View source for Turkish Cypriots

{{short description|Ethnic group in Cyprus}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Turkish Cypriots
| native_name      = ''Kıbrıslı Türkler''
| native_name_lang = tr
| population       = Total unknown <br />{{smaller|(see also [[Turkish Cypriot diaspora]])}}
| region1          = {{flag|Northern Cyprus}}
| pop1             = est. 150,000
| ref1             = <ref>{{cite web |last1= Hatay |first1=Mete |title= Population and Politics in north Cyprus: An overview of the ethno-demography of north Cyprus in the light of the 2011 census |url= https://www.prio.org/utility/DownloadFile.ashx?id=1566&type=publicationfile |publisher= PRIO Cyprus Centre |access-date= 20 April 2018 |page=48 |date=2017 |quote= Taking the estimate of a current 'TRNC' citizen population at around 215,000, then, and subtracting the approximately 6,000 persons born in third countries whose heritage is not known, we may assume that there are around 150,000 persons of native Cypriot heritage, including 12,000–15,000 of mixed parentage (one Cypriot parent). }}</ref>
| region2          = {{flag|Turkey}}
| pop2             = 300,000 to over 650,000 <br/> (Higher estimate includes descendants of the early twentieth century [[muhacirs]])
| ref2             = <ref name=CouncilofEurope>{{citation|year=1993|title=European Population Conference: Proceedings, Geneva|volume=2|publisher=[[Council of Europe]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=grk3AQAAMAAJ|quote= The number of Turkish Cypriots now living in Turkey is about 300 000 while the number of those who have settled in England is 100 000. There are also approximately 30 000 Turkish Cypriots living in Australia and about 6 000 in Canada and the U.S.A.|isbn=9789287125514}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kanlı|first=Yusuf|year=2017|title=Migration is a killer of Turkish Cyprus|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/opinion/yusuf-kanli/migration-is-a-killer-of-turkish-cyprus--110099|publisher=[[Hurriyet Daily News]]|access-date=8 April 2018|quote=...Turkish Cypriot backgrounds living in Turkey. There are many figures. Some say it is around 300,000, some claim it is well over 650,000.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kanlı|first=Yusuf|year=2018|title=Bridging the population gap in Cyprus|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/opinion/yusuf-kanli/bridging-the-population-gap-in-cyprus-128756|publisher=[[Hurriyet Daily News]]|access-date=8 April 2018|quote=It is often said that if the descendants of those who migrated from Cyprus to Turkey back in 1931 are included, the number of Turkish Cypriots living in the "motherland" might exceed 600,000.}}</ref><ref>{{citation|year=1997|title=Country Report: Cyprus, Malta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LewzAQAAIAAJ|publisher=[[Economist Intelligence Unit]]|quote=...the original called for Turkey to grant dual citizenship to Turkish Cypriots – some 500,000 Turkish Cypriots living in Turkey would be considered citizens of the TRNC, and the approximately 200,000 persons living in the TRNC would be given Turkish citizenship}}</ref><ref name=TRNCInfo>{{cite web|title=Briefing Notes on the Cyprus Issue |url=http://www.trncinfo.com/tanitmadairesi/2002/ENGLISH/BRIEFINGNOTES/070202BRIEFINGNOTES.htm |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Defence, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus |date=May 2001 |access-date=5 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709094909/http://www.trncinfo.com/tanitmadairesi/2002/ENGLISH/BRIEFINGNOTES/070202BRIEFINGNOTES.htm |archive-date=9 July 2010 |url-status=usurped |quote=there are currently about 500,000 Turkish Cypriots living in Turkey; 200,000 in Great Britain; 40,000 in Australia and some 10,000 in North America and 5,000 in other countries. }}</ref><ref name=StarK>{{cite web |author=Star Kıbrıs|year=2012|title=Sözünüzü Tutun|url=http://www.starkibris.net/index.asp?haberID=125704|access-date=10 September 2012|quote=Tarihsel süreç içerisinde yaşanan bazı olaylar nedeniyle Kıbrıs’tan göç etmek zorunda kalan Türklerin, bugün dünyanın farklı bölgelerinde yaşam sürdüklerine dikkat çeken Kasapoğlu, "Kıbrıslı Türklerin 300 bin kadarı İngiltere’de, 500 bini Türkiye’de, 120 bini Avustralya’da, 5 bini ABD’de, bin 800’ü Kanada’da, çok az bir popülasyon Güney Afrika Cumhuriyeti’nde, bin 600’ü Yeni Zellanda’da, 2 bin kadarının da Almanya’da olduğu tahmin ediliyor" ifadelerini kullandı.}}</ref>
| region3          = {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| pop3             = 130,000 ([[TRNC]] nationals only – excludes British born and dual heritage children)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/multilingual/turkish.shtml|title=Turkish today|last=Edwards|first=Viv|work=Your Voice|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=7 December 2008|quote=130,000 nationals of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus currently live in the UK. These figures, however, do not include the much larger numbers of Turkish speakers who have been born or have obtained British nationality.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishconsulate.org.uk/en/commun.htm|title=Turkish community in the UK|publisher=Consulate General for the Republic of Turkey in London|access-date=5 January 2010|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080304091100/http://www.turkishconsulate.org.uk/en/commun.htm |archive-date = 4 March 2008|url-status=dead|quote=Please note that approximately 130,000 nationals of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, whose mother tongue is Turkish, are living in the UK as well.}}</ref><ref name="csdproject">{{cite web|title=The Turkish and Turkish Cypriot Muslim Community in England|url=https://csdinternationalcommunityproject.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/turkish-muslim-communities4.pdf|publisher= Department for Communities and Local Government|access-date=26 March 2018|quote=In addition, there are estimated to be 130,000 Turkish Cypriots in the UK. It is unlikely that any of the official figures available provide a true indication of the size of the Turkish speaking population in the country as much of the official data is only available by country of birth and excludes British born and dual heritage children}}</ref><br/> 300,000 to 400,000 (including descendants)
| ref3             = <ref name=HomeAffairsCommittee>{{cite web|year=2011|title=Implications for the Justice and Home Affairs area of the accession of Turkey to the European Union|url=http://www.statewatch.org/news/2011/aug/eu-hasc-turkey-jha-report.pdf|location=<!-- |publisher=Home Affairs Committee-->|publisher=[[The Stationery Office]]|page=Ev 34|quote=There are approximately 150,000 Turkish nationals in the UK at present, of a total of about 500,000 people of Turkish origin in the UK, including Cypriot Turks (about 300,000) and Turks with Bulgarian or Romanian citizenship}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[BBC]]|title=Network Radio BBC Week 39: Wednesday 28 September 2011: Turkish Delight?|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/proginfo/radio/2011/wk39/wed.shtml|access-date=14 September 2011|quote=Turkish influence on the UK began with the arrival of coffee houses in the 17th century. There are now estimated to be 150,000 immigrants from mainland Turkey as well as 300,000 Turkish Cypriots, many leaving Cyprus during the Fifties and Sixties during the internal war. }}</ref><ref>{{citation|year=2016|title=Implications for the Justice and Home Affairs area of the accession of Turkey to the European Union|url=https://theconversation.com/turks-living-in-britain-see-it-as-their-duty-to-integrate-60465|publisher=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]|quote=Today, the 300,000 Turkish Cypriots make up the largest part of Britain’s Turkish-speaking community.|access-date=8 April 2016}}</ref><ref name=OBV>{{citation|year=2012|title=Turkish people and British politics: Where are the other 499,997?|url=http://www.obv.org.uk/news-blogs/turkish-people-and-british-politics-where-are-other-499997|publisher=[[Operation Black Vote]]|quote= At present, there are an estimated 300,000 Turkish Cypriots living in the UK which is even more compared to Turkish Cypriots in North Cyprus as estimates shows that there are between 150,000 – 200,000.|access-date=8 April 2016}}</ref><ref name=StarKibris>{{cite web|title=OLMALI MI, OLMAMALI MI?| url= http://www.starkibris.net/index.asp?haberID=51233|first=Gözde|last=Akben|work=Star Kibris|date=11 February 2010|access-date=21 January 2011}}</ref><ref name="KıbrısGazetesi">{{cite web|title=Dıştaki gençlerin askerlik sorunu çözülmedikçe…|url=http://www.kibrisgazetesi.com/index.php/cat/1/col/119/art/17680/PageName/Ana_sayfa|first=Akay|last=Cemal|work=Kıbrıs Gazetesi|date=2 June 2011|access-date=17 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721144431/http://www.kibrisgazetesi.com/index.php/cat/1/col/119/art/17680/PageName/Ana_sayfa|archive-date=21 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| region4          = {{flag|Australia}}
| pop4             = 30,000 (Turkish Cypriot immigrants in 1993<ref name=CouncilofEurope/>) <br/> est.40,000 to 120,000
| ref4             = <ref name=TRNCInfo/><ref name=StarK/><ref name=StarKibris/><ref>{{cite web|author=Kibris Gazetesi|title=Avustralya'daki Kıbrıslı Türkler ve Temsilcilik...|url=http://www.kibrisgazetesi.com/printa.php?col=119&art=9711|access-date=31 May 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721144320/http://www.kibrisgazetesi.com/printa.php?col=119&art=9711|archive-date=21 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=BRT>{{cite web |author=BRT|title=AVUSTURALYA'DA KIBRS TÜRKÜNÜN SESİ|url=http://www.brtk.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=31316:avusturalyada-kibrs-tuerkuenuen-ses&catid=1:kktc&Itemid=3|access-date=18 July 2011}}</ref>
| region5          = {{flag|Canada}}
| pop5             = 6,000 (Turkish Cypriot immigrants in 1993<ref name=CouncilofEurope/>)
| ref5             = 
| region6          = {{flag|United States}}
| pop6             = 6,000 (Turkish Cypriot immigrants in 1993<ref name=CouncilofEurope/>)
| ref6             = 
| region7          = {{flag|Cyprus|Cyprus}} (south)
| pop7             = 1,128 (2011 Cyprus census<ref name="2011Cypriotcensus">{{cite web |title=Population – Country of Birth, Citizenship Category, Country of Citizenship, Language, Religion, Ethnic/Religious Group, 2011|url=http://www.cystat.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/populationcondition_22main_en/populationcondition_22main_en?OpenForm&sub=2&sel=2|publisher=Statistical Service of the Republic of Cyprus|access-date=2016-04-26}}</ref>) <br/> est.2,000<ref>{{Harvnb|Hatay|2007|loc=40}}.</ref>
| region8          = Other countries
| pop8             = 5,000 (2001 TRNC Ministry of Foreign Affairs estimate),<ref name=TRNCInfo/> particularly in [[Western Europe]], [[New Zealand]], [[South Africa]]
| languages        = [[Turkish language]]<br>({{small|[[Cypriot Turkish]]{{·}}[[Istanbul Turkish]]}})
| religions        = [[Sunni Islam]]
| footnotes        = {{sup|a}} This figure does '''not''' include Turkish settlers from Turkey.
}}

