View source for Tyne and Wear

{{short description|County of England}}
{{Redirect|T&W|the unitary authority in Shropshire|Telford and Wrekin}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2025}}

{{Infobox English county
| official_name = Tyne and Wear
| image_main = {{multiple images |border=infobox |perrow=1 2 |total_width=270px
 | image1 = Angel of the North 2-10-14.png
 | image2 = Souter Lighthouse - geograph.org.uk - 2859840.jpg
 | image3 = Tyne Bridge - Newcastle Upon Tyne - England - 2004-08-14.jpg
 }}
| image_caption = The [[Angel of the North]], [[Souter Lighthouse]] in [[Whitburn, Tyne and Wear|Whitburn]], and the [[River Tyne]] between Gateshead and Newcastle.
| flag_image = 
| flag_link = 
| arms_image = 
| arms_link = 
| locator_map = Tyne and Wear UK locator map 2010.svg
| map_caption = Tyne and Wear within England
| coordinates = 
| region = [[North East England|North East]]
| established_date = 1974
| established_by = [[Local Government Act 1972]]
| preceded_by = {{plainlist|
* Parts of [[County Durham]]
* Parts of [[Northumberland]]
 }}
| origin = 
| lord_lieutenant_office = Lord Lieutenant of Tyne and Wear
| lord_lieutenant_name = [[Lucy Winskell]]
| high_sheriff_office = High Sheriff
| high_sheriff_name = Joanne Jane Curry (2025-2026)
| ethnicity = {{plainlist|
* 91.49% White British
* 4.10% Asian
* 1.98% Other White
* 0.97% Mixed
* 0.78% Black
* 0.67% Other
 }}
| ethnicity_year = [[2011 United Kingdom census|2011]]
| ethnicity_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/qs211ew |title=2011 census: Ethnic group (detailed) |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] |access-date=19 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520054426/https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/qs211ew |archive-date=20 May 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| government = 
| joint_committees = 
| admin_hq = 
| area_council_km2 = 
| area_council_rank = 
| iso_code = 
| gss_code = E11000007
| nuts_code = TLC22/23
| districts_map = [[File:Tyne and Wear numbered districts.svg|200px]]
| districts_key = {{Colorsample|#FEC1E9}} [[Metropolitan borough|Metropolitan districts]]
| districts_list = # [[Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead|Gateshead]]
# [[Newcastle upon Tyne]]
# [[North Tyneside]]
# [[South Tyneside]]
# [[City of Sunderland|Sunderland]]
| police = [[Northumbria Police]]
| largest_city = [[Newcastle upon Tyne]]
| MPs = [[List of parliamentary constituencies in Tyne and Wear|11 MPs]]
}}
'''Tyne and Wear''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|t|aɪ|n|_|...|_|ˈ|w|ɪər}}) is a [[Ceremonial counties of England|ceremonial county]] in [[North East England]]. It borders [[Northumberland]] to the north and [[County Durham]] to the south, and the largest settlement is the city of [[Newcastle upon Tyne]].

The county is largely urbanised, with an area of {{Convert|{{English cerem counties|ARE=Tyne and Wear}}|km2|sqmi}} and a population of {{English cerem counties|POP=Tyne and Wear}} in {{English cerem counties|TXT=Year}}. Newcastle is located on the north bank of the [[River Tyne]] in the centre of the county, and [[Gateshead]] opposite on the south bank. [[South Shields]] lies in the east at the river's mouth, and the city of [[Sunderland]] in the south-east at the mouth of the [[River Wear]]. Nearly all of the county's settlements belong to the [[Tyneside]] or [[Wearside]] conurbations, the latter of which extends into County Durham. For [[Local government in England|local government]] purposes Tyne and Wear comprises five [[metropolitan borough]]s: [[Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead|Gateshead]], Newcastle upon Tyne, Sunderland, [[North Tyneside]] and [[South Tyneside]]. The borough councils collaborate through the [[North East Combined Authority]], which also includes [[Durham County Council]] and [[Northumberland County Council]]. The county was created in 1974 from south-east Northumberland and north-east County Durham.

The most notable geographic features of the county are the [[River Tyne]] and [[River Wear]], after which it is named and along which its major settlements developed. The county is also notable for its coastline to the [[North Sea]] in the east, which is characterised by tall [[Magnesian Limestone|limestone]] cliffs and wide beaches.

