View source for Turks in Germany

{{Short description|Ethnic group in Germany}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Turks in Germany<br /><small>''Almanya'daki Türkler''<br />''Deutschtürken''</small>
| image            = Turkish population relative to total Turkish population in Germany 2022.svg
| caption          = 
| pop              = 1.3 million with Turkish citizenship (Statistical Office of the European Union 2023)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.statista.com/chart/29975/number-of-turkish-people-in-european-countries/ | title=Infographic: Europe's Turkish Communities | work=Statista Daily Data | date=11 May 2023 }}</ref>
2,926,000 with a migration background from Turkey (including other ethnic groups from Turkey) (2023 estimation)<ref name=":0" />

7,000,000 ethnic Turks <ref>{{cite web |last1=Panja |first1=Tariq |last2=Smith |first2=Rory |title=For Turkish Germans, Heart Overrules Home at Euro 2024 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/22/world/europe/european-championship-euros-germany-turkey.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240622041805/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/22/world/europe/european-championship-euros-germany-turkey.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2024-06-22 |website=The New York Times |publisher=The New York Times Company |access-date=27 March 2025}}</ref>
| popplace         = {{hlist|[[North Rhine-Westphalia]]|[[Stuttgart]]|[[Munich]]|[[Berlin]]|[[Frankfurt]]|[[Hanover]]|[[Nuremberg]]|[[Hamburg]] |[[Mainz]]|[[Mannheim]]}}
| rels             = Predominantly [[Sunni Islam]]<br />Minority [[Alevism]], [[irreligion]], [[Christianity]]<ref name="Esra_Özyürek">{{cite journal |author=Esra Özyürek|title=Convert Alert: German Muslims and Turkish Christians as Threats to Security in the New Europe|journal=Cambridge University Press|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27563732|access-date=2016-08-22|date=2016-08-06|volume=51|issue=1|pages=91–116|jstor=27563732|author-link=JSTOR}}</ref><ref name="Esra 2005">Özyürek, Esra. 2005. "The Politics of Cultural Unification, Secularism, and the Place of Islam in the New Europe." American Ethnologist 32 (4): 509–12.</ref> and [[Religion in Germany|other religions]]<ref>https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/333563</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01419870.2022.2056419 | doi=10.1080/01419870.2022.2056419 | title=Islam and identity: A study among young German-Turks | date=2023 | last1=Niechziol | first1=Laura | last2=Medeiros | first2=Mike | journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies | volume=46 | pages=48–71 | url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>https://www.uni-muenster.de/imperia/md/content/religion_und_politik/aktuelles/2016/06_2016/study_integration_and_religion_as_seen_by_people_of_turkish_origin_in_germany.pdf</ref>
| langs            = [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[German language|German]]
| footnotes        = 
}}
{{Turkish people}}

'''Turks in Germany''', also referred to as '''German Turks''' and '''Turkish Germans''' ({{langx|de|Türken in Deutschland}} or ''Deutschtürken''; {{langx|tr|Almanya'daki Türkler}}, also known as ''Gurbetçiler'' or ''Almancılar''), are ethnic [[Turkish people]] living in [[Germany]]. These terms are also used to refer to German-born individuals who are of full or partial Turkish ancestry.

However, not all people in Germany who trace their heritage back to Turkey are ethnic Turks. A significant proportion of the population is also of [[Kurdish population|Kurdish]], [[Circassians in Germany|Circassian]], [[Azerbaijanis|Azerbaijani]] descent and to a lesser extent, of [[Christianity in Turkey|Christian descent]], such as [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]], and [[Armenian people|Armenian]]. Also some ethnic [[Turkish minorities|Turkish communities]] in [[Germany]] trace their ancestry to other parts of southeastern Europe or the [[Levant]] (such as [[Balkan Turks]] and [[Turkish Cypriots]]). At present, ethnic Turkish people form the largest [[Ethnic groups in Germany|ethnic minority]] in Germany.<ref>{{Harvnb|Horrocks|Kolinsky|1996|loc=17}}.</ref> They also form the largest [[Turkish population]] in the [[Turkish diaspora]].<ref><nowiki>https://feps-europe.eu/wp-content/uploads/downloads/publications/turkishdiaspora-report-final.pdf</nowiki></ref>

Most people of Turkish descent in Germany trace their ancestry to the ''[[Gastarbeiter]]'' (guest worker) programs in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1961, in the midst of an [[Wirtschaftswunder|economic boom]] that resulted in a significant labor shortage, Germany signed a bilateral agreement with Turkey to allow German companies to recruit Turkish workers. The agreement was in place for 12 years, during which around 650,000 workers came from Turkey to Germany. Many also brought their spouses and children with them.

Turks who immigrated to Germany brought cultural elements with them, including the [[Turkish language]] and [[Turkish cuisine|Turkish food]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Annan |first=Michael |date=2024-06-28 |title=The Impact of Turkish Immigrants on German Society and Sports |url=https://medium.com/@annanmichael3/the-impact-of-turkish-immigrants-on-german-society-and-sports-c994bba02d1e |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
===Turkish migration from the Seljuk Empire and the Rum Seljuk Sultanate===
During a series of invading [[Crusades]] by European-Christian armies into lands ruled by Turkic rulers in the [[Middle East]], namely under the [[Seljuk Turks]] in the [[Seljuk Empire]] and the [[Sultanate of Rum|Rum Seljuk Sultanate]] (but also the [[Bahri dynasty|Bahri Mamluk Sultanate]]), many crusaders brought back Turkish male and female prisoners of war to Europe; women were generally baptised and then married whilst "every returning baron and count had [male] prisoners of war in his entourage."<ref name=Engelmann1991>{{citation|last=Engelmann|first=Bernt|year=1991|title=Du deutsch?: Geschichte der Ausländer in Deutschland|page=59|author-link=:de:Bernt Engelmann|quote=...die er taufen ließ und zur Ehefrau nahm , und fast jeder der heimkehrenden Barone und Grafen hatte Kriegsgefangene in seinem Gefolge...Der deutsche Dichterfürst mit orientalischen Vorfahren stellt indessen keineswegs eine seltene Ausnahme dar.|publisher=Steidl|isbn=9783882431858}}</ref> Some of the {{Lang|de|Beutetürken}} ('booty Turks') taken to Germany during the Crusades also included children and young adults.<ref name=Acevit2020>{{citation|last=Acevit|first=Ayşegül|year=2020|title=Beutetürken – Die muslimischen Vorfahren der Deutschen|url=https://www1.wdr.de/radio/wdr5/sendungen/lebenszeichen/beutetuerken-102.pdf|pages=8–9|publisher=[[Westdeutscher Rundfunk]]|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref>

The earliest ''documented'' Turk in Germany is believed to be {{Interlanguage link|Sadok Seli Soltan|de|Sadok Seli Soltan}} (Mehmet Sadık Selim Sultan) (ca.1270-1328) from the [[Anatolia]]n Seljuk lands.<ref name=Hauser2016>{{citation|last=Hauser|first=Françoise|year=2016|title=111 Orte im Heilbronner Land, die man gesehen haben muss: Reiseführer|quote=Die Herren von Magenheim (nach anderen Quellen war es Reinhard von Württemberg) beispielsweise verschleppten einen türkischen Kriegsgefangenen und nahmen ihn mit auf ihre Burg in Cleebronn: Sadok Seli Soltan sollte der erste Deutsch-Türke werden. Um die 30 Jahre alt dürfte er gewesen sein, als er sich zwangsweise in Deutschland niederließ.|publisher=Emons Verlag|isbn=9783960410522}}</ref><ref name=Kandil2016>{{citation|year=2016|title=Goethe, der Beutetürke?|url=https://www.kandil.de/arabesken/goethe-der-beutetuerke|quote=Und doch gibt es unter Goethes Vorfahren mütterlicherseits einen Ahnen türkisch-osmanischer, muslimischer Herkunft: Johann Soldan hieß vor seiner christlichen Taufe, die im Jahr 1305 in Brackenheim (Landkreis Heilbronn, Baden-Württemberg) vorgenommen wurde, auf Türkisch vermutlich Mehmet Sadık Selim Sultan. Überliefert in deutschen Quellen ist der Name als "Sadok Seli Soltan". Johann Soldan jedenfalls starb 1328 und gilt als der erste urkundlich erfasste Deutsche türkischer Herkunft.|publisher=Kandil|access-date=26 March 2021}}</ref> According to {{Lang|de|Streiders Hessisches Gelehrtenlexikon}}, Soltan was a Turkish officer who was captured by Count von Lechtomir (Reinhart von Württemberg) during his return to Germany from the [[Holy Land]] in 1291. By 1304 Soltan married Rebekka Dohlerin; he was baptised the following year as "Johann Soldan", but "out of special love to him", the Count "gave him a Turkish nobility coat of arms".<ref name=Engelmann1991/> Soldan and his wife had at least three sons, including Eberhardus, Christanianus and Melchior.<ref name=Engelmann1991/> Another source specifies that Soltan came with Count Reinhart von Württemberg to the residential town of [[Brackenheim]] in 1304 and was then baptised in 1305 at S. Johannis Church as "Johannes Soldan".<ref name=Engelmann1991/> There is also evidence that Soltan had a total of 12 sons born in 20 years with Anna Delcherin and Rebecca Bergmännin; eight of his sons passed to the [[clergy]] and do not appear in genealogy records due to compulsory celibacy associated with the clergy.<ref name=Mommsen2015>{{citation|last=Mommsen|first=Katharina|year=2015|title=»Oient und Okzident sind nicht mehr zu trennen«: Goethe und die Weltkulturen |trans-title="Garb ve Şark Artık Ayrılmazlar." Goethe ve Dünya Kültürleri |chapter=Goethe'nin Damarlarındaki Türk kanı|pages=297–304|publisher=Ötüken|translator-last=Özkan|translator-first=Senail|author-link=:de:Katharina Mommsen|translator-link=:tr:Senail Özkan|isbn=9786051553115}}</ref>

For example, through his maternal grandmother, the renowned German poet and writer [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] belonged to the descendants of the Soldan family and thus had Turkish ancestry.<ref>{{citation|last=Leiprecht|first=Rudolf|year=2005|title=Schule in der Einwanderungsgesellschaft: ein Handbuch|page=29|quote=Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , einen fremdländischen Vorfahren : Er soll von dem türkischen Offizier Sadok Seli Zoltan abstammen , den Graf Reinhart von Württemberg im Jahre 1291 von einem der Kreuzzüge aus dem Heiligen Land mit nach Süddeutschland gebracht hatte|publisher=[[:de:Wochenschau Verlag|Wochenschau Verlag]]|author-link=:de:Rudolf Leiprecht|isbn=9783879202744}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Meier-Braun|first=Karl-Heinz|year=2017|title=Die 101 wichtigsten Fragen: Einwanderung und Asyl|quote=Dass Johann Wolfgang von Goethe türkische Vorfahren hatte, war bekannt. Dass diese Wurzeln jedoch nach Baden-Württemberg zurückreichen, weniger. Das hat jedenfalls der Brackenheimer Dekan Werner-Ulrich Deetjen herausgefunden Laut dem promovierten Kirchenhistoriker gehen Goethes Vorfahren auf Sadok Selim zurück, der gegen Ende des 13. Jahrhunderts bei Kämpfen mit Kreuzfahrern im Heiligen Land in die Gefangenschaft des Deutschritterordens geriet.|author-link=:de:Karl-Heinz Meier-Braun|publisher=[[C.H. Beck]]|isbn=9783406710889}}</ref><ref name=Maier2002>{{citation|last=Maier|first=Ulrich|year=2002|title=Fremd bin ich eingezogen: Zuwanderung und Auswanderung in Baden-Württemberg|quote=Gedachter Johann Soldan heiratete Rebekka Dohlerin... Kein Geringerer als Johann Wolfgang von Goethe zählt diesen ehemaligen türkischen Beamten und Offizier zu seinen Vorfahren |page=27|author-link=:de:Ulrich Maier (Schriftsteller)|publisher=[[:de:Bleicher Verlag|Bleicher Verlag]]}}</ref><ref name=Engelmann1991/> [[:de:Bernt Engelmann|Bernt Engelmann]] has said that "the German poet prince [i.e. Goethe] with oriental ancestors is by no means a rare exception."<ref name=Engelmann1991/> Indeed, other descendants of the first recorded Turk in Germany include the lawyer {{Interlanguage link|Hans Soldan|de|Hans Soldan}};<ref>{{citation|year=2009|title=Hans Soldan, ein engagierter Rechtsanwalt|url=http://www.soldan.de/hans_soldan/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524225524/http://www.soldan.de/hans_soldan/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-05-24|quote=Die Ursprünge der Familie Soldan reichen bis ins frühe 14. Jahrhundert zurück. Stammvater soll der türkische Offizier Sadok Seli Soltan gewesen sein, der während eines Kreuzzugs vom Grafen von Lechtimor gefangen genommen wurde, der ihn wegen seiner Tapferkeit und besonderen Größe zu einem seiner Obersten ernannte.|publisher=Soldan|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref> the city architects and wine masters [[Heinrich Soldan]] and his son [[Johann Soldan]] who both served as Mayor of [[Frankenberg, Hesse|Frankenberg]];<ref name=Mommsen2015/><ref>{{citation|last=Maria Dusl|first=Andrea|year=2014|title=Die Leiden des jungen Erdem. War Goethe Türke?|url=https://www.falter.at/zeitung/20140409/die-leiden-des-jungen-erdem-war-goethe-tuerke/1516200099|publisher=[[Falter]]|author-link=:de:Andrea Maria Dusl|quote=Nach Ansicht der Erforscher des Stammbaums vom Herrn Geheimrat hatte dieser zumindest einen türkischen Vorfahren. Über seine Urgroßmutter mütterlicherseits, Elisabeth Katharina Seip (1680-1759), stammt Jowo Goethe von einem gewissen Heinrich Soldan ab, Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts Bürgermeister des hessischen Städtchens Frankenberg. Die (noch heute blühende) Familie Soldan sieht als ihren Stammvater Johann Soldan an, Oberst in Diensten des Grafen von Württemberg. Das türkische daran? Johann Soldan (1270-1328) gilt als der erste urkundlich nachweisbare Türke in Deuschland. Mehmet Sadık Selim Sultan (auch: Sadok Seli Soltan) war türkischer Offizier.|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref> the sculptor and artist {{Interlanguage link|Philipp Soldan|de|Philipp Soldan}};<ref>{{citation|last=Sommer|first=Robert|year=1907|title=Familienforschung und Vererbungslehre|page=147|publisher=Barth}}</ref> and the pharmacist Carl Soldan who founded the confectionery company "{{Interlanguage link|Dr. C. Soldan|de|=Dr. C. Soldan}}".<ref>{{citation|last=Çelik|first=Latif |year=2008|title=Türkische Spuren in Deutschland / Almanyaʼda Türk Izleri|page=202|publisher=Logophon Verlag GmbH|isbn=9783936172089}}</ref> Carl Soldan's grandson, Pery Soldan, has said that the family continue to use the crescent and star on their coat of arms.<ref>{{citation|year=2016|title=Selçuklular ve Haçlılar Sempozyumu Başladı|url=https://www.konya.bel.tr/haberayrinti.php?haberID=4901|publisher=Konya Büyükşehir Belediyesi|access-date=18 April 2021}}</ref><ref name=Acevit2020/> According to Latif Çelik, as of 2008, the Soldan family numbered 2,500 and are also found in Austria, Finland, France and Switzerland.<ref>{{Harvnb|Çelik|2008|loc=207}}.</ref>

=== Turkish migration from the Ottoman Empire ===
{{see also|List of Turkish Germans#"Booty Turks" (Beutetürken) and descendants}}
[[File:2014-06-11 KunstFestSpiele Herrenhausen, Besuch vom Freundeskreis Hannover, (128) Ludwig Maximilian Mehmet von Königstreu, Sir Godfrey Kneller.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Once the Ottoman army retreated from their unsuccessful campaign at the [[Battle of Vienna]] in 1683, at least 500 Turkish prisoners were forcibly settled in Germany.<ref name=Wilson2016/> Captured several years later, in 1685, {{Interlanguage link|Ludwig Maximilian Mehmet von Königstreu|de|3=Ludwig Maximilian Mehmet von Königstreu}} (pictured) is one of the most notable ''[[:de:Beutetürken|Beutetürken]]'' ("booty Turks") who later entered the court of the [[Elector of Hanover]] and converted to Christianity.<ref>{{citation|last=Hannken |first=Helga|year=2021|title=Frauen sind wichtig – Frauen sind nichtig!: Durch Eheschließungen von Angehörigen deutscher Fürstenhäuser zur Macht und Regentschaft in Großbritannien. Von den Tudors über die Stuarts zu den Hannoveranern|publisher=[[LIT Verlag]]|page=182|quote=Der eine war Mehmed Ludwig Maximilian von Königstreu (um 1660-1726), Sohn eines türkischen Gouverneurs. Er fiel als Kind 1685 im Türkenkrieg in die Hände der hannoverschen Truppen. Am Hof von Ernst August galt er als exotische...|isbn=9783643146243}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Abdullah|first=Muhammad S.|year=1981|title=Geschichte des Islams in Deutschland Volume 5 of Islam und westliche Welt|publisher=Styria|page=182|quote=Es war seinerzeit modisch , junge Türken in Samt und Seide zu kleiden und um sich zu haben . ... Erbprinz Georg Ludwig und sein Bruder Prinz Maximilian brachten demnach zwölf Türkenkinder heim , die am kurfürstlichen Hofe erzogen wurden . ... Da sich dieser Mehmed durch Fleiß und Redlichkeit auszeichnete , wurde er unter dem Namen " Mehmed von Königstreu " vom Kurfürsten in den erblichen ...|isbn=9783222113529}}</ref>]]
[[File:Maria Anna von Spiegel.jpeg|thumb|right|upright|[[Maria Aurora of Spiegel|Fatima Kariman]] was a Turkish captive during the [[Battle of Buda (1686)|Battle of Buda]] (1686). She was captured by [[Hans Adam von Schöning|General Schöning]] and later sent to [[Saxony]] where she became the mistress of [[Augustus II the Strong]].<ref name=Wilson2002/>]]
[[File:LC-DIG-hec-17235.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Born to a Turkish father and a German mother, [[Karl Boy-Ed]] was the naval attaché to the German embassy in Washington during World War I.<ref name=Sulick/><ref name=Goebel/>]]