'''Turkish Cypriots''' or '''Cypriot Turks''' ({{langx|tr|Kıbrıs Türkleri}} or {{Lang|tr|Kıbrıslı Türkler}}; {{langx|el|Τουρκοκύπριοι|Tourkokýprioi}}) are ethnic [[Turkish people|Turks]] originating from [[Cyprus]].  Turkish Cypriots are mainly [[Sunni Muslims]]. Following the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] conquest of the island in 1571, about 30,000 Turkish settlers were given land once they arrived in Cyprus.<ref>{{Harvnb|Welin|Ekelund|2004|loc=2}}.</ref><ref name="Hüssein 2007 loc=14">{{Harvnb|Hüssein|2007|loc=14}}.</ref> Additionally, many of the island's local Christians converted to Islam during the early years of Ottoman rule.<ref name="Jennings 1993 loc=137-38">{{Harvnb|Jennings|1993|loc=137-38}}.</ref> Nonetheless, the influx of mainly Muslim settlers to Cyprus continued intermittently until the end of the Ottoman period.<ref name="Çevikel 2000 loc=178">{{Harvnb|Çevikel|2000|loc=178}}.</ref> Today, while [[Northern Cyprus]] is home to a significant part of the Turkish Cypriot population, the majority of Turkish Cypriots live abroad, forming the [[Turkish Cypriot diaspora]]. This diaspora came into existence after the Ottoman Empire transferred the control of the island to the [[British Empire]], as many Turkish Cypriots emigrated primarily to [[Turkey]] and the [[United Kingdom]] for political and economic reasons.

[[Turkish language|Standard Turkish]] is the official language of Northern Cyprus. The vernacular spoken by Turkish Cypriots is [[Cypriot Turkish]], which has been influenced by [[Cypriot Greek]], as well as [[English language|English]].