== History ==
In the late 600s and into the 700s, St. [[Bede]] lived as a monk at the monastery of St. Peter and of St. Paul writing histories of the [[Early Middle Ages]] including the [[Ecclesiastical History of the English People]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://britishheritage.com/history/bede-englands-first-great-historian |title=The Venerable Bede – England's first great historian |date=29 October 2020 |work=British Heritage |access-date=8 March 2021 |quote=}}</ref>

Roughly 150 years ago, in the village of [[Marsden, Tyne and Wear|Marsden]] in [[South Shields]], [[Souter Lighthouse]] was built, the first electric structure of this type.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2021/mar/06/short-breaks-days-out-five-england-less-visited-counties |title=Five of England's less-visited counties for days out and short breaks |date=6 March 2021 |work=Guardian |access-date=8 March 2021 |quote=}}</ref>

The Local Government Act 1888 constituted [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], [[Gateshead]] and [[Sunderland]] as [[county borough]]s (Newcastle had "[[county corporate]]" status as the "County and Town of Newcastle upon Tyne" since 1400). [[Tynemouth]] joined them in 1904. Between the county boroughs, various other settlements also formed part of the administrative counties of [[County Durham|Durham]] and of [[Northumberland]].

The need to reform local government on Tyneside was recognised by the government as early as 1935, when a ''Royal Commission to Investigate the Conditions of Local Government on Tyneside'' was appointed.<ref>''London Gazette'', 10 May 1935</ref> The three commissioners were to:

<blockquote>
examine the system of local government in the areas of local government north and south of the river Tyne from the sea to the boundary of the Rural District of Castle Ward and Hexham in the County of Northumberland and to the Western boundary of the County of Durham, to consider what changes, if any, should be made in the existing arrangements with a view to securing greater economy and efficiency, and to make recommendations.
</blockquote>

[[File:Tyne and Wear population density map, 2011 census.png|thumb|left|Population density map]]
The report of the Royal Commission, published in 1937,<ref>Local Government in the Tyneside Area (Cmd.5402)</ref> recommended the establishment of a Regional Council for Northumberland and Tyneside (to be called the "Northumberland Regional Council") to administer services that needed to be exercised over a wide area, with a second tier of smaller units for other local-government purposes. The second-tier units would form by amalgamating the various existing boroughs and districts. The county boroughs in the area would lose their status.  Within this area, a single municipality would be formed covering the four county boroughs of Newcastle, Gateshead, Tynemouth, South Shields and other urban districts and boroughs.<ref>Government of Tyneside : a Regional Council.  The Times.  19 March 1937.</ref>

A minority report proposed amalgamation of Newcastle, Gateshead, Wallsend, Jarrow, Felling, Gosforth, Hebburn and Newburn into a single "county borough of Newcastle-on-Tyneside".  The 1937 proposals never came into operation: local authorities could not agree on a scheme and the legislation of the time did not allow central government to compel one.<ref>Local Government on Tyneside.  Sir K. Wood and Report of Commission.  The Times.  22 September 1937.</ref>

Tyneside (excluding [[Sunderland, Tyne and Wear|Sunderland]]) was a [[Local Government Act 1958#Special review areas|special review area]] under the [[Local Government Act 1958]].  The [[Local Government Commission for England (1958–1967)|Local Government Commission for England]] came back with a recommendation to create a new county of Tyneside based on the review area, divided into four separate boroughs.  This was not implemented.  The [[Redcliffe-Maud Report]] proposed a Tyneside [[unitary authority]], again excluding Sunderland, which would have set up a separate East Durham unitary authority.

The white paper that led to the [[Local Government Act 1972]] proposed as "area 2" a metropolitan county including Newcastle and Sunderland, extending as far south down the coast as Seaham and Easington, and bordering "area 4" (which would become [[Tees Valley]]).  The Bill as presented in November 1971 pruned back the southern edge of the area, and gave it the name "Tyneside".  The name "Tyneside" proved controversial on [[Wearside]], and a government amendment changed the name to "Tyne and Wear" at the request of Sunderland County Borough Council.<ref>Hansard, 6 July 1972, column 909</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="border:0px;"
! colspan="2" | [[Local Government Act 1972|Post-1974]]
! colspan="4" | [[Local Government Act 1888|Pre-1974]]
|-
! Metropolitan county
! Metropolitan boroughs
! [[County borough]]s
! [[Municipal borough|Non-county boroughs]]
! width=120|[[Urban district (Great Britain and Ireland)|Urban districts]]
! [[Rural district]]s
|-
|rowspan=5| [[File:Tyne and Wear County.png|400px]]<br />{{center|<small>Tyne and Wear amalgamates 24 former local government districts, including five county boroughs.</small>}}
| [[Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead|Gateshead]]
| [[County Borough of Gateshead|Gateshead]]
| style="text-align:center;"|—
| [[Blaydon]] • [[Felling, Tyne and Wear|Felling]] • [[Ryton, Tyne and Wear|Ryton]] • [[Whickham]]
| [[Chester-le-Street Rural District|Chester-le-Street]]
|-
| [[Newcastle upon Tyne]]
| [[County Borough of Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle upon Tyne]]
| style="text-align:center;"|—
| [[Gosforth Urban District|Gosforth]] • [[Newburn]]
| [[Castle Ward Rural District|Castle Ward]]
|-
| [[North Tyneside]]
| [[County Borough of Tynemouth|Tynemouth]]
| [[Wallsend]] • [[Whitley Bay]]
| [[Longbenton]] • [[Seaton Valley Urban District|Seaton Valley]]
| style="text-align:center;"|—
|-
| [[South Tyneside]]
| [[County Borough of South Shields|South Shields]]
| [[Jarrow]]
| [[Boldon]] • [[Hebburn]]
| style="text-align:center;"|—
|-
| [[City of Sunderland|Sunderland]]
| [[County Borough of Sunderland|Sunderland]]
| style="text-align:center;"|—
| [[Washington, Tyne and Wear|Washington]] • [[Houghton-le-Spring]] • [[Hetton-le-Hole]]
| [[Easington (district)|Easington]]
|}