The [[Turkish people]] had greater contact with the [[List of states in the Holy Roman Empire|German states]] by the sixteenth century when the [[Ottoman Empire]] attempted to expand their territories beyond the north Balkan territories. The Ottoman Turks held two sieges in [[Vienna]]: the first [[Siege of Vienna (1529)|Siege of Vienna]] in 1529 and the [[Second Siege of Vienna]] in 1683. The aftermath of the second siege provided the circumstances for a Turkish community to permanently settle in Germany.<ref name=Ahmed1998>{{citation|last=Ahmed|first=Akbar S.|year=1998|title=Islam Today: A Short Introduction to the Muslim World|publisher=I.B.Tauris|page=176|isbn=978-0857713803}}</ref><ref name=Nielsen2004>{{citation|last=Nielsen|first=Jørgen|year=2004|title= Muslims in Western Europe|publisher= Edinburgh University Press|pages=2–3|isbn= 978-0-7486-1844-6}}</ref>

Many Ottoman soldiers and camp followers who were left behind after the second siege of Vienna became stragglers or prisoners. It is estimated that at least 500 Turkish prisoners were forcibly settled in Germany.<ref name=Wilson2016>{{citation|last=Wilson|first=Peter H.|year=2016|title=Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire|publisher= Harvard University Press|page=151|isbn=978-0674058095}}</ref> Historical records show that some Turks became traders or took up other professions, particularly in southern Germany. Some Turks fared very well in Germany; for example, one Ottoman Turk is recorded to have been raised to the [[House of Hanover|Hanoverian]] nobility.<ref name=Nielsen2004/> Historical records also show that many Ottoman Turks converted to [[Christianity]] and became priests or pastors.<ref name=Nielsen2004/>

[[File:Fryderyk August Rutowski.jpeg|thumb|left|upright|Of Turkish origin through his mother Fatima,<ref name=Killy>{{citation|last1=Killy|first1=Walther|last2=Vierhaus|first2=Rudolf|year=2011|chapter=Rutowsky |title=Dictionary of German Biography|publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]]|volume=8|page=509|quote=As the illegitimate son of King Augustus II of Poland and Elector of Saxony (Frederick Augustus I) and a Turkish woman who later became Frau von Spiegel R. was educated at Parisian and Sardinian courts.|isbn=978-3110966305}}</ref> [[Frederick Augustus Rutowsky]] became the commander of the Saxon army during the [[Siege of Pirna]].<ref name=Wilson2002/>]]
The aftermath of the second siege of Vienna led to a series of wars between the Ottoman Empire and the [[Holy League (1684)|Holy League]], known as the "[[Great Turkish War]]", or the "War of the Holy League", which led to a series of Ottoman defeats. Consequently, more Turks were taken by the Europeans as prisoners. The Turkish captives taken to Germany were not solely made up of men. For example, General [[Hans Adam von Schöning|Schöning]] took "two of the most beautiful women in the world" in [[Buda]] who later converted to Christianity.<ref name=Wilson2002>{{citation|last=Wilson|first=Peter|year=2002 |title=German Armies: War and German Society, 1648-1806|publisher=Routledge |page=86|isbn=978-1135370534}}</ref> Another Turkish captive named Fatima became the mistress of [[Augustus II the Strong]], [[Elector of Saxony]] of the Albertine line of the [[House of Wettin]]. Fatima and Augustus had two children: their son, [[Frederick Augustus Rutowsky]], became the commander of the [[Royal Saxon Army|Saxon army]] in 1754-63<ref name=Wilson2002/> whilst their daughter, [[Maria Anna Katharina Rutowska]], married into Polish nobility. Records show that at this point it was not uncommon for Turks in Germany to convert to Christianity. For example, records show that 28 Turks converted to Christianity and were settled in [[Württemberg]].<ref name=Wilson2002/>

With the establishment of the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] in 1701, Turkish people continued to enter the German lands as soldiers employed by the Prussian kings.<ref name=Ahmed1998/> Historical records show that this was particularly evident with the expansion of [[Prussia]] in the mid-18th century. For example, in 1731, the [[Duke of Kurland]] presented twenty Turkish guardsmen to King [[Frederick William I of Prussia|Frederick William I]], and at one time, about 1,000 Muslim soldiers are said to have served in the [[Prussian Army|Prussian cavalry]].<ref name=Nielsen2004/> The Prussian king's fascination with the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] was reflected in their consideration for the religious concerns of their Muslim troops. By 1740 [[Frederick the Great]] stated that:

[[File:Dresden Yenidze2.jpg|thumb|The mosque-style [[Yenidze]] tobacco factory in [[Dresden]] is a symbolic reminder of the trading relations between the Ottomans and the Prussians. It was named after the importing tobacco region of [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[Genisea|Yenidze]].<ref name=Hohmuth2003/>|left]]
[[File:Berlin IslamischerFriedhof 05.jpg|thumb|left|Berlin's Turkish cemetery alongside the [[Şehitlik Mosque]], a classic [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] style [[mosque]].]]
{{Blockquote|"All religions are just as good as each other, as long as the people who practice them are honest, and even if Turks and heathens came and wanted to populate this country, then we would build mosques and temples for them."<ref>Otto Bardon (ed.), ''Friedrich der Grosse'' (Darmstadt, 1982) p. 542. Blanning, "Frederick The Great" in Scott (ed.) ''Enlightment Absolutism'' pp. 265-288. Christopher Clark, ''The Iron Kingdom'' (London 2006), p. 252-3.</ref>}}
By 1763, an Ottoman legation existed at the Prussian court in [[Berlin]]. Its third envoy, [[Ali Aziz Efendi]], died in 1798 which led to the establishment of the first Muslim cemetery in Germany.<ref>{{citation|last=Rosenow-Williams|first=Kerstin|year=2012|title=Organizing Muslims and Integrating Islam in Germany: New Developments in the 21st Century|publisher=BRILL|page=13|isbn=978-9004230552}}</ref> However, several decades later, there was a need for another cemetery, as well as a mosque, and the Ottoman sultan [[Abdulaziz]] was given permission to patronize a mosque in [[Berlin]] in 1866.<ref name=Ahmed1998/><ref name=Nielsen2004/>

Once trading treaties were established between the Ottomans and the Prussians in the nineteenth century, Turks and Germans were encouraged to cross over to each other's lands for trade.<ref>{{Harvnb|Esposito|Burgat|2003|loc=232}}.</ref> Consequently, the Turkish community in Germany, and particularly in [[Berlin]], grew significantly (as did a German community in [[Istanbul]]) in the years before the [[First World War]].<ref name=Nielsen2004/> These contacts influenced the building of various Turkish-style structures in Germany, such as the [[Yenidze]] cigarette factory in [[Dresden]]<ref name=Hohmuth2003>{{citation|last=Hohmuth|first=Jürgen|year=2003|title= Dresden Heute|publisher= Prestel|pages=64|isbn=978-3791328607}}</ref> and the [[:de:Dampfmaschinenhaus für Sanssouci|Dampfmaschinenhaus für Sanssouci]] pumping-station in [[Potsdam]].

During this time, there were also marriages between Germans and Turks. For example, [[Karl Boy-Ed]], who was the naval attaché to the German embassy in Washington during [[World War I]], was born into a German-Turkish family.<ref name=Sulick>{{citation|last=Sulick|first=Michael J.|year=2014|title=Spying in America: Espionage from the Revolutionary War to the Dawn of the Cold War|publisher=[[Georgetown University Press]]|quote= Karl Boy-Ed was half German and half Turkish and was an experienced naval attaché, if not a professional intelligence officer.|isbn=9781626160668}}</ref><ref name=Goebel>{{citation|last=Goebel|first=Ulrike|year=2000|title=German Propaganda in the United States, 1914-1917 -- a Failure?|publisher=[[University of Wisconsin-Madison]]|page=16|quote=Karl Boy-Ed, son of a Turkish father and a German mother, had received a special executive training and had served as naval attaché in several parts of the world.}}</ref>

== Turkish migration from the Republic of Turkey ==
[[File:Schankwirtschaft Barfuß, Blick in die von Hans-Jürgen Breuste gestaltete Gaststätte in Hannover, Holzmarkt 2, hier mit den Kellnerinnen Ilkay Yildirim und Nurcan Bölük.jpg|thumb|right|Turkish employees in the ''Barfuß Bar'' in [[Hannover]].]]

===Heuss-Turks===

The Heuss Turks were the name given to around 150 young Turkish citizens who came to Germany in 1958. They followed an invitation that the then Federal President [[Theodor Heuss]] had extended to Turkish vocational school graduates during a visit to Turkey in Ankara in 1957. The exchange, which was intended as a vocational training measure and began for some of the group as apprentices at the [[Cologne Body & Assembly|Ford plant in Cologne]], became the starting point for their immigration to the Federal Republic for some. A number worked at [[Ford of Europe|Ford]] until they retired in the late 1980s/early 1990s. It was the first large group of Turkish workers to come to Germany together, even before the start of actual Turkish immigration with the recruitment agreement between the Federal Republic of Germany and Turkey in 1961. According to DOMiD reports, they were given a warm welcome in Germany and were extremely popular with their work colleagues.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://virtuelles-migrationsmuseum.org/en/Glossar/heuss-turks/ | title=Heuss-Turks }}</ref>

===Turkish Student Federation in Germany===

The Turkish Student Federation in Germany (ATÖF; Turkish: Almanya Türk Öğrenci Federasyonu) is a nationwide interest group for Turkish students in Germany founded in 1962, which was dissolved in 1977. The first regional German-Turkish student association after the Second World War was founded in Munich in 1954. In the following years, others were founded, including in Berlin and Karlsruhe in 1957. The ATÖF was founded in 1962 as a merger of nine such student associations. Its founding location was again Munich. In 1977, the ATÖF was dissolved due to internal problems.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26331144 | jstor=26331144 | title=The Turkish Minority in German Politics: Trends, Diversification of Representation, and Policy Implications | last1=Aktürk | first1=Şener | journal=Insight Turkey | date=2010 | volume=12 | issue=1 | pages=65–80 }}</ref>
	
In the 1950s, [[West Germany]] experienced an economic boom (''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]'', or 'economic miracle'), exacerbated by the construction of the [[Berlin Wall]] in 1961 that prevented migration from [[East Germany]]. In response, the West German government signed a labour recruitment agreement with Turkey on 30 October 1961 and officially invited Turkish workers to emigrate to the country, initially on visas limited to two years, although this was quickly lifted following complaints by German employers.<ref>{{Harvnb|Nathans|2004|loc=242}}.</ref>

Most Turkish immigrants intended to live there temporarily and then return to Turkey so that they could build a new life with the money they had earned. Indeed, return-migration increased during the [[recession]] of 1966–1967 and the [[1973 oil crisis]]. Under [[Helmut Kohl]], the government also attempted to encourage immigrants to return to their countries of origin with financial incentives, although this was largely unsuccessful.<ref>{{Harvnb|Barbieri|1998|loc=29}}.</ref> Overall, the proportion of Turkish immigrants who returned to Turkey remained relatively small.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lucassen|2005|loc=148-149}}.</ref> This was partly due to the [[family reunification]] rights that were introduced in 1974 which allowed Turkish workers to bring their families to Germany.<ref>{{Harvnb|Findley|2005|loc=220}}.</ref> Consequently, between 1974 and 1988 the number of Turks in Germany nearly doubled, acquiring a balanced [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]] and a much younger age profile than the German population.<ref>{{Harvnb|Horrocks|Kolinsky|1996|loc=89}}.</ref> Once the recruitment of foreigner workers was reintroduced after the recession of 1967, the BfA ({{Lang|de|Bundesversicherungsanstalt für Angestellte}}) granted most work visas to women. This was in part because labour shortages continued in low paying, low-status service jobs such as electronics, textiles, and garment work; and in part to further the goal of family reunification.<ref>{{Harvnb|Moch|2003|loc=187}}.</ref>

The [[fall of the Berlin Wall]] in 1989, and [[German reunification|the reunification of East and West Germany]], was followed by intense public debate around national identity and citizenship, including the place of Germany's Turkish minority in the future of a united Germany. These debates about citizenship were accompanied by expressions of [[xenophobia]] and ethnic violence that targeted the [[Turkish population]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Legge|2003|loc=30}}.</ref> Anti-immigrant sentiment was especially strong in the four former eastern states of Germany, which underwent profound social and economic transformations during the reunification process. Turkish communities experienced considerable fear for their safety throughout Germany, with some 1,500 reported cases of right wing violence, and 2,200 cases the year after.<ref>{{Harvnb|Mitchell|2000|loc=263}}.</ref> The political rhetoric calling for foreigner-free zones ({{Lang|de|Ausländer-freie Zonen}}) and the rise of [[neo-Nazi]] groups sharpened public awareness of integration issues and generated intensified support among liberal Germans for the competing idea of Germany as a "[[multicultural]]" society. Citizenship by birth was restricted to the children of German citizens until the mid-2000s. However, increasing numbers of second-generation Turkish-Germans have opted for [[German citizenship]] and are becoming more involved in the political process.<ref>{{Harvnb|Inda|Rosaldo|2008|loc=188}}.</ref>

===Turkish migration from the Balkans===

====Bulgaria====
{{See also|Turks in Bulgaria|Bulgarians in Germany}}
[[File:Arif V 216 İzmir galası (cropped) Ozan Güven.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Born in [[Nuremberg]], the actor [[Ozan Güven]] is the son of Bulgarian migrants of ethnic Turkish origin.<ref>{{citation|year=2008 |title=Oğlum seyredip çok eğlenecek|publisher=[[Radika]] |url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/hayat/oglum-seyredip-cok-eglenecek-910336/|quote=Bizimkiler Bulgaristan göçmeni. Sonra Almanya'ya gitmişler. Ben orada doğmuşum, Nürnberg'de. |access-date=29 March 2021}}</ref>]]
[[File:Osmanodja,Filiz 2016 Dresden b.jpeg|thumb|right|upright|[[Filiz Osmanodja]], who holds the title of [[Woman Grandmaster]] in chess, was born in [[Dresden]] to Turkish parents from Bulgaria.<ref>{{citation|year=2015|title=Die neue Leichtigkeit|url=https://www.saechsische.de/plus/die-neue-leichtigkeit-3249914.html|quote=Bilgin und Filiz Osmanodja, Geschwister-Paar einer bulgarischen Familie mit türkischen Wurzeln, wohnen nun in einer WG in Berlin-Wilmersdorf.|publisher=[[Sächsische Zeitung]]|access-date=29 March 2021}}</ref>]]
Initially, [[Bulgarian Turks|Turkish Bulgarians]] arrived in Germany following the introduction of [[family reunification]] laws in 1974. They were able to take advantage of this law despite the very small number of Bulgarian citizens in Germany because some Turkish workers in Germany who arrived from Turkey were actually part of the Turkish minority who had left Bulgaria during the communist regime in the 1980s and still held [[Bulgarian citizenship]], alongside their [[Turkish citizenship]].<ref>{{citation |last1=Maeva|first1=Mancheva|year=2011|chapter=Practicing Identities Across Borders: The Case of Bulgarian Turkish Labor Migrants in Germany|title=Transnational Ties: Cities, Migrations, and Identities|editor-last1=Eade|editor-first1=John|editor-last2=Smith|editor-first2=Michael Peter |publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1412840361|page=168}}</ref>

The migration of Turkish Bulgarians to Germany increased further once communism in [[Bulgaria]] ended in 1989. In particular, Turkish Bulgarians who did not join the massive migration wave to Turkey during the so-called "[[Revival Process]]" faced severe economic disadvantages and discrimination resulting from the state policies of [[Bulgarisation]]. Hence, from the early 1990s onwards many Bulgarian Turks sought asylum in Germany.<ref>{{cite web|author=BalkanEthnology|title=BULGARIAN TURKS AND THE EUROPEAN UNION|url=http://www.balkanethnology.org/files/library/Mila/Turks%20and%20EU%20Eng.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725034734/http://www.balkanethnology.org/files/library/Mila/Turks%20and%20EU%20Eng.pdf|archive-date=25 July 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=2009-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last1=Smith |first1=Michael|last2=Eade|first2=John |year=2008|title=Transnational Ties: Cities, Migrations, and Identities|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-0806-4|pages=166–179}}.</ref>

The number of Turkish-speaking Roma people from Bulgaria in Germany has significantly increased since Bulgaria was admitted into the [[European Union]], which has allowed many Bulgarian Turkish Roma to use the [[freedom of movement]] to enter Germany.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thelocal.de/20101014/30499/ | title=Berlin's unwanted Roma | date=14 October 2010 }}</ref> The Bulgarian Turkish Roma have generally been attracted to Germany because they rely on the well-established Turkish-German community for gaining employment.<ref name=Maeva>{{citation |last=Maeva |first=Mila|year=2007|chapter=Modern Migration waves of Bulgarian Turks|title=Dynamics of National Identity and Transnational Identities in the Process of European Integration|editor-last=Marushiakova|editor-first=Elena|publisher=Cambridge Scholar Publishing|isbn=978-1847184719|page=8}}</ref>

Thus, the social network of the first waves of political emigration, as well as the preservation of kinship, has opened an opportunity for many Turkish Bulgarian to continue to migrate to Western Europe,<ref name="Maeva2011">{{citation|last=Maeva|first=Mila|year=2011|chapter=Миграция и мобилност на българските турци – преселници в края на ХХ и началото на ХХІ век|title=Миграции от двете страни на българо-турската граница: наследства, идентичности, интеркултурни взаимодействия.|pages=49–50|publisher=Institute of Ethnology and Folklore Studies with Ethnographic Museum|isbn=978-954-8458-41-2}}</ref> with the majority continuing to settling in Germany. As a result, Turkish Roma from Bulgaria in Germany outnumber the large Turkish Roma Bulgarian diasporas in countries such as the [[Netherlands]],<ref name=Maeva/> where they make up about 80% of Bulgarian citizens.<ref>{{citation|last1=Guentcheva|first1=Rossitza |last2=Kabakchieva|first2=Petya |last3=Kolarski|first3=Plamen|date=September 2003|title=Migrant Trends in Selected Applicant Countries, VOLUME I – Bulgaria: The social impact of seasonal migration|url=http://www.pedz.uni-mannheim.de/daten/edz-k/gde/04/IOM_I_BG.pdf |place=Vienna, Austria|publisher=International Organization for Migration|page=44|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930074520/http://www.pedz.uni-mannheim.de/daten/edz-k/gde/04/IOM_I_BG.pdf|archive-date=2018-09-30}}</ref>

