View source for Tuyuhun

{{Short description|Kingdom in modern Qinghai, China (284–670)}}
{{Infobox country
|native_name            = 吐谷渾
|conventional_long_name = Tuyuhun
|common_name            = Tuyuhun
|status                 = Kingdom
|status_text            = 
|empire                 = 
|government_type        = Monarchy
|year_start             = 284
|year_end               = 670
|event_start            = 
|date_start             = 
|event_end              = Destroyed by the [[Tibetan Empire]]
|date_end               = 
|event1                 = Vassal of the [[Tang dynasty]]
|date_event1            = 634
|p1                     = 
|flag_p1                = 
|s1                     = Tibetan Empire
|flag_s1                = 
|image_map              = {{Asia 576 CE|center||{{Annotation|183|72|[[File:Long Rectangle (plain).png|30px]]}}}}
|image_map_caption      = Asia in AD 576, showing Tuyuhun and its neighbours.
|capital                = Fuqi (in modern [[Gonghe County|Gonghe]], [[Qinghai]])
|common_languages       = [[Tuyuhun language|Tuyuhun]]
|religion               = 
|currency               = 
|leader1                = Murong Tuyuhun
|leader2                = [[Murong Nuohebo]]
|year_leader1           = 284-317
|year_leader2           = 635-672
|title_leader           = [[Khagan]]
|today                  = [[China]]
}}
[[File:Nirun, Tuyuhun, Yueban, Tuoba Wei.jpg|thumb|[[Rouran Khaganate]], Tuyuhun, [[Yueban]] and [[Northern Wei]]]]
'''Tuyuhun''' ({{lang-zh|t=吐谷渾}}; [[Eastern Han Chinese|LHC]]: *''tʰɑʔ-jok-guən'';<ref>Schuessler, Axel. (2007) ''An Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese''. University of Hawaii Press. p. 502, 259, 290</ref> [[Wade-Giles]]: ''T'u-yühun''), also known as '''Henan''' ({{lang-zh|c=河南|links=no}}) and '''Azha''' ({{bo|t=ཨ་ཞ་|w=‘A-zha}}; {{lang-zh|c=阿豺|links=no}}),{{sfn|Beckwith|1993|p=17}} was a dynastic monarchy established by the [[Nomads|nomadic peoples]] related to the [[Xianbei]] in the [[Qilian Mountains]] and upper [[Yellow River]] valley, in modern [[Qinghai]], China.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Frederick W. Mote |title=Imperial China 900-1800 |date=2003 |page=170}}</ref>

==History==
After the disintegration of the [[Xianbei]] state, nomadic groups were led by their khagan, Murong Tuyuhun (慕容吐谷渾; 246 - 317<ref>([建武元年]是岁，....河南王吐谷浑卒。) ''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol.90. (吐谷浑年七十二卒，...) ''Jin Shu'', vol.97</ref>), to the rich pasture lands around [[Qinghai Lake]] about the middle of the 3rd century AD.

Murong Tuyuhun was the older brother of the [[Former Yan]]'s ancestor [[Murong Hui]]<ref>''[[Zizhi Tongjian]]'', [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷090|vol. 90]].</ref> and elder son of the [[Chanyu]] Murong Shegui (慕容涉歸) of the [[Murong]] Xianbei who took his people from their original settlements on the [[Liaodong Peninsula]] to the region of the [[Yin Mountains]], crossing the [[Yellow River]] between 307 and 313, and into the eastern region of modern [[Qinghai]].<ref>''The T'u-yü-hun from the [[Northern Wei]] to the time of the [[Five Dynasties]]'', p. XII. 1970. Gabriella Molè. Rome. Is.M.E.O.</ref>

The Tuyuhun Empire was established in 284<ref>281 is the foundation for the first or 'Former' (of the four) Murong Xianbei Kingdoms. See Charles Holcombe, ''The Genesis of East Asia, 221 B.C.-A.D. 907: 221 B.C.-A.D.907,''University of Hawaii Press, 2001 pp.130-131.</ref> by subjugating the native peoples referred to as the [[Qiang (historical people)|Qiang]], including more than 100 different and loosely coordinated tribes that did not submit to each other or any authority.