== Geography ==
===Climate===
Tyne and Wear either has or closely borders two official [[Met Office]] stations, neither located in one of the major urban centres. The locations for those are in [[Tynemouth]], where the river Tyne meets the North Sea, east of Newcastle; and inland at [[Durham, England|Durham]], around {{convert|20|km|mi}} south-west of Sunderland. There are some clear differences between the two stations' temperature and precipitation patterns, even though both have a cool-summer and mild-winter [[oceanic climate]].{{Weather box
| location = Tynemouth 33&nbsp;m asl, 1981–2010
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan high C = 7.2
| Feb high C = 7.3
| Mar high C = 9.0
| Apr high C = 10.3
| May high C = 12.7
| Jun high C = 15.6
| Jul high C = 18.1
| Aug high C = 18.1
| Sep high C = 16.1
| Oct high C = 13.2
| Nov high C = 9.7
| Dec high C = 6.4
| year high C = 12.1
| Jan low C = 2.2
| Feb low C = 2.2
| Mar low C = 3.3
| Apr low C = 4.8
| May low C = 7.2
| Jun low C = 10.0
| Jul low C = 12.3
| Aug low C = 12.3
| Sep low C = 10.4
| Oct low C = 7.7
| Nov low C = 4.9
| Dec low C = 2.5
| year low C = 6.7
| Jan precipitation mm = 45.5
| Feb precipitation mm = 37.8
| Mar precipitation mm = 43.9
| Apr precipitation mm = 45.4
| May precipitation mm = 43.2
| Jun precipitation mm = 51.9
| Jul precipitation mm = 47.6
| Aug precipitation mm = 59.6
| Sep precipitation mm = 53.0
| Oct precipitation mm = 53.6
| Nov precipitation mm = 62.8
| Dec precipitation mm = 53.9
| year precipitation mm = 597.2
| Jan sun = 61.1
| Feb sun = 81.6
| Mar sun = 117.7
| Apr sun = 149.9
| May sun = 191.7
| Jun sun = 183.0
| Jul sun = 185.7
| Aug sun = 174.9
| Sep sun = 174.1
| Oct sun = 106.2
| Nov sun = 70.4
| Dec sun = 51.9
| year sun = 1515.0
| source 1 = [[Met Office]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gcybzz9xh | title =Tynemouth climate information | access-date =13 August 2015 | publisher =[[Met Office]] | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160428061242/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gcybzz9xh | archive-date =28 April 2016 | url-status =live | df =dmy-all }}</ref>
| date = August 2015
}}

{{Durham weatherbox}}

=== Green belt ===
{{further|North East Green Belt}}

Tyne and Wear contains [[Green belt (United Kingdom)|green belt]] interspersed throughout the county, mainly on the fringes of the [[Tyneside]]/[[Wearside]] conurbation. There is also an inter-urban line of belt helping to keep the districts of South Tyneside, Gateshead, and Sunderland separated. It was first drawn up from the 1950s. All the county's districts contain some portion of belt.

