View source for Turkish Kurdistan

{{short description|Kurdish inhabited area of Turkey}}
{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
[[File:Kurdistan_of_Turkey_(CIA).png|250px|thumb|Kurdish-inhabited regions of Turkey according to [[The World Factbook]]]]
{{Kurds}}

'''Turkish Kurdistan''' or '''Northern Kurdistan''' ({{Langx|ku-Latn|Bakurê Kurdistanê}}) is the southeastern part of [[Turkey]]<ref name="van Bruinessen">{{citation|first=Martin|last=van Bruinessen|edition=2nd|entry=Kurdistan|editor=Joel Krieger|entry-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195117394.001.0001/acref-9780195117394-e-0412|title=The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199891160|entry-url-access=subscription|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195117394.001.0001|year=2004|quote=The name given to the homeland of the Kurds, a Muslim people numbering approximately 20 to 25 million, Kurdistan comprises most of eastern and southeastern Turkey, northern Iraq, parts of northwestern Iran, and small slices of northeastern and northwestern Syria.|hdl=1721.1/141579|hdl-access=free}}</ref> where [[Kurds]] form the predominant [[ethnic group]]. The [[Kurdish Institute of Paris]] estimates that there are 20 million Kurds living in Turkey, the majority of them in the southeast.<ref>[http://www.institutkurde.org/en/info/the-kurdish-population-1232551004 The Kurdish Population] by the [[Kurdish Institute of Paris]], 2017 estimate. "The territory, which the Kurds call Northern Kurdistan (Bakurê Kurdistanê), has 14.2 million inhabitants in 2016. According to several surveys, 86% of them are Kurds... So in 2016, there are about 12.2 million Kurds still living in Kurdistan in Turkey. We know that there are also strong Kurdish communities in the big Turkish metropolises like Istanbul, Izmir, Ankara, Adana, and Mersin. The numerical importance of this "diaspora" is estimated according to sources at 7 to 10 million... Assuming an average estimate of 8 million Kurds in the Turkish part of Turkey, thus arrives at the figure of 20 million Kurds in Turkey."</ref>

Southeastern Turkey (Northern Kurdistan) is considered to be one of the four parts of [[Kurdistan]], which also includes parts of northern [[Syria]] ([[Western Kurdistan]]), northern [[Iraq]] ([[Southern Kurdistan]]) and northwestern [[Iran]] ([[Eastern Kurdistan]]).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Khalil|first=Fadel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TrZVAAAAYAAJ|title=Kurden heute|date=1992|publisher=Europaverlag|isbn=3-203-51097-9|pages=5,18–19|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Bengio |first= Ofra |date=2014 |title= Kurdish Awakening: Nation Building in a Fragmented Homeland  |publisher= University of Texas Press |page=2 |quote= Hence the terms: ''rojhalat'' (east, Iran), ''bashur'' (south, Iraq), ''bakur'' (north, Turkey), and ''rojava'' (west, Syria).}}</ref>

The term Turkish Kurdistan is often used in the context of [[Kurdish nationalism]], which makes it a controversial term among proponents of [[Turkish nationalism]].  The term has different meaning depending on context.{{How|date=December 2020}}