==History==

===Pre-Ottoman Cyprus===
Although there was no settled Muslim population in Cyprus prior to the Ottoman conquest of 1570–71, some Ottoman Turks were captured and carried off as prisoners to Cyprus in the year 1400 during Cypriot raids in the Asiatic and Egyptian coasts.<ref name="Beckingham 1957 loc=171">{{Harvnb|Beckingham|1957|loc=171}}.</ref> Some of these captives accepted or were forced to convert to Christianity and were baptized; however, there were also some Turkish slaves who remained unbaptized.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hill|1948|loc=469}}.</ref> By 1425, some of these slaves helped the [[Mamluke]] army to gain access to [[Limassol Castle]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Hill|1948|loc=473}}.</ref> Despite the release of some of the captives, after the payment of ransoms, most of the baptized Turks continued to remain on the island. The medieval Cypriot historian [[Leontios Machairas]] recalled that the baptized Turks were not permitted to leave [[Nicosia]] when the Mamlukes approached the city after the battle of [[Khirokitia]] in 1426.<ref>{{Harvnb|Machairas|1932|loc=657}}.</ref> According to Professor [[Charles Fraser Beckingham]], "there must therefore have been some Cypriots, at least nominally Christian, who were of Turkish, Arab, or Egyptian origin."<ref name="Beckingham 1957 loc=171"/>

[[File:Cyprus by Piri Reis.jpg|thumb|right|An early sixteenth century ({{circa|1521–1525}}) map of Cyprus by the Ottoman cartographer [[Piri Reis]]]]

By 1488, the Ottomans made their first attempt at conquering Cyprus when Sultan [[Bayezid II]] sent a fleet to conquer [[Famagusta]]. However, the attempt failed due to the timely intervention of a Venetian fleet.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hill|1948b|loc=736}}.</ref> The Queen of Cyprus, [[Caterina Cornaro]], was forced to relinquish her crown to the [[Republic of Venice]] in 1489. In the same year, Ottoman ships were seen off the coast of [[Karpas]] and the Venetians began to strengthen the fortifications of the island.<ref name="Gazioğlu 1990 loc=16">{{Harvnb|Gazioğlu|1990|loc=16}}.</ref> By 1500, coastal raids by Ottoman vessels resulted in the heavy loss of Venetian fleets, forcing Venice to negotiate a peace treaty with the Ottoman Empire in 1503. However, by May 1539 [[Suleiman the Magnificent|Suleiman I]] decided to attack [[Limassol]] because the Venetians had been sheltering pirates who continuously attacked Ottoman ships. Limassol stayed under Ottoman control until a peace treaty was signed in 1540. Cyprus continued to be a haven for pirates who interrupted the safe passage of Ottoman trade ships and Muslim pilgrims sailing to [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Constantini|2009|loc=52}}.</ref> By 1569, pirates captured the Ottoman ''defterdar'' (treasurer) of Egypt, and [[Selim II]] decided to safeguard the sea route from [[Constantinople]] to [[Alexandria]] by conquering the island and clearing the eastern Mediterranean of all enemies in 1570–71.<ref name="Gazioğlu 1990 loc=16"/>

===Ottoman Cyprus===
{{further|Sürgün}}
[[File:Ottomans conquering the Limassol Castle.png|thumb|right|A [[Ottoman miniature|miniature painting]] depicting the landing of Ottoman soldiers at [[Limassol Castle]] during the Ottoman conquest of Cyprus (1570–71)]]
[[File:Cipro-Nicosia04.jpg|thumb|left|The Ottoman Turks built [[Büyük Han]] in 1572. Today it has become a thriving center of Turkish Cypriot culture.]]
[[File:Larnaca 01-2017 img24 Kamares Aqueduct.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Bekir Pasha Aqueduct]] was built by the Ottoman governor [[Ebubekir Pasha]] in 1747. It is considered to be the most prominent water supply ever built in Cyprus.]]

The basis for the emergence of a sizeable and enduring Turkish community in Cyprus emerged when [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] troops landed on the island in mid-May 1570 and [[Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573)|seized it within a year]] from [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] rule.<ref name="Shawn 1976 loc=178">{{Harvnb|Shawn|1976|loc=178}}.</ref> The post-conquest period established a significant Muslim community which consisted of soldiers from the campaign who remained behind and further settlers who were brought from [[Anatolia]] as part of a traditional Ottoman population policy.<ref>{{Harvnb|Orhonlu|1971|loc=99}}.</ref>{{broken footnote|date=May 2020}} There were also new converts to Islam on the island during the early years of Ottoman rule.<ref name="Jennings 1993 loc=137-38"/>

In addition to documented settlement of Anatolian peasants and craftsmen, as well as the arrival of soldiers, [[decrees]] were also issued banishing Anatolian tribes, "undesirable" persons, and members of various "troublesome" Muslim sects, principally those officially classified as [[heretical]].<ref name="Jennings 1993 loc=232">{{Harvnb|Jennings|1993|loc=232}}.</ref> This influx of mainly Muslim settlers to Cyprus continued intermittently until the end of the Ottoman period.<ref name="Çevikel 2000 loc=178"/>

Some Turkish Cypriots are descendants of [[Crypto-Christians]], a phenomenon that was not uncommon in the Ottoman Empire given its multi-faith character. In Cyprus, many Latins and [[Maronite Cypriots|Maronites]], as well as Greeks, converted to Islam at different points during Ottoman rule for a number of reasons ranging from collectively avoiding heavy taxation to ending an individual woman unhappy marriage.<ref>Jennings, 1993</ref> Their artificial embrace of Islam and their secret maintaining of Christianity led this group of crypto-Christians to be known in Greek as [[Linobambaki]] or the cotton-linen sect as they changed religion to curry favour with Ottoman officials during the day but practiced Catholicism at night.<ref>R.L.N Michael, Muslim-Christian Sect in Cyprus, The 19th Century Journal, issue 63, pages 751-762, 1908 </ref> In 1636 the conditions for the Christians became intolerable and certain Christians decided to become Muslims. According to Palmieri (1905) the Maronites who became Muslims lived mainly in the Nicosia District and despite the fact that the Maronites turned to Muslims they never gave up their Christian faith and beliefs hoping to become Christians. This is why they baptized their children according to the Christian faith, but they also practiced circumcision. They also gave their children two names, a Muslim and a Christian one.<ref>Palmieri, 1905</ref> Many of the villages and neighbouring areas accepted as Turkish Cypriot estates, were formerly Linobambaki activity centers. These include:<ref>R.L.N. Michael, Muslim-Christian Sect in Cyprus, The 19th Century Journal, issue 63, pages 751-762, 1908</ref>
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* Agios Andronikos (Yeşilköy)
* Agios Ioannis (Ayyanni)
* Agios Sozomenos (Arpalık)
* Agios Theodoros (Boğaziçi)
* Armenochori (Esenköy)
* Ayios Iakovos (Altınova)
* Ayios Khariton (Ergenekon)
* Dali (Dali)
* Frodisia (Yağmuralan)
* Galinoporni (Kaleburnu)
* Kato Arodes (Aşağı Kalkanlı)
* Tylliria (Dillirga)
* Kornokipos (Görneç)
* Kritou Marottou (Grit-Marut)
* Limnitis (Yeşilırmak)
* Louroujina (Akincilar)
* Melounta (Mallıdağ)
* Platani (Çınarlı)
* Potamia (Bodamya)
* Vretsia (Vretça)
}}