====Greece====
[[File:2016-10-22 Cemile Giousouf 1123.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Born in [[Leverkusen]], [[Cemile Giousouf]] is the daughter of ethnic Turkish migrants from Greece. Giousouf was the first German of [[Turks of Western Thrace|Turkish Western Thracian]] origin to become a member of the German parliament. She was also the [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]]'s first ever elected Muslim MP in the [[Bundestag]].<ref name="Deutschland2014">{{citation |date=2014|title=Viele Debüts im Bundestag: Im neu gewählten Deutschen Bundestag sind elf türkischstämmige Abgeordnete vertreten.|url=https://www.deutschland.de/es/node/1721 |quote=Giousouf ist die erste muslimische Abgeordnete der CDU im Bundestag; ihre Eltern gehören der türkischen Minderheit in der griechischen Region Thrakien an.|publisher=Deutschland.de|access-date=2 April 2021}}</ref>]]
{{See also|Turks in Greece|Greeks in Germany|}}

From the 1950s onward, the [[Turks in Greece|Turkish minority]] of [[Greece]], particularly the [[Turks of Western Thrace]], began to immigrate to [[Germany]] alongside other Greek citizens.<ref>{{Harvnb|Westerlund|Svanberg|1999|loc=320-321}}.</ref> Whilst many Western Thrace Turks had intended to return to Greece after working for a number of years, a new Greek law was introduced which effectively forced the minority to remain in Germany. Article 19 of the [[Greek nationality law|Greek Nationality Law]] gave the government the power to strip "non-ethnic" Greek citizens of their citizenship upon leaving the country without the possibility of an appeal. This law continued to affect Western Thrace Turks studying in Germany in the late 1980s, even those who had intended to return to Greece. It was not repealed until 1998.<ref name=HRW>{{citation |last=Whitman|first=Lois|year=1990|title=Destroying Ethnic Identity: The Turks of Greece|publisher=Human Rights Watch|isbn=978-0929692708|pages=11–12}}</ref>

Despite risking the loss of their Greek citizenship, Western Thrace Turks continued to emigrate to Germany in large numbers. Firstly, in the 1960s and 1970s many came to Germany because the Thracian tobacco industry was affected by a severe crisis and many tobacco growers lost their income. Between 1970 and 2010, approximately 40,000 Western Thrace Turks emigrated to Western Europe, most of whom settled in Germany.<ref name="Arif">{{citation |last=Arif|first=Nazmi|year=2018|title=Yunanistan'da, Batı Trakya Türklerinin dış ülkelere göçü endişe ve kaygı verici boyutlara ulaştı.|url=https://www.trtturk.com.tr/haber/ozel-haber/_331|publisher=[[Turkish Radio and Television Corporation|TRT]]|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214150246/https://www.trtturk.com.tr/haber/ozel-haber/_331|archive-date=14 February 2021}}</ref> In addition, between 2010 and 2018, a further 30,000 Western Thrace Turks left for Western Europe due to the [[Greek government-debt crisis]].<ref name="Arif" /> Of these 70,000 immigrants (which excludes the numbers which arrived before 1970),<ref name="Arif" /> around 80% live in Germany.<ref>{{citation |last=Şentürk|first=Cem|year=2008|title=Batı Trakya Türklerin Avrupa'ya Göçleri |journal=Uluslararası Sosyal Aratırmalar Dergisi|volume=1/2|page=420}}</ref>

In 2013 [[Cemile Giousouf]] became the first Western Thrace Turk to become a member of the German parliament. She was the first [[Muslim]] to be elected for the [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany]].

====North Macedonia====
{{see also|Turks in North Macedonia|Macedonians in Germany}}
There has been migration from the [[Turks in North Macedonia|Turkish Macedonian]] minority group which have come to Germany alongside other citizens of [[North Macedonia]], including [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|ethnic Macedonians]] and [[Albanian Macedonians]].<ref>{{citation|last=Turan|first=Ömer|year=2002|title=Makedonya'da Türk Varlığı Ve Kültürü|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/234752|page=23|journal= Bilig Türk Dünyası Sosyal Bilimler Dergis|volume=3|issue=21–33}}</ref>

In 2021, Furkan Çako, who is a former Macedonian minister and member of the Security Council, urged Turkish Macedonians living in Germany to participate in North Macedonia's 2021 census.<ref name=TT>{{citation|year=2021|title=Kuzey Makedonya'daki Nüfus Sayımına Davet: Sonuçlar, Kuzey Makedonya'nın Kurucu Unsuru Türklerin Tapusudur|url=https://www.tamgaturk.com/haber/kuzey-makedonyadaki-nufus-sayimina-davet-sonuclar-kuzey-makedonyanin-kurucu-unsuru-turklerin-tapusudur-26985.html|quote=Furkan Çako, yurt dışında yaşayan Makedonya Türklerini, ülkedeki nüfus sayımına katılmaya ve kendilerini Türk olarak kaydettirmeye çağırdı. Diplomatımız, Twitter hesabından yaptığı çağrıda şu ifadeleri kullandı: Ülkemizde devam eden #NüfusSayımı2021 sürecine katılmak ve kaydınızı #Türk olarak gerçekleştirmek için yurtdışında yaşayan ve Türkiye, Slovakya, Çek Cumhuriyeti, Almanya, Avusturya, İsviçre, İtalya ve İsveç'te bulunan vatandaşlarımız aşağıdaki bilgilerden yararlanabilirler.|publisher=Tamga Türk|access-date=21 May 2021}}</ref>

====Romania====
{{see also|Turks in Romania|Romanians in Germany}}
Between 2002 and 2011 there was a significant decrease in the population of the [[Turks of Romania|Turkish Romanian]] minority group due to the admission of [[Romania]] into the [[European Union]] and the subsequent relaxation of the travelling and migration regulations. Hence, Turkish Romanians, especially from the [[Dobruja]] region, have joined other Romanian citizens (e.g. ethnic [[Romanians]], [[Tatars of Romania|Tatars]], etc.) in migrating mostly to Germany, Austria, Italy, Spain and the UK.<ref>{{citation|last=Catalina Andreea|first=Mihai|year=2016|title=Cultural resilience or the Interethnic Dobrujan Model as a Black Sea alternative to EuroIslam in the Romanian Turkish-Tatar community|page=150|publisher=University of Bergamo}}</ref>

===Turkish migration from the Levant===
====Cyprus====
[[File:Rüya Taner in 2012.jpg|thumb|right|The renowned pianist [[Rüya Taner]] was born in Schwenningen, Germany, and is of [[Turkish Cypriot]] origin.<ref name="CypNetTaner">{{citation|title=Rüya Taner |publisher=CypNet |url=http://www.cypnet.co.uk/ncyprus/culture/music/artists/ruyataner/index.html|quote=The pianist, who was born in Schwenningen (Germany) in 1971 to Cypriot parents, showed great musical talent at a very young age, and was praised as a child prodigy by many professional musicians.|access-date=29 March 2021}}</ref>]]
[[Turkish Cypriots]] migrants began to leave the island of [[Cyprus]] for Western Europe due to economic and political reasons in the 20th century, especially after the [[Cyprus crisis of 1963–64]] and then the [[1974 Cypriot coup d'état]] carried out by the [[Greek military junta of 1967–1974|Greek military junta]] which was followed by the reactionary [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus|Turkish invasion]] of the island. More recently, with the [[2004 enlargement of the European Union]], Turkish Cypriots who hold [[Cypriot citizenship]] have had the [[Freedom of movement for workers in the European Union|right]] to live and work across the [[European Union]], including in Germany, as [[Citizenship of the European Union|EU citizens]]. As of 2016, there are approximately 2,000 Turkish Cypriots in Germany,<ref name=Vahdettinetal>{{citation |last1=Vahdettin|first1=Levent|last2=Aksoy|first2=Seçil|last3=Öz |first3=Ulaş|last4=Orhan|first4=Kaan |year=2016|title=Three-dimensional cephalometric norms of Turkish Cypriots using CBCT images reconstructed from a volumetric rendering program in vivo|publisher=[[Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey]]|quote=Recent estimates suggest that there are now 500,000 Turkish Cypriots living in Turkey, 300,000 in the United Kingdom, 120,000 in Australia, 5000 in the United States, 2000 in Germany, 1800 in Canada, and 1600 in New Zealand with a smaller community in South Africa.}}</ref> which is the second largest [[Turkish Cypriot diaspora]] in Western Europe (after the [[UK]]).<ref name=Vahdettinetal/>

The [[Northern Cyprus|TRNC]] (unrecognised) provides assistance to its Turkish Cypriots residents living in Germany via the TRNC Berlin Honorary Representative Office; the TRNC Köln Honorary Representative Office; the TRNC Bavarian Honorary Attaché; and the TRNC Bavarian Honorary Representative Office. These [[List of diplomatic missions of Northern Cyprus|Representative Offices and Honorary Representatives]] also promote friendly relations between Northern Cyprus and Germany, as well as economic and cultural relations.<ref>{{citation|title=North Cyprus Missions Abroad|url=http://www.cypnet.co.uk/ncyprus/tourism/embassies.html#de |publisher=CypNet|access-date=10 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=North Cyprus Representatives Offices Abroad|url=https://www.turkishcyprus.com/representative-offices.html|access-date=2021-05-10 |website=turkishcyprus.com}}</ref>

====Lebanon====
{{See also|Turks in Lebanon|Lebanese people in Germany}}
Due to the numerous [[Lebanese Civil War|war]]s in [[Lebanon]] since the 1970s onwards, many [[Turks in Lebanon|Turkish Lebanese people]] have sought [[Safety|refuge]] in [[Turkey]] and [[Europe]], particularly in [[Germany]]. Indeed, many Lebanese Turks were aware of the large Turkish-German population and saw this as an opportunity to find work once settling in Europe. In particular, the largest wave of Turkish Lebanese migration occurred once the [[2006 Lebanon War|Israel-Lebanon war of 2006]] began. During this period more than 20,000 Turks fled Lebanon, particularly from [[Beirut]], and settled in European countries, including Germany.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=142491 |title=Turkish migrants grieve for Beirut from exile|access-date=2009-10-29|newspaper=Today's Zaman|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416171342/http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=142491|archive-date=16 April 2009}}</ref>
[[File:Ingo Hoppe vs Yasemin Mansoor.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Of [[Iraqi Turkmen|Turkish Iraqi]] origin, {{Interlanguage link|Yasemin Mansoor|de|3=Yasemin Mansoor}} was crowned [[Miss Germany]] in 1996.<ref>{{citation|last=Barth|first=Alexander|year=2018|title=Schönheit im Wandel der Zeit (Image 45 of 67)|url=https://www.nrz.de/thema/sommerkroenung/bankrott-der-biedermaenner-id229079529.html|quote=Yasemin Mansoor (Jahrgang 1979) ist Miss Germany 1996. Die damals 16-Jährige brach brach den Rekord als jüngste gewinnerin des schönheitswettbewerbs. Später arbeitete die Tochter irakisch-türkischer Immigranten als Fotomodell und produzierte Popmusik mit der Mädchenband "4 Unique...|publisher=[[:de:Neue Ruhr Zeitung|Neue Ruhr Zeitung]]|access-date=27 March 2021}}</ref>]]

==== Iraq ====
{{See also|Iraqi Turkmens|Iraqis in Germany}}
In 2008 there were 85,000 [[Iraq]]is living in Germany, of which approximately 7,000 were from the [[Iraqi Turkmen|Turkish Iraqi minority group]]; hence, the Iraqi Turks formed around 8.5% of the total number of [[Iraqis in Germany|Iraqi citizens living in Germany]].<ref>{{citation|year=2008|url=http://www.bizturkmeniz.com/tr/index.php?page=article&id=13637&articleFrom=30|title=ITC Berlin Temsilcisi Türkmeneli gazetesine konuştu: Avrupa'da Türkmen lobisi oluşturmayı hedefliyoruzA| work=BizTurkmeniz |publisher=Biz Türkmeniz|access-date=11 November 2020}}</ref> The majority of Iraqi Turks live in [[Munich]].

====Syria====
{{see also|Syrian Turkmen|Syrians in Germany}}
Established in Germany, the {{Lang|tr|Suriye Türkmen Kültür ve Yardımlaşma Derneği – Avrupa}}, or STKYDA, ('Syrian Turkmen Culture and Solidarity Association – Europe') was the first [[Syrian Turkmen]] association to be launched in Europe.<ref>{{citation|url=http://suriyeturkmenleri.com/19-maset&newsID=593~avrupa%E2%80%99da_suriyeli_turkmenler_ilk_dernek_kurdular__suriye_turkmen_kultur_ve_yardimlasma_dernegi-_avrupa_stkyda|title=Avrupa'da Suriyeli Türkmenler İlk Dernek Kurdular Suriye Türkmen kültür ve yardımlaşma Derneği- Avrupa STKYDA|publisher= Suriye Türkmenleri|access-date=10 November 2020}}</ref> It was established in order to help the growing Syrian Turkmen community which arrived in the country since the [[European migrant crisis]] which started in 2014 and saw its peak in 2015. The association includes Syrian Turkmen youth activists originating from all Syrian cities and who are now living across Western European cities.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.suriyeturkmenleri.com/19-maset&newsID=591~suriye_turkmen__kultur_ve_yardimlasma__dernegi-avrupa____|title=SYRISCH TURKMENICHER KULTURVEREIN E.V. EUROPA|publisher= Suriye Türkmenleri|access-date=10 November 2020}}</ref>

===Turkish migration from the modern diaspora===
{{see also|Turkish diaspora}}
In addition to ethnic Turkish people that have migrated to Germany from post-Ottoman modern nation-states, there has also been an increasing migration wave from the modern [[Turkish diaspora]]. For example, members of the [[Turks in the Netherlands|Turkish Dutch]] community have also arrived in Germany as Dutch citizens. According to a study by Petra Wieke de Jong, focusing on second-generation Turkish-Dutch people specifically born between the years 1983 and 1992 only, 805 people from this age group and generation reported Germany as their country of emigration in 2001 to 2017. A further 1,761 people in this group did not report their emigration destination.<ref>{{citation|last=de Jong|first=Petra Wieke|year=2021|title=Patterns and Drivers of Emigration of the Turkish Second Generation in the Netherlands|journal=European Journal of Population|volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=15–36 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|doi=10.1007/s10680-021-09598-w|pmid=35370530 |pmc=8924341 |s2cid=244511118 }}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{See also|Demographics of Germany}}

===Population===
[[File:Götz Aly - Dankesrede beim Geschwister-Scholl-Preis 2018.jpg|thumb|right|The historian [[Götz Aly]] is one of over 100 descendants of an ethnic Turk who was a [[Chamberlain (office)|chamberlain]] at the [[Prussian court]]. Assuming a generation gap of 35 years, the Aly family are now in their sixth, seventh and eighth generations.<ref name=DerTagesspiegel2014>{{citation|year=2014|title=Der Historiker Götz Aly ist Nachfahre des Urtürken|url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/themen/reportage/familien-in-berlin-der-historiker-goetz-aly-ist-nachfahre-des-urtuerken/10310872.html|publisher=[[Der Tagesspiegel]]|quote=Genau 102 Nachkommen des ersten Türken in Berlin – sie nennen ihn den "Urtürken" ... Geht man von einer Generationsspanne von durchschnittlich 35 Jahren aus, dann stammen Götz Aly und die anderen in sechster, siebter und achter Generation vom Urtürken ab.|access-date=26 March 2021}}</ref>]]
[[File:Demo der türkischen Gemeinden in Berlin.jpg|thumb|right|A Turkish demonstration in the capital city of [[Berlin]].]]
[[File:2013 Taksim Gezi Park protests in Cologne-0485.jpg|thumb|right|A Turkish demonstration in [[Cologne]].]]