== Governance ==
{{update|section|date=July 2024}}
{{See also|List of parliamentary constituencies in Tyne and Wear}}
Although [[Tyne and Wear County Council]] was abolished in 1986, several [[Local Government in the United Kingdom#Joint-boards|''joint bodies'']] exist to run certain services on a county-wide basis. Most notable is the [[Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Authority]], which co-ordinates transport policy. Through its [[passenger transport executive]], known as '''Nexus''', it owns and operates the [[Tyne and Wear Metro]] [[light rail]] system, the [[Shields Ferry]] service and the [[Tyne Tunnel]], linking communities on either side of the River Tyne. Also through Nexus, the authority subsidises socially necessary transport services (including taxis) and operates a concessionary fares scheme for the elderly and disabled.  Nexus was an executive body of the [[North East Joint Transport Committee]] from November 2018 and now administers funds on behalf of the Joint Transport Committee of the [[North East Combined Authority]].<ref>{{cite web |title=What is Nexus? |url=https://www.nexus.org.uk/what-nexus |access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref>

Other joint bodies include the [[Tyne and Wear Fire and Rescue Service]] and [[Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums]], which was created from the merger of the [[Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums|Tyne and Wear Archives Service]] and [[Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums|Tyne and Wear Museums]]. These joint bodies are administered by representatives of all five of the constituent councils. In addition the [[Northumbria Police]] force covers [[Northumberland]] and Tyne and Wear.

There have been occasional calls for Tyne and Wear to be abolished and the traditional border between Northumberland and County Durham to be restored.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 March 2016 |title=Call to return the county to its historic status |url=https://www.northumberlandgazette.co.uk/news/call-return-county-its-historic-status-406847 |work=[[Northumberland Gazette]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Henderson |first1=Tony |date=3 January 2019 |title=Are there signs that our traditional county boundaries are set to return? |url=https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/signs-traditional-county-boundaries-set-15619069 |work=[[Evening Chronicle]] }}</ref>

Tyne and Wear is divided into 12 [[parliamentary]] [[constituencies]]. Historically, the area has been a Labour stronghold; South Shields is the only Parliamentary constituency that has never returned a [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] Member of Parliament (MP) to the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] since the [[Reform Act 1832|Reform Act of 1832]].

{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
|+ General Election 2019 : Tyne and Wear
|-
! Labour !!  Liberal Democrats !! Conservative !!  Brexit !! Others !!  Green !! ''Turnout''
|-
| '''247,317'''<br />
| 36,417<br />
| 160,155<br />
| 47,142<br />
| 10,504<br />
| 16,010<br />
| ''517,545''<br />
|}

{| class=wikitable
|+ Overall Number of seats as of 2019
|-
!  Labour !! Liberal Democrats !!  Conservative !! BNP !!  UKIP !! Others !!  Green
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| '''12'''
|| 0
|| 0
|| 0
|| 0
|| 0
|| 0
|}

At the level of [[local government]], all of the region's five [[unitary authority|unitary authorities]] were controlled by Labour in 2019.

Newcastle and Sunderland are known for declaring their election results early on election night.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/midlands-news/why-sunderland-newcastle-declare-first-13159041|title=Why Sunderland and Newcastle always declare election results first|first=James|last=Rodger|date=8 June 2017|website=birminghammail}}</ref> Therefore, they frequently give the first indication of nationwide trends. An example of this was at the 2016 European Union referendum. Newcastle was the first large city to declare, and 50.6% of voters voted to Remain; this proportion was far lower than predicted by experts. Sunderland declared soon after and gave a 62% vote to Leave, much higher than expected. These two results were seen as an early sign that the United Kingdom had voted to Leave.

== Settlements ==
{{See also|List of Tyne and Wear settlements by population}}
[[File:Tyne and Wear and Tees Rail Map.svg|thumb|Commuter rail services in the region]]

