View source for Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation

{{Short description|Indian Reservation in northern North Dakota}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2016}}
{{use mdy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{for|the tribe|Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians}}
'''Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation''' ([[Ojibwe language]]: '''''Mikinaakwajiwing''''') is a [[Indian Reservation|reservation]] located in northern North Dakota, United States.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://journals.scholarsportal.info/pdf/00028762/v124i0001/280_krjctmoatnfd.xml|title=Keith richotte jr. claiming turtle Mountain's constitution: The history, legacy, and future of a tribal Nation's founding documents.|last=Reinhardt|first=Akim|date=2019|website=The American Historical Review}}</ref> It is the land base for the [[Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians]].<ref name=":0" /> The population of the Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation consists of Plains [[Ojibwe]] (also known in the US as Chippewa) and [[Métis people]]s; the reservation was established in 1882.<ref name=":0" />

==Reservation==
[[File:4345R Turtle Mountain Reservation Locator Map.svg|thumb|Location of the main reservation]]
[[Image:TurtlemtnIRmap.png|right|thumb|300px|Map of the Turtle Mountain reservation and trust lands.]]
The main reservation is located in [[Rolette County, North Dakota]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1796980027/|title=Exploring the Impact of Self-Determination on the Political Practices of the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians: A Critical Content Analysis|last=Martin-Parisien|first=Terri J.|date=2016|website=The University of North Dakota}}</ref> The reservation is {{convert|6|x|12|mi|spell=in}}, and it has one of the highest population densities of any reservation in the United States.<ref name=":1" /> It has a land area of {{convert|67.583|sqmi|km2}} and a 2016 estimated population of 6,369 persons.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} It also has extensive off-reservation trust lands, which make the reservation's lands the most widely dispersed of all reservations in the nation.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

These lands are spread across 22 counties in three states: North Dakota, Montana, and South Dakota. Including these lands, the reservation's land area is a total of {{convert|233.036|sqmi|km2}}. Its total resident population at the 2000 census was 8,331.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

The largest portion of off-reservation trust land is located in Rolette County, with significant parcels in [[Phillips County, Montana|Phillips]], [[Blaine County, Montana|Blaine]], [[Sheridan County, Montana|Sheridan]], and [[Roosevelt County, Montana|Roosevelt]] counties in Montana; and in [[Williams County, North Dakota]]. Sixteen other counties have lesser amounts of trust land.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}

The main part of the Turtle Mountain Reservation is located in Rolette County, North Dakota. It covers {{convert|72|sqmi|acre ha}}. Another {{convert|26175|acre|ha}} is located in Rolette County, North Dakota, around the Turtle Mountain Reservation.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}} Total acres in Rolette County are {{convert|72255|acre|ha}}. Another {{convert|6698|acre|ha}} is managed by the Trenton Agency.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}} Much of the Trenton land is in Montana. The remaining land, totaling {{convert|67852|acre|ha}}, is located primarily in Montana, with small parcels in North Dakota and South Dakota.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}} It is one of a few Native American reservations that protected its lands against white settlement. The total area of the Turtle Mountain Reservation is {{convert|146805|acre|sqmi ha}}.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}

==Geography==
The Turtle Mountains range along what is now the Manitoba and North Dakota border.<ref name=":0" /> They consist of a vast spreading of hills, wetlands, and plateaus situated along the border, and are where the Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation is located.<ref name=":0" /> The American portion of the plateau is not as extensively covered by a forest as in the Canadian part of the plateau. The forest that covers the plateau is clear evidence that the boreal forest extended much further westward.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}} It is only slightly higher in elevation than the neighboring prairie, about {{convert|500|ft}} or more, though there are several prominent points, including Boundary Butte on the plateau's western edge with over {{convert|1000|ft}} of prominence. Many lakes dot the plateau, which is evidence that the area was covered by a large lake in ancient times.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}

==History==
In the early 19th century (around 1810–1820), [[Chippewa]] and [[Métis people (United States)|Metis]] warriors battled with white fur trade companies over sensitive issues. These issues included whites trespassing on Indian land and disagreements over the lucrative [[pemmican]]. Pemmican was vital to both the Chippewa and to the white fur trade companies. The [[Pemmican War]] was fought over the lucrative pemmican trade. The [[Battle of Seven Oaks]] was the major battle of the war.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}