====German state data and estimates====
The German state does not allow citizens to self-declare their identity; consequently, the statistics published in the official German census does not show data on ethnicity.<ref name=Engstrom2021>{{citation|last=Engstrom|first=Aineias|title=Turkish-German "dream team" behind first COVID-19 vaccine|url=https://psuvanguard.com/turkish-german-dream-team-behind-first-covid-19-vaccine/|journal=[[Portland State Vanguard]]|date=12 January 2021 |publisher=[[Portland State University]]|quote=The German census does not gather data on ethnicity, however according to estimates, somewhere between 4–7 million people with Turkish roots, or 5–9% of the population, live in Germany.|access-date=27 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327134346/https://psuvanguard.com/turkish-german-dream-team-behind-first-covid-19-vaccine/|archive-date=27 March 2021}}</ref> According to the 2023 estimation, roughly 3 million German residents had a "migration background" from Turkey.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bevölkerung in Privathaushalten nach Migrationshintergrund im weiteren Sinn nach ausgewählten Geburtsstaaten |url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Migration-Integration/Tabellen/migrationshintergrund-staatsangehoerigkeit-staaten.html |access-date=30 July 2024 |website=Federal Statistical Office of Germany}}</ref>

====Academic estimates====

Throughout the decades estimates by academics of the Turkish-German population have varied. In 1990, David Scott Bell et al. put it at between 2.5 million and 3 million Turks in Germany.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bell|first1=David Scott|last2=Pisani|first2=Edgard|last3=Gaffney|first3=John|year=1990|title=European Immigration Policy|journal=Contemporary European Affairs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vMdRAQAAIAAJ&q=%22two+and+a+half+to+three+million+Turks+in+Germany%22|volume=3|issue=3|publisher=[[Pergamon Press]]|isbn=9780080413884|page=59|quote=The result is that the two and a half to three million Turks in Germany are not seen as 'immigrants' but as 'guest workers'.}}</ref> A lower 1993 estimate by [[:de:Stephen J. Blank|Stephen J. Blank]] et al. said there were 1.8 million Turks.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Blank|first1=Stephen|last2=Johnsen|first2=William T.|last3=Pelletiere|first3=Stephen C.|year=1993|title=Turkey's Strategic Position at the Crossroads of World Affairs|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1993/ssi_blank-johnsen-pelletiere.pdf|publisher=[[University Press of Hawaii]]|location=Honolulu, Hawaii |isbn=978-0-89875-890-0 |page=9|quote=Fourth, the rise of xenophobic groups in Germany that have focused their sometimes deadly attacks on the 1.8 million ethnic Turks living in Germany has also strained relations.}}</ref> The German Government's Special Commission on Integration {{interlanguage link|Barbara John|de}} estimated{{when|date=May 2022}} that there were ''more than'' 3 million Turks, including third-generation descendants, and that 79,000 new babies were born each year within the community.<ref name=Yinger1994>{{citation |last=[[John Milton Yinger|Yinger, John Milton]]|year=1994|title=Ethnicity: Source of Strength? Source of Conflict?|page=99|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVpBivDW8eYC&pg=PA99|quote=Barbara John, a member of the German Government's Special Commission on Integration has observed that.. more than three million are Turkish guest workers and their descendants, some of them third-generation residents of Germany... Each year, about 20,000 of them are nationalized, but 79,000 babies are born...|publisher=[[State University of New York Press]]|isbn=9780791417973}}</ref> The estimate of three million was also given by other scholars in the mid-1990s.<ref name=Denton1996>{{citation |last=[[Geoffrey R. Denton|Denton, Geoffrey R.]]|year=1996|title=Twenty-first Century Challenges to Europeans: The Modern Horsemen of the Apocalypse|page=18|publisher=[[The Stationery Office]]|isbn=9780117019188|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Us0WAQAAIAAJ&q=%22three+million+Turks+live+in+Germany%22|quote=The law concerning non – Germans was also very liberal until repealed in 1993; three million Turks live in Germany as a consequence of the liberal immigration policy of the 1960s and 1970s.}}</ref><ref name=Marger1997>{{citation |last=Marger|first=Martin|year=1997|title=Race and Ethnic Relations: American and Global Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7j5HAAAAMAAJ&q=%22three+million+Turks%22|quote=Very few of Germany's three million Turks, for example, have been afforded citizenship, even those who are second – or even third-generation German residents.|publisher=Wadsworth Publishing|isbn=9780534505639|page=534}}</ref> A higher estimate of 4 million Turks (including three generations) was reported by [[John Pilger]] in 1993<ref>{{cite book|last=[[John Pilger|Pilger, John]]|year=1993|title=The values of current affairs programmes must be upheld|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vYeAQAAMAAJ&q=%22four+million+Turks+whose+families%22+|volume=6|issue=234|publisher=[[New Statesman|Statesman & Nation Publishing]]|page=10|quote=Western Europe still denies political rights to millions of inhabitants, notably the four million Turks whose families have lived and worked in Germany for three generations, or the three million Arabs in France.}}</ref> and the [[:de:Deutsche Orient-Stiftung|Deutsches Orient-Institut]] in 1994.<ref name=DOI1994>{{citation|year=1994|title=Deutsches Orient-Institut|journal=Orient|volume=35|issue=4|page=526|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2VxtAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Jetzt+sind+es+ihrer+schon+vier+Millionen+T%C3%BCrken.%22|quote=Einst lud man 100000, 200000 Arbeiter nach Deutschland ein. Jetzt sind es ihrer schon vier Millionen Türken.|publisher=Verlag Alfred Röper}}</ref> Moreover, Marilya Veteto-Conrad said that in the German capital there was already "over a million Turks in [[Berlin]] alone" in 1996.<ref name=Veteto-Conrad1996>{{citation |last=Veteto-Conrad|first=Marilya|year=1996|title=Finding a Voice: Identity and the Works of German-language Turkish Writers in the Federal Republic of Germany to 1990|publisher=[[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang Publishing]]|isbn=9780820420059|page=9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMKzAAAAIAAJ&q=%22million+turks+in+berlin%22|quote=One might argue that Greek culture is also very different from German, but there are merely some two to three hundred thousand Greeks in the Federal Republic as opposed to over a million Turks in Berlin alone.}}</ref>

In 2003, Ina Kötter et al. said that there was "''more than'' 4 million people of Turkish origin" in Germany;<ref name="Kötteretal2003">{{citation |last1=Kötter|first1=Ina|last2=Vonthein|first2=Reinhard|last3=Günaydin|first3=Ilhan|last4=Müller|first4=Claudia|last5=Kanz|first5=Lothar|last6=Zierhut |first6=Manfred|last7=Stübiger|first7=Nicole|year=2003|chapter=Behçet's Disease in Patients of German and Turkish Origin- A Comparative Study|title=Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, Volume 528|editor-last=Zouboulis|editor-first=Christos|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-306-47757-7|page=55|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1rAPBwAAQBAJ&q=Today%2C+more+than+4+million+people+of+Turkish+origin+are+living+in+Germany&pg=PA55|quote=Today, more than 4 million people of Turkish origin are living in Germany.}}</ref> this has also been reiterated by other scholars.<ref name=Feltesetal2013>{{citation |last1=Feltes, Thomas|last2=Marquardt|first2=Uwe|last3=Schwarz|first3=Stefan|year=2013|chapter=Policing in Germany: Developments in the Last 20 Years|title=Handbook on Policing in Central and Eastern Europe|editor-last1=Mesko|editor-first1=Gorazd|editor-last2=Fields|editor-first2=Charles B.|editor-last3=Lobnikar|editor-first3=Branko|editor-last4=Sotlar|editor-first4=Andrej|publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]]|isbn=978-1461467205|page=93|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WZ1GAAAAQBAJ&q=Approximately+four+million+people+with+Turkish+roots+are+living+in+Germany+at+this+time&pg=PA93|quote=Approximately four million people with Turkish roots are living in Germany at this time.|author1-link=:de:Thomas Feltes}}</ref><ref name=Temel2013>{{citation |last=Temel|first=Bülent|year=2013|chapter=Candidacy versus Membership: Is Turkey the Greatest Beneficiary of the European Union?|title=The Great Catalyst: European Union Project and Lessons from Greece and Turkey|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0739174494|page=345|quote=Today, there are nearly four million people with Turkish ancestry in Germany, which makes them the largest minority in Germany (5 percent of 82 million people).}}</ref><ref name=WeaverHightower2014>{{citation |last=Weaver-Hightower|first=Rebecca|year=2014|chapter=Introduction|title=Postcolonial Film: History, Empire, Resistance|editor-last1=Weaver-Hightower|editor-first1=Rebecca|editor-last2=Hulme|editor-first2=Peter|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1134747276|page=13|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6KbpAgAAQBAJ&q=By+the+end+of+the+first+decade+of+the+twenty-first+century+there+were+around+four+million+people+of+Turkish+descent+living+in+Germany&pg=PA13|quote=By the end of the first decade of the twenty-first century there were around four million people of Turkish descent living in Germany...}}</ref><ref name=Rizvi2015>{{citation |last=Rizvi|first=Kishwar|year=2015|title=The Transnational Mosque: Architecture and Historical Memory in the Contemporary Middle East|publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]]|isbn=978-1469621173|page=36|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n1m0CAAAQBAJ&q=at+least+4+million+people+of+Turkish+descent+living+in+Germany&pg=PA36|quote=...at least 4 million people of Turkish descent living in Germany.}}</ref><ref name=FernandezKelly2015>{{citation |last=[[Patricia Fernández-Kelly|Fernández-Kelly, Patricia]]|year=2015|chapter=Assimilation through Transnationalism: A Theoretical Synthesis|title=The State and the Grassroots: Immigrant Transnational Organizations in Four Continents|editor-last1=Portes|editor-first1=Alejandro|editor-last2=Fernández-Kelly|editor-first2=Patricia|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1782387350|page=305|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zyjfCQAAQBAJ&q=Nearly+fifty+years+later%2C+close+to+four+million+Turks+and+their+children+continue+to+reside+in+the+margins+of+German+society&pg=PA305|quote=Nearly fifty years later, close to four million Turks and their children continue to reside in the margins of German society}}</ref><ref name=Volkan2014>{{citation |last=[[Vamık Volkan|Volkan, Vamık]]|year=2014|title=Enemies on the Couch: A Psychopolitical Journey Through War and Peace|publisher=[[Pitchstone Publishing]]|isbn=978-1939578112|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-g6eCwAAQBAJ&q=Today%2C+for+example%2C+it+is+estimated+that+more+than+four+million+Turks+and+German+citizens+with+part+of+full+Turkish+ancestry+live+in+Germany+alone&pg=PT406|quote=Today, for example, it is estimated that are more than 4 million Turks and German citizens with part of full Turkish ancestry live in Germany alone.}}</ref><ref name=Taras2015>{{citation |last=[[Raymond Taras|Taras, Raymond]]|year=2015|chapter="Islamophobia never stands still": race, religion, and culture |title=Racialization and Religion: Race, Culture and Difference in the Study of Antisemitism and Islamophobia|editor-last1=Nasar|editor-first1=Meer|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1317432449|page=46|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2nUGCAAAQBAJ&q=about+four+million+Turks+are+thought+to+live+in+Germany.&pg=PA46|quote=...about four million Turks are thought to live in Germany.}}</ref><ref name=AudretschandLehmann2016>{{citation |last1=Audretsch, David B.|author2-link=Erik E. Lehmann|last2=Lehmann, Erik E. |year=2016|title=The Seven Secrets of Germany: Economic Resilience in an Era of Global Turbulence|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0190258696|page=130|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLOlCgAAQBAJ&q=By+2010+the+number+of+Turkish+descent+living+in+Germany+had+increased+to+four+million.&pg=PT132|quote=By 2010 the number of Turkish descent living in Germany had increased to four million.|author1-link=David B. Audretsch}}</ref> However, [[Michael Murphy Andregg]] said that by the 2000s "Germany was home to ''at least'' five million Turks";<ref name=Andregg2014>{{citation |last=[[Michael Murphy Andregg|Andregg, Michael Murphy]]|year=2014|title=Seven Billion and Counting: The Crisis in Global Population Growth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kBGYAgAAQBAJ&dq=By+the+twenty-first+century%2C+Germany+was+home+to+at+least+five+million+Turks&pg=PA44|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|isbn=9781467710565|quote=By the twenty-first century, Germany was home to at least five million Turks}}</ref> various scholars have also given this estimate.<ref>{{citation |last1=Il'in|first1=Mikhail|last2=Kuvaldin|first2=V.B.|year=2004|title=Every Country Needs Its Own Perestroika|journal=Russian Politics & Law|volume=42|issue=1|publisher=[[Routledge]]|doi=10.1080/10611940.2004.11066911|page=10|s2cid=219293972|quote=It's estimated that about five million Turks and a few million Russian-speaking people live in Germany.}}</ref><ref name=Kemppainenetal2008>{{citation |last1=Kemppainen|first1=Raija Pini|last2=Ferrin|first2=Scott Ellis|last3=Hite|first3=Steven J. |last4=Hilton|first4=Sterling C.|year=2008|title=Sociocultural Aspects of Russian-Speaking Parents' Choice of Language of Instruction for Their Children in Estonia|journal=Comparative Education Review|volume=52|issue=1|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|doi=10.1086/524307|page=94|s2cid=73601560|url=https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1208&context=facpub|quote=Despite its 5 million Turks, Germany tends to deny being an immigrant country (Beck 2003).1|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=HanlonandVicino2014>{{citation |last1=Hanlon|first1=Bernadette|last2=Vicino|first2=Thomas J.|year=2014|title=Global Migration: The Basics|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1134696871|page=47|quote=Approximately 1.6 million Turkish immigrants live in Germany, and another 4 million people have at least one parent that was a Turkish immigrant [totalling 5.6 million].}}</ref><ref name=Burnside2015>{{citation |last=Burnside|first=Bruce S.|year=2015|title=When the Girls Still Wore Headscarves: Integration and Belonging in an After-School Center in Berlin|publisher=[[Routledge]]|page=142|journal=Diaspora, Indigenous, and Minority Education|volume=9|issue=2|quote=. The country's largest minority, nearly five million Turks, including the second and third generations...|doi=10.1080/15595692.2015.1013530|s2cid=144982116}}</ref><ref name=Tetzlaff2016>{{citation |last=[[:de:Rainer Tetzlaff|Tetzlaff, Rainer]]|year=2016|title=Der Islam, die Rolle Europas und die Flüchtlingsfrage: Islamische Gesellschaften und der Aufstieg Europas in Geschichte und Gegenwart|publisher=[[:de:Verlag Barbara Budrich|Verlag Barbara Budrich]]|isbn=9783847409304|page=19|quote=...weil sie türkisches Fernsehen konsumieren und in der gewachsenen Community von insgesamt fünf Millionen Türken unter sich bleiben können (Pfeiffer 2012, Buschowsky 2012, Mansour 2015).}}</ref> [[Jytte Klausen]] cited German statistics in 2005 showing 2.4 million Turks, but acknowledged that unlike Catholics, Protestants, and Jews, the Turkish community cannot allocate their ethnic or religious identity in official counts.

===Settlements===
[[File:Turkish population relative to total Turkish population in Germany 2021.svg|thumb|Distribution of Turkish citizens in [[districts of Germany]] in 2021]]
{{see also|List of German locations named after people and places of Turkish origin}}
The Turkish community in Germany is concentrated predominantly in [[Urban area|urban]] centers. The vast majority are found in the former [[West Germany]], particularly in industrial regions such as the states of [[North Rhine-Westphalia]] (where a third of Turkish Germans live),<ref>{{cite news|title=How Recep Tayyip Erdogan seduces Turkish migrants in Europe|url=https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21727921-big-diaspora-complicates-european-relations-turkey-how-recep-tayyip-erdogan-seduces|access-date=2 September 2017|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=31 August 2017}}</ref> and [[Baden-Württemberg]] and the working-class neighbourhoods of cities like [[Turks in Berlin|Berlin]], [[Hamburg]], [[Bremen]], [[Bochum]], [[Bonn]], [[Cologne]], [[Dortmund]], [[Duisburg]], [[Düsseldorf]], [[Essen]], [[Frankfurt]], [[Hanover]], [[Heidelberg]], [[Mannheim]], [[Mainz]], [[Nuremberg]], [[Munich]], [[Stuttgart]], [[Aachen]] and [[Wiesbaden]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Kastoryano|Harshav|2002|loc=71}}.</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Heine|Syed|2005|loc=280}}.</ref> Among the German districts in 2011, [[Duisburg]], [[Gelsenkirchen]], [[Heilbronn]], [[Herne, North Rhine-Westphalia|Herne]] and [[Ludwigshafen]] had the highest shares of migrants from Turkey according to census data.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kartenseite.wordpress.com/2017/03/26/tuerken-in-deutschland-landkreise/ |title=Kartenseite: Türken in Deutschland – Landkreise |publisher=kartenseite.wordpress.com |date=2017-03-26 |access-date=2017-05-27}}</ref>

===Return migration===
In regards to return-migration, many Turkish nationals and Turkish Germans have also migrated from [[Germany]] to [[Turkey]], for retirement or professional reasons. Official German records show that there are 2.8 million "returnees"; however, the German Embassy in [[Ankara]] estimates the true number to be four million, acknowledging the differences in German official data and the realities of the under-reporting by migrants.<ref name=Pusch2016>{{citation |last1=Pusch|first1=Barbara|year=2016|chapter=Legal membership on the Turkish side of the transnational German-Turkish space|title=Turkish Migration Policy|editor-last1=Sirkeci|editor-first1=Ibrahim|editor-last2=Pusch|editor-first2=Barbara|publisher=Transnational Press|isbn=978-1910781173|pages=207–208|quote=...the German Embassy's estimation of around 4 million to be more realistic than the official number of approximately 2.8 million returnees.}}</ref>

==Integration==
{{See also|Parallel society}}
[[File:2012-12-29 AMA fec (6a) türkische botschaft.JPG|thumb|right|Turkish Embassy in Berlin, Germany]]
Turkish immigrants make up Germany's largest immigrant group and have been ranked last in Berlin Institute's integration ranking.<ref name=spiegel1>{{cite news|title=Immigration: Survey Shows Alarming Lack of Integration in Germany|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/immigration-survey-shows-alarming-lack-of-integration-in-germany-a-603588.html|access-date=18 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=thelocal1>{{cite news|title=A Study says Turks are Germany's worst integrated immigrants|url=http://www.thelocal.de/20090125/16987|access-date=18 May 2016}}</ref>

During a speech in [[Düsseldorf]] in 2011, Turkish Prime Minister [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] urged Turks in Germany to [[Social integration|integrate]], but not [[Cultural assimilation|assimilate]], a statement that caused a political outcry in Germany.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,748070,00.html|title=Erdogan Urges Turks Not to Assimilate: 'You Are Part of Germany, But Also Part of Our Great Turkey' – SPIEGEL ONLINE|date=2011-02-28|publisher=Spiegel.de|access-date=2012-05-09|newspaper=Spiegel Online|last1=Gezer|first1=Özlem|last2=Reimann|first2=Anna}}</ref>

The Turks in Turkey (especially more progressive-leaning, and those from large cities like [[Istanbul]]) can occasionally have somewhat negative views of the Turks in Germany, specifically (descendants of) the first Turkish ''Gastarbeiters,'' for their generally more conservative/Islamist political views, sometimes they are called ''almancı'' (literal translation "german-er", Almanya meaning "Germany" in Turkish). They are sometimes regarded as "having insufficiently assimilated by the Germans, yet having excessively assimilated by the Turks in the homeland".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kahn |first=Michelle Lynn |date=Spring 2020 |title=Between Ausländer and Almancı: The Transnational History of Turkish-German Migration |url=https://scholarship.richmond.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1148&context=history-faculty-publications}}</ref>

===Citizenship===
For decades Turkish citizens in Germany were unable to become [[German nationality law|German citizens]] because of the traditional German construct of "nationhood". The legal notion of citizenship was based on "blood ties" of a German parent (''[[jus sanguinis]]'') – as opposed to citizenship based on country of birth and residence (''[[jus soli]]''). This adhered to the political notion that Germany was not a country of immigration.<ref>{{Harvnb|Stowasser|2002|loc=53}}.</ref> For this reason, only those who were of partial Turkish origin (and had one parent who was ''ethnically'' [[German people|German]]) could obtain German citizenship.