''Italics'' indicate the district centre.
For a complete list of all villages, towns and cities see the [[list of places in Tyne and Wear]].
{| class="wikitable"
! Borough/City
! Locality
! Authority
|-
| '''''Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead'''''
|''[[Gateshead]]''<br />
[[Birtley, Tyne and Wear|Birtley]]<br />
[[Blaydon]]<br />
[[Low Fell]]<br />
[[Rowlands Gill]]<br />
[[Ryton, Tyne and Wear|Ryton]]<br />
[[Sheriff Hill]]<br />
[[Whickham]]
| Gateshead Metropolitan Borough Council
|-
| '''''City of Newcastle upon Tyne'''''
|''[[Newcastle upon Tyne]]<br />[[Newcastle City Centre|Newcastle upon Tyne – city centre]]''
[[Blakelaw]]<br />
[[Byker]]<br />
[[Elswick, Tyne and Wear|Elswick]]<br />[[Fenham]]<br />[[Gosforth]]<br />
[[Jesmond]]<br />
[[Heaton, Newcastle|Heaton]]<br />
[[Newburn]]<br />
[[North Kenton]]<br />
[[Throckley]]<br />
[[Walbottle]]<br />
[[Walker, Newcastle upon Tyne|Walker]]<br />
[[Westerhope]]<br />
[[West Moor]]<br />
| Newcastle upon Tyne City Council
|-
| '''''Metropolitan Borough of North Tyneside'''''
|''[[Wallsend]]'' <br />
[[Annitsford]]<br />
[[Backworth]]<br />
[[Benton, Newcastle upon Tyne|Benton]]<br />
[[Cullercoats]]<br />
[[Dudley, North Tyneside|Dudley]]<br />
[[Earsdon]]<br />
Fordley<br />
[[Forest Hall]]<br />
[[Killingworth]]<br />
[[Longbenton]]<br />
[[Monkseaton]]<br />
[[North Shields]]<br />
[[Preston, Tynemouth|Preston]]<br />
[[Tynemouth]]<br />
[[Whitley Bay]]<br />
[[Wideopen]]
| North Tyneside Metropolitan Borough Council
|-
| '''''Metropolitan Borough of South Tyneside'''''
|''[[South Shields]]''<br />
[[Boldon]]<br />
[[Cleadon]]<br />
[[Harton, South Tyneside|Harton]]<br />
[[Hebburn]]<br />
[[Jarrow]]<br />
[[Westoe]]<br />
[[Whitburn, Tyne and Wear|Whitburn]]
| South Tyneside Metropolitan Borough Council
|-
| '''''City of Sunderland'''''
|''[[Sunderland]]'' <br />
[[Castletown, Tyne and Wear|Castletown]]<br />
[[Fulwell, Sunderland|Fulwell]]<br />
[[Hendon, Sunderland|Hendon]]<br />
[[Herrington]]<br />
[[Hetton-le-Hole]]<br />
[[Houghton-le-Spring]]<br />
[[Hylton Red House]]<br />
[[Newbottle, Tyne and Wear|Newbottle]]<br />
[[Penshaw]]<br />
Rainton<br />
[[Ryhope]]<br />
[[Seaburn]]<br />
[[Shiney Row]]<br />
[[Silksworth]]<br />
[[South Hylton]]<br />
[[Southwick, Sunderland|Southwick]]<br />
[[Springwell village|Springwell Village]] <br />
[[Warden Law]]<br />
[[Washington, Tyne and Wear|Washington]]<br />
| Sunderland City Council
|}

==Education==
===Higher===
Two campuses of [[Sunderland University]] are in Sunderland, while Newcastle contains the two campuses of [[Northumbria University]] as well as the [[Newcastle University]] main campus.

===Further===
*[[Burnside College]]
*[[ESPA College]]
*[[Gateshead College]]
*[[Harton Academy and Sixth Form]]
*[[Newcastle College]]
*[[Newcastle Sixth Form College]]
*[[Tyne Metropolitan College]]
*[[South Tyneside College]]
*[[Sunderland College]]

== Places of interest ==
{{multiple images
| total_width       = 180
| perrow            = 1
| image1            = Sunderland Marina panorama - geograph.org.uk - 2193626.jpg
| caption1          = Sunderland Marina
| image2            = Gateshead Millennium bridge & BALTIC art gallery, 14 June 2012.jpg
| caption2          = [[Gateshead Millennium Bridge]] and [[BALTIC]] Art Centre
| image3            = Cullercoats Bay with its Lifeboat Station (geograph 5377961).jpg
| caption3          = [[Cullercoats]] Bay
}}