After Tuyuhun died in [[Linxia City|Linxia]], Gansu in 317, his sixty sons further expanded the empire by defeating the [[Western Qin]] (385-430) and [[Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)|Xia]] (407-431) kingdoms. The Qinghai Xianbei, Tufa Xianbei, Qifu Xianbei and Haolian Xianbei joined them. They moved their capital {{convert|6|km}} west of Qinghai Lake.<ref>"Note sur les T’ou-yu-houen et les Sou-p’i." Paul Pelliot. ''T’oung pao'', 20 (1921), p. 323.</ref>

[[File:Tuyuhun people taming the horse.jpg|thumb|left|Tuyuhun man taming a horse, 6th century.]]
These Xianbei groups formed the core of the Tuyuhun Empire and numbered about 3.3 million at their peak. They carried out extensive military expeditions westward, reaching as far as [[Hotan]] in [[Xinjiang]] and the borders of [[Kashmir]] and [[Afghanistan]], and established a vast empire that encompassed [[Qinghai]], [[Gansu]], [[Ningxia]], northern [[Sichuan]], eastern [[Shaanxi]], southern Xinjiang, and most of [[Tibet]], stretching 1,500 kilometers from east to west and 1,000 kilometers from north to south. They unified parts of Inner Asia for the first time in history, developed the southern route of the [[Silk Road]], and promoted cultural exchange between the eastern and western territories, dominating the northwest for more than three and half centuries until it was destroyed by the [[Tibetan Empire]].<ref>Zhou, Weizhou [周伟洲] (1985). ''The Tuyühu History'' [《吐谷浑史》] . Yinchuan [银川]: Ningxia People's Press [宁夏人民出版社].</ref> The Tuyuhun Empire existed as an independent kingdom{{sfn|Beckwith|2009|p=128-129}} and was not traditionally considered to be an orthodox dynasty in [[Chinese historiography]].

===Conflict between the Tang and Tibetan empires===
[[File:Tang-Tuyuhun War.png|thumb|320px|Emperor Taizong's campaign against Tuyuhun in 634 AD]]
In the beginning of the [[Tang dynasty]], the Tuyuhun Empire came to a gradual decline and was increasingly caught in the conflict between the Tang and the [[Tibetan Empire]]. Because the Tuyuhun controlled the crucial trade routes between east and the west, the empire became the immediate target of invasion by the Tang.

The Tibetan Empire developed rapidly under the leadership of [[Songtsen Gampo]], who united the Tibetans and expanded northward, directly threatening the Tuyuhun Empire. Soon after he took the throne of the Yarlung Kingdom in Central Tibet in 634, he defeated the Tuyuhun near Qinghai Lake and received an envoy from the Tang.<ref>''Tibetan Civilization'', p. 57. R. A. Stein. 1972. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California. {{ISBN|0-8047-0806-1}} (cloth); {{ISBN|978-0-8047-0901-9}} (paper).</ref> The Tibetan emperor requested marriage to a Tang princess, but was refused. In 635-636 the [[Emperor Taizong of Tang]] defeated the Tibetan army; after this campaign,<ref>OTA l. 607</ref> the Emperor Taizong agreed to provide a Tang princess to Songtsen Gampo.<ref>''Tibet: A Political History'', p. 26. Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa. 1967. Yale University Press. New Haven and London.</ref>

The Tibetan emperor, who claimed that the Tuyuhun objected to his marriage with the Tang, sent 200,000 troops to attack. The Tuyuhun troops retreated to [[Qinghai]], whereas the Tibetans went eastward to attack the [[Tangut people]] and reached into southern Gansu. The Tang government sent troops to fight. Although the Tibetans withdrew in response, the Tuyuhun Empire lost much of its territory in southern Gansu to Tibetans.
[[File:Battle of Dafei River.png|thumb|320px|Battle of Dafeichuan]]

The Tuyuhun government was split between the pro-Tang and pro-Tibet factions, with the latter increasingly becoming stronger and collaborated with Tibet to bring about an invasion. The Tang sent general [[Xue Rengui]] to lead 100,000 troops to fight Tibet in [[Battle of Dafei River|Dafeichuan]] (present [[Gonghe County]], Qinghai). They were annihilated by the ambush of 200,000 troops led by Dayan and the Tibetans. The Tibetan Empire took over the entire territory of the Tuyuhun.

===Disintegration===
[[File:Mongolia XI.jpg|thumb|Remnants of Tuyuhun in northern [[Hebei]] and northern [[Qinghai]] (907-1125)]]
[[File:Mongol Empire c.1207.png|thumb|Remnants of Tuyuhun in northern [[Hebei]] and northern [[Qinghai]] (1207)]] 
After the fall of the kingdom, the Tuyuhun people split. Led by [[Murong Nuohebo]] on the eastern side of the [[Qilian Mountains]] they migrated eastwards into central China. The rest remained and were under the rule of the Tibetan Empire.