Historians claim the Chippewa still controlled nearly {{convert|10|e6acre|ha mi2}} in 1892. In the late 1880s, the United States sent representatives to chief Little Shell III and his councilors, to negotiate a deal for the acreage still owned by them. Chief Little Shell III<!-- it seems to be Thomas Little Shell-can someone confirm this & wikilink it please? --> was living in Montana and was not pleased about the issue. The negotiations continued on for several years and finally ended in 1891, when the United States selected 32 Chippewa leaders to negotiate and sign the [[McCumber Agreement]]. That occurred in 1892.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}

In 1882, the Turtle Mountain Reservation was established; it was originally much larger than today. In 1884, the United States reduced the size of the Turtle Mountain Reservation to two townships or {{convert|46080|acre}}. The Chippewa ceded much of their land before the reservation was established. {{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}

Chief Little Shell III ceded the land in exchange for a large reservation that bordered the Fort Peck Reservation in Montana. During the negotiations over the 10 million acres in the early 1890s, the Chippewa leader and the United States government could not come to agreement. The United States forced chief Little Shell III and several hundred of his supporters off the reservation rolls, making them landless.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}

Throughout the mid-1860s, the [[bison]] population experienced a decline. Bison were a crucial resource for Métis populations, being important in the ways of life and the economy, as it was often sold and traded. This decline in bison numbers negatively impacted the Métis of Turtle Mountain.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Claiming Turtle Mountain's Constitution: The History, Legacy, and Future of a Tribal Nation's Founding Documents|last=Richotte Jr.|first=Keith|publisher=The University of North Carolina Press|year=2017}}</ref> Many Plains Ojibwa moved to Turtle Mountain in the eighteenth century. This caused tensions between Métis and Plains Ojibwa, as they had to share these lands. Differences in histories and relations sparked tensions between the two groups.<ref name=":0" /> Although having tensions in some areas, Plains Ojibwa and Métis shared similar political goals for the future such as the goal to create a reservation that would be federally recognized and gaining recognition, on a federal level, of a political identity.<ref name=":0" /> In February 1876, a document written by the Chippewa Indians of Turtle Mountain was signed by Little Shell III. This addressed the three points in political discussions with the federal government. These included the establishment of a reservation, the request to be politically recognized and the ability to sell land. As the resources available on the land were diminishing as a result of settler encroachment, the population of Turtle Mountain wanted the option to sell land.<ref name=":2" /> The year 1876 saw the implementation of a bill that would create a reservation for the lands claimed by Métis and Ojibwa. By 1882, there was increasing violence between the people of Turtle Mountain and white settlers, as settlers continued to encroach on Turtle Mountain.<ref name=":2" /> The United States federal government began interfering with the lives of the population of Turtle Mountain and forced them to pay federal taxes.<ref name=":2" />

In March 1884, President of the United States [[Chester A. Arthur|Chester Arthur]] reduced the size of the reservation to six by twelve miles. It still has these same dimensions today.<ref name=":2" /> This reduction was a 90 percent decrease in the size of the land, causing dissent among the people of Turtle Mountain. Through sentiments of disappointment due to the large reduction of land size, Metis and Plains Ojibwa were brought together, however still had some divisions in goals.<ref name=":2" />

In 1892, discussion by the United States federal government led to the political assimilation of Plains Ojibwa and Métis; they were now seen as one political group. They remained two distinct groups towards each other despite the federal government's decision.<ref name=":2" /> As a result of the Northwest resistance, many Métis of Saskatchewan went to Turtle Mountain to stay with relatives, increasing both numbers and tensions on the reservation. Those living on the reservation did not have adequate space and the overcrowding caused a faster decline in the resources available on the land, resulting in deaths due to starvation and disease.<ref name=":2" /> Harsh climates on the reservation made the living conditions very difficult. Cold winters and dry summers made agriculture very difficult and the numbers of bison declined rapidly. This reduction of available resources caused further tension between Métis and plains Ojibwa.<ref name=":2" />