By the second quarter of the nineteenth century, approximately 30,000 Muslims were living in Cyprus, comprising about 35% of the total population. The fact that Turkish was the main language spoken by the Muslims of the island is a significant indicator that the majority of them were either Turkish-speaking Anatolians or otherwise from a Turkic background.<ref name="Nevzat &amp; Hatay 2009 loc=912">{{Harvnb|Nevzat|Hatay|2009|loc=912}}.</ref> Throughout the Ottoman rule, the demographic ratio between Christian "Greeks" and Muslim "Turks" fluctuated constantly.<ref name="Hatay 2007 loc=17">{{Harvnb|Hatay|2007|loc=17}}.</ref> During 1745–1814, the Muslim Turkish Cypriots constituted the majority on the island compared to the Christian Greek Cypriots, being up to 75% of the total island population.{{efn|Drummond, 1745: 150,000 vs. 50,000; Kyprianos, 1777: 47,000 vs. 37,000;<ref>[https://archive.org/details/excerptacypriama00cobhuoft Claude Delaval Cobham] Excerpta Cypria, Cambridge University Press, 1908, p.366-67</ref><ref>[http://cypruslibrary.moec.gov.cy/ebooks/36821 Archimandrite Kyprianos] Istoria Khronoloyiki tis Nisou Kiprou (History and Chronicles of the Island of Cyprus, Ιστορία χρονολογική της νήσου Κύπρου) 1788, p.495</ref> De Vezin, 1788–1792: 60,000 vs. 20,000; Kinneir 1814: 35,000 vs. 35,000).<ref name="Hatay 2007 loc=19">{{Harvnb|Hatay|2007|loc=19}}</ref>}} However, by 1841, Turks made up 27% of the island's population.<ref>{{Harvnb|Spilling|2000|loc=25}}.</ref> One of the reasons for this decline is because the Turkish community were obliged to serve in the [[Ottoman army]] for years, usually away from home, very often losing their lives in the endless wars of the Ottoman Empire.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hatay|2007|loc=18}}.</ref> Another reason for the declining population was because of the emigration trend of some 15,000 Turkish Cypriots to Anatolia in 1878, when the Ottoman Turks handed over the administration of the island to Britain.<ref name="Heper & Criss 2009 loc=92">{{Harvnb|Heper|Criss|2009|loc=92}}.</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Çakmak|2008|loc=201}}.</ref>

===British Cyprus===
[[File:Cypriot (Turkish) Muslim woman 1878.jpg|thumb|right|220px|upright|A Cypriot woman in traditional Turkish fashion, 1878]]

By 1878, during the [[Congress of Berlin]], under the terms of the Anglo-Ottoman [[Cyprus Convention]], the Ottoman Turks had agreed to assign Cyprus to [[United Kingdom|Britain]] to occupy and rule, though not to possess as [[sovereign territory]].<ref name="Nevzat & Hatay 2009 loc=916">{{Harvnb|Nevzat|Hatay|2009|loc=916}}.</ref> According to the first British census of Cyprus, in 1881, 95% of the island's Muslims spoke Turkish as their mother tongue.<ref name="Percival 1948 loc=25">{{Harvnb|Percival|1948|loc=25}}.</ref> As of the 1920s, the percentage of [[Greek language|Greek]]-speaking Muslims had dropped from 5%, in 1881, to just under 2% of the total Muslim population.<ref name="Percival 1948 loc=9-11">{{Harvnb|Percival|1948|loc=9-11}}.</ref> During the opening years of the twentieth century [[Ottomanism]] became an ever more popular identity held by the Cypriot Muslim intelligentsia, especially in the wake of the [[Young Turk Revolution]] of 1908. Increasing numbers of [[Young Turks]] who had turned against Sultan [[Abdul Hamid II]] sought refuge in Cyprus. A rising class of disgruntled intellectuals in the island's main urban centres gradually began to warm to the ideas of positivism, freedom and modernization.<ref name="Kızılyürek 2006 loc=317">{{Harvnb|Kızılyürek|2006|loc=317}}.</ref> Spurred on by the rising calls for "[[enosis]]", the union with [[Greece]], emanating from [[Greek Cypriots]], an initially hesitant "Turkism" was also starting to appear in certain newspaper articles and to be heard in the political debates of the local intelligentsia of Cyprus.<ref name="Nevzat 2005 loc=224">{{Harvnb|Nevzat|2005|loc=224}}.</ref> In line with the changes introduced in the Ottoman Empire after 1908, the curricula of Cyprus's Muslim schools, such as the "Idadi", were also altered to incorporate more [[secular]] teachings with increasingly [[Turkish nationalism|Turkish nationalist]] undertones. Many of these graduates in due course ended up as teachers in the growing number of urban and rural schools that had begun to proliferate across the island by the 1920s.<ref name="Nesim 1987 loc=27">{{Harvnb|Nesim|1987|loc=27}}.</ref>

[[File:The Okan family.jpg|thumb|left|220px|upright|Mehmet Remzi Okan with his wife and children in 1919 during the [[Turkish War of Independence]]. The family were Turkish Cypriots who owned the newspaper ''Söz Gazetesi''.]]

In 1914, the [[Ottoman Empire]] joined the [[First World War]] against the [[Allies of World War I|Allied Forces]] and Britain annexed the island. Cyprus's Muslim inhabitants were officially asked to choose between adopting either British nationality or retaining their Ottoman subject status; about 4,000–8,500 Muslims decided to leave the island and move to Turkey.<ref name="Hatay 2007 loc=21">{{Harvnb|Hatay|2007|loc=21}}.</ref><ref name="Hill 1952 loc=413n">{{Harvnb|Hill|1952|loc=413n}}.</ref> Following its defeat in World War I, the Ottoman Empire were faced with the [[Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)]] whereby the Greek incursion into Anatolia aimed at claiming what Greece believed to be historically Greek territory.<ref name="Clogg 1992 loc=93-97">{{Harvnb|Clogg|1992|loc=93–97}}.</ref> For the Ottoman Turks of Cyprus, already fearing the aims of enosis-seeking Greek Cypriots, reports of atrocities committed by the Greeks against the Turkish populations in Anatolia, and the Greek [[Occupation of Smyrna]], produced further fears for their own future. Greek forces were routed in 1922 under the leadership of [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] who, in 1923, proclaimed the new Republic of [[Turkey]] and renounced irredentist claims to former Ottoman territories beyond the Anatolian heartland. Muslims in Cyprus were thus excluded from the nation-building project, though many still heeded Atatürk's call to join in the establishment of the new nation-state, and opted for [[Turkish citizenship]]. Between 1881 and 1927 approximately 30,000 Turkish Cypriots emigrated to Turkey.<ref name="St. John-Jones 1983 loc=56">{{Harvnb|St. John-Jones|1983|loc=56}}.</ref><ref name="Heper & Criss 2009 loc=92"/>