Through this period, the Xianbei underwent massive diasporata over a vast territory that stretched from the northwest into central and eastern parts of China, with the greatest concentrations by Mt. Yin near [[Ordos Loop]]. In 946, a [[Shatuo]], [[Liu Zhiyuan]], conspired to murder the highest Xianbei leader, Bai Chengfu, who was reportedly so wealthy that “his horses had silver mangers”.<ref>Molè, Gabriella, 1970, The T'u-yü-hun from the Northern Wei to the time of the five dynasties. Roma, Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente. p. xxiv.</ref> With the looted wealth that included an abundance of property and thousands of fine horses, Liu established the [[Later Han (Five Dynasties)|Later Han]] (947-950). The incident took away the central leadership and stripped the opportunity for the Xianbei to restore the Tuyuhun Kingdom, although later they were able to establish the [[Western Xia]] (1038-1227), which was destroyed by the Mongols.<ref>Lü, Jianfu [呂建福], 2002. ''The Tu History'' [《土族史》]. Beijing [北京]: Chinese Social Sciences Press [中囯社会科学出版社].</ref>

==Language==
{{Main|Tuyuhun language}}
[[Alexander Vovin]] (2015) identifies the extinct [[Tuyuhun language]] as a [[Para-Mongolic]] language, meaning that Tuyuhun is related to Mongolic as a [[sister clade]] but is not directly descended from the [[Proto-Mongolic language]].<ref>Vovin, Alexander. 2015. [https://www.academia.edu/24403941/Some_notes_on_the_Tuyuhun_%E5%90%90%E8%B0%B7%E6%B8%BE_language_in_the_footsteps_of_Paul_Pelliot Some notes on the Tuyuhun (吐谷渾) language: in the footsteps of Paul Pelliot]. In ''Journal of Sino-Western Communications'', Volume 7, Issue 2 (December 2015).</ref> The [[Khitan language]] is also a Para-Mongolic language.

==Culture==
When the Chinese pilgrim [[Songyun (monk)|Songyun]] visited the region in 518, he noted that the people had a written language, which was more than a hundred years before [[Thonmi Sambhota]] is said to have returned from India after developing a script for writing the Tibetan language.<ref>''Ancient Tibet: Research Materials from the Yeshe De Project'' (1986), p. 136. Dharma Publishing, California. {{ISBN|0-89800-146-3}}.</ref>

==Rulers==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Regal names !! [[Chinese family name|Family names]] and [[Chinese name|given name]] !! Durations of reigns
|-
| Henan King (河南王) || 慕容吐谷渾 Mùróng Tǔyùhún || 284-317
|-
| Henan King (河南王) || [[Murong Tuyan|慕容吐延 Mùróng Tǔyán]] || 317-329
|-
| Tuyuhun King (吐谷渾王) || [[Murong Yeyan|慕容葉延 Mùróng Yèyán]] || 329-351
|-
| Tuyuhun King (吐谷渾王) || [[Murong Suixi|慕容碎奚 Mùróng Suìxī]] || 351-371
|-
| Bailan King (白蘭王) || [[Murong Shilian|慕容視連 Mùróng Shìlián]] || 371-390
|-
| Tuyuhun King (吐谷渾王) || [[Murong Shipi|慕容視羆 Mùróng Shìpí]] || 390-400
|-
| [[Chanyu|Da Chanyu]] (大單于) || [[Murong Wugeti|慕容烏紇褆 Mùróng Wūgētí]] || 400-405
|-
| Wuyin Khan (戊寅可汗)/<br />Da Chanyu (大單于)/<br />Wu King (武王) || [[Murong Shuluogan|慕容樹洛干 Mùróng Shùluògān]] || 405-417
|-
| Bailan King (白蘭王) || [[Murong Achai|慕容阿柴 Mùróng Āchái]] || 417-424
|-
| Hui King (惠王)/<br />King of Longxi (隴西王) || [[Murong Mugui|慕容慕璝 Mùróng Mùguī]] || 424-436
|-
| Henan King (河南王) || [[Murong Muliyan|慕容慕利延 Mùróng Mùlìyán]] || 436-452
|-
| Henan King (河南王)/<br />Xiping King (西平王) || [[Murong Shiyin|慕容拾寅 Mùróng Shíyín]] || 452-481
|-
| Henan King (河南王) || [[Murong Duyihou|慕容度易侯 Mùróng Dùyìhóu]] || 481-490
|-
|   || [[Murong Fulianchou|慕容伏連籌 Mùróng Fúliánchóu]] || 490-540
|-
| Khan || [[Murong Kualü|慕容夸呂 Mùróng Kuālǔ]] || 540-591
|-
| Khan || [[Murong Shifu|慕容世伏 Mùróng Shìfú]] || 591-597
|-
| Busabo Khan (步薩鉢可汗) || [[Murong Fuyun|慕容伏允 Mùróng Fúyǔn]] || 597-635
|-
| Zhugulüwugandou Khan (趉故呂烏甘豆可汗)/<br />Daning King (大寧王)/<br />Xiping [[Commandery (China)|Commandery]] King (西平郡王) || [[Murong Shun|慕容順 Mùróng Shùn]] || 635
|-
| Wudiyebaledou Khan (烏地也拔勒豆可汗)/<br />Heyuan Commandery King (河源郡王) || [[Murong Nuohebo|慕容諾曷鉢 Mùróng Nuòhébō]] || 635-672
|-
|}