In 1990 Germany's citizenship law was somewhat relaxed with the introduction of the Foreigner's Law; this gave Turkish workers the right to apply for a permanent residency permit after eight years of living in the country.<ref>{{Harvnb|Stowasser|2002|loc=62}}.</ref> People of Turkish origin born in Germany, who were also legally "foreign", were given the right to acquire German citizenship at the age of eighteen, provided that they gave up their Turkish citizenship. There was no right to [[dual citizenship]] out of fears it would increase the Turkish population in the country. Chancellor [[Helmut Kohl]] officially gave this as the main reason for denying dual citizenship in 1997:

{{pullquote|If today [1997] we give in to demands for dual citizenship, we would soon have four, five, or six million Turks in Germany, instead of three million – Chancellor [[Helmut Kohl]], in 1997.<ref name=Martin2004>{{citation |last=Martin|first=Philip L.|year=2004|chapter=Germany: Managing Migration in the Twenty-First Century|title=Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective|editor-last1=Cornelius|editor-first1=Wayne A.|page=246|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=teZTyiqJIdMC&q=If+we+today+give+in+to+demands+for+dual+citizenship%2C+we+would+soon+have+four%2C+five%2C+or+six+million+Turks+in+Germany+instead+of+three+million&pg=PA112|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0804744904|quote=Chancellor Helmut Kohl warned [in 1997]: 'If we today give in to demands for dual citizenship, we would soon have four, five, or six million Turks in Germany instead of three million'.}}</ref>}}

However, in 1999 the centre-left government of [[Gerhard Schröder]] further liberalised Germany's citizenship laws. Non-citizens became eligible for [[naturalization]] after eight years of legal residence in the country, and children born in Germany to foreign parents automatically became citizens if at least one had been a permanent resident for at least eight years. Such children also gained a right to dual citizenship until the age of 23, at which point they had to choose between their German citizenship or the citizenship of their parent's country of birth.<ref>{{Harvnb|Stowasser|2002|loc=66}}.</ref> Former Turkish citizens who have given up their citizenship can apply for the 'Blue Card' ({{Lang|tr|Mavi Kart}}), which gives them some rights in Turkey, such as the right to live and work in Turkey, the right to possess and inherit land or the right to inherit, but not the right to vote.

In 2000, the year following the citizenship reform, a then-record 187,000 people were naturalised in Germany,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Integration |first=Mediendienst |title=Staatsbürgerschaft {{!}} Migration {{!}} Zahlen und Fakten {{!}} MDI |url=https://mediendienst-integration.de/migration/staatsbuergerschaft.html |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=Mediendienst Integration |language=de}}</ref> 44% (83,000) of whom were of Turkish origin. Over the following two decades, a further 630,000 Turkish people took German citizenship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naturalisation of foreigners: Germany, years, country groups/citizenship, age groups/sex/marital status |url=https://www-genesis.destatis.de/genesis/online?operation=table&code=12511-0003&levelindex=0&levelid=1708848297175 |access-date=February 25, 2024 |website=[[Federal Statistical Office of Germany]] Genesis-online database}}</ref> By 2011 the [[Embassy of Germany, Washington, D.C.]] reported that as of 2005 there were 2 million Turks who already had German citizenship.<ref name="Germany.info">{{citation |title=Immigration and Cultural Issues between Germany and its Turkish Population Remain Complex |year=2011 |url=http://www.germany.info/Vertretung/usa/en/10__Press__Media/03__Trips/Nachwuchs__2011/Domfeh__S.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106105301/http://www.germany.info/Vertretung/usa/en/10__Press__Media/03__Trips/Nachwuchs__2011/Domfeh__S.html |archive-date=6 January 2012 |publisher=[[Embassy of Germany, Washington, D.C.]] |quote=With a population of roughly 4 million within Germany's borders, Turks make up Germany's largest minority demographic... As of 2005... some 2 million Turks with German citizenship.}}</ref>

== Culture ==
The Turkish people who immigrated to Germany brought their culture with them, including their language, religion, food, and arts. These cultural traditions have also been passed down to their descendants who maintain these values. Consequently, Turkish Germans have also exposed their culture to the greater German society. Numerous Turkish restaurants, grocery stores, teahouses, and mosques are scattered across Germany. The Turks in Germany have also been exposed to [[German culture]], which has influenced the Turkish dialect spoken by the Turkish community in Germany.{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}}

===Food===
[[File:Donner Kebab, Cologne, Germany (1057919169) b.jpg|thumb|right|[[Doner kebab|''Döner Kebab'']], one of the most popular [[Fast food|fast foods]] in Germany, made by a Turk]]
[[Turkish cuisine]] first arrived in Germany during the sixteenth century and was consumed among aristocratic circles.<ref>{{citation |last=Heinzelmann|first=Ursula|year=2008|title=Food Culture in Germany|pages=xviii|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0313344954}}</ref> However, Turkish food became available to the greater German society from the mid-twentieth century onwards with the arrival of Turkish immigrants. By the early 1970s Turks began to open fast-food restaurants serving popular [[kebap]] dishes. Today there are Turkish restaurants scattered throughout the country selling popular dishes like [[döner kebap]] in take-away stalls to more authentic domestic foods in family-run restaurants. Since the 1970s, Turks have opened grocery stores and open-air markets where they sell ingredients suitable for Turkish home-cooking, such as spices, fruits, and vegetables.{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}}

===Language===
{{See also|Languages of Germany}}
[[File:IKEABerlin.JPG|thumb|left|upright|An advertisement by the [[IKEA]] branch in [[Berlin]] written in the [[German language|German]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]] languages.]]

[[Turkish language|Turkish]] is the second most spoken language in Germany, after [[German language|German]]. It was brought to the country by Turkish immigrants who spoke it as their first language. These immigrants mainly learned German through employment, mass media, and social settings, and it has now become a [[second language]] for many of them. Nonetheless, most Turkish immigrants have passed down their [[mother tongue]] to their children and descendants. In general, Turkish Germans become [[bilingual]] at an early age, learning Turkish at home and German in state schools; thereafter, a dialectal variety often remains in their repertoire of both languages.<ref name="Stowasser 2002 loc=64">{{Harvnb|Stowasser|2002|loc=64}}.</ref>

[[File:Kreuzberg Merkezi, Berlin.jpg|thumb|right|A symbolic sign at the entrance of [[Kreuzberg]] written in the Turkish language: "Kreuzberg Merkezi" (Kreuzberg Centre).]]
Turkish Germans mainly speak the German language more fluently than their "domestic"-style Turkish language. Consequently, they often speak the Turkish language with a [[German accent]] or a modelled [[German dialect]].<ref name=Tan>{{citation |last1=Tan|first1=Dursun|last2=Hans-Peter|first2=Waldhoff|year=1996|chapter=Turkish Everyday Culture in Germany and its Prospects|title=Turkish Culture in German Society Today|editor-last1=Horrocks|editor-first1=David|editor-last2=Kolinsky|editor-first2=Eva |pages=144–145|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-57181-047-2}}</ref> It is also common within the community to modify the Turkish language by adding German grammatical and syntactical structures. Parents generally encourage their children to improve their Turkish language skills further by attending private Turkish classes or choosing Turkish as a subject at school. In some states of Germany the Turkish language has even been approved as a subject to be studied for the ''[[Abitur]]''.<ref name=Tan/>

Turkish has also been influential in greater German society. For example, advertisements and banners in public spaces can be found written in Turkish. Hence, it is also familiar to other ethnic groups – it can even serve as a vernacular for some non-Turkish children and adolescents in urban neighborhoods with dominant Turkish communities.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gogolin|2002|loc=9}}.</ref>

It is also common within the Turkish community to [[code-switch]] between the German and Turkish languages. By the early 1990s a new [[sociolect]] called [[Kanak Sprak]] or {{Lang|de|Türkendeutsch}} was coined by the Turkish-German author [[Feridun Zaimoğlu]] to refer to the German "ghetto" dialect spoken by the Turkish youth. However, with the developing formation of a Turkish middle class in Germany, there is an increasing number of people of Turkish-origin who are proficient in using the standard German language, particularly in academia and the arts.<ref name="Stowasser 2002 loc=64"/>

===Religion===
{{See also|Religion in Germany|Islam in Germany|Turkish-Islamic Union for Religious Affairs}}
[[File:DITIB-Zentralmoschee Köln - April 2015-7489.jpg|alt=Cologne Central Mosque|thumb|The [[Cologne Central Mosque]], built in 2017 by the [[Turkish-Islamic Union for Religious Affairs]], is the biggest mosque in Germany]]
The Turkish people in Germany are predominantly [[Muslim]] and form the largest ethnic group which practices [[Islam in Germany]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Pew Research Centre|title=5 facts about the Muslim population in Europe|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/07/19/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/|access-date=2016-08-21|author-link=Pew Research Centre}}</ref> Since the 1960s, "Turkish" was seen as synonymous with "[[Muslim]]"; this is because [[Islam]] is considered to have a "Turkish character" in Germany.<ref name="Byrnes&Katzenstein2006">{{Harvnb|Byrnes|Katzenstein|2006|loc=211}}.</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Hunter|2002|loc=29}}.</ref> This Turkish character is particularly evident in the Ottoman/Turkish-style architecture of many mosques scattered across Germany. In 2016, approximately 2,000 of [[List of mosques in Germany|Germany's 3,000 mosques]] were Turkish, of which 900 were financed by the [[Turkish-Islamic Union for Religious Affairs|Diyanet İşleri Türk-İslam Birliği]] (DİTİB), an arm of the Turkish government, and the remainder by other political Turkish groups.<ref>{{cite news |author=The Economist|title=Old faultlines|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21703296-tensions-rise-turkey-they-spill-over-germany-old-faultlines|access-date=2016-08-22|date=2016-08-06|author-link=Economist}}</ref> There is an ethnic Turkish [[Christianity|Christian]] community in Germany; most of them came from recent Muslim Turkish backgrounds.<ref name="Esra Özyürek">{{cite journal |author=Esra Özyürek|title=Convert Alert: German Muslims and Turkish Christians as Threats to Security in the New Europe|journal=Cambridge University Press|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27563732|access-date=2016-08-22|date=2016-08-06|volume=51|issue=1|pages=91–116|jstor=27563732|author-link=JSTOR}}</ref> Germany's biggest mosque, the [[Cologne Central Mosque]], was commissioned by DİTİB and completed in 2017. It is also the biggest European mosque outside of Turkey.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Küpper |first1=Moritz |last2=Leue |first2=Vivian |date=September 29, 2019 |title=Ditib-Moschee in Köln - Ort zum Beten, Ort der Macht |url=https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/ditib-moschee-in-koeln-ort-zum-beten-ort-der-macht-100.html |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=[[Deutschlandfunk]] |language=de}}</ref>

==Discrimination and anti-Turkism==
{{See also|Anti-Turkish sentiment}}

===Discrimination===
{{externalvideo|video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tR8cUeNCFQA Attack on Turkish elementary school pupil in Duisburg TRT World]}}
In 1985 the German journalist [[Günter Wallraff]] shocked the German public with his internationally successful book ''[[:de:Ganz unten|Ganz unten]]'' ('In the Pits' or 'Way Down') in which he reported the discrimination faced by Turkish people in German society. He disguised himself as a Turkish worker called "Ali Levent" for over two years and took on minimal-wage jobs and confronted German institutions. He found that many employers did not register or insure their Turkish workers. Major employers like [[Thyssen AG|Thyssen]] did not give their Turkish workers adequate breaks and did not pay them their full wage.<ref>{{Harvnb|Stowasser|2002|loc=60}}.</ref>

It has been, and still is, also reported that Turkish-Germans were being discriminated against at school from early age and in workplaces. It has also been found that teachers discriminate against non-German sounding names and tend to give worse grades based on names alone. The studies showed that even though a student might have had the exact number of right and wrong answers, or the exact paper, the teachers favour German names. 
This creates a vicious cycle where teachers favour students of German descent over non-Germans, including Turkish students, which results in worse education. This later results in Turkish people not being able to take what are deemed to be "higher-skill jobs", which nonetheless deepens the cracks in the cycle. {{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

There are also the reports of discrimination against Turkish-Germans in other areas such as sports, one example being the discrimination against the football player [[Mesut Özil]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}

===Attacks against the Turkish community in Germany===
{{see also|List of Turkish Germans#Victims of crime}}
[[File:SG Stolperstein - Wuppertaler Straße 36 - Jenny Stucke DSC 6866.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Jenny Gusyk]]]]
[[File:Gedenkstein Adenauerplatz (Charl) Mete Eksi.JPG|thumb|right|upright|A memorial stone in remembrance of {{Interlanguage link|Mete Ekşi|de}}.]]
[[File:Brandanschlag solingen 1993.jpg|thumb|left|A demonstration condemning the [[neo-Nazi]] attacks outside the house of the Turkish victims of the [[Solingen arson attack of 1993]].]]
[[File:Asli Bayram.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Former [[Miss Germany]] (2005) [[Aslı Bayram]] is an Ambassador for Crime Prevention. In 1994, her father was shot dead by a [[neo-Nazi]] and she was shot in her left arm.<ref>{{cite web |author=Hurriyet|title=Aslı'nın acı sırrı|date=16 January 2005 |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/asli-nin-aci-sirri-289270|access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref>]]
The fall of the [[Berlin Wall]] in 1989, and the [[reunification of Germany]], saw a sharp rise in violent attacks against Turkish-Germans.{{Citation needed|reason=Need link to the statistics|date=September 2021}} A series of arson attacks, bombings, and shootings have targeted the Turkish community in both public and private spaces, such as in their homes, cultural centres, and businesses. Consequently, many victims have been killed or severely injured by these attacks.

On 27 October 1991, {{Interlanguage link|Mete Ekşi|de}}, a 19-year-old student from [[Kreuzberg]], along with his four Turkish friends were involved in a violent confrontation with three German brothers.<ref name=Plarre>{{cite news |author=Plutonia Plarre|language=de|title=Eksi starb nicht durch rassistische Gewalt|newspaper=Die Tageszeitung: Taz |url=https://taz.de/Eksi-starb-nicht-durch-rassistische-Gewalt/!1580732/|access-date=26 September 2021|date=1994-01-22|page=35 }}</ref> As a consequence, Ekşi died due to [[head injuries]] caused with a [[baseball bat]] which was wrested by the 25-year-old attacker from Ekşi's friend.<ref name=Plarre/> His death sparked a massive outrage in the local Turkish community alleging [[fascist]] motives.<ref name=Plarre/> This was, however, dismissed by a court as an "overreaction" while acknowledging and condemning open and hidden [[xenophobia]] in Germany.<ref name=Plarre/> His funeral in November 1991 was attended by 5,000 people.<ref>{{cite web |author=Berliner Zeitung|language=de|title=Morgen beginnt Prozeß um den Tod des Türken Warum mußte Mete Eksi sterben?|work=Berliner Zeitung |url=http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/morgen-beginnt-prozess-um-den-tod-des-tuerken-warum-musste-mete-eksi-sterben--16993392|access-date=29 August 2016|date=1994-01-09}}</ref>

A year after Ekşi's murder, on 22 November 1992, two Turkish girls, Ayşe Yılmaz and Yeliz Arslan, and their grandmother, Bahide Arslan, were killed by two [[neo-Nazis]] in [[1992 Mölln arson attack|an arson attack in their home in Mölln]].<ref name=Faas>{{citation|last=Faas|first=Daniel|year=2016|chapter=Muslims in Germany: from guest workers to citizens?|title=Muslims in 21st Century Europe: Structural and Cultural Perspectives|editor-last=Triandafyllidou|editor-first=Anna|publisher= Routledge|page=63|isbn=978-1134004454}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last1=Chin|first1=Rita|last2=Fehrenbach|first2=Heide|year=2010|chapter=German Democracy and the Question of Difference, 1945-1995|title=After the Nazi Racial State: Difference and Democracy in Germany and Europe|editor-last1=Chin|editor-first1=Rita|editor-last2=Fehrenbach|editor-first2=Heide|editor-last3=Eley|editor-first3=Geoff|editor-last4=Grossmann|editor-first4=Atina|publisher=University of Michigan Press|page=117|isbn=978-0472025787}}</ref>

On 9 March 1993, {{Interlanguage link|Mustafa Demiral|de}}, aged 56, was attacked by two members of the German [[anti-immigrant]] [[political party]] "[[The Republicans (Germany)|The Republicans]]" whilst waiting at a bus stop in [[Mülheim]]. The attackers verbally assaulted him prompting a defensive reaction after which one of the attackers threatened him with a gun pointing at his head. Demiral suffered a heart-attack and died at the scene of the crime.<ref>{{cite news |author=Der Tagesspiegel|language=de|title=Rechte Gewalt: 1993|newspaper=Der Tagesspiegel Online |date=13 September 2000 |url=http://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/rechte-gewalt-1993/165712.html|access-date=29 August 2016}}</ref>

Two months later, on 28 May 1993, [[1993 Solingen arson attack|four young neo-Nazi German men aged 16–23 set fire to the house of a Turkish family in Solingen]]. Three girls and two women died and 14 other members of the extended family were severely injured in the attack. German Chancellor [[Helmut Kohl]] did not attend the memorial services.