==Geography==
The [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] delineates the geography of Turkish Kurdistan as following:
{{Quote|text=According to Trotter (1878), the limit of their extent to the north was the line [[Divriği]]—[[Erzurum]]—[[Kars]]. In the region of Erzurum they are found especially to the east and the south-east. The Kurds also occupy the western slopes of Ararat, the districts of [[Kağızman]] and [[Tuzluca]]. On the west they extend in a wide belt beyond the course of the Euphrates, and, in the region of Sivas, in the districts of [[Kangal]] and [[Divriği]]. Equally, the whole region includes areas to the east and south-east of these limits... Turkish Kurdistān numbers at least 17 of them almost totally: in the north-east, the provinces of [[Erzincan Province|Erzincan]], [[Erzurum Province|Erzurum]] and [[Kars Province|Kars]]; in the centre, going from west to east and from north to south, the provinces of [[Malatya Province|Malatya]], [[Tunceli Province|Tunceli]], [[Elazığ Province|Elazığ]], [[Bingöl Province|Bingöl]], [[Muş Province|Muş]], Karaköse ([[Ağrı Province|Ağrı]]), then [[Adıyaman Province|Adıyaman]], [[Diyarbakır Province|Diyarbakır]], [[Siirt Province|Siirt]], [[Bitlis Province|Bitlis]] and [[Van Province|Van]]; Finally, the southern provinces of [[Şanlıurfa Province|Şanlıurfa]] (Urfa), [[Mardin Province|Mardin]] and Çölamerik ([[Hakkâri Province|Hakkarî]]).|author=Bois, T., [[Vladimir Minorsky|Minorsky, V.]] and [[David Neil MacKenzie|MacKenzie, D.N.]]|title=Kurds, Kurdistān, 1960|source=<ref name="BRILL" >{{Cite journal|date=2002|title=Kurds, Kurdistān|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/kurds-kurdistan-COM_0544?s.num=167&s.start=100|journal=Encyclopaedia of Islam|edition=2nd|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|isbn=9789004161214|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0544|last1=Bois|first1=Th|last2=Minorsky|first2=V.|last3=MacKenzie|first3=D. N.|url-access=subscription}}</ref>}}

Nonetheless, it is emphasized that "the imprecise limits of the frontiers of Kurdistan hardly allow an exact appreciation of the area." The region forms the south-eastern edge of [[Anatolia]], in [[Upper Mesopotamia]]. It is dominated by high peaks rising to over 3,700&nbsp;m (12,000&nbsp;ft) and arid [[mountain plateau]]x, forming part of the arc of the [[Taurus Mountains]]. It has an extreme [[continental climate]]—hot in the summer, bitterly cold in the winter.

== Demographics ==
In the first census of Turkey in 1927, [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] was the largest [[first language]] in the provinces of Ağrı ({{Percentage|60926|104586}}), Bitlis ({{Percentage|67678|90631}}), Diyarbakır ({{Percentage|132209|192195}}), Elazığ ({{Percentage|112493|212717}}), Hakkâri ({{Percentage|17005|19121}}), Mardin ({{Percentage|109841|180456}}), Siirt ({{Percentage|75962|102433}}, includes present-day Batman) and Van ({{Percentage|57723|75329}}). Moreover, Kurdish was the largest first language with a plurality in Şanlıurfa with {{Percentage|82788|196868}}.<ref>{{Citation|last=Dündar|first=Fuat|title=Türkiye nüfus sayımlarında azınlıklar|date=2000|pages=156–157|language=tr|isbn=9789758086771}}</ref> {{Percentage|99433|143899}} of the population in Muş Province had Kurdish as their first language in the census of 1935, the first census conducted there after the province was split from Bitlis earlier.<ref>{{Citation|last=Dündar|first=Fuat|title=Türkiye nüfus sayımlarında azınlıklar|date=2000|page=164|language=tr|isbn=9789758086771}}</ref> Bingöl Province was separated from Muş in 1935, while Tunceli Province was separated from Elazığ in 1936 and Kurdish was also the first language in these newly-established provinces in their first census in 1945 with {{Percentage|42060|75510}} and {{Percentage|47830|90446}}, respectively.<ref>{{Citation|last=Dündar|first=Fuat|title=Türkiye nüfus sayımlarında azınlıklar|date=2000|pages=178–179|language=tr|isbn=9789758086771}}</ref>