==Rulers family tree==
{{chart top|collapsed=yes|width=auto|Tuyuhun rulers family tree}}
{{tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:110%;|summary=Murong clan Tuyuhun rulers family tree}}
{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Tg   | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Tg={{nowrap|Murong<br />Tuyuhun <br />慕容吐谷浑<br /><small>246-'''284-317'''</small>}}|boxstyle_Tg=border-width:2px}}
{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Ty   | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Ty={{nowrap|Murong Tuyan <br />慕容吐延<br /><small>?-'''317-329'''</small>}}|boxstyle_Ty=border-width:2px}}
{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Yy   | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Yy=Murong Yeyan<br />慕容葉延<br /><small>319-'''329-351'''</small>|boxstyle_Yy=border-width:2px}}
{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Sx   | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Sx=Murong Suixi<br />慕容碎奚<br /><small>?-'''351-371'''</small>|boxstyle_Sx=border-width:2px}}
{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Sl   | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Sl=Murong Shilian<br />慕容視連<br /><small>?-'''371-390'''</small>|boxstyle_Sl=border-width:2px}}
{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Sp   | |Wh   | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Sp=Murong Shipi<br />慕容視羆<br /><small>368-'''390-400'''</small>|boxstyle_Sp=border-width:2px|Wh=Murong Wugeti<br />慕容烏紇褆<br /><small>?-'''400-405'''</small>|boxstyle_Wh=border-width:2px}}
{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(| | | |)|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | |Sl2  | | Th  | |Ac   | | Dq  | |Mk   | | | | | |Ml   | | | | | | | | |Sl2=Murong<br />Shuluogan<br />慕容樹洛干<br /><small>392-'''405-417'''</small>|boxstyle_Sl2=border-width:2px|Th=Tuhuzhen<br />吐护真|Ac=Murong Achai<br />慕容阿柴<br /><small>?-'''417-424'''</small>|boxstyle_Ac=border-width:2px|Dq=Dangqi<br />宕岂|Mk=Murong Mugui<br />慕容慕璝<br /><small>?-'''424-436'''</small>|boxstyle_Mk=border-width:2px|Ml=Murong <br />Muliyan<br />慕容慕利延<br /><small>?-'''436-452'''</small>|boxstyle_Ml=border-width:2px}}
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{{tree chart|border=1| Sq  | |Sy   | | Sg  | | Sp2 | | Wd  | | Pl  | | Tt  | | Wx  | | Bn  | | Fn  | | Qi  | | Hu  |Sq=Shiqian<br />拾虔|Sy=Murong <br />Shiyin<br />慕容拾寅<br /><small>?-'''452-481'''</small>|boxstyle_Sy=border-width:2px|Sg=Shigui<br />拾归|Sp2=Shipi<br />拾皮|Wd=Weidai<br />纬代<br /><small>?－444</small>|Pl=Chiliyan<br />叱力延|Tt=Toutui<br />头颓|Wx=Yuanxu<br />元绪|Bn=Beinang<br />被囊|Fn=Fanni<br />繁暱|Qi=Qióng <br />琼|Hu=Huan<br />瑍}}
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{{tree chart|border=1| | | | |Dy   | | Fd  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Dy=Murong<br />Duyihou<br />慕容度易侯<br /><small>?-'''481-490'''</small>|boxstyle_Dy=border-width:2px|Fd=Feidoujin<br />费斗斤}}
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{{tree chart|border=1| | | | |Fl   | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Fl=Murong <br />Fulianchou<br />慕容伏連籌<br /><small>?-'''490-540'''</small>|boxstyle_Fl=border-width:2px}}
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{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | Hl  | |Hz   | |Kl   | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Hl=Helutou<br />贺鲁头|Hz=Murong<br />Heluozhen <br />呵羅真<br /><small>?-'''529-530'''</small>|boxstyle_Hz=border-width:2px|Kl=Murong Kualu<br />慕容夸呂<br /><small>?-'''540-591'''</small>|boxstyle_Kl=border-width:2px}}