{{EngPlacesKey|align=right}}
{|
|valign=top|
;Gateshead
* [[Angel of the North]]
* [[BALTIC Centre for Contemporary Art]]
* [[Dunston Staiths]]
* [[Gateshead International Stadium]]
* [[Gibside]] – [[File:NTE icon.svg]] [[File:UKAL icon.svg]]
* [[MetroCentre (shopping centre)|MetroCentre]]
* [[Saltwell Park]] – [[File:NTE icon.svg]] [[File:UKAL icon.svg]]
* [[Shipley Art Gallery]]
* [[The Sage Gateshead]]
;Joint Gateshead and other
* [[Beamish Museum]] (with County Durham) – [[File:Museum icon (red).svg]]
* [[Tanfield Railway]], Sunniside (with County Durham) – [[File:HR icon.svg]]
* [[Tyne Bridge]] (with Newcastle)
* [[Gateshead Millennium Bridge]] (with Newcastle)
|valign=top|
;Newcastle
* [[Discovery Museum]] – [[File:Museum icon.svg]]
* [[Hadrian's Wall]] – [[File:CL icon.svg]] 
* [[Great North Museum: Hancock]] – [[File:Museum icon.svg]]
* [[Jesmond Dene]] – [[File:UKAL icon.svg]]
* [[Newcastle Castle Keep]] – [[File:CL icon.svg]] 
* [[St James' Park]] – [[File:UKAL icon.svg]]
* [[Leazes Park]] – [[File:UKAL icon.svg]]
* [[Centre for Life]]
* [[Town Moor, Newcastle upon Tyne|Town Moor]] – [[File:UKAL icon.svg]]
* [[Tyneside cinema]]
* [[Chinatown, Newcastle]]
* [[Quayside]]
* [[Utilita Arena Newcastle]]
* [[Newcastle Cathedral]] – [[File:AP Icon.svg]]
* [[Laing Art Gallery]]
* [[Theatre Royal, Newcastle|Theatre Royal]] – [[File:Drama-icon.svg|18px]]
* [[Northumberland Street]]
* [[Grey Street, Newcastle|Grey Street]]
* [[Grey's Monument]]
* [[The Biscuit Factory]]
|valign=top|
;North Tyneside
*[[Rising Sun Country Park]] – [[File:Country parks.svg|15px]]
* [[Segedunum]] [[castra|Roman Fort]] & Museum, Wallsend – [[File:CL icon.svg]] 
*[[Spanish City]], Whitley Bay
* [[St Mary's Island, Tyne and Wear|St Mary's Island]] [[bird]] reserve
* [[Tynemouth Castle and Priory]] – [[File:CL icon.svg]] [[File:AP Icon.svg]]
;South Tyneside
* [[Arbeia]] Roman Fort & Museum, South Shields – [[File:CL icon.svg]] [[File:Museum icon.svg]]
* [[Marsden Rock]] [[bird]] reserve
* [[Souter Point Lighthouse]] – [[File:NTE icon.svg]] 
* [[Bede's World]], Jarrow
;Sunderland
* [[Museum and Winter Gardens|The Museum and Winter Gardens]] – [[File:Museum icon.svg]]
* [[Mowbray Park]] – [[File:UKAL icon.svg]]
* [[Seaburn]] and [[Roker]] Beaches
* [[Barnes Park]] – [[File:UKAL icon.svg]]
* [[National Glass Centre|The National Glass]]
* [[Hylton Castle]] – [[File:CL icon.svg]] 
* [[Penshaw Monument]] – [[File:NTE icon.svg]] 
* [[St. Peter's Church, Monkwearmouth|St. Peter's Church]] – [[File:AP Icon.svg]]
* [[Sunderland Minster]] – [[File:AP Icon.svg]]
* [[Stadium of Light]]
*[[Washington Old Hall]] – [[File:NTE icon.svg]] 
* [[Empire Theatre, Sunderland|The Empire Theatre]] – [[File:Drama-icon.svg|18px]]
* [[Northern Gallery for Contemporary Art]]
|}

===Gallery===
{{gallery
|File:Tynemouth Priory Church (geograph 7160875).jpg|[[Tynemouth Priory]]
|File:Reconstructed Gatehouse - Arbeia Roman Fort - geograph.org.uk - 539384.jpg|[[Arbeia]] Museum
|File:Castle Keep (51219372285).jpg|[[Newcastle Keep]]
}}

== Businesses ==
{{See also|List of companies based in Newcastle upon Tyne}}
[[File:Bottle of Newcastle Brown Ale poured.jpg|alt=|thumb|Newcastle Brown Ale – the ''yen an anny'' (which means "the one and only" in Tyneside dialect.)]]
[[Offshore Group Newcastle]] make [[oil platform]]s. [[Sage Group]], who produce [[accounting software]], are based at [[Hazlerigg]] at the northern end of the Newcastle bypass. [[Northern Rock]], which became a bank in 1997 and was taken over by [[Virgin Money UK|Virgin Money]] in November 2011, and the [[Newcastle Building Society]] are based in [[Gosforth]]. The Gosforth-based bakery [[Greggs]] now has over 1,500 shops. The Balliol Business Park in [[Longbenton]] contains [[Procter & Gamble]] research and global business centres and a [[Working tax credit|tax credits]] call centre for [[HM Revenue and Customs|HMRC]], and is the former home of [[Findus]] UK. The Government [[National Insurance]] Contributions Office in Longbenton, demolished and replaced in 2000, had a {{convert|1|mi|km}} long corridor.{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}}