Moreover, other ethnic groups also exist in Turkish Kurdistan including [[Arabs]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Leonard |first1=Thomas M. |title=Encyclopedia of the Developing World |date=2013 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781135205089 |page=920}}</ref> [[Circassians]], [[Ossetians]] and [[Turkish people|Turks]].<ref name="BRILL" /> Since the 1990s, forced immigration from the southeast has led millions of Kurds to settle in the cities [[Ankara]], [[İzmir|Izmir]] or [[Istanbul]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tremblay |first=Pinar |date=22 September 2014 |title=Kurdish identity becomes more acceptable in Turkish society - Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2014/09/turkey-krg-iraq-kurds-anti-kurdish-discourse-hdp.html |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=[[Al-Monitor]] |language=en}}</ref>

There used to be [[History of the Jews in Kurdistan|11 Jewish communities in the Turkish Kurdistan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kurdistan |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/kurdistan |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}</ref>

== Resources ==
Much of the region is fertile and has traditionally exported grain and livestock to the cities in the plains. The local economy is dominated by [[animal husbandry]] and [[small-scale agriculture]], with cross-border smuggling to and from [[Iraqi Kurdistan]] (especially of [[petroleum]]) providing a major source of income in the [[Iraq-Turkey border]] area. Larger-scale agriculture and industrial activities dominate the economic life of the lower-lying region around [[Diyarbakır]], the largest Kurdish-majority city in the region. Elsewhere, however, [[Kurdish villages depopulated by Turkey|military activity]] and high unemployment has led to extensive migration from the region to other parts of Turkey and abroad.<ref name="ocpw">van Bruinessen, Martin. "Kurdistan." ''Oxford Companion to the Politics of the World'', 2nd edition. Joel Krieger, ed. [[Oxford University Press]], 2001.</ref>

==History==
{{main|History of the Kurdish people}}
[[File:Ottoman vilayet of Kurdistan.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Ottoman Kurdistan]] in 1855]]
Part of the [[Fertile Crescent]] of the [[Ancient Near East]], Northern Kurdistan was quickly affected by the [[Neolithic Revolution]] that saw the spread of agriculture. In the [[Bronze Age]], it was ruled by the [[Arameans]], followed by the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]] in the [[Iron Age]]. [[Classical antiquity]] saw the arrival of first [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Greater Armenia]], then the [[Roman Empire]]. The [[early Muslim conquests]] swept over the region with the [[spread of Islam]].

During the [[Middle Ages]], the region came under the rule of local chieftains. In the 10th and 11th centuries, it was ruled by the Kurdish [[Marwanid]] dynasty. From the 14th century onwards, the region was mostly incorporated into the [[Ottoman Empire]].

===Kurdish principalities===
{{Further|List of Kurdish dynasties and countries}}
A tax register (or ''defter'') dating back to 1527 mentions an area called ''[[Vilayet-i Kurdistan]]'', which included seven major and 11 minor emirates (or [[Kurdish principalities|principalities]]). The document refers to the Kurdish emirates as ''[[eyalet]]'' (state), an indication of the autonomy they enjoyed. In a ''Ferman'' (imperial decree) issued by [[Suleiman the Magnificent|Suleiman I]], around 1533, he outlines the rules of inheritance and succession among ''Kurdistan beys'' i.e. the Kurdish aristocracy. Hereditary succession was granted to Kurdish emirates loyal to the [[Ottoman Empire]], and Kurdish princes were granted autonomy within the Empire. The degree of autonomy of these emirates varied greatly and depended on their geopolitical significance. The weak Kurdish tribes were forced to join stronger ones or become a part of Ottoman [[sanjak]]s. However, powerful and less accessible tribes, particularly those close to the frontier with [[Persia]], enjoyed a high degree of autonomy.