The 1920s was to prove a critical decade in terms of stricter ethno-religious compartments; hence, Muslim Cypriots who remained on the island gradually embraced the ideology of [[Turkish nationalism]] due to the impact of the [[Kemalist ideology|Kemalist Revolution]].<ref name="Nevzat & Hatay 2009 loc=918">{{Harvnb|Nevzat|Hatay|2009|loc=918}}.</ref> At its core were the Kemalist values of [[secularism]], [[modernization]] and [[westernization]]; reforms such as the introduction of the new [[Turkish alphabet]], adoption of western dress and secularization, were adopted voluntarily by Muslim Turkish Cypriots, who had been prepared for such changes not just by the [[Tanzimat]] but also by several decades of British rule.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Xypolia|first=Ilia|title=Cypriot Muslims among Ottomans, Turks and British|journal=Bogazici Journal|year=2011|volume=25|issue=2|pages=109–120|doi=10.21773/boun.25.2.6|doi-access=free}}</ref> Many of those Cypriots who until then had still identified themselves primarily as Muslims began now to see themselves principally as Turks in Cyprus.<ref name="Nevzat & Hatay 2009 loc=919">{{Harvnb|Nevzat|Hatay|2009|loc=919}}.</ref>

By 1950, a [[Cypriot Enosis referendum, 1950|Cypriot Enosis referendum]] in which 95.7% of Greek Cypriot voters supported a fight aimed at [[enosis]], the union of Cyprus with [[Greece]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Panteli|1990|loc=151}}.</ref> were led by an armed organisation, in 1955, called [[EOKA]] by [[Georgios Grivas]] which aimed at bringing down British rule and uniting the island of Cyprus with Greece. Turkish Cypriots had always reacted immediately against the objective of enosis; thus, the 1950s saw many Turkish Cypriots who were forced to flee from their homes.<ref name="Sonyel 2000 loc=147">{{Harvnb|Sonyel|2000|loc=147}}.</ref> In 1958, Turkish Cypriots set up their own armed group called [[Turkish Resistance Organisation]] (TMT) and by early 1958, the first wave of armed conflict between the two communities began; a few hundred Turkish Cypriots left their villages and quarters in the mixed towns and never returned.<ref name="Kliot 2007 loc=59">{{Harvnb|Kliot|2007|loc=59}}.</ref>

===Republic of Cyprus===
[[File:Old Turkish Cypriot quarters in Baf (1969).jpg|thumb|right|250px|An old Turkish Cypriot "''mahalle''" ([[Quarter (country subdivision)|quarter]]) in [[Paphos]] (1969)]]

By 16 August 1960, the island of Cyprus became an independent state, the [[Republic of Cyprus]], with power sharing between the two communities under the [[Zürich and London Agreement|1960 Zurich agreements]], with Britain, Greece and Turkey as Guarantor Powers. Archbishop [[Makarios III]] was elected as president by the Greek Cypriots and [[Fazıl Küçük|Dr. Fazıl Küçük]] was elected as vice-president by the Turkish Cypriots. However, in December 1963, in the events known as "[[Bloody Christmas (1963)|Bloody Christmas]]",<ref>{{Harvnb|Papadakis|2005|loc=82}}.</ref> when Makarios III attempted to modify the Constitution, Greek Cypriots initiated a military campaign against the Turkish Cypriots and began to attack Turkish inhabited villages; by early 1964, the Turkish Cypriots started to withdraw into armed [[Turkish Cypriot enclaves|enclaves]] where the Greek Cypriots blockaded them, resulting in some 25,000 Turkish Cypriots becoming refugees, or internally "displaced persons".<ref name="Cassia 2007 loc=21"/><ref name="Kliot 2007 loc=59"/> This resulted in the UN peacekeeping force, [[UNFICYP]], being stationed on the island as well as an external migration trend of thousands more Turkish Cypriots to the United Kingdom, Turkey, North America and Australia.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hüssein|2007|loc=18}}.</ref> With the rise to power of the [[Greek military junta of 1967–1974|Greek military junta]], a decade later, in 1974, a group of right-wing [[Greek nationalist]]s, [[EOKA B]], who supported the union of Cyprus with Greece, [[1974 Cypriot coup d'etat|launched a putsch]].<ref name="Savvides 2004 loc=260">{{Harvnb|Savvides|2004|loc=260}}.</ref> This action precipitated the [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus]],<ref name="Benvenisti2012">{{cite book|author=Eyal Benvenisti|title=The International Law of Occupation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JKgeX_sdQG0C&pg=PA191|date=23 February 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-958889-3|page=191}}</ref> which led to the capture of the present-day territory of Northern Cyprus the following month, after a ceasefire collapsed. The Turkish invasion resulted in the occupation of some 37% of the island in the north.<ref name="Cassia 2007 loc=21">{{Harvnb|Cassia|2007|loc=21}}.</ref> During the invasion of the island, a number of [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus#Against Turkish Cypriots|atrocities]] against the Turkish Cypriot community were committed; such as the [[Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre]] by the Greek Cypriot paramilitary organisation EOKA B. After the Turkish invasion and the ensuing 1975 Vienna agreements, 60,000 Turkish Cypriots who lived in the south of the island fled to the north.<ref name="Tocci 2007 loc=32">{{Harvnb|Tocci|2007|loc=32}}.</ref> The 1974–1975 movement was strictly organised by the Provisional Turkish Administration who tried to preserve village communities intact.<ref name="Kliot 2007 loc=59"/>

===Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus===
[[File:Cyprus districts named.png|thumb|The northern areas of the island of Cyprus administered by Turkish Cypriots]]

In 1983, the Turkish Cypriots declared their own state in the north, the [[Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]], which remains internationally unrecognised, except by Turkey.<ref name="Bryant & Papadakis 2012 loc=5">{{Harvnb|Bryant|Papadakis|2012|loc=5}}.</ref> In 2004, a referendum for the unification of the island, the "[[Annan Plan]]", was accepted by 65% of Turkish Cypriots but rejected by 76% of Greek Cypriots.<ref name="Bryant & Papadakis 2012 loc=121">{{Harvnb|Bryant|Papadakis|2012|loc=121}}.</ref> The majority of Turks born after 1975 in Northern Cyprus are the mixed descendants of native Turkish Cypriots and mainland Turkish settlers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Charalambidou |first=Nicoletta |date=2023-10-19 |title=In search of a legal bond: Turkish Cypriot children of mixed marriages in Cyprus |url=https://www.statelessness.eu/updates/blog/search-legal-bond-turkish-cypriot-children-mixed-marriages-cyprus |website=[[European Network on Statelessness]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cleaver |first=Tom |date=2024-01-26 |title=Block on Turkish Cypriot mixed marriages for citizenship lifted (Updated) |url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2024/01/26/block-on-turkish-cypriot-mixed-marriages-for-citizenship-lifted |website=[[Cyprus Mail]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Culture==
{{see also|Culture of Northern Cyprus}}