[[Be-Ro]] and the [[Go-Ahead Group]] bus company are in central Newcastle. [[Nestlé]] use the former Rowntrees chocolate factory on the east of the A1. [[BAE Systems Land & Armaments]] in [[Benwell and Scotswood|Scotswood]], formerly [[Vickers-Armstrongs]], is the main producer of [[Tanks in the British Army|British Army tanks]] such as the [[Challenger 2]]. A Rolls-Royce apprentice training site is next door.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rrnetc.co.uk |title=RRTEC |publisher=Rrnetc.co.uk |access-date=12 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426055411/http://www.rrnetc.co.uk/ |archive-date=26 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Siemens Power Generation|Siemens Energy Service Fossil]] make [[steam turbine]]s at the [[C. A. Parsons and Company|CA Parsons Works]] in [[South Heaton]]. Sir [[Charles Algernon Parsons|Charles Parsons]] invented the steam turbine in 1884, and developed an important local company. [[Domestos]], a product whose main ingredient is [[sodium hypochlorite]], was originated in Newcastle in 1929 by William Handley, and was distributed from the area for many years.
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Rolos.jpg|thumb|left|[[Rolo]]s are made by [[Nestlé]] in [[Fawdon]]]] -->

[[Clarke Chapman]] is next to the [[A167 road|A167]] in Gateshead. The [[MetroCentre (shopping centre)|MetroCentre]], the largest shopping centre in Europe, is in [[Dunston, Tyne and Wear|Dunston]]. [[Scottish & Newcastle]] was the largest UK-owned brewery until it was bought by Heineken and Carlsberg in April 2008, and produced [[Newcastle Brown Ale]] at the Newcastle Federation Brewery in Dunston until production moved to [[Tadcaster]] in September 2010. At [[Team Valley]] are [[De La Rue]], with their largest banknote printing facility, and [[Myson Radiators]], the second largest in the UK market. [[Petards (company)|Petards]] make surveillance equipment including [[Automatic number plate recognition|ANPR]] cameras, and its [[Herbert Loebl#Joyce, Loebl & Company Ltd|Joyce-Loebl]] division makes [[electronic warfare]] systems and [[countermeasure dispensing system]]s such as the [[AN/ALE-47]]. [[Sevcon]], an international company formed from a part of Smith Electric, is a world leader in electric vehicle controls. [[AEI Cables]] and [[Komatsu Limited|Komatsu UK]] [[Heavy equipment (construction)|construction equipment]] at Birtley.

[[J. Barbour & Sons]] make outdoor clothing in [[Simonside]], Jarrow. [[Saft Groupe S.A.|SAFT Batteries]] make primary [[Lithium metal battery|lithium batteries]] on the Tyne in South Shields. [[Bellway]] plc houses is in [[Seaton Burn]] in [[North Tyneside]]. [[Cobalt Business Park]], the largest office park in the UK, is at [[Wallsend]], on the former site of [[Atmel]], and is the home of North Tyneside Council. [[Swan Hunter]] until 2006 made ships in Wallsend, and still designs ships. [[Soil Machine Dynamics]] in Wallsend on the Tyne makes [[Remotely operated underwater vehicle]]s, and its [[Ultra Trencher 1]] is the world's largest submersible robot.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

[[File:Nissan Motor Works from the Air - geograph.org.uk - 486110.jpg|thumb|[[Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK|Nissan UK]] off the [[A19 road|A19]] near [[City of Sunderland|Sunderland]]]]
The [[car dealership]] [[Evans Halshaw]] is in Sunderland. The car factory owned by [[Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK]] between [[North Hylton]] and [[Washington, Tyne and Wear|Washington]] is the largest in the UK. [[Grundfos]], the world's leading pump manufacturer, builds pumps in Sunderland. [[Calsonic Kansei]] UK, formerly [[Magna International|Magna]], make automotive [[Dashboard|instrument panels]] and [[Trim package|car trim]] at the [[Pennywell]] Industrial Estate. [[Gestamp]] UK make automotive components. [[Smith Electric Vehicles]] originated in Washington. The [[LG Electronics]] microwave oven factory opened in 1989, closed in May 2004, and later became the site of the [[Tanfield Group]]. [[Dunlop Tyres|Goodyear Dunlop]] had their only UK car tyre factory next to the Tanfield site until its 2006 closure. BAE Systems [[BAE Systems Land & Armaments|Global Combat Systems]] moved to a new £75 million factory at the former Goodyear site in 2011, where they make large calibre ammunition for tanks and artillery.

The government's [[child benefit]] office is in Washington. [[Liebherr Group|Liebherr]] build cranes next to the Wear at [[Deptford, Sunderland|Deptford]]. The outdoor clothing company [[Berghaus]] is in [[Castletown, Sunderland|Castletown]]. [[Vaux Breweries]], who owned [[Swallow Hotels]], closed in 1999. [[ScS]] Sofas are on Borough Road. There are many call centres in Sunderland, notably [[EDF Energy]] at the [[Doxford International Business Park]], which is also the home of the headquarters of the large international transport company [[Arriva]] and [[Nike, Inc.|Nike UK]]. Rolls-Royce planned to move their production of [[Components of jet engines|fan and turbine discs]] to BAE Systems' new site in 2016.{{update inline|date=September 2021}}