=== McCumber Agreement ===
In 1904, an agreement was put into effect between the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians and the government of the United States. This became the McCumber Agreement and was signed by the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians in 1905.<ref name=":2" /> The McCumber Agreement stated that the people of Turtle Mountain would sell the land of the reservation of a price of $1 million.<ref name=":2" /> As this was not considered to be a great deal of money, it was also named the "Ten Cent Treaty".<ref name=":2" /> There was much resistance from the people of Turtle Mountain towards the implementation of this agreement. Little Shell III was the leader of the Plains Ojibwe, but his authority was diminishing, as he was unable to address all of the issues that were occurring in the community stemming from the agreement.<ref name=":2" /> Little Shell III had a large presence in the resistance of the agreement, which lessened somewhat following his death in 1900.<ref name=":2" /> In 1920, the population of Turtle Mountain formed a committee to sue the United States for the failures of the McCumber Agreement.<ref name=":1" /> According to the committee, the federal government took 10 million acres of land at 10 cents per acre and created a reservation with diminishing resources, with no improvements being made to crowded living conditions, starvation, poverty, and disease.<ref name=":2" />

=== Selkirk Concession ===
In 1811, the [[Selkirk Concession]] was issued by the [[Hudson's Bay Company]] to [[Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk]]. It covered a large area of land in central Canada and northern United States including parts of eastern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, northwestern Ontario, northern Minnesota, eastern North Dakota, and northeastern South Dakota. The Turtle Mountains were within the land area of the Selkirk Concession.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}} 

=== Constitution ===
In 1932, a tribal constitution was implemented on Turtle Mountain, 27 years after the signing of the McCumber Agreement.<ref name=":1" /> The people of Turtle Mountain were informed that the implementation of this constitution would make their claims clear to the federal government.<ref name=":0" /> The constitution ended up giving much power to the United States federal government. As a result of this, the constitution was not accepted by the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians, as in their view it did not respect the community.<ref name=":0" /> In 1934, the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians were against the establishment of a new constitution by the [[Indian Reorganization Act]].<ref name=":0" /> The Indian Reorganization Act was still passed in 1934, two years after the establishment of the constitution, claim that its goals were to reestablish tribal governments.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

The population of Turtle Mountain is still governed by the 1932 constitution. This constitution was deemed ineffective and not compliant with the needs of the people of Turtle Mountain.{{Whom|date=June 2022}}<ref name=":2" /> In 1946, claims were filed with the [[Indian Claims Commission]], and despite the slow process, the people of Turtle Mountain won a claim surrounding the impacts they faced as a result of the McCumber Agreement.<ref name=":2" /> Despite this, poor living conditions on the reservation persisted and the average household income on the reservation remained far below that of the rest of North Dakota.<ref name=":2" /> A vote in 2002 rejected a new constitution, and another vote the following year in 2003 resulted in an even greater rejection of a new constitution.<ref name=":2" />

==Trenton Indian Service Area==
An agency of the Turtle Mountain Reservation, the Trenton Indian Service Area was established in the 1970s to manage the Chippewa land allotments in northeastern Montana and northwestern North Dakota. Only one community is affiliated with the Trenton Indian Service Area and that is [[Trenton, North Dakota]]. Around 500 people live in Trenton, which is an unincorporated community. Trenton is only a few miles from Montana. The Trenton Indian Service Area does not manage all the Turtle Mountain Chippewa land allotments. Fort Peck Agency manages some, as does the Fort Belknap Agency, Northern Cheyenne Agency, and the Cheyenne River Agency of South Dakota.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}

==Communities==
Several Chippewa settlements are located on and around the small reservation. East Dunseith is located on the plateau, surrounded by forest and many lakes. Shell Valley is located in the extreme southwestern part of the reservation. Like East Dunseith, Shell Valley is located on off-reservation trust land. Belcourt is situated on the southeastern edge of the plateau, with forest to the east, north and west of the CDP. Many lakes are also located around Belcourt.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}

[[Dunseith, North Dakota|Dunseith]] is not on the reservation but is also predominantly Indian, even moreso than St. John. Just east of Belcourt is an area formerly known as Turtleville that had over 100 housing units in 1997, though most if not all of these were eventually torn down. More than 70 housing units were subsequently rebuilt as Kent's Addition, named after Senator [[Kent Conrad]], who helped gain funding for the housing project.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}