The Turkish Cypriots are [[Turkish language|Turkish]]-speaking, regard themselves as [[secular]] [[Muslims]], and take pride in their [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] heritage.<ref name="Broome 2004 loc=279">{{Harvnb|Broome|2004|loc=279}}.</ref> However, Turkish Cypriots differentiate themselves from mainlanders, especially from the religiously conservative settlers who have come to Cyprus more recently, but their strong connection to Turkey is nonetheless undisputed.<ref name="Broome 2004 loc=282">{{Harvnb|Broome|2004|loc=282}}.</ref> Hence, the Turkish Cypriot identity is based on their ethnic Turkish roots and links to mainland Turkey, but also to their Cypriot character with cultural and linguistic similarities with Greek Cypriots.<ref name="Güven-Lisaniler & Leopoldo 2002 loc=183">{{Harvnb|Güven-Lisaniler|Rodriguez|2002|loc=183}}.</ref> Their culture is heavily based on family ties linked to parents, siblings, and relatives; one's neighbourhood is also considered important as emphasis is given on helping those in need.<ref name="Broome 2004 loc=286">{{Harvnb|Broome|2004|loc=286}}.</ref> Thus, much of their lives revolves around social activities, and food is a central feature of gatherings. [[Turkish Cypriot folk dances]], music, and art are also integral parts of their culture.<ref name="Broome 2004 loc=286"/>

===Religion===
[[File:Larnaca 01-2017 img30 Salt Lake.jpg|thumb|right|250px|upright|The [[Hala Sultan Tekke]] was built by the Ottomans in the 18th century.]]

The majority of Turkish Cypriots (99%) are [[Sunni Muslims]].<ref name="Boyle and Sheen 1997 loc=290">{{Harvnb|Boyle|Sheen|1997|loc=290}}.</ref> However, the [[Secularism|secularizing]] force of [[Kemalism]] has also exerted an impact on Turkish Cypriots.<ref>{{Harvnb|Nevzat|Hatay|2009|loc=928}}.</ref> Religious practices are considered a matter of individual choice and many do not actively practice their religion.<ref>{{Harvnb|Darke|2009|loc=10}}</ref> Alcohol is frequently consumed within the community and most Turkish Cypriot women do not cover their heads.<ref name="Boyle and Sheen 1997 loc=290"/> Turkish Cypriot males are generally [[Religious male circumcision|circumcised]] at a young age in accordance with religious beliefs, although, this practice appears more related to custom and tradition than to powerful religious motivation.<ref>{{Harvnb|Nevzat|Hatay|2009|loc=911}}.</ref>

The social/religious phenomenon of [[crypto-Christianity]] was observed in Cyprus, as in other parts of the Ottoman Empire. The crypto-Christians of Cyprus were known as Linobambaki (= ''of linen and cotton''). They are mentioned by foreign travellers as Turks who are secretly Greeks, observing the Greek Orthodox [[fasting]] (Turner 1815), drinking wine, eating pork and often taking Christian wives.<ref>Άντρος Παυλίδης, "Η Κύπρος ανά τους αιώνες μέσα από τα κείμενα ξένων επισκεπτών της" (Antros Palvlides, "Cyprus through the centuries in the texts of her foreign visitors), ed. Φιλόκυπρος (Philokypros), Cyprus 1994, vol. 2, pp. 1098 (William Turner 1815), 1141 (Luis Salvator 1873), 1163 (Hepworth W. Dixon 1878). In Greek language.</ref>

===Language===
{{main|Cypriot Turkish|Languages of Cyprus}}

The [[Turkish language]] was introduced to Cyprus with the Ottoman conquest in 1571 and became the politically dominant, prestigious language, of the administration.<ref name="Johanson 2011 loc=738">{{Harvnb|Johanson|2011|loc=738}}.</ref> In the post-Ottoman period, Cypriot Turkish was relatively isolated from standard Turkish and had strong influences by the [[Cypriot Greek]] dialect. The condition of coexistence with the Greek Cypriots led to a certain bilingualism whereby Turkish Cypriots' knowledge of [[Greek language|Greek]] was important in areas where the two communities lived and worked together.<ref name="Johanson 2011 loc=739">{{Harvnb|Johanson|2011|loc=739}}.</ref>

According to Prof. C. F. Beckingham (1957), in Cyprus religious and linguistic divisions do not always coincide. There were "Turkish",<ref>Quotation marks as in the source.</ref> i.e. Muslim villages in which the normal language was Greek. Among them were Lapithiou, Platanisto, Ayios Simeon<ref>There are/were wholly or almost wholly Turkish villages named after Christian saints.</ref> Beckingham said that this phenomenon has not been adequately investigated.{{sfn|Beckingham|1957|p=166|ps=:In Cyprus religious and linguistic divisions do not quite coincide. While many Turks habitually speak Turkish there are 'Turkish', that is, Muslim villages in which the normal language is Greek; among them are Lapithiou (P i), Platanisso (F i), Ayios Simeon (F i) and Galinoporni (F i). This fact has not yet been adequately investigated. With the growth of national feeling and the spread of education, the phenomenon is becoming not only rarer but harder to detect. In a Muslim village the school teacher will be a Turk and will teach the children Turkish. They already think of themselves as Turks, and having once learnt the language, will sometimes use it in talking to a visitor in preference to Greek, merely as a matter of national pride. On the other hand, many Turks, whose mother tongue is Turkish, learn Greek because they find it useful to understand the language of the majority, though it is much less common for them to write it correctly''}} The existence of Greek-speaking Muslims is also mentioned in subsequent works.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=r8wGkxXeZuUC&q=Greek-speaking+Muslims Stavroula Varella, Language Contact and the Lexicon in the History of Cypriot Greek, Peter Lang, 2006, p. 64]</ref> Ozan Gülle (2014), "it is historically well documented that Turkish Cypriots showed large differences in their frequency of communication in Cypriot Greek [...]: On one end of the spectrum are Turkish Cypriots who were probably monolingual Cypriot Greek speakers or had only little competency in Turkish, ...".<ref>[https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/19366/7/Guelle_Vasif_Ozan.pdf Ozan Gülle (2014), "Structural Convergence in Cyprus", Inauguraldussertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophie an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, p. 149]</ref>