According to a ''kanunname'' (book of law) mentioned by [[Evliya Çelebi]], there were two administrative units different from regular sanjaks: 1) Kurdish sanjaks (''Ekrad Beyliği''), characterized by the hereditary rule of the Kurdish aristocracy and 2) Kurdish governments (''hükümet''). The Kurdish sanjaks, like ordinary sanjaks, had military obligations and had to pay taxes. On the other hand, the Kurdish hükümet neither paid taxes nor provided troops for the [[Ottoman Army]], and the Ottomans preferred not to interfere in their succession and internal affairs. According to Çelebi, by the mid-17th century the autonomy of the Kurdish emirates had diminished. At this time, out of 19 sanjaks of the [[Diyarbekir Eyalet]], 12 were regular Ottoman sanjaks, and the remaining were referred to as Kurdish sanjaks. The Kurdish sanjaks were Sagman, Kulp, Mihraniye, Tercil, Atak, Pertek, Çapakçur and Çermik. Çelebi lists the Kurdish states or ''hükümets'' as Cezire, Egil, Genç, Palu and Hazo. In the late 18th and early 19th century, with the [[decline of the Ottoman Empire]], the Kurdish principalities became practically independent.<ref>Ozoglu, Hakan. ''State-Tribe Relations: Kurdish Tribalism in the 16th- and 17th- Century Ottoman Empire'', pp.15,18–22,26, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 1996</ref>

==Modern history==
[[File:Kurdistan1920.png|200px|thumb|right|Provisions of the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] for an independent Kurdistan (in 1920).]]
The [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] government began to assert its authority in the region in the early 19th century. Concerned with independent-mindedness of Kurdish principalities, Ottomans sought to curb their influence and bring them under the control of the central government in Constantinople. However, removal from power of these hereditary principalities led to more instability in the region from the 1840s onwards. In their place, [[sufi]] sheiks and religious orders rose to prominence and spread their influence throughout the region. One of the prominent Sufi leaders was ''[[Sheikh Ubeydullah|Sheikh Ubeydalla]] Nahri'', who began a [[Uprising of Sheikh Ubeydullah|revolt]] in the region between Lakes [[Lake Van|Van]] and [[Lake Urmia|Urmia]]. The area under his control covered both Ottoman and [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar]] territories. Shaikh Ubaidalla is regarded as one of the earliest leaders who pursued modern nationalist ideas among Kurds. In a letter to a British Vice-Consul, he declared: ''the Kurdish nation is a people apart. . . we want our affairs to be in our hands'.'<ref>Dahlman, Carl. ''The Political Geography of Kurdistan'', Eurasian Geography and Economics, Vol. 43, No. 4, 2002, p.278</ref>

The breakup of the Ottoman Empire after its defeat in the [[First World War]] led to its dismemberment and establishment of the present-day political boundaries, dividing the Kurdish-inhabited regions between several newly created states. The establishment and enforcement of the new borders had profound effects for the Kurds, who had to abandon their traditional nomadism for village life and settled farming.<ref name="eb">"Kurd," ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2007.</ref>
[[File:Kurdish refugees travel by truck, Turkey, 1991.jpeg|300px|thumb| [[Iraqi Kurdistan|Iraqi Kurds]] fleeing to Turkey in April 1991, during the [[Gulf War]]]]

===Education===
There has been significant conflict in Turkey over the Kurdish populations' linguistic rights. At various points in its history Turkey has enacted laws prohibiting the use of Kurdish in schools.<ref name=hassanpour>{{cite journal|last=Hassanpour|first=Amir|title=The Non-Education of Kurds:A Kurdish Perspective|journal=International Review of Education|year=1996|volume=42|issue=4|pages=367–379|doi=10.1007/bf00601097|bibcode=1996IREdu..42..367H|s2cid=145579854| issn=0020-8566}}</ref> To counter the [[Dersim rebellion]], a [[turkification]] process was started by the Turkish government and the [[Elazığ Girls' Institute]] ({{Langx|tr|Elazığ Kız Enstitüsü, EGI}}) was opened in 1937. The institute was a boarding school for Kurdish girls and young women who had to learn to speak [[Turkish language|Turkish]] with their children which before they were not able to as most of them didn't know Turkish.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Turkyilmaz|first=Zeynep|date=2016|title=Maternal Colonialism and Turkish Woman's Burden in Dersim: Educating the "Mountain Flowers" of Dersim|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/629829|journal=[[Journal of Women's History]]|volume=28|issue=3|pages=162–186|doi=10.1353/jowh.2016.0029|issn=1527-2036|via=Project Muse|s2cid=151865028|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last=Aslan|first=Senem|date=2011|title=Everyday forms of state power and the Kurds in the early Turkish Republic|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23017343|journal=[[International Journal of Middle East Studies]]|volume=43|issue=1|pages=75–76|doi=10.1017/S0020743810001200|issn=0020-7438|jstor=23017343|s2cid=163107175|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The girls' school was open until 1959.<ref>Turkyilmaz, Zeynep (2016), p.179</ref>