== Demography ==
<!-- Self-maintaining population table -->
{{Tyne and Wear population table}}

=== Ethnicity ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! rowspan="3" |Ethnic Group
! colspan="6" |Year
|-
! colspan="2" |1971 estimations<ref>{{Cite web |last=Owen |first=David |title=ETHNIC MINORITIES IN GREAT BRITAIN: Settlement patterns |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266517233}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1981 estimates<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/ethnicityin1991c0000unse |title=Ethnicity in the 1991 census: Vol 3 - Social geography and ethnicity in Britain, geographical spread, spatial concentration and internal migration |date=1996 |publisher=London : HMSO |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-11-691655-6}}</ref>
! colspan="2" scope="col" |1991 census<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/ethnicityin1991c0000unse |title=Ethnicity in the 1991 census: Vol 3 - Social geography and ethnicity in Britain, geographical spread, spatial concentration and internal migration |date=1996 |publisher=London : HMSO |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-11-691655-6}}</ref>
|-
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
! scope="col" |Number
! scope="col" |%
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row" |[[White people in the United Kingdom|White]]: Total
!–
!99.6%
!1,140,786
!98.8%
!1,109,420
!98.1%
|-
| scope="row" |White: [[White British|British]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|-
| scope="row" |White: [[White Irish|Irish]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|-
| scope="row" |White: [[White Gypsy or Irish Traveller|Gypsy or Irish Traveller]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|-
|White: Roma
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|-
| scope="row" |White: [[Other White|Other]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|-
! scope="row" |[[British Asian|Asian or Asian British]]: Total
!–
!–
!10,591
!0.9%
!16,048
!1.4%
|-
| scope="row" |Asian or Asian British: [[British Indians|Indian]]
|–
|–
|3,311
|
|4,477
|
|-
| scope="row" |Asian or Asian British: [[British Pakistanis|Pakistani]]
|–
|–
|2,914
|
|4,029
|
|-
| scope="row" |Asian or Asian British: [[British Bangladeshis|Bangladeshi]]
|–
|–
|1,313
|
|2,959
|
|-
| scope="row" |Asian or Asian British: [[British Chinese|Chinese]]
|–
|–
|1,995
|
|2,867
|
|-
| scope="row" |Asian or Asian British: Other Asian
|–
|–
|1,058
|
|1,716
|
|-
! scope="row" |[[Black British people|Black or Black British]]: Total
!–
!–
!1,769
!
!2,253
!
|-
| scope="row" |Black or Black British: [[British African-Caribbean people|African]]
|–
|–
|711
|
|899
|
|-
| scope="row" |Black or Black British: [[British African-Caribbean people|Caribbean]]
|–
|–
|379
|
|478
|
|-
| scope="row" |Black or Black British: [[Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom|Other Black]]
|–
|–
|679
|
|876
|
|-
! scope="row" |[[Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)|Mixed or British Mixed]]: Total
!–
!–
!–
!–
!–
!–
|-
| scope="row" |Mixed: White and Black Caribbean
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|-
| scope="row" |Mixed: White and Black African
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|-
| scope="row" |Mixed: White and Asian
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|-
| scope="row" |Mixed: Other Mixed
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|-
! scope="row" |Other: Total
!–
!–
!1,956
!
!2,679
!
|-
| scope="row" |Other: Arab
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|-
| scope="row" |Other: Any other ethnic group
|–
|–
|–
|–
|
|
|-
!Non-White: Total
!–
!0.4%
!14,314
!1.2%
!20,980
!1.9%
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row" |Total
!–
!100%
!1,155,100
!100%
!1,130,400
!100%
|}

== See also ==
* [[Lord Lieutenant of Tyne and Wear|List of Lord Lieutenants of Tyne and Wear]]
* [[High Sheriff of Tyne and Wear|List of High Sheriffs of Tyne and Wear]]
* [[Tyne–Wear derby]]
* [[Timeline of Newcastle upon Tyne]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Tyne and Wear}}
* [http://viewfinder.english-heritage.org.uk/search/results.aspx?index=0&mainQuery=&searchType=all&form=basic&theme=&county=TYNE%20AND%20WEAR&district=&placeName= Images of Tyne and Wear] at the [[English Heritage Archive]]

{{Tyne and wear}}
{{T&W places}}
{{NE England}}
{{England counties}}
{{Metropolitan counties}}
{{Portal bar|North East England}}

{{Authority control}}

{{coord|54.974|N|1.6132|W|region:GB_type:adm1st|display=title}}

[[Category:Tyne and Wear| ]]
[[Category:Metropolitan counties]]
[[Category:NUTS 2 statistical regions of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Counties of England established in 1974]]