model 1913s did not have three interlocking circles instead of the Mexican crest as reported in The Type 38 Arisaka (2007), with an early Model 1913 shown to have the Mexican crest.<ref>Allan and Macy (2021). p.276–278</ref>

===Estonian KL .303===
Estonian conversion of the standard Type 38 to the [[.303 British]] cartridge, intended for usage by second line troops of the [[Estonian Defence League]]. A total of 24,000 rifles were rebored during 1929–1934.<ref name="Nõmm">{{Citation|last = Nõmm |first = Toe |title = Eesti Sõjapüssid 1918-1940 |journal = Laidoneri Muuseumi Aastaraamat 2005 |pages = 73–74 |year = 2006 |issn = 1406-7625 |language = et}}</ref>

===7.62x39 conversion===
After World War II, Type 38s captured from the IJA were converted to use the [[7.62×39mm]] cartridge by the [[People's Republic of China]] since the [[People's Liberation Army|PLA]] was being equipped with [[Kalashnikov rifle|AK]] and [[SKS|SKS rifles]] in that caliber during the 1950s.<ref name="FWT38">{{Cite web|url=https://www.forgottenweapons.com/rifles/arisakas-in-7-62x39mm/|title = Chinese Arisakas in 7.62x39mm|date = March 28, 2011}}</ref>

Two versions of the converted Type 38s consisted of rifles with just a SKS barrel or of a SKS barrel with a front stock cap and folding bayonet.<ref name="FWT38"/>

==Users==
<!--READ FIRST: This section is for cited entries only. Please do not add entries into this list without a citation from a reliable source. All entries without a citation will be removed. Thank you.-->

[[File:Maneesi univormunäyttely 04 valkoisen armeijan sotilas.JPG|thumb|[[Finnish Civil War]] [[White Guard (Finland)|White Guard]] soldiers were equipped with 6.5 mm M/1905 (Type 38 Arisaka) rifles.]]