Neo-Nazi attacks continued throughout the 1990s. On 18 February 1994, the Bayram family were attacked on their doorstep by a neo-Nazi neighbour in [[Darmstadt]]. The attack was not well publicised until one of the victims, [[Aslı Bayram]], was crowned [[Miss Germany]] in 2005. The armed neo-Nazi neighbour shot Aslı on her left arm and then the attacker shot Aslı's father, Ali Bayram, who died from the gunshot.<ref>{{cite web |author=Qantara|title=Turkish-Born Beauty Queen as Anne Frank|work=Qantara.de - Dialogue with the Islamic World |date=5 November 2008 |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/asli-bayram-turkish-born-beauty-queen-as-anne-frank|access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref>

[[File:Gedenktafel für die Opfer der NSU-Gewalttaten Nürnberg.JPG|thumb|left|A memorial plaque, in [[Nuremberg]], in remembrance of the victims of the  "[[Bosphorus serial murders]]".]]
Between 2000 and 2006 several Turkish shopkeepers were attacked in numerous cities in Germany. The attacks were called the "[[Bosphorus serial murders]]" ({{Lang|de|Mordserie Bosporus}}) by the German authorities or [[pejoratively]] "[[Döner murders|Kebab murders]]" ({{Lang|de|Döner-Morde}}) by the press – which saw eight Turkish and one [[Greeks|Greek]] person killed. Initially, the German media suspected that Turkish gangs were behind these murders. However, by 2011 it came to light that the perpetrators were in fact the neo-Nazi group the [[National Socialist Underground]].<ref>{{citation|last=Taras|first=Ray|year=2012|title=Xenophobia and Islamophobia in Europe|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|page=171|isbn=978-0748650712}}</ref> This neo-Nazi group was also responsible for the June [[2004 Cologne bombing]] which resulted in 22 Turkish people being injured.<ref>{{cite web|author=Deutsche Welle|title=Neo-Nazi trial focuses on Cologne bombing|website=[[Deutsche Welle]]|url=http://www.dw.com/en/neo-nazi-trial-focuses-on-cologne-bombing/a-18185868|access-date=21 August 2016}}</ref>

On 3 February 2008, nine Turkish people, including five children, died in a blaze in [[Ludwigshafen]] ([[:de:Wohnhausbrand in Ludwigshafen am Rhein|de]]).<ref name=Faas/> While there have been speculations by the Turkish media about the origin of the fire suspecting an [[arson attack]] and allegations of slow [[Emergency service#Response time|fire response time]],<ref>Information from the local newspaper ''[[Die Rheinpfalz]]'' (2008-02-07)</ref> these were rejected by an investigation and the cause of the fire was determined to have been an electrical fault. Nevertheless, many German and Turkish politicians including [[Turkish prime minister]] [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] together with locally elected [[Member of parliament|MP]] of the [[German parliament]] and appointed Minister of State for Integration in the [[German Chancellery|Federal Chancellery]] and German Federal Government Commissioner for Migration, Refugees and Integration [[Maria Böhmer]] or [[Minister President]] of [[Rhineland-Palatinate]] [[Kurt Beck]] visited the site to express their condolences.<ref>Alan Crawford and Andreas Cremer (7 February 2008), [https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aTnQWDqUaQEc&refer=germany Erdogan's German Visit Overshadowed by Fire Deaths] ''[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]''.</ref> Chancellor [[Angela Merkel]] was criticised for not attending a demonstration held in memory of the victims by 16,000 people.<ref name=Faas/>

Not all attacks on Turks have been perpetrated by neo-Nazi right-wing Germans: for example, the perpetrator of [[2016 Munich shooting|a mass shooting in Munich]] on 22 July 2016 who deliberately targeted people of Turkish and Arab origin. On that day, he killed nine victims, of which four victims were of Turkish origin: Can Leyla, aged 14, Selçuk Kılıç, aged 17, and Sevda Dağ, aged 45;<ref>{{cite web|author=Hurriyet|title=Three Turks among dead in Munich shooting|date=24 July 2016 |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/three-turks-among-dead-in-munich-shooting.aspx?pageID=238&nid=101994|access-date=30 August 2016}}</ref> as well as Hüseyin Dayıcık, aged 19, who was a Greek national of Turkish origin.<ref>{{cite web|author=Hurriyet|title=Münih katliamındaki Türk kahraman|date=23 July 2016 |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/munih-katliaminda-4-de-turk-kurban-40165847|access-date=30 August 2016}}</ref>

On 19 February 2020, a German neo-Nazi who expressed hate for non-German people, [[2020 Hanau shootings|carried out two mass shootings]] in the city of [[Hanau]], killing nine foreigners. He then returned to his home, killed his mother and committed suicide. Five of the nine victims were Turkish citizens.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2020/02/20/world/europe/ap-eu-germany-shooting-the-town.html|title=Germany's Immigrant Community in Hanau Reeling After Attack|agency=Associated Press|date=20 February 2020|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref>

On 2 April 2020, in [[Hamburg]], a German family of Turkish descent claimed to have received a threatening letter with xenophobic content allegedly containing [[COVID-19|the coronavirus]].<ref>{{Cite web |editor=Nurbanu Tanrikulu Kizil|date=2 April 2020|title=Turkish family receives racist 'coronavirus-infected' letter as Islamophobia grows in Germany|website=Daily Sabah |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/turkish-family-receives-racist-coronavirus-infected-letter-as-islamophobia-grows-in-germany/news|access-date=29 June 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413082136/https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/turkish-family-receives-racist-coronavirus-infected-letter-as-islamophobia-grows-in-germany/news|archive-date=13 April 2020}}</ref>

== Crime ==
{{Further|Crime in Germany}}
{{externalvideo|video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fhT1t6oVysY&t=1713s Almanya'daki Türk çetesi 36 Boys (Turkish Gangs in Germany) Al-Jazeera]}}

===Turkish gangs===

In 2014, the annual report into organized crime, presented in [[Berlin]] by interior minister Thomas de Maizière, showed that there were 57 Turkish gangs in Germany. In 2016, the [[Die Welt]] and [[Bild]] reported that new Turkish motorbike gang, the Osmanen Germania is growing rapidly. The [[Hannoversche Allgemeine Zeitung|''Hannoversche Allgemeine'']] newspaper claimed that the Osmanen Germania is advancing more and more into red-light districts, which increases the likelihood of a bloody territorial battle with established gangs like the [[Hells Angels|Hells Angels Motorcycle Club]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Working Out with a Notorious German Biker Gang {{!}} VICE|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/meeting-germanys-newest-gang-the-osmanen-germania-876/|access-date=21 May 2016|work=VICE|language=en-us}}</ref>

=== Turkish ultra-nationalist movements ===
As a result of the immigration wave in the 1960s and 1970s, far right and ultranationalist organisations established themselves in Germany such as the [[Grey Wolves (organization)|Grey Wolves]], {{Lang|de|Türkische Föderation der Idealistenvereine in Deutschland}}, {{Lang|de|Europäisch-Türkische Union}} (ATB) and {{Lang|de|Türkisch Islamische Union Europa}} (ATIB). In 2017, ATB and ATIB together had about 303 locations with 18,500 members.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bildung|first=Bundeszentrale für politische|title=Einführung: Graue Wölfe und türkischer Ultranationalismus in Deutschland {{!}} bpb|url=https://www.bpb.de/politik/extremismus/rechtsextremismus/252855/einfuehrung-graue-woelfe-und-tuerkischer-ultranationalismus-in-deutschland|access-date=2020-11-24|website=bpb.de|date=19 July 2017 |language=de}}</ref>

== Popular culture ==
{{See also|Turkish-German Cinema|Turkish hip hop}}

===Media===
{{see also|List of Turkish Germans#Cinema and television}}

====Films====
The first phase in [[Turkish-German Cinema]] began in the 1970s and lasted through to the 1980s; it involved writers placing much of their attention on story-lines that represented the living and working conditions of the Turkish immigrant workers in Germany. By the 1990s a second phase shifted towards focusing more on mass entertainment and involved the work of Turkish and German-born Turkish German filmmakers. Critical engagements in story-telling increased further by the turn of the twenty-first century. Numerous films of the 1990s onwards launched the careers of many film directors, writers, and actors and actresses.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hake|Mennel|2012|loc="Introduction"}}.</ref>

[[File:Fatih Akin cropped 2009.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Fatih Akin]] is one of the most influential film directors in [[Turkish-German cinema]].<ref>{{citation |last=Dönmez-Colin|first=Gönül|year=2008|title=Turkish Cinema: Identity, Distance and Belonging|page=74|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1861895837}}</ref>]]
[[File:Sibel Kekilli (Berlinale 2012).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Sibel Kekilli]] has played a leading role in several [[Turkish-German Cinema|Turkish-German films]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Daily Sabah|title=Turkish actress Sibel Kekilli named Berlin International Film Festival jury member|website=[[Daily Sabah]] |url=http://www.dailysabah.com/cinema/2015/01/12/turkish-actress-sibel-kekilli-named-berlin-international-film-festival-jury-member|access-date=10 September 2012}}</ref>]]
[[Fatih Akin]]'s films, which often examine the place of the Turkish diaspora in Germany, have won numerous awards and have launched the careers of many of its cast including ''[[Short Sharp Shock (film)|Short Sharp Shock]]'' (1998) starring [[Mehmet Kurtuluş]] and [[İdil Üner]]; ''[[Head-On (film)|Head-On]]'' (2004) starring [[Birol Ünel]] and [[Sibel Kekilli]]; ''[[Kebab Connection]]'' (2004) starring [[Denis Moschitto]]; ''[[The Edge of Heaven (film)|The Edge of Heaven]]'' (2007) starring [[Baki Davrak]]; and ''[[Soul Kitchen (film)|Soul Kitchen]]'' (2009) starring [[Birol Ünel]].

Other notable films which have a [[Transnational cinema|transnational]] context include [[Feridun Zaimoğlu]]'s book-turned-film ''{{interlanguage link|Kanak Attack|de}}'' (2000); {{Interlanguage link|Kerim Pamuk|lt=Kerim Pamuk's|de}} ''[[Süperseks]]'' (2004); and [[Özgür Yıldırım]]'s ''[[Chiko]]'' (2008).<ref>{{citation |last1=Cooke|first1=Paul|last2=Homewood|first2=Chris|year=2011|chapter=Introduction: Beyond the cinema of consensus? new directions in German cinema since 2000|title=New Directions in German Cinema |editor-last1=Cooke|editor-first1=Paul|editor-last2=Homewood|editor-first2=Chris|pages=19|publisher=I. B. Tauris|isbn=978-1848859074}}</ref> Several Turkish-German comedy films have also intentionally used comical stereotypes to encourage its viewers to question their preconceived ideas of "the Other", such as [[Züli Aladağ]]'s film ''[[:de:|300 Worte Deutsch]]'' ("300 words of German", 2013), starring [[Almila Bagriacik]], {{Interlanguage link|Arzu Bazman|de}}, [[Aykut Kayacık]], and [[Vedat Erincin]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Deutsche Welle|title=German-Turkish comedy takes clichés to task|website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |url=http://www.dw.com/en/german-turkish-comedy-takes-clich%C3%A9s-to-task/a-18232521|access-date=1 September 2016}}</ref> Similarly, other recent Turkish-German comedies like ''[[:de:Meine verrückte türkische Hochzeit|Meine verrückte türkische Hochzeit]]'' (''{{Interlanguage link|Kiss me Kismet|de|Meine verrückte türkische Hochzeit}}'', 2006), starring [[Hilmi Sözer]], [[Ercan Özçelik]], [[Aykut Kayacık]], and [[Özay Fecht]], and the film ''{{interlanguage link|Evet, I Do!|de|Evet, ich will!}}'' (2009), starring numerous Turkish-German actors such as [[Demir Gökgöl]], [[Emine Sevgi Özdamar]], [[Erden Alkan]], [[Gandi Mukli]], [[Hülya Duyar]], [[Jale Arıkan]], [[Lilay Huser]], [[Meral Perin]], [[Mürtüz Yolcu]], [[Sema Meray]], and [[Sinan Akkuş]], have emphasised how the Turkish and German cultures come together in contemporary German society. By focusing on similarities and differences of the two cultures using comedy, these films have shifted from the earlier Turkish-German drama films of the 1980s which focused on culture clashes; in its place, these films have celebrated integration and interethnic romance.<ref>{{citation |last1=Berghahn |first1=Daniela|year=2012 |chapter=My Big Fat Turkish Wedding: From Culture Clash to Romcom|title=Turkish German Cinema in the New Millennium: Sites, Sounds, and Screens|editor-last1=Hake|editor-first1=Sabine|editor-last2=Mennel |editor-first2=Barbara|pages=19|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-0857457691}}</ref>

By 2011 [[Yasemin Şamdereli]] and [[Nesrin Şamdereli]]'s comedy film ''[[Almanya – Willkommen in Deutschland|Almanya: Welcome to Germany]]'', starring [[Aylin Tezel]] and [[Fahri Yardım]], premiered at the [[Berlin Film Festival]] and was attended by the German President and the Turkish Ambassador to celebrate fifty years since the mass migration of Turkish workers to Germany. Indeed, stories confronting Turkish labour migration, and debates about [[Social integration|integration]], [[multiculturalism]], and identity, are reoccurring themes in Turkish-German cinema.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hake|Mennel|2012|loc="Introduction"|p=1}}.</ref>

Nonetheless, not all films directed, produced or written by Turkish Germans are necessarily about the "Turkish-experience" in Germany. Several Turkish Germans have been involved in other genres, such as [[Bülent Akinci]] who directed the German drama ''[[Running on Empty (2006 film)|Running on Empty]]'' (2006),<ref>{{citation |last1=Berghahn|first1=Daniela|year=2011|chapter="Seeing everything with different eyes": the diasporic optic of Fatih Akin's Head-On (2004) |title=New Directions in German Cinema|editor-last1=Cooke|editor-first1=Paul|editor-last2=Homewood|editor-first2=Chris |page=241|publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=978-0857720399}}</ref> [[Mennan Yapo]] who has directed the American supernatural thriller ''[[Premonition (2007 film)|Premonition]]'' (2007),<ref>{{citation |last=Alkin|first=Ömer|year=2015 |chapter="Rewriting" Turkish-German cinema from the bottom-up: Turkish emigration cinema |title=Turkish Migration, Identity and Integration|editor-last1=Şeker|editor-first1=Betül Dilara|editor-last2=Çağlar |editor-first2=Ali|page=115|publisher=Transnational Press|isbn=978-1910781128}}</ref> and [[Thomas Arslan]] who directed the German Western film ''[[Gold (2013 film)|Gold]]'' (2013).<ref>{{citation|last1=Abel |first1=Marco|year=2012|chapter=The Minor Cinema of Thomas Arslan: A Prolegomenon |title=Turkish German Cinema in the New Millennium: Sites, Sounds, and Screens|editor-last1=Hake|editor-first1=Sabine|editor-last2=Mennel|editor-first2=Barbara|pages=44–58|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-0857457691}}</ref>

Several Turkish-origin actors from Germany have also starred in Turkish films, such as [[Haluk Piyes]] who starred in ''[[O da beni seviyor]]'' (2001).<ref>{{cite web |author=Hurriyet|title=Haluk Piyes Kimdir?|date=28 March 2016 |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/haluk-piyes-kimdir-biyografisi-40076866|access-date=28 August 2016}}</ref>

====Television====
[[File:Erol Sander Classic.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Erol Sander]] has starred as a leading role in several Turkish-German TV series'.<ref>{{cite web |author=Deutsche Welle|title=Turkish-German Actor Erol Sander|website=[[Deutsche Welle]]|url=http://www.dw.com/en/turkish-german-actor-erol-sander/a-1103830|access-date=28 August 2016}}</ref>]]
[[File:Nazan eckes1.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Nazan Eckes]] is a popular TV presenter.<ref>{{cite web|work=Financial Times|title=German Turks mine a rich cultural seam of migrant life|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/be361ae6-8608-11d9-9d02-00000e2511c8.html?ft_site=falcon&desktop=true#axzz4If2PWNvv|access-date=28 August 2016}}{{Dead link|date=June 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>]]

In the first decade of the twenty-first century several German television series in which the experience of Turkish-Germans as a major theme gained popularity in Germany and in some cases gained popularity abroad too. For example, ''[[Sinan Toprak ist der Unbestechliche]]'' ("Sinan Toprak is the Incorruptible", 2001–2002) and ''[[Mordkommission Istanbul]]'' ("Homicide Unit Istanbul", 2008–present) which both star [[Erol Sander]].<ref>{{citation|last=Özsari |first=Hülya |year=2010|title="Der Türke": die Konstruktion des Fremden in den Medien|pages=96|publisher=Technische Universität Berlin|isbn=978-3798322080}}</ref> In 2005 [[Tevfik Başer]]'s book {{Lang|de|Zwischen Gott und Erde}} ("Time of Wishes") was turned into a primetime TV German movie starring [[Erhan Emre]], [[Lale Yavaş]], [[Tim Seyfi]], and [[Hilmi Sözer]], and won the prestigious [[Adolf Grimme Prize]]. Another popular Turkish-German TV series was ''[[Alle lieben Jimmy]]'' ("Everybody Loves Jimmy", 2006–2007) starring {{Interlanguage link|Eralp Uzun|de}} and [[Gülcan Kamps]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Yeşilada|2008|loc=85}}.</ref> Due to the success of {{Lang|de|Alle lieben Jimmy}}, it was made into a Turkish series called {{Lang|tr|Cemil oldu Jimmy}} – making it the first German series to be exported to Turkey.<ref>{{Harvnb|Yeşilada|2008|loc=86}}.</ref>

By 2006 the award-winning German television comedy-drama series ''[[Türkisch für Anfänger]]'' ('Turkish for Beginners', 2006–2009) became one of the most popular shows in Germany. The critically acclaimed series was also shown in more than 70 other countries.<ref>[http://www.filmstarts.de/nachrichten/18454988.html ''Türkisch für Anfänger: Im Ausland ein Hit''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430235803/http://www.filmstarts.de/nachrichten/18454988.html |date=30 April 2013 }} (German language), Filmstarts.de, 1 April 2009 (30 January 2013)</ref> Created by [[Bora Dağtekin]], the plot is based on interethnic-relations between German and Turkish people. [[Adnan Maral]] plays the role of a widower of two children who marries an ethnic German mother of two children – forming the Öztürk-Schneider family. The comedy consisted of fifty-two episodes and three seasons.<ref>{{citation|last=Peterson|first=Brent|year=2012|chapter=Turkish for Beginner: Teaching Cosmopolitanism to Germans |title=Turkish German Cinema in the New Millennium: Sites, Sounds, and Screens|editor-last1=Hake|editor-first1=Sabine|editor-last2=Mennel|editor-first2=Barbara|pages=96|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-0857457691}}</ref> By 2012 ''{{Interlanguage link|Turkish for Beginners (film)|de|3=Türkisch für Anfänger (Film)|lt=Turkish for Beginners}}'' was made into a feature film; it was the most successful German film of the year with an audience of 2.5 million.<ref>{{cite web |author=Deutschland|title=Turkish actors on German TV |url=https://www.deutschland.de/en/topic/life/society-integration/turkish-actors-on-german-tv|access-date=10 September 2012}}</ref>

Other notable Turkish-origin actors on German television include [[Erdoğan Atalay]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Hurriyet|title=Kobra Erdoğan baba ocağında|date=4 September 2001 |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/kobra-erdogan-baba-ocaginda-13777|access-date=1 September 2016}}</ref> {{Interlanguage link|Erkan Gündüz|de}}, {{Interlanguage link|İsmail Deniz|de}}, {{Interlanguage link|Olgu Caglar|de}},<ref>{{cite web |author=Hurriyet|title=Olgu'ya tam not|date=13 January 2010 |url=http://avrupa.hurriyet.com.tr/haberler/magazin/479878/olguya-tam-not|access-date=1 September 2016}}</ref> [[Özgür Özata]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Hurriyet|title=Özgür Özata GZSZ'a katıldı|date=31 March 2011 |url=http://avrupa.hurriyet.com.tr/haberler/gundem/871816/ozgur-ozata-gzsza-katildi|access-date=1 September 2016}}</ref> {{Interlanguage link|Taner Sahintürk|de}}, and {{Interlanguage link|Timur Ülker|de}}.