The linguistic situation changed radically in 1974, following the [[division of Cyprus]] into a Greek south and a Turkish north. Today, the Cypriot Turkish dialect is being exposed to increasing standard Turkish through immigration from Turkey, new mass media, and new educational institutions.<ref name="Johanson 2011 loc=738"/> Nonetheless, a Turkish speaker familiar with the Cypriot Turkish variety of Turkish can still easily identify a member of the community from one who is not.<ref name="Güven-Lisaniler & Rodriguez 2002 loc=184">{{Harvnb|Güven-Lisaniler|Rodriguez|2002|loc=184}}.</ref> Although many Turkish Cypriots command standard Turkish as well, they generally choose to use their own variety in particular contexts to affirm their identity. Most commonly, these differences are in pronunciation, but they extend to [[lexicon]] and grammatical structures as well.<ref name="Güven-Lisaniler & Rodriguez 2002 loc=184"/> There are many words used by Turkish Cypriots that originate in the particular historical circumstances of the island, including [[English language|English]] and Greek, and therefore have no precedent in standard Turkish. There are also words used by the Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot communities which are authentically Cypriot in origin.<ref name="Güven-Lisaniler & Rodriguez 2002 loc=184"/>

===Music and dances===
{{main|Turkish Cypriot folk dances}}
{{listen 
| filename     = Kibrisim-cropped.ogg
| title        = Kıbrısım 
| description  =
| format       = [[Ogg]]
| filename2    = Güzelim-c...ogg
| title2       = Güzelim
| description2 =
| format2      = [[Ogg]]
}}
Folk music and dancing is an integral part of social life among Turkish Cypriots. Traditional Turkish Cypriot folk dances can be divided into five categories: [[Karsilama]]s, [[Syrtos|Sirtos]], [[Zeybek dance|Zeybeks]], [[Çiftetelli|Ciftetellis]]/Arabiyes, and Topical Dances (such as Orak, Kozan, Kartal and Topal). The folk dancing groups usually have performances during national festivals, weddings, Turkish nights at hotels and within tourism areas.

==Demographics==

===Debates on the Turkish Cypriot population in the 1970s===
The 1960 census of Cyprus reported the Turkish Cypriot population as 18% of the total population. The figure was challenged during a 1978 debate in the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]] when [[William Spens, 2nd Baron Spens|Lord Spens]] stated that there were 400,000 Turkish Cypriots in Cyprus, at least one-fifth of the population.<ref>{{cite hansard|title=ADDRESS IN REPLY TO HER MAJESTY'S MOST GRACIOUS SPEECH|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1978/nov/08/address-in-reply-to-her-majestys-most|house=House of Lords|date=8 November 1978|volume=396|speaker=Lord SPENS|quote=There are 400,000 Turkish Cypriots in Cyprus who are at present unrepresented because Her Majesty's Government will acknowledge only the Government of Greek Cyprus, and that Government do not in any way control the 400,000 Turkish Cypriots in the northern part of the island.}}</ref>

===2006 Census===
According to the 2006 Northern Cyprus Census, there were 145,443 Turkish Cypriots born on the island who were resident in Northern Cyprus (TRNC).<ref name=TRNC2006census>{{citation|year=2006|title=TRNC General Population and Housing Unit Census|url=http://nufussayimi.devplan.org/Census%202006.pdf|publisher=TRNC Prime Ministry State Planning Organization|access-date=8 April 2018|pages=10–12}}</ref> Of the Cypriot-born population, 120,007 had both parents born in Cyprus; 12,628 had one of their parents born in Cyprus and the other born in another country. Thus, 132,635 Turkish Cypriots had at least one parent born in Cyprus.<ref name=TRNC2006census/>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
|- 
! Place of birth
! Turkish Cypriot<br> population 
! Male 
! Female
|-
| align="left"|'''North Cyprus''' || '''112,534''' || '''56,332''' || '''56,202'''
|-
| align="left"| [[Lefkoşa District|Lefkoşa]] || 54,077 || 27,043 || 27,034
|-
| align="left"| [[Gazimağusa District|Gazimağusa]] || 32,264 || 16,151 || 16,113
|-
| align="left"| [[Girne District|Girne]] || 10,178 || 5,168 || 5,010
|-
| align="left"| [[Güzelyurt District|Güzelyurt]] || 10,241 || 5,013 || 5,228
|-
| align="left"| [[İskele District|İskele]] || 4,617 || 2,356 || 2,261
|-
| align="left"| District not indicated || 1,157 || 601 || 556
|-style="background-color:ltgray"
| align="left"| '''South Cyprus''' || '''32,538''' || '''15,411''' || '''17,127'''
|-
| align="left"| [[Nicosia District|Nicosia]] (Lefkoşa)|| 3,544 || 1,646 || 1,898
|-
| align="left"| [[Famagusta District|Famagusta]] (Gazimağusa) || 1,307 || 598 || 709
|-
| align="left"| [[Larnaca District|Larnaca]] (Larnaka) || 6,492 || 3,031 || 3,461
|-
| align="left"| [[Limassol District|Limassol]] (Limasol) || 9,067 || 4,314 || 4,753
|-
| align="left"| [[Paphos District|Paphos]] (Baf) || 11,955 || 5,750 || 6,205
|-
| align="left"| District not indicated || 173 || 72 || 101
|-
| align="left"| '''Cyprus – North or South region not indicated''' || '''371''' || '''178''' || '''193'''
|-
| align="left"| '''Total''' || '''145,443''' || '''71,921''' || '''73,522'''
|}

===2011 Census===
According to the 2011 Northern Cyprus Census, there were 160,207 Turkish Cypriots born on the island who were resident in North Cyprus (TRNC).<ref name=TRNC2011census>{{citation|year=2006|title=TRNC General Population and Housing Unit Census|url=http://www.devplan.org/nufus-2011/nufus%20ikinci_.pdf|publisher=TRNC Prime Ministry State Planning Organization|access-date=11 April 2018|page=7}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
|- 
! Place of birth
! Turkish Cypriot<br> population<ref>{{citation|year=2006|title=TRNC General Population and Housing Unit Census|url=http://www.devplan.org/nufus-2011/nufus%20ikinci_.pdf|publisher=TRNC Prime Ministry State Planning Organization|access-date=11 April 2018|page=38}}</ref> 
! Male 
! Female
|-
| align="left"|'''North Cyprus''' || '''131,423''' || '''65,880''' || '''65,543'''
|-
| align="left"| [[Lefkoşa District|Lefkoşa]] || 66,833 || 33,306 || 33,527
|-
| align="left"| [[Gazimağusa District|Gazimağusa]] || 37,027 || 18,634 || 18,393
|-
| align="left"| [[Girne District|Girne]] || 12,719 || 6,477 || 6,242
|-
| align="left"| [[Güzelyurt District|Güzelyurt]] || 10,457 || 5,158 || 5,299
|-
| align="left"| [[İskele District|İskele]] || 4,387 || 2,305 || 2,082
|-
|-style="background-color:ltgray"
| align="left"| '''South Cyprus''' || '''28,784''' || '''13,615''' || '''15,169'''
|-
| align="left"| [[Nicosia District|Nicosia]] (Lefkoşa)|| 2,958 || 1,412 || 1,546
|-
| align="left"| [[Famagusta District|Famagusta]] (Gazimağusa) || 237 || 104 || 133
|-
| align="left"| [[Larnaca District|Larnaca]] (Larnaka) || 5,872 || 2,760 || 3,112
|-
| align="left"| [[Limassol District|Limassol]] (Limasol) || 8,579 || 4,031 || 4,548
|-
| align="left"| [[Paphos District|Paphos]] (Baf) || 11,138 || 5,308 || 5,830
|-
| align="left"| '''Total''' || '''160,207''' || '''79,495''' || '''80,712'''
|}