*{{Flag|Austria-Hungary}}: Used captured Russian examples during World War I.<ref name=":0" />
*{{PRC}}: In service during the [[Chinese Civil War]]<ref name="mcnab2002">{{cite book |last=McNab |first=Chris |title=20th Century Military Uniforms |year=2002 |edition=2nd |publisher=Grange Books |location=Kent |isbn=1-84013-476-3|page=45}}</ref> and the [[Korean War]].<ref name="Korea">{{cite book|title=Korean War Order of Battle: United States, United Nations, and Communist Ground, Naval, and Air Forces, 1950-1953|first= Gordon L. |last=Rottman|page=198|date=December 2002|publisher=Praeger|isbn=978-0-275-97835-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NpOp2OO1-DAC&pg=PA198}}</ref> Was previously in service as the ''Type 65'' with the [[Militia (China)|People's Militia]] in the 1960s.<ref name="Smith199">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Smith|first=Joseph E.|encyclopedia=Small Arms of the World|edition =11|location=Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|publisher= The Stackpole Company|year=1969| page=299|title=Chinese communist militia weapons}}</ref>
*{{flag|Republic of China (1912-1949)|1912|name=Republic of China}}: Japan sent more than 200,000 Type 38 rifles and carbines to China in 1917–1918, including 125,000 to the central government. The delivery to various warlords continued in the 1920s. The [[Republic of China Military Academy|Whampoa Military Academy]] obtained Type 38s from the [[Soviet Union]] as military aid,<ref>{{cite book|title=Kangzhan: Guide to Chinese Ground Forces 1937–45|publisher=Helion & Company |isbn=9781910294420|date=July 2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYQwDwAAQBAJ|first1=Leland|last1=Ness|first2=Bin|last2=Shih|page=252}}</ref> as did [[Feng Yuxiang|Feng Yu-hsiang]]'s warlord army.<ref>{{cite book |title=Chinese Warlord Armies 1911–1930 |series=Men-at-Arms 463 |first=Philip |last=Jowett |date=10 September 2010 |publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-84908-402-4 |page=22}}</ref> The pro-Japanese [[Collaborationist Chinese Army]] also received Type 38 rifles in the 1940s{{sfn|Jowett|2004|p=64}} while many more rifles were captured by anti-Japanese forces. Chinese copies were also locally produced.{{sfn|Ness|Shih|2016|p=259}}
*{{flag|Estonia}}: A total of 2,400 Type 38 rifles provided by Finland were converted to [[.303 British]] for the [[Estonian Defence League]]. Designated the KL18.<ref name=":0" />
*{{flag|Finland}}: Ex-Russian stock<ref>{{cite web|title=Rifles part 5: Other Rifles Captured in 1918|url=https://www.jaegerplatoon.net/RIFLES5.htm|website= Platoon Website|date=2017}}</ref>
*{{flag|Indonesia}}: Captured Japanese weapons after Japan's World War II surrender and used them in the Indonesian Independence War.<ref name="rifles34">{{cite book  | last = Walter  | first = John  | title = Rifles of the World  | publisher = Krause Publications  | year = 2006  | location = Iola, WI  | page = 34  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Eq2Dnj4sDZIC&pg=PA34  | edition = 3rd  | isbn = 0-89689-241-7  }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Control of local conflict : a design study on arms control and limited war in the developing areas|volume=3|last1=Bloomfield|first1= Lincoln P.|last2=Leiss|first2=Amelia Catherine<!--|last3=Legere|first3= Laurence J.|last4= Barringer|first4= Richard E.|last5=Fisher|first5= R. Lucas|last6= Hoagland|first6= John H.|last7=Fraser|first7= Janet|last8=Ramers|first8=Robert K-->|publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Center for International Studies|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA324492.pdf#page=96|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804022404/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA324492.pdf#page=96|url-status=live|archive-date=August 4, 2020|date=30 June 1967|hdl=2027/uiug.30112064404368|page=91}}</ref>
*{{flag|Empire of Japan}}: 3.5 million from 1906 to 1944<ref name="The Arisaka Rifle">{{cite book|last1=Harrimann|first1=Bill|title=The Arisaka Rifle|date=2019|publisher=Osprey Publishing|page=22}}</ref>
*{{flag|Malaysia}}: Used by the [[Malayan Communist Party]] in the [[Malayan Emergency]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Arisaka Type 38 Rifle : Communist Terrorist|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C153513|website=awm.gov.au|publisher=[[Australian War Memorial]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207192423/https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C153513 |archive-date=December 7, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flag|Manchukuo}}: the cavalry of the [[Manchukuo Imperial Army]] received 50,000 Type 38 carbines in 1935 while the front-line infantry was re-equipped with Type 38 rifles between 1935 and the early 1940s<ref>{{cite book|title=Rays of the rising sun : armed forces of Japan's Asian allies, 1931-45|volume= 1, China & Manchukuo| publisher=Helion|year=2004|first=Philip S.|last= Jowett|isbn=9781906033781|page=15}}</ref>