Whilst Turkish-origin journalists are still underrepresented, several have made successful careers as reporters and TV presenters including {{Interlanguage link|Erkan Arikan|de}}<ref name=DWjournalism>{{cite web |author=Deutsche Welle|title=German journalism lacks diversity|website=[[Deutsche Welle]]|url=http://www.dw.com/en/german-journalism-lacks-diversity/a-15061697|access-date=28 August 2016}}</ref> and [[Nazan Eckes]].<ref name=DWjournalism/>

Many Turkish Germans have also starred in numerous critically acclaimed [[Turkish television drama|Turkish drama series]]. For example, numerous actors and actresses in ''[[Muhteşem Yüzyıl]]'' were born in Germany, including [[Meryem Uzerli]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Hurriyet|title=Meryem Uzerli Kimdir?|date=31 March 2016 |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/meryem-uzerli-kimdir-biyografisi-40078677|access-date=26 August 2016}}</ref> [[Nur Fettahoğlu]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Hurriyet|title=Nur Fettahoğlu: Oynayamazsam nefesim kesilir|date=18 March 2016 |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/selma-ergec-kimdir-dogum-icin-gun-sayiyor-40071806|access-date=26 August 2016}}</ref> [[Selma Ergeç]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Hurriyet|title=Selma Ergeç Kimdir?|date=18 January 2011 |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/sultan-oldu-16764577|access-date=26 August 2016}}</ref> and [[Ozan Güven]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Hurriyet|title=Ozan Güven Kimdir?|date=23 March 2016 |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ozan-guven-kimdir-biyografi-40074257|access-date=26 August 2016}}</ref> Other popular Turkish-German performers in Turkey include [[Fahriye Evcen]] who has starred in ''[[Yaprak Dökümü (TV series)|Yaprak Dökümü]]'' and ''[[Kurt Seyit ve Şura]]''.<ref>{{cite web |author=Hurriyet|title=Fahriye Evcan Kimdir?|date=30 March 2016 |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/fahriye-evcen-kimdir-biyografisi-40078089|access-date=26 August 2016}}</ref>

===Comedy===
[[File:Kaya Yanar.png|thumb|left|upright|Stand-up-comedian [[Kaya Yanar]]]]
One of the first comedians of Turkish origin to begin a career as a mainstream comedian is [[Django Asül]] who began his career in satire in the 1990s.<ref name=Spielhaus2013>{{citation|last=Spielhaus|first=Riem|year=2013 |chapter=Cliches are funny as long as they happen on stage: comedy as political criticism |title=Muslim Political Participation in Europe|editor-last1=Nielsen|editor-first1=Jørgen S.|pages=328|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0748646944}}</ref> Another very successful comedian is [[Bülent Ceylan]], who performed his first solo show "Doner for one" in 2002. By 2011 the broadcasting agency RTL aired Ceylan's own comedy show ''The Bulent Ceylan Show''.<ref name=Spielhaus2013/> Other notable comedians include {{Interlanguage link|Özcan Cosar|de}}, {{Interlanguage link|Fatih Çevikkollu|de}},<ref name=Spielhaus2013/> {{Interlanguage link|Murat Topal (comedian)|lt=Murat Topal|de}},<ref name=Spielhaus2013/> {{Interlanguage link|Serdar Somuncu|de}},<ref name=Spielhaus2013/> [[Kaya Yanar]],<ref name=Spielhaus2013/> and female comedian {{Interlanguage link|Idil Baydar|de}}.<ref name=Spielhaus2013/>

===Literature===
{{see also|List of German-Turkish authors}}
Since the 1960s Turkish people in Germany have produced a range of literature. Their work became widely available from the late 1970s onwards, when Turkish-origin writers began to gain sponsorships by German institutions and major publishing houses.<ref name=Kirschner2015>{{citation |last=Kirschner|first=Luz Angelica|year=2015|chapter=Human Rights and Minority Rights: Argentine and German Perspectives |title=The Routledge Companion to Literature and Human Rights|editor-last1=McClennen|editor-first1=Sophia A.|editor-last2=Moore|editor-first2=Alexandra Schultheis|pages=363|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1317696285}}</ref> Some of the most notable writers of Turkish origin in Germany include [[Akif Pirinçci]],<ref name=Kirschner2015/> [[Alev Tekinay]],<ref name="Kirschner2015" /> [[Emine Sevgi Özdamar]],<ref name=Kirschner2015/> [[Feridun Zaimoğlu]],<ref name=Kirschner2015/> [[Necla Kelek]],<ref name=Kirschner2015/> [[Renan Demirkan]],<ref name=Kirschner2015/> and [[Zafer Şenocak]].<ref name=Kirschner2015/> These writers approach a broad range of historical, social and political issues, such as identity, gender, racism, and language. In particular, German audiences have often been captivated by Oriental depictions of the Turkish community.

===Music===
{{see also|List of Turkish Germans#Music}}
In the mid-twentieth century the Turkish immigrant community in Germany mostly followed the music industry in Turkey, particularly pop music and [[Turkish folk music]]. Hence, the [[Turkish music]] industry became very profitable in Germany. By the 1970s, the "[[Arabesque (Turkish music)|arabesque]]" genre erupted in Turkey and became particularly popular among Turks in Germany. These songs were often played and sang by the Turkish community in Germany in coffee houses and taverns that replicated those in Turkey. These spaces also provided the first stage for semi-professional and professional musicians. Consequently, by the end of the 1960s, some Turks in Germany began to produce their own music, such as {{Interlanguage link|Metin Türköz|de}} who took up themes of the Turkish immigration journey and their working conditions.<ref>{{Harvnb|Güney|Pekman|Kabas|2014|loc=134–135}}.</ref>
[[File:Monrose - Bahar Kızıl (2883).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Bahar Kızıl]] is a founding member of the German pop group [[Monrose]].<ref name=DWbahar>{{cite web |author=Deutsche Welle|title=Gençler 'vatanı' anlatacak|website=[[Deutsche Welle]]|url=http://www.dw.com/tr/gen%C3%A7ler-vatan%C4%B1-anlatacak/a-15221074|access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref>]]
[[File:Elif Demirezer Aufnahme 2020.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Elif Demirezer]]]]
By the 1990s the Turkish Germans became more influential in the music industry in both Germany and Turkey. In general, many Turkish Germans were brought up listening to Turkish pop music, which greatly influenced the music they began to produce. They were also influenced by [[hip-hop music]] and [[rap music]].

Since the 1990s, the Turkish-German music scene has developed creative and successful new styles, such as "Oriental pop and rap" and "R'n'Besk" – a fusion of Turkish arabesque songs and [[R&B music]]. Examples of Oriental-pop and rap emerged in the early 2000s with Bassturk's first single "{{Lang|tr|Yana Yana|italic=no}}" ("Side by Side").<ref>{{cite web |author=Qantara|title=Bassturk, Muhabbet, Tarkan & Co.|work=Qantara.de - Dialog mit der islamischen Welt |date=4 November 2008 |url=http://de.qantara.de/inhalt/deutsch-turkische-popszene-bassturk-muhabbet-tarkan-co-0|access-date=31 August 2016}}</ref> The "R'n'Besk"-style gained popularity in Germany with [[Muhabbet]]'s 2005 single "{{Lang|de|Sie liegt in meinen Armen|italic=no}}" ("She lies in my Arms").<ref>{{cite web |author=Qantara|title=Turkish Arabesque Songs:Sensitive Machos|work=Qantara.de - Dialogue with the Islamic World |date=5 January 2007 |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/turkish-arabesque-songs-sensitive-machos|access-date=26 August 2016}}</ref> By 2007 Muhabbet released the song "{{Lang|de|Deutschland|italic=no}}" ("Germany"); the lyrics appeal to Germans to finally accept the Turkish immigrants living in the country.<ref>{{cite news |author=The Irish Times|title=Song urges Germans to change their tune on Turkish integration|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/song-urges-germans-to-change-their-tune-on-turkish-integration-1.981621|access-date=31 August 2016}}</ref>

In 2015 several Turkish-German musicians released the song "{{Lang|tr|Sen de bizdensin|italic=no}}" ("You are one of us"). The vocalists included [[Eko Fresh]], [[Elif Batman]], [[Mehtab Guitar]], {{Interlanguage link|Özlem Özdil|de}}, and {{Interlanguage link|Volkan Baydar|de}}. {{Interlanguage link|Dergin Tokmak|de}}, [[Ercandize]], [[Serdar Bogatekin]], and [[Zafer Kurus]] were also involved in the production.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ay Yildiz|title=Sen de bizdensin – Şarkı sözleri|url=https://www.ayyildiz.de/sendebizdensin/tr/sen-de-bizdensin-songtext-zum-runterladen/|access-date=31 August 2016}}</ref> The song was used in a campaign to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the [[Ay Yildiz]] telephone network and was extensively broadcast on TV and radio.<ref>{{cite web |author=Telefonica|title=Sen de bizdensin – Weil die Zukunft Dir gehört: AY YILDIZ Kunden gestalten Jubiläumskampagne|url=https://blog.telefonica.de/2015/05/sen-de-bizdensin-weil-die-zukunft-dir-gehoert-ay-yildiz-kunden-gestalten-jubilaeumskampagne/|access-date=31 August 2016}}</ref> Thereafter, a competition and group was formed called {{Lang|de|Die Stimme einer neuen Ära}}/{{Lang|tr|Yeni neslin sesi}} ("The voice of the new generation") to find new Turkish-German talent and "{{Lang|tr|Sen de bizdensin|italic=no}}" was re-released with different lyrics.<ref>{{cite web |author=Hurriyet|title=Yeni neslin sesi|date=18 November 2015 |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yeni-neslin-sesi-40015466|access-date=31 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Ay Yildiz|title=Yeteneklerimiz|url=https://www.ayyildiz.de/sendebizdensin/tr/unsere-talents/|access-date=31 August 2016}}</ref>

Other Turkish-origin musicians in the German music industry include [[Bahar Kızıl]] (from the former girl-group [[Monrose]]),<ref name=DWbahar/> and winner of Germany's ''"[[Star Search]]"'' [[Martin Kesici]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Hurriyet|title=Martin Kesici listeye bir numaradan girdi|date=24 September 2003 |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/martin-kesici-listeye-bir-numaradan-girdi-173020|access-date=26 August 2016}}</ref>

Several Turkish-origin singers born in Germany have also launched their careers in Turkey, such as [[Akın Eldes]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Hurriyet|title=Akın Eldes Project|date=15 March 2011 |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/akin-eldes-project-17275349|access-date=27 August 2016}}</ref> [[Aylin Aslım]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Milliyet|title=Aylin Aslım|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/aylin-aslim/|access-date=27 August 2016}}</ref> {{Interlanguage link|Doğuş (singer)|lt=Doğuş|tr|Doğuş (şarkıcı)}},<ref>{{cite web |author=Hurriyet|title=Doğuş (Orhan Baltacı) kimdir?|date=30 March 2016 |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dogus-kimdir-biyografisi-40078266|access-date=28 August 2016}}</ref> [[İsmail YK]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Hurriyet|title=İsmail YK yeni klibi için Ferrari parçaladı |url=https://www.hurriyet.com/ismail-yk-yeni-klibi-icin-ferrari-parcaladi-40065947|access-date=26 August 2016}}</ref> [[Ozan Musluoğlu]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Hurriyet|title=Ozan Musluoğlu: Bu albüm depremle başladı, alkışlarla noktalandı|date=10 March 2015 |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ozan-musluoglu-bu-album-depremle-basladi-alkislarla-noktalandi-28377701|access-date=26 August 2016}}</ref> [[Pamela Spence]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Hurriyet|title=İngilizce'yle yurt dışına açılıyor|date=27 October 2012 |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ingilizce-yle-yurt-disina-aciliyor-21788645|access-date=26 August 2016}}</ref> and [[Tarkan (singer)|Tarkan]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Hurriyet|title=Tarkan kaç yaşında?|date=20 October 2014 |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/tarkan-kac-yasinda-27420892|access-date=26 August 2016}}</ref> The German-born [[Turkish Cypriot]] pianist [[Rüya Taner]] has also launched her career in Turkey.<ref>{{cite web |author=CypNet|title=Rüya Taner|url=http://www.cypnet.co.uk/ncyprus/culture/music/artists/ruyataner/index.html|access-date=2010-12-19}}</ref>

There are also some musicians who perform and produce songs in the English language, such as [[Alev Lenz]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Sabah|title=New York'un tutuşturduğu Alev|url=http://www.sabah.com.tr/pazar/guncel/2009/07/12/new_yorkun_tutusturdugu_alev|access-date=30 August 2016}}</ref> [[DJ Quicksilver]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Milliyet|title=Almanya onu DJ Quicksilver diye taniyor|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/1999/03/13/t/yasam/yas03.html|access-date=27 August 2016}}</ref> [[DJ Sakin]],<ref>{{cite web |publisher=MTV|title=DJ Sakin|url=http://origin-mtvtr3s-com.scenic-q.mtvi.com/artists/dj-sakin/|access-date=27 August 2016}}</ref> and [[Mousse T.]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Mousse T. Vs. Hot 'N' Juicy |publisher=[[MTV]] |url=http://www.mtv.com/artists/mousse-t-vs-hot-n-juicy-2/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827174121/http://www.mtv.com/artists/mousse-t-vs-hot-n-juicy-2/|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 August 2016|access-date=27 August 2016}}</ref>

==== Rappers ====
Especially in the 1990s, Turkish-German rap groups have sold hundreds of thousands of albums and singles in Turkey, telling their stories of integration and assimilation struggles they experienced due to discrimination they faced during their upbringing in Germany.<ref name="Kautny2013">{{citation|last=Kautny|first=Oliver|title=Hip-Hop in Europe|pages=413–416|year=2013|editor-last1=Nitzsche|editor-first1=Sina A.|chapter=Immigrant Hip-Hop in Germany: The Cultural Identities of Migrants|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3643904133|editor-last2=Grünzweig|editor-first2=Walter}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Güney|Pekman|Kabas|2014|loc=155}}.</ref>

==Sports==
{{see also|List of Turkish Germans#Sports}}

===Football===
[[File:Mesut Özil at Baku before 2019 UEFA Europe League Final.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Mesut Özil]] played for [[Germany national football team]]]]
[[File:AUT vs. TUR 2016-03-29 (232).jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Nuri Şahin]] played for [[Turkey national football team|Turkey]]]]
[[File:2019-06-11 Fußball, Männer, Länderspiel, Deutschland-Estland StP 2071 LR10 by Stepro.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Germany national team player [[İlkay Gündoğan]]]]
[[File:AUT vs. TUR 2016-03-29 (342).jpg|thumb|right|upright|Turkey national team player [[Hakan Çalhanoğlu]]]]
[[File:Germany VS. Cameroon (3) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Germany national team player [[Emre Can]]]]
[[File:Sara Doorsoun-Khajeh 2012.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Germany national team player [[Sara Doorsoun]]]]

====Men's football====
Many football players of Turkish origin in Germany have been successful in first-division Germany and Turkey football clubs, as well as other European clubs. However, in regards to playing for national teams, many players of Turkish origin who were born in Germany have chosen to play for the [[Turkey national football team]]. Nonetheless, in recent years there has been an increase in the number of players choosing to represent Germany.

The first person of Turkish descent to play for the [[Germany national football team]] was [[Mehmet Scholl]] in 1993,<ref name=DWfootball/> followed by [[Mustafa Doğan]] in 1999 and [[Malik Fathi]] in 2006.<ref name=DWfootball/> Since the twenty-first century there has been an increase in German-born individuals of Turkish origin opting to play for Germany, including [[Serdar Tasci]]<ref name=Goalfootball/> and [[Suat Serdar]], [[Kerem Demirbay]],<ref>{{cite web |author=ESPN FC|title=Kerem Demirbay denies pledging Turkey allegiance before Germany call|date=18 May 2017 |url=http://www.espnfc.com/germany/story/3128819/kerem-demirbay-denies-knowingly-pledging-turkey-allegiance-before-germany-call|access-date=2017-06-30}}</ref> [[Emre Can]],<ref name=Independentfootball/> [[İlkay Gündoğan]],<ref name=Independentfootball/> [[Mesut Özil]],.<ref name=Independentfootball/> Of those, Mesut Özil played the most matches for Germany (92 apps). His photo with Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (together with Ilkay Gündogan and Cenk Tosun) just before the World Cup 2018 and his subsequent retirement after World Cup led to a controversy as well as political and 
social discussion. In his retirement statement, Özil also reported about racism experiences after his photo with Erdoğan.