In 2014, several Kurdish NGOs and two Kurdish political parties supported a boycott of schools in Northern Kurdistan to promote the right to education in the Kurdish language in all subjects. While Kurdish identity has become more acceptable in Turkish society, the Turkish government has only allowed the Kurdish language to be offered as an elective in schools. The government has refused to honor other demands. In several southeastern cities, Kurds have established private schools to teach classes in Kurdish but the police have been closing down these private schools.<ref name="education">"[http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/09/turkey-krg-iraq-kurds-anti-kurdish-discourse-hdp.html Kurdish identity becomes more acceptable in Turkish society]", [[Al-Monitor]], 2014</ref>

===Conflict and controversy===
{{main|Kurdish–Turkish conflict|OHAL}}
{{Turkey–PKK peace process}}
There has been a long-running separatist conflict in Turkey which has cost 30,000 lives, on both sides. The region saw several major Kurdish rebellions during the 1920s and 1930s. These were forcefully put down by the Turkish authorities and the region was declared a closed military area from which foreigners were banned between 1925 and 1965. Kurdish place names were changed and turkified,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=IX. Restrictions on the Use of the Kurdish Language |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/turkey/turkey993-08.htm|access-date=2020-11-20|website=www.hrw.org}}</ref> the use of Kurdish language was outlawed, the words ''[[Kurds]]'' and ''[[Kurdistan]]'' were erased from dictionaries and history books, and the Kurds were only referred to as ''Mountain Turks''.<ref>G. Chaliand, A.R. Ghassemlou, M. Pallis, ''A People Without A Country'', 256 pp., Zed Books, 1992, {{ISBN|1-85649-194-3}}, p.58</ref> Politicians were often prosecuted and sentenced to prison terms for speaking Kurdish.<ref name=":0" />

In 1983, a number of provinces were placed under martial law in response to the activities of the militant separatist [[Kurdistan Workers' Party|Kurdistan Workers Party]] (PKK).<ref name="hue">"Kurd," ''Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia including Atlas'', 2005.</ref> A [[guerrilla war]] took place through the rest of the 1980s and into the 1990s. By 1993, the total number of security forces involved in the struggle in southeastern Turkey was about 200,000, and the conflict had become the largest [[counter-insurgency]] in the [[Middle East]],<ref>"Turkey," ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2007.</ref> in which much of the countryside was evacuated, thousands of Kurdish-populated villages were destroyed, and numerous extra judicial [[summary execution]]s were carried out by both sides.<ref name="ocpw" /> More than 37,000 people were killed in the violence and hundreds of thousands more were forced to leave their homes.<ref name="bbc">"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6537751.stm Kurdish rebels kill Turkey troops]", [[BBC News]], 8 May 2007.</ref> The situation in the region has since eased following the capture of the [[Kurdistan Workers' Party|PKK]] leader [[Abdullah Öcalan]] in 1999 and the introduction of a greater degree of official tolerance for Kurdish cultural activities, encouraged by the [[European Union]].<ref name="eb" /> However, some political violence is still ongoing and the Turkish–Iraqi border region remains tense.<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6687631.stm Turkish soldiers killed in blast]", [[BBC News]], 24 May 2007.</ref>