Directly south of Kent's Addition is another area where a large number of housing units are located called Green Acres Housing. The area has around 33 housing units.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}

East Dunseith Housing (not to be confused with East Dunseith) may have up to 80 housing units. East Dunseith Housing is just under a mile east of Dunseith. The population of East Dunseith may be between 240 and 320.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}

*[[Belcourt, North Dakota]]
*[[East Dunseith, North Dakota]]
*East Dunseith Housing, North Dakota
*[[Green Acres, North Dakota]]
*Kent's Addition
*[[Shell Valley, North Dakota]] (most, population 395)

===Grahams Island===
[[Grahams Island]] is a part of the Turtle Mountain Reservation. It lies some {{convert|60|mi}} from the Turtle Mountain Reservation, but much of the island was allotted to Turtle Mountain Chippewas. The island is located on the north side of [[Devils Lake (North Dakota)|Devils Lake]] near the [[Spirit Lake Tribe|Spirit Lake Indian Reservation]]. Much of the island is covered by forest. The island was the location of Chief Little Shell I's village in the very early 1800s. Other Turtle Mountain land allotments are located in Liberty County, Montana, west of the [[Rocky Boy Reservation]] and {{convert|47|mi}} from the [[Blackfeet Reservation]].

==Economy==
Turtle Mountain Reservation economic conditions are largely centered on government. The government of the Turtle Mountain Reservation employs 854 people. The government jobs include federal, state, and local agencies, as well as schools on the reservation. The reservation government also owns the Turtle Mountain Manufacturing Company, which has an employment force of 186. Another tribally owned company is Uniband, who employs 350 people in the Belcourt region. Other large employers on the Turtle Mountain Reservation include Indian Health Service employing 215 people, and the Turtle Mountain Community College employing 60 people. The local tribal casino, owned by the Turtle Mountain Reservation government, has a workforce of 300 people.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}
[[File:Consolidated government day school. Turtle Mountain Res., North Dakota. - NARA - 285393.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Day school in 1945]]
In the private sector, it is estimated that there are at least 135 Indian-owned businesses on and around the Turtle Mountain Reservation. According to the 2000 census, 8,331 people were living on the Turtle Mountain Reservation with an unemployment rate near 50 percent. The estimated 2000 employment force was 5,222, with 2,748 employed and 2,474 unemployed. The per capita annual income was near $12,000, and the poverty rate was at 38%.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}

According to the [[Bureau of Indian Affairs]], the unemployment rate of the Turtle Mountain Reservation in 2010 was 69.25 percent. In that same year, approximately 40 percent of families living on the reservation were living below the poverty line.<ref name=":1" /> Due to a difficult local labor market, many families had issues relocating from the reservation into nearby cities, resulting in the eventual return of 45 percent of those leaving the reservation.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Stride toward Freedom: The Relocation of Indians to Cities, 1952-1960|journal = The Western Historical Quarterly|volume = 16|issue = 2|pages = 175–190|last=Philip|first=Kenneth|date=1985|jstor = 969660|doi = 10.2307/969660}}</ref>

==Culture==
A herd of 70 [[American bison|bison]] can be seen on the reservation along [[U.S. Route 281 in North Dakota|Highway 281]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hatton |first=Faith |title=White buffalo legend comes to life in Turtle Mountains |url=https://www.kfyrtv.com/2021/05/04/white-buffalo-legend-comes-to-life-in-turtle-mountains/ |date=2021-05-04 |access-date=2022-06-25 |work=KFYR-TV |language=en}}</ref> A white buffalo, which has a lot of significance for the Native Americans, was gifted to the tribe in April 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ahne |first=Andi |date=2021-04-17 |title=Local ranch gifts Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa rare white buffalo |url=https://www.kxnet.com/news/top-stories/local-ranch-gifts-turtle-mountain-band-of-chippewa-rare-white-buffalo/ |access-date=2022-06-25 |work=KX NEWS |language=en-US}}</ref> The tribe welcomed the birth of a white buffalo calf in June 2022 as it signified a sign of hope that their prayers were being answered.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Norman |first=Emily |date=June 16, 2022 |title=Turtle Mountain Tribe welcomes rare white buffalo calf |url=https://www.kfyrtv.com/2022/06/16/turtle-mountain-tribe-welcomes-rare-white-buffalo-calf/ |access-date=2022-06-25 |work=KFYR-TV |language=en}}</ref>

==Education==
[[Belcourt School District]] (Turtle Mountain Community School) is the local school district, jointly operated with the [[Bureau of Indian Education]] (BIE).