*{{flag|Myanmar}}: used by the [[Burmese Independence Army]].<ref name="scarlata2012">{{cite magazine|last=Scarlata|first=Paul|date=May 2012|title=The military rifle cartridges of Burma/Myanmar|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+military+rifle+cartridges+of+Burma%2FMyanmar.-a0288876068|magazine=[[Shotgun News]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517234253/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+military+rifle+cartridges+of+Burma%2FMyanmar.-a0288876068|archive-date=17 May 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Used by the [[Myanmar Army]] till 1960s.<ref name="scarlata2012"/>
* {{flag|Philippines|1936}}: [[Philippine resistance against Japan|Filipino guerrillas]] used captured Type 38 rifles.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Small arms of the Philippine Constabulary: from Moro to Japanese and back again! Part 2|first=Paul|last=Scarlata|magazine=[[Shotgun News]]|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Small+arms+of+the+Philippine+Constabulary%3A+from+Moro+to+Japanese+and...-a0215248564|date=20 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128075323/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Small+arms+of+the+Philippine+Constabulary%3A+from+Moro+to+Japanese+and...-a0215248564|archive-date=28 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> A handful remained in military and police armories which saw limited use in CAT, ROTC, and military academies.
**[[File:Hukbalahap_flag.svg|22px]] [[Hukbalahap]]: Utilized captured rifles from the Japanese occupation and continued using these in limited numbers during the early phase of the [[Hukbalahap Rebellion]].
*{{flag|Second Polish Republic}}: Ex-Russian stocks of Arisaka ''Type 30'' (c.1897AD), ''Type 35'' (c.1902AD) and ''Type 38'' (c.1905AD) rifles and carbines.<ref>[https://forum.cartridgecollectors.org/t/pl-6-5x50sr-arisaka-in-polish-army/29301/15 ''IAA Forum'' General Discussion ''6,5x50SR Arisaka in Polish Army'']</ref> The Arisaka ''Type 38 rifle'' was classified as the ''karabin japoński wz.05 Arisaka'' and the Arisaka ''Type 38 Carbine'' was the ''karabinek japoński wz.05 Arisaka''. They were issued to police, border guards and paramilitary militia formations. 
*{{flag|Russian Empire}}: During World War I, bought the remaining 35,400 rifles originally intended for Mexico, and also received 128,000 Type 30 and 38 rifles from Britain in 1916.<ref name="rifles34" /> This in addition to about 600,000 in 6.5&nbsp;mm ordered directly from Japan.<ref name="Walter2006">{{cite book|author=John Walter|title=The Rifle Story: An Illustrated History from 1756 to the Present Day|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CWN1Nb9hfUkC&pg=PA185|year=2006|publisher=MBI Publishing Company|isbn=978-1-85367-690-1|page=185}}</ref>
*{{flag|South Korea}}: Provided to Korean Constabulary in January 1946 as service rifle by the [[United States Army Military Government in Korea]]. The [[Republic of Korea Armed Forces|Armed Forces]] were equipped with 9,593 Type 38 rifles before the [[Korean War]].<ref>{{Citation|title=[전쟁기념관×건들건들: 헌신의 도구] 제1편 국군의 손에 쥐어진 첫 무기, M1 소총|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLyM1NeJwXg |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/GLyM1NeJwXg |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|language=en|access-date=2021-09-03}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bak |first=Dongchan |url=http://medcmd.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_202105270240172800.pdf |title=Korean War : Weapons of the United Nations |publisher=Ministry of Defense Institute for Military History |date=March 2021 |isbn=979-11-5598-079-8 |location=Republic of Korea |pages=35–37 |language=Korean |access-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-date=September 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170621/http://medcmd.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_202105270240172800.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*{{flag|Spanish Republic}}: Used Japanese and Mexican variants sourced from the USSR during the [[Spanish Civil War]]. Some examples were converted to 8mm Mauser.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Miranda |first1=Frank |title=Foreign Rifles of the Spanish Republic, 1936-1939 |url=https://surplused.com/index.php/2020/06/15/foreign-rifles-of-the-spanish-republic-1936-1939/ |website=surplused.com |date=June 15, 2020 |access-date=23 June 2020}}</ref>