===Kurdification===
{{Main|Kurdification}}{{See also|Chechen Kurds}}
When refugees from [[Caucasus]] reached the [[Ottoman Empire]], Constantinople decided not to settle these in Kurdistan due to the [[extreme poverty]] and lack of material resources for the refugees. Yet after some time, the Ottomans started seeing the refugees as a chance to diminish the Kurdish claim to the region and allowed the refugees to settle in the region.<ref name="klein">{{cite book|author1=Janet Klein|title=The Margins of Empire: Kurdish Militias in the Ottoman Tribal Zone|date=2011|isbn=978-0-8047-7775-9}}</ref>

From early stage on, some Caucasians went through a voluntary process of Kurdification and thereby had Kurdish as their mother tongue.<ref name="cerkes">{{cite book|author1=Yeldar Barış Kalkan|title=Çerkes halkı ve sorunları: Çerkes tarih, kültür, coğrafya ve siyasetine sınıfsal yaklaşım|date=2006|page=175}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Dursun Gümüşoğlu|title=Anadolu'da bir köy: Eskikonak : antropolojik inceleme|date=2008}}</ref>

==== 20th–21st century and PKK ====
When the Kurdish question arose in Turkey, it also had an effect on their Caucasian neighbors. Even today, there is an aversion from joining the Kurds in their conflict against the Turkish state,<ref>{{cite news|author1=Paul Globe|title=Turkish Circassians Reject Proffered Alliance With Kurds|url=https://jamestown.org/program/turkish-circassians-reject-proffered-alliance-with-kurds/|access-date=12 December 2016|date=7 April 2015}}</ref> but some individuals of Caucasian origin joined the [[Kurdistan Workers' Party]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Çerkes gerilla: PKK kendimle yüzleşmemi sağladı|url=http://www.ozgur-gundem.com/haber/106811/cerkes-gerilla-pkk-kendimle-yuzlesmemi-sagladi|access-date=12 December 2016|agency=Özgür Gündem|date=9 May 2014|language=tr}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Kurdish Politics in Turkey: From the PKK to the KCK|date=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-27116-1}}</ref> As part of their campaign, [[Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)|Peoples' Democratic Party]] (HDP) won elections in most Caucasian villages in Turkish Kurdistan.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bitlis'te Oturan Çerkes Aileden HDP'ye Destek|url=http://www.bitlisradikal.com/haber/65/bitliste-oturan-cerkes-aileden-hdpye-destek.html|access-date=12 December 2016|agency=Bitlis Radikal|date=20 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=HDP Çerkesler için broşür hazırladı|url=http://www.haber46.com/siyaset/hdp-cerkesler-icin-brosur-hazirladi-h79668.html|access-date=12 December 2016|agency=Haber46|date=8 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=SEÇSİS – Sandık Sonuçları|url=https://sonuc.ysk.gov.tr/module/GirisEkrani.jsf|access-date=12 December 2016|language=tr}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Armenian highlands]]
* [[Denial of Kurds by Turkey]]
* [[Western Armenia]]
* [[Zagros Mountains]]
** [[Mount Judi]]
* [[A Modern History of the Kurds]] by David McDowall

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/kurdistan-maps.htm Maps of Kurdish Regions] by GlobalSecurity.org
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/images/dist-kurdish.gif Map of Kurdish Population Distribution] by GlobalSecurity.org

{{Portalbar|Geography|Kurdistan|Turkey}}
{{Irredentism}}
[[Category:Turkish Kurdistan| ]]
[[Category:Kurds in Turkey]]
[[Category:Kurdistan]]
[[Category:Kurdish separatism in Turkey]]
[[Category:Geography of Kurdistan]]
[[Category:Regions of Turkey]]
[[Category:Politics of Turkey]]
[[Category:Turkish Kurdish people| ]]
[[Category:Eastern Anatolia region]]
[[Category:Southeastern Anatolia region]]
[[Category:Upper Mesopotamia]]