Those who have chosen to retain their Turkish citizenship and who have competed for Turkey include [[Cenk Tosun]],<ref name=Goalfootball>{{cite web |author=Goal|title=Ozil for Germany, Sahin for Turkey – The dual-eligible players & who they have chosen to play for internationally|url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/1717/editorial/2011/10/07/2699418/ozil-for-germany-sahin-for-turkey-the-dual-eligible-players|access-date=2016-08-23}}</ref> [[Ceyhun Gülselam]],<ref name=Goalfootball/> [[Gökhan Töre]],<ref name=Independentfootball>{{cite web |author=The Independent|title=How players born in Germany could help Turkey to spring a surprise |website=[[Independent.co.uk]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/international/how-players-born-in-germany-could-help-turkey-to-spring-a-surprise-at-euro-2016-a7041271.html|access-date=2016-08-23|date=2016-05-21 }}</ref> [[Hakan Balta]],<ref name=DWfootball>{{cite web |author=Deutsche Welle|title=Turkish Players Glaringly Absent from Germany's National Squad|website=[[Deutsche Welle]]|url=http://www.dw.com/en/turkish-players-glaringly-absent-from-germanys-national-squad/a-3436359|access-date=2016-08-23}}</ref> [[Hakan Çalhanoğlu]],<ref name=Independentfootball/> [[Halil Altıntop]],<ref name=DWfootball/> [[Hamit Altıntop]],<ref name=DWfootball/> [[İlhan Mansız]],<ref name=BBCfootball>{{cite news |author=BBC|title=Turkish delight in German success|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/worldcup2002/hi/matches_wallchart/germany_v_brazil/newsid_2075000/2075035.stm|access-date=2016-08-23|date=2002-06-30}}</ref> [[Nuri Şahin]],<ref name=DWfootball/> [[Ogün Temizkanoğlu]],<ref name=BBCfootball/> [[Olcay Şahan]],<ref name=Independentfootball/> [[Mehmet Ekici]],<ref name=Goalfootball/> [[Serhat Akin]],<ref name=Goalfootball/> [[Tayfun Korkut]],<ref name=BBCfootball/> [[Tayfur Havutçu]],<ref name=BBCfootball/> [[Tunay Torun]],<ref name=Goalfootball/> [[Ümit Davala]],<ref name=BBCfootball/> [[Umit Karan]],<ref name=BBCfootball/> [[Volkan Arslan]],<ref name=Goalfootball/> [[Yıldıray Baştürk]],<ref name=BBCfootball/> [[Yunus Mallı]],<ref name=Independentfootball/> [[Kaan Ayhan]], [[Ahmed Kutucu]], [[Levin Öztunalı]], [[Kenan Karaman]], [[Ömer Toprak]], [[Salih Özcan]], [[Nazim Sangaré]], [[Güven Yalçın]], [[Berkay Özcan]], [[Hasan Ali Kaldırım]] and [[Kenan Yıldız]].

Many Turkish Germans have also played for other national football teams; for example, Turkish German football players in the [[Azerbaijan national football team]] include [[Ufuk Budak]], [[Tuğrul Erat]], [[Ali Gökdemir]], [[Ilter Tashkin|Taşkın İlter]], [[Cihan Özkara]], [[Uğur Pamuk]], [[Fatih Şanlı]], and {{Interlanguage link|Timur Temeltaş|de|3=Timur Temeltaş}}.<ref name="marka2014">{{citation|year=2014|title=Azerbaycan Milli Takımındaki Türklerin Performansı Nasıl?|url=https://markafutbol.com/azerbaycan-milli-takimindaki-turklerin-performansi-nasil-|quote=Son yıllarda Azerbaycan Milli Takımı da yabancı uyruklu futbolculardan yararlanan milli takımlar sırasına dahil oldu... son dönemlerde ise Almanya doğumlu Türk futbolculara yoğunlaşdı...Cihan Özkara...Ufuk Budak...Ali Gökdemir...Uğur Pamuk...Taşkın İlter...Toğrul Erat...Timur Temeltaş...Fatih Şanlı|publisher=Marka Futbol|access-date=29 March 2021}}</ref>

Several Turkish-German professional football players have also continued their careers as football managers such as [[Onur Cinel]], [[Kenan Kocak]], [[:tr:Hüseyin Eroğlu|Hüseyin Eroğlu]], [[Tayfun Korkut]] and [[:de:Eddy Sözer|Eddy Sözer]]. In addition, there are also several Turkish-German referees, including [[Deniz Aytekin]].

====Women's football====
In regards to women's football, several players have chosen to play for the [[Turkey women's national football team|Turkish women's national football team]], including [[Aylin Yaren]],<ref name=tffwomen>{{cite news |author=Türkiye Futbol Federasyonu |title=Gurbetteki kadınlar|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/worldcup2002/hi/matches_wallchart/germany_v_brazil/newsid_2075000/2075035.stm|access-date=27 August 2016|date=2002-06-30}}</ref> [[Aycan Yanaç]], [[Melike Pekel]], [[Dilan Ağgül]], [[Selin Dişli]], [[Arzu Karabulut]], [[Ecem Cumert]], [[Fatma Kara]], [[Fatma Işık]], [[Ebru Uzungüney]] and [[Feride Bakır]].

There are also players who plays for the [[Germany women's national football team|German women's football national football team]], including [[Sara Doorsoun]], [[Hasret Kayikçi|Hasret Kayıkçı]] and [[Alara Şehitler]].

====Turkish-German football clubs====
The Turkish community in Germany has also been active in establishing their own football clubs such as [[Berlin Türkspor 1965]] (established in 1965) and [[Türkiyemspor Berlin]] (established in 1978). Türkiyemspor Berlin were the Champions in the [[Berlin-Liga]] in the year 2000. They were the winners of the [[Berliner Landespokal]] in 1988, 1990, and 1991.
Türkgücü München, established in 1975, play in the 3. Liga.

==Politics==
{{see also|List of Turkish Germans#Politics}}
[[File:Cem Özdemir-002.JPG|thumb|right|upright|Having served as co-chair of the [[Alliance 90/The Greens]] in 2008–18, [[Cem Özdemir]] was the first party leader from an ethnic minority background.<ref>{{cite news |author=The Economist|title=Cem difference: Germany's first party leader from an ethnic minority|newspaper=The Economist|url=http://www.economist.com/node/12641890|access-date=25 August 2016|date=2008-11-20}}</ref>]]

===German politics===
The Turks in Germany began to be active in politics by establishing associations and federations in the 1960s and 1970s – though these were mainly based on Turkish politics rather than German politics. The first significant step towards active German politics occurred in 1987 when [[Sevim Çelebi-Gottschlich|Sevim Çelebi]] became the first person of Turkish origin to be elected as an MP in the West Berlin Parliament.<ref name=Sakman198>{{Harvnb|Sakman|2015|loc=198}}.</ref>

With the reunification of [[East Germany]] and [[West Germany]], unemployment in the country had increased and some political parties, particularly the [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|Christian Democratic Union]] (CDU), used anti-immigration discourses as a political tool in their campaigns. To counter this, many people of Turkish origin became more politically active and began to work in local elections and in the young branches of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]] (SPD) and the [[Alliance '90/The Greens|Green Party]]. Several associations were founded by almost all German parties to organise meetings for Turkish voters. This played an important gateway for those who aspired to become politicians.<ref name=Sakman198/>

====Federal Parliament====
[[File:Aydan Özoğuz April 2016 (26404237745) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Aydan Özoğuz]] was the deputy chairperson of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]] from 2011 until 2017.<ref>{{cite web |author=Anadolu Agency|title=New German Immigration Minister: Ozoguz of Turkish descent|url=http://aa.com.tr/en/turkey/new-german-immigration-minister-ozoguz-of-turkish-descent/197473|access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref>]]
In [[1994 German federal election|1994]] {{Interlanguage link|Leyla Onur|de}} from the SPD and [[Cem Özdemir]] from the [[Alliance '90/The Greens|Green Party]] became MPs in the Federal Parliament. They were both re-elected in the 1998 elections and were joined by [[Ekin Deligöz]] from the Green party. Deligöz and Özdemir were both re-elected as MPs for the Greens and [[Lale Akgün]] was elected as an MP for the SPD in the [[2002 German federal election|2002 elections]]. Thereafter, Deligöz and Akgün were successful in being re-elected in the [[2005 German federal election|2005 elections]]; the two female politicians were joined by [[Hakkı Keskin]] who was elected as an MP for the [[The Left (Germany)|Left Party]].<ref name="Aktürk">{{citation |last=Aktürk|first=Şener|year=2010|title=The Turkish Minority in German Politics: Trends, Diversification of Representation, and Policy Implications|journal=Insight Turkey|volume=12|issue=1|page=67}}</ref>

By the end of the first decade of the twenty-first century, the number of German MPs of Turkish origin remained similar to the previous elections. In the [[2009 German federal election|2009 elections]] [[Ekin Deligöz]] and [[Mehmet Kılıç]] were elected for the Greens, [[Aydan Özoğuz]] for the SPD, and {{Interlanguage link|Serkan Tören|de}} for the [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|FDP]].<ref name="Aktürk"/> Nonetheless, several Turkish-origin politicians were successful in becoming ministers and co-chairs of political parties. For example, in 2008 [[Cem Özdemir]] became the co-chair of the [[Alliance '90/The Greens|Green Party]]. In 2010 [[Aygül Özkan]] was appointed as the Women, Family, Health and Integration Minister, making her the first ever minister of Turkish origin or the Muslim faith. In the same year, [[Aydan Özoğuz]] was elected as deputy chairperson of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] party. By 2011, {{Interlanguage link|Bilkay Öney|de}} from the SPD was appointed as Integration Minister in the Baden-Württemberg State.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sakman|2015|loc=199-200}}.</ref>

Since the [[2013 German federal election|2013 German elections]], Turkish-origin MPs have been elected into Federal Parliament from four different parties. [[Cemile Giousouf]], whose parents immigrated from [[Greece]], became the first person of [[Turks of Western Thrace|Western Thracian Turkish-origin]] to become an MP. Giousouf was the first Turkish-origin MP and first Muslim to be elected from the CDU party.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sakman|2015|loc=200}}.</ref> Five MPs of Turkish-origin were elected from the SPD party including [[Aydan Özoğuz]], [[Cansel Kiziltepe]], [[Gülistan Yüksel]], [[Metin Hakverdi]] and [[Mahmut Özdemir]]. Özdemir, at the time of his election, became the youngest MP in the German Parliament.<ref name="Dunya1">{{cite news |url=http://dunya.milliyet.com.tr/alman-meclisinde-rekor-turk-vekil/dunya/detay/1767522/default.htm |newspaper=[[Milliyet]] |title=Alman meclisinde rekor Türk vekil |date=2013-09-24 |language=tr |access-date=2013-09-24 }}</ref><ref name="Dunya2">{{cite news |url=http://www.dunya.com/mobi/news_detail.php?id=203201 |newspaper=Dünya |title=Türk kökenli vekillerin yükselişi |date=2013-09-23 |language=tr |access-date=2013-09-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927135119/http://www.dunya.com/mobi/news_detail.php?id=203201 |archive-date=2013-09-27 }}</ref> For the Green Party, [[Cem Özdemir]], [[Ekin Deligöz]] and [[Özcan Mutlu]] were elected as MPs, and [[Azize Tank]] for the [[The Left (Germany)|Left Party]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Hurriyet Daily News|title=Eleven Turks enter German Parliament |date=24 September 2013 |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/eleven-turks-enter-german-parliament-.aspx?pageID=238&nid=55013|access-date=2016-08-23}}</ref>

====European Parliament====
In 1989 {{Interlanguage link|Leyla Onur|de}} from the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] party was the first person of Turkish-origin to be a member of the [[European Parliament]] for Germany.<ref>{{cite web|author=Deutsche Welle|title=Alman siyasetinde Türk kökenliler|website=[[Deutsche Welle]]|url=http://www.dw.com/tr/alman-siyasetinde-t%C3%BCrk-k%C3%B6kenliler/a-15481848|access-date=30 August 2016}}</ref> By 2004 [[Cem Özdemir]] and [[Vural Öger]] also became members of the European Parliament. Since then, [[Ismail Ertug]] was elected as a [[Member of the European Parliament]] in 2009 and was re-elected in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|author=Hurriyet|title=Almanya'da Türk kökenli Ertuğ AP üyesi oldu|date=8 June 2009 |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/almanyada-turk-kokenli-ertug-ap-uyesi-oldu-11820261|access-date=30 August 2016}}</ref>

====Turkish-German political parties====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Political parties in Germany !! Year established !! Founders || Current Leader || Position || Ideologies
|-
| '''Alternative for Migrants''' <br /> ({{langx|de|Alternative für Migranten}}, '''AfM'''; {{langx|tr|Göçmenler için Alternatif}}) || 2019 || || || ||Turkish and Muslim minority interests
|-
| '''[[:de:Bündnis für Innovation und Gerechtigkeit|Alliance for Innovation and Justice]]''' <br /> ({{langx|de|Bündnis für Innovation und Gerechtigkeit}}, '''BIG'''; {{langx|tr|Yenilik ve Adalet Birliği Partisi}}) || 2010 || [[:de:Haluk Yildiz|Haluk Yıldız]] || [[:de:Haluk Yildiz|Haluk Yıldız]] || || Turkish and Muslim minority interests
|-
| '''[[:de:Allianz Deutscher Demokraten|Alliance of German Democrats]]''' <br /> ({{langx|de|Allianz Deutscher Demokraten}}, '''ADD'''; {{langx|tr|Alman Demokratlar İttifakı}}) || 26 June 2016<ref>{{cite web|author=Hurriyet|title=Almanya'da Türkler parti kuruyor |date=26 June 2016 |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/almanyada-turkler-parti-kuruyor-40122593|access-date=1 September 2016}}</ref> ||  Remzi Aru  || Ramazan Akbaş || || Turkish and Muslim minority interests, Conservatism 
|-
| '''[[:de:Bremische Integrations-Partei Deutschlands|Bremen Integration Party of Germany]]''' <br /> ({{langx|de|Bremische Integrations-Partei Deutschlands}}, '''BIP'''; {{langx|tr|Almanya Bremen Entegrasyon Partisi}}) || 2010 || || Levet Albayrak || || Turkish and Muslim minority interests
|-
|}

===Turkish politics===
{{Main|Politics of Turkey}}
Some Turks born or raised in Germany have entered Turkish politics. For example, [[Siegen]]-born, [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|Justice and Development Party]] (AKP) affiliated [[Akif Çağatay Kılıç]] has been the [[Ministry of Youth and Sports (Turkey)|Minister of Youth and Sports]] of [[Turkey]] since 2013.<ref>{{citation |author=Hurriyet|year=2013|title=Akif Çağatay Kılıç kimdir? Gençlik ve Spor Bakanı kimdir?|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/akif-cagatay-kilic-kimdir-genclik-ve-spor-bakani-kimdir-40018162|access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref>

Germany is effectively Turkey's 4th largest electoral district. Around a third of this constituency vote in Turkish elections (570,000 in the 2015 parliamentary elections), and the share of [[Conservatism|conservative]] votes for the [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|Justice and Development Party]] (AKP) and [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] is even higher than in Turkey itself.<ref name=Faultlines>{{cite news|title=Old Faultlines|url=https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21703296-tensions-rise-turkey-they-spill-over-germany-old-faultlines|access-date=9 August 2016|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=6 August 2016}}</ref> Following the [[2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt]], huge pro-Erdoğan demonstrations were held by Turkish citizens in German cities.<ref name=Faultlines/> ''[[The Economist]]'' suggested that this would make it difficult for Germany politicians to criticize Erdoğan's policies and tactics.<ref name=Faultlines/> However, equally huge demonstrations by Turkish Kurds were also held in Germany some weeks later against Erdoğan's [[2016 Turkish purges]] and against the detention the HDP party co-chairpersons [[Selahattin Demirtaş]] and [[Figen Yüksekdağ]] in Turkey.<ref>{{cite news|title=Thousands of Kurds in Germany rally against Turkey|url=http://www.dw.com/en/thousands-of-kurds-in-germany-rally-against-turkey/a-19525234|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=Deutsche Welle}}</ref>

==Notable people==
{{Main|List of Turkish Germans}} 
[[File:Ugur Sahin v2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Uğur Şahin]] immigrated to Germany at the age of four. In 2020, Şahin, alongside his Turkish-German wife [[Özlem Türeci]], developed the [[Pfizer]]-[[BioNTech]] [[BNT162b2|COVID-19 vaccine]] and became the first people of Turkish origin to be included in the hundred wealthiest people list in Germany.<ref>{{Citation|last=Oltermann|first=Philip |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/10/ugur-sahin-and-ozlem-tureci-german-dream-team-behind-vaccine|title=Uğur Şahin and Özlem Türeci: German 'dream team' behind vaccine|work=The Guardian|quote=The comments hinted at the scientific rigour, unrelenting work ethic and appetite for entrepreneurship that has seen Sahin and Türeci's company outpace more well-established competitors in the race for a Covid-19 vaccine – and made the couple the first Germans with Turkish roots to enter their country's rich list this autumn, at number 93.|date=10 November 2020|access-date=6 February 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117011752/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/10/ugur-sahin-and-ozlem-tureci-german-dream-team-behind-vaccine |archive-date=17 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Oltermann|first=Philip|date=2020-11-09|title=BioNTech's Covid vaccine: a shot in the arm for Germany's Turkish community|work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/09/biontechs-covid-vaccine-a-shot-in-the-arm-for-germanys-turkish-community|access-date=2020-11-10|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>]]

==See also==
{{Portal|Germany|Turkey}}
*[[List of Turkish Germans]]
*[[List of German locations named after people and places of Turkish origin]]
*[[Turks in Berlin]]
*[[Germany–Turkey relations]]
*[[Turkish diaspora]]
**[[Turks in Europe]]
***[[Turks in Austria]]
***[[Turks in France]]
***[[Turks in the Netherlands]]
***[[Turks in Liechtenstein]] 
***[[Turks in Poland]]
***[[Turks in Russia]]
***[[Turks in Sweden]]
***[[Turks in Switzerland]]
***[[Turks in the United Kingdom]]
**[[Turkish Americans]]

== References ==
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{{Reflist}}

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{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Turks in Germany}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080612043054/http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/en/Laenderinformationen/01-Laender/Tuerkei.html Relations between Turkey and Germany] at the German Federal Foreign Office
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1627912.stm "Germany's guest workers mark 40 years"], by Rob Broomby, [[BBC News]]
* [http://www.berlinistanbul.de Berlin Türk Kulübü] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090809112915/http://www.berlinistanbul.de/ |date=9 August 2009 }}
* [http://www.berlinim.de Turkish Flair in Berlin]
* [http://www.deutsch-werden.de Citizenship Test]
* [http://www.migrants.de Migrants in Germany]

{{Immigration to Germany}}
{{Germany topics}}
{{Turkish diaspora}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Turks in Germany}}
[[Category:Turkish diaspora in Germany| ]]
[[Category:German people of Turkish descent| ]]
[[Category:Islam in Germany]]
[[Category:Labor in Germany]]
[[Category:European diaspora in Germany]]
[[Category:Muslim communities in Europe]]
[[Category:Turkish diaspora by country|Germany]]

[[mos:SANDWICH]]