==Climate==
Climate conditions on the Turtle Mountain Reservation are extreme. Winters are long and cold. Average winter lows at Belcourt during December, January, and February are {{convert|-4|,|-11|, and|-6|F}}. Average high temperatures for the same months are {{convert|16|,|11|, and|17|F}}.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}} Summers are short and warm, with average high temperatures for June, July, and August at Belcourt of {{convert|72|,|78|, and|76|F}}.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}} Average summer low temperatures are relatively cool at Belcourt; the average low temperatures for June, July, and August are {{convert|47|,|52|, and|48|F}}. Average precipitation at Belcourt is near {{convert|18|in|cm}}.

{{Weather box 
|location = Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation ([[Belcourt, North Dakota]]) 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1945–present
|single line = Y
|Jan record high F = 56
|Feb record high F = 54
|Mar record high F = 74
|Apr record high F = 95
|May record high F = 95
|Jun record high F = 105
|Jul record high F = 101
|Aug record high F = 101
|Sep record high F = 97
|Oct record high F = 90
|Nov record high F = 71
|Dec record high F = 53
|year record high F = 105
|Jan high F = 17.9
|Feb high F = 22.1
|Mar high F = 33.8
|Apr high F = 50.4
|May high F = 64.0
|Jun high F = 72.9
|Jul high F = 79.1
|Aug high F = 78.8
|Sep high F = 68.6
|Oct high F = 52.8
|Nov high F = 35.0
|Dec high F = 21.5
|year high F = 49.7
|Jan mean F = 6.4
|Feb mean F = 10.0
|Mar mean F = 22.8
|Apr mean F = 38.4
|May mean F = 51.8
|Jun mean F = 61.6
|Jul mean F = 67.2
|Aug mean F = 65.8
|Sep mean F = 55.6
|Oct mean F = 41.3
|Nov mean F = 25.3
|Dec mean F = 11.9
|year mean F = 38.2
|Jan low F = −5.1
|Feb low F = -2.1
|Mar low F = 11.8
|Apr low F = 26.3
|May low F = 39.5
|Jun low F = 50.3
|Jul low F = 55.4
|Aug low F = 52.8
|Sep low F = 42.6
|Oct low F = 29.8
|Nov low F = 15.5
|Dec low F = 2.4
|year low F = 26.6
|Jan record low F = −44
|Feb record low F = −50
|Mar record low F = −43
|Apr record low F = −22
|May record low F = 3
|Jun record low F = 18
|Jul record low F = 32
|Aug record low F = 27
|Sep record low F = 12
|Oct record low F = −11
|Nov record low F = −37
|Dec record low F = −42
|year record low F = −50
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation inch = 0.42
|Feb precipitation inch = 0.48
|Mar precipitation inch = 0.80
|Apr precipitation inch = 0.92
|May precipitation inch = 2.85
|Jun precipitation inch = 4.04
|Jul precipitation inch = 2.77
|Aug precipitation inch = 2.58
|Sep precipitation inch = 1.74
|Oct precipitation inch = 2.25
|Nov precipitation inch = 0.84
|Dec precipitation inch = 0.45
|year precipitation inch = 20.14
|source 1 = [[NOAA]]<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web
| url = https://www.weather.gov/wrh/Climate?wfo=bis
| title = NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = September 17, 2021}}</ref><ref name=NCEI>
{{cite web
| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USC00320626&format=pdf
| title = Station: Belcourt Keya Radio, ND
| work = U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020)
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = September 17, 2021}}</ref>
}}