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{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | |Ff   | | Kb  | | Gw  | |Sf   | |Yf   | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Ff=Murong Fofu<br />佛輔<br /><small>?-'''530-534'''</small>|boxstyle_Ff=border-width:2px|Kb=Kebohan<br />可博汗|Gw=Weiwanghe<br />嵬王诃|Sf=Murong Shifu<br />慕容世伏<br /><small>?-'''591-597'''</small>|boxstyle_Sf=border-width:2px|Yf=[[Murong Fuyun]]<br />慕容伏允<br /><small>?-'''597-635'''</small>|boxstyle_Yf=border-width:2px}}
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{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | |Kd   | | | | | | | | | | Zw  | |Sh   | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Kd=Murong <br />Ketazhen<br />可沓振<br /><small>?-'''534-540'''</small>|boxstyle_Kd=border-width:2px|Zw=Zunwang<br />尊王|Sh=[[Murong Shun]]<br />慕容顺<br /><small>604-'''635'''</small>|boxstyle_Sh=border-width:2px}}
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{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Ne   | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Ne=[[Murong Nuohebo|Murong <br />Nuohebo]]<br />慕容諾曷鉢<br /><small>?-'''635-672'''-688</small>|boxstyle_Ne=border-width:2px}}
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{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Zh  | | Yl  | | Xw  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Zh=Murong Zhong <br />慕容忠<br /><small>648-698</small>|Yl=Talumomo <br />闼卢摸末|Xw=Murong <br />Sudumomo <br />蘇度摸末}}
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{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Zh2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Zh2=Murong Zhao<br />慕容兆}}
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{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Fu  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Fu=Murong Fu<br />慕容复}}
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{{tree chart|We=[[慕容神威]]|Hu2=张掖郡王<br />[[慕容环]]|Qu=慕容全|Yi=慕容亿|Za=慕容造|Ta=[[慕容汤]]|Mo=□|Fe=汶山公<br />[[吐谷浑豊]]|Re=永安王<br />吐谷浑仁|Lb=汶山侯<br />[[吐谷浑玑]]|Zb=[[吐谷浑仲宝]]|Wf=[[元鉴 (武昌王)|元鉴]]妃|Jm=[[吐谷浑静媚]]|Ws=[[无素]]|Qs=世系缺失}}
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==See also==
*[[Tsongkha]] 
*[[List of Bronze Age states]]
*[[List of Classical Age states]]
*[[List of Iron Age states]]
*[[List of medieval great powers]]
*[[Tuyuhun invasion of Gansu]]
*[[Emperor Taizong's campaign against Tuyuhun]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Works cited==
* {{cite book|last=Beckwith|first=Christopher I.|author-link=Christopher I. Beckwith|title=Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5jG1eHe3y4EC|year=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-13589-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Beckwith|first=Christopher I.|author-link=Christopher I. Beckwith|title=The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power Among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese During the Early Middle Ages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7G61UifCEZMC|year=1993|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-02469-3}}

==External links==
* [[Emperor Taizong's campaign against Tuyuhun]] - with the 634 defeat of Tuyuhun troops
* http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/tuyuhun.html

{{Mongolic ethnic groups |state=expanded}}

[[Category:Tuyuhun| ]]
[[Category:670 disestablishments]]
[[Category:284 establishments]]
[[Category:Xianbei]]
[[Category:Tang dynasty]]
[[Category:Former countries in Chinese history]]
[[Category:Former kingdoms in Tibet]]
[[Category:Historical Chinese exonyms]]