*{{flag|United Kingdom}}: Bought a mixed batch of 150,000 Type 30 and Type 38 rifles from Japan at the start of World War I to equip the Royal Navy, freeing up Lee-Enfield rifles for the British Army. Most were used by training battalions and the rifles were declared obsolete in 1921<ref name="rifles33">{{cite book  | last = Walter  | first = John  | title = Rifles of the World  | publisher = Krause Publications  | year = 2006  | location = Iola, WI  | page = 33  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Eq2Dnj4sDZIC&pg=PA33  | edition = 3rd  | isbn = 0-89689-241-7  }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> According to another source, Japanese exports of this model were much greater: 500,000 to Great Britain and 620,000 to Russia.<ref name="Kowner2009">{{cite book|author=Rotem Kowner|author-link=Rotem Kowner|title=The A to Z of the Russo-Japanese War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hV1h0_iMrE4C&pg=PA40|year=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7007-9|page=40}}</ref>
*{{flag|Vietnam}}: Captured rifles seized from the troops of Japanese occupation troops in Indochina, and later used by the [[Viet Minh]] during the war in Indochina with France.<ref name="Viet Minh">{{cite book|title=French Foreign Légionnaire vs Viet Minh Insurgent: North Vietnam 1948–52|series=Combat 36|first=Martin |last=Windrow|date=20 Sep 2018|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=9781472828910|pages=24–25|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRttDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24}}{{better source needed|reason=Source does not clearly mention Type 38 rifles|date=November 2018}}</ref> Vietnamese copy the Type 38 to use 7,62*25mm, for Vietnamese guerrilla<ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=V. T. C. |date=2017-04-18 |title=Quốc tế khâm phục tài cải biến vũ khí của quân giới Việt Nam |url=https://vtcnews.vn/quoc-te-kham-phuc-tai-cai-bien-vu-khi-cua-quan-gioi-viet-nam-ar316863.html |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=Báo điện tử VTC News |language=vi}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Arisaka Type 38 rifle rear sight detail.JPG|Detail of rear sight of a Japanese Arisaka Type 38 rifle
File:Arisaka Type 38 rifle rear sight (top view).JPG|Top view of the rear sight on a Japanese Arisaka Type 38 rifle
File:Arisaka Type 38 rifle inscriptions.JPG|Inscriptions on the upper handguard of a Japanese Arisaka Type 38 rifle
File:Arisaka Type 38 rifle action inscriptions.JPG|Inscriptions found on top part of receiver of a Japanese Arisaka Type 38 rifle (the "Imperial Chrysanthemum" is ground out)
File:Arisaka Type 38 rifle (front stock detail).JPG|Detail of the front stock of a Japanese Arisaka Type 38 rifle
File:Inscriptions on a Japanese Arisaka Type 38 rifle.JPG|Detail of the rear stock inscriptions on a Japanese Arisaka Type 38 rifle
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book|last1=Allan|first1=Francis C.|last2=Macy|first2=Harold W.|title=The Type 38 Arisaka: A Study of the Japanese Rifles and Carbines Based Upon the Type 38 Ariska Action, Their Variations and History|date=2007|publisher=AK Enterprises|isbn=978-0-9614814-4-5|location=USA}} 
* {{cite book|last1=Allan|first1=Francis C.|last2=Macy|first2=Harold W.|title=The Type 38 Arisaka Revised Edition: A Study of the Japanese Rifles and Carbines Based Upon the Type 38 Ariska Action, Their Variations and History|date=2021|publisher=AK Enterprises|isbn=978-09614814-4-5|location=USA}} Although the 2007 and 2021 editions of this book have different content and different pagination, they share a single ISBN.
* {{cite book|last1=Daugherty III|first1=Leo J.|title=Fighting Techniques of a Japanese Infantryman 1941–1945: Training, Techniques and Weapons|date=2002|publisher= Stackpole Company|isbn=1-86227-162-3|location=Staplehurst: Spellmount}}
* {{cite book|last1=Hatcher|first1=Julian S.|title=Hatcher's Notebook|date=1966|publisher= Stackpole Company|isbn=|location=Harrisburg, PA}}
* {{cite book|last1=Honeycutt Jr.|first1=Fred L.|last2=Anthony|first2=F. Patt.|title=Military Rifles of Japan.|date=2006|publisher= Stackpole Company|isbn=0-9623208-7-0|location=USA}}
* {{cite book|last1=Daugherty III|first1=Leo J.|title=Fighting Techniques of a Japanese Infantryman 1941–1945: Training, Techniques and Weapons|date=2002|publisher= Stackpole Company|isbn=1-86227-162-3|location=Staplehurst: Spellmount}}
*{{cite book|last1=Soto|first1=Victor A.|last2=Allan|first2=Francis C.|title=Japanese Sniper Rifles of the Second World War|date=2015|publisher=Lodestone Publications|location=USA}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Type 38 rifle}}
* [http://www.nambuworld.com/t38.htm Type 38 rifle]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100819110424/http://world.guns.ru/rifle/rfl22-e.htm Arisaka Type 38]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110727171713/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BQY/is_5_50/ai_114283920/ Japan's Intriguing Arisakas]

{{Japanese WWII infantry weapons}}
{{WWIRussianArms}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Type 38 Rifle}}
[[Category:Bolt-action rifles of Japan]]
[[Category:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1905]]
[[Category:World War I Japanese infantry weapons]]
[[Category:World War II infantry weapons of Japan]]
[[Category:Rifles of Manchukuo]]
[[Category:World War II rifles]]