==Notable Turtle Mountain Chippewa and reservation residents ==
* [[Thomas Little Shell]], resisted the McCumber agreement and was leader of Plains Ojibwe.<ref name=":2" /> He left his Montana home and moved to the Turtle Mountain Reservation. He died and was buried there in 1901.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}
* [[Kade Ferris]] (1969–2023), Turtle Mountain tribal historic preservation officer
* [[Leonard Peltier]], a leader of the [[American Indian Movement]], grew up on the reservation and returned after his 2025 release from prison<ref name=book71>{{cite book |title= Prison Writings: My Life is My Sundance |last= Peltier |first= Leonard |year= 1999 |publisher= St. Martins Griffin |location=New York |isbn= 0-312-26380-5 |page= [https://archive.org/details/prisonwritings00leon/page/71 71] |url= https://archive.org/details/prisonwritings00leon/page/71 }}</ref><ref> https://idavox.com/index.php/2025/02/19/leonard-peltier-is-free/</ref>
* [[Louise Erdrich]], writer, grew up on Turtle Mountain Reservation, and is an enrolled member of the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}
* [[William Jennings Gardner]], an American football player, coach, and  a law enforcement agent.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}

==References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

*[https://tmchippewa.com/ Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians official site]
*[https://www.census.gov Turtle Mountain Reservation and Off-Reservation Trust Land, Montana/North Dakota/South Dakota] United States Census Bureau
*[http://www.lib.ndsu.nodak.edu/govdocs/text/chippewa.html copies of reservation-pertinent documents]
*[https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo39065 Assessment of Groundwater Quality Data for the Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation, Rolette County, North Dakota, 1970-2012] [[United States Geological Survey]]

{{coord|48|51|00|N|99|47|01|W|scale:250000|display=title}}

{{Indian reservations in Montana}}
{{Indian reservations in North Dakota}}
{{Indian reservations in South Dakota}}
{{Navboxes
| title = Counties
| list =
{{Blaine County, Montana}}
{{Burke County, North Dakota}}
{{Carter County, Montana}}
{{Cavalier County, North Dakota}}
{{Chouteau County, Montana}}
{{Daniels County, Montana}}
{{Divide County, North Dakota}}
{{Fergus County, Montana}}
{{Hill County, Montana}}
{{Liberty County, Montana}}
{{McCone County, Montana}}
{{McHenry County, North Dakota}}
{{McLean County, North Dakota}}
{{Mountrail County, North Dakota}}
{{Perkins County, South Dakota}}
{{Phillips County, Montana}}
{{Richland County, Montana}}
{{Rolette County, North Dakota}}
{{Roosevelt County, Montana}}
{{Sheridan County, Montana}}
{{Valley County, Montana}}
{{Williams County, North Dakota}}
}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:American Indian reservations in Montana]]
[[Category:American Indian reservations in North Dakota]]
[[Category:American Indian reservations in South Dakota]]
[[Category:Anishinaabe reservations and tribal-areas in the United States]]
[[Category:Ojibwe in the United States]]
[[Category:Native American tribes in North Dakota]]
[[Category:Native American tribes in South Dakota]]
[[Category:Native American tribes in Montana]]
[[Category:Geography of Blaine County, Montana]]
[[Category:Geography of Burke County, North Dakota]]
[[Category:Geography of Carter County, Montana]]
[[Category:Geography of Cavalier County, North Dakota]]
[[Category:Geography of Chouteau County, Montana]]
[[Category:Geography of Daniels County, Montana]]
[[Category:Geography of Divide County, North Dakota]]
[[Category:Geography of Fergus County, Montana]]
[[Category:Geography of Hill County, Montana]]
[[Category:Geography of Liberty County, Montana]]
[[Category:Geography of McCone County, Montana]]
[[Category:Geography of McHenry County, North Dakota]]
[[Category:Geography of McLean County, North Dakota]]
[[Category:Geography of Mountrail County, North Dakota]]
[[Category:Geography of Perkins County, South Dakota]]
[[Category:Geography of Phillips County, Montana]]
[[Category:Geography of Richland County, Montana]]
[[Category:Geography of Rolette County, North Dakota]]
[[Category:Geography of Roosevelt County, Montana]]
[[Category:Geography of Sheridan County, Montana]]
[[Category:Geography of Valley County, Montana]]
[[Category:Geography of Williams County, North Dakota]]
[[Category:1882 establishments in Montana Territory]]