==Diaspora==
{{main|Turkish Cypriot diaspora}}
There was significant Turkish Cypriot emigration from the island during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, mainly to Great Britain, Australia, and Turkey. Emigration from Cyprus has mainly been for economical and political reasons. According to the TRNC Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in 2001, 500,000 Turkish Cypriots were living in Turkey; 200,000 in Great Britain; 40,000 in Australia; some 10,000 in North America; and 5,000 in other countries.<ref name=TRNCInfo/>

A more recent estimate, in 2011, by the [[Home Affairs Committee]] states that there are now 300,000 Turkish Cypriots living in the United Kingdom<ref name=HomeAffairsCommittee/> though Turkish Cypriots themselves claim that the British-Turkish Cypriot community has reached 400,000.<ref name=StarKibris/> Furthermore, recent estimates suggest that there are between 60,000 and 120,000 Turkish Cypriots living in Australia,<ref name=StarK/><ref name=StarKibris/><ref name=BRT/> 5,000 in the United States, 2,000 in Germany, 1,800 in Canada, 1,600 in New Zealand, and a smaller community in South Africa.<ref name=StarK/>

===Turkey===
{{see also|Muhacir}}
[[File:Türkiye’ye göç eden bir Kıbrıslı Türk ailesi (1930).jpg|thumb|right|200px|A Turkish Cypriot family who migrated to Turkey in 1935]]

The first mass migration of Turkish Cypriots to Turkey occurred in 1878 when the [[Ottoman Empire]] leased Cyprus to Great Britain. The flow of Turkish Cypriot emigration to Turkey continued in the aftermath of the [[First World War]], and gained its greatest velocity in the mid-1920s. Economic motives played an important part of the continued migration to Turkey because conditions for the poor in Cyprus during the 1920s were especially harsh. Thereafter, Turkish Cypriots continued to migrate to Turkey during the [[Second World War]] in the 1940s and during the [[Cyprus conflict]] of the 1960s and 1970s.

Initially, enthusiasm to emigrate to Turkey was inflated by the euphoria that greeted the birth of the newly established Republic of Turkey and later of promises of assistance to Turks who emigrated. A decision taken by the Turkish Government at the end of 1925, for instance, noted that the Turks of Cyprus had, according to the [[Treaty of Lausanne]], the right to emigrate to the republic, and therefore, families that so emigrated would be given a house and sufficient land.<ref name="Nevzat 2005 loc=276"/> The precise number of those who emigrated to Turkey is a matter that remains unknown.<ref name="Nevzat 2005 loc=280">{{Harvnb|Nevzat|2005|loc=280}}.</ref> The press in Turkey reported in mid-1927 that of those who had opted for Turkish nationality, 5,000–6,000 Turkish Cypriots had already settled in Turkey. However, many Turkish Cypriots had already emigrated even before the rights accorded to them under the Treaty of Lausanne had come into force.<ref name="Nevzat 2005 loc=281">{{Harvnb|Nevzat|2005|loc=281}}.</ref>

Metin Heper and Bilge Criss have summarized the migration of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century as follows:
{{Quotation|The first wave of immigration from Cyprus occurred in 1878 when the Ottomans were obliged to lease the island to Great Britain; at that time, 15,000 people moved to Anatolia. When the 1923 Lausanne Treaty gave the island to Great Britain another 30,000 immigrants came to Turkey.<ref name="Heper & Criss 2009 loc=92"/>}}

St. John-Jones has analyzed the migration of Turkish Cypriots during early British rule further:
{{Quotation|"[I]f the Turkish-Cypriot community had, like the Greek-Cypriots, increased by 101 percent between 1881 and 1931, it would have totalled 91,300 in 1931 – 27,000 more than the number enumerated. Is it possible that so many Turkish-Cypriots emigrated in the fifty-year period? Taken together, the considerations just mentioned suggest that it probably was. From a base of 45,000 in 1881, emigration of anything like 27,000 persons seems huge, but after subtracting the known 5,000 of the 1920s, the balance represents an average annual outflow of some 500 – not enough, probably, to concern the community’s leaders, evoke official comment, or be documented in any way which survives today".<ref name="St. John-Jones 1983 loc=56"/>}}

The Turkish Cypriot population in Turkey continued to increase at fluctuating speeds as a result of the [[Second World War]] (1939–1945).<ref name="Nevzat 2005 loc=276">{{Harvnb|Nevzat|2005|loc=276}}.</ref> According to Ali Suat Bilge, taking into consideration the mass migrations of 1878, the First World War, the 1920s early Turkish Republican era, and the Second World War, overall, a total of approximately 100,000 Turkish Cypriots had left the island for Turkey between 1878 and 1945.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bilge|1961|loc=5}}.</ref> By 31 August 1955, a statement by Turkey's Minister of State and Acting Foreign Minister, [[Fatin Rüştü Zorlu]], at the London Conference on Cyprus, estimated that the total Turkish Cypriot population (including descendants) in Turkey had reached 300,000: 
{{Quotation|Consequently, today [1955] as well, when we take into account the state of the population in Cyprus, it is not sufficient to say, for instance, that 100,000 Turks live there. One should rather say that 100,000 live there and that 300,000 Turkish Cypriots live in various parts of Turkey.<ref name=OPSI>{{cite web |author=H.M. Stationery Office|title=The Tripartite Conference on the Eastern Mediterranean and Cyprus held by the Governments of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Greece, and Turkey |url=http://www.econbiz.de/en/search/detailed-view/doc/all/tripartite-conference-eastern-mediterranean-cyprus-held-governments-united-kingdom-great-britain-northern-ireland-greece-turkey-london-august/10003024514/?no_cache=1 |work=H.M. Stationery Office|year=1955|volume=9594|issue=18|page=22 |access-date=21 October 2013}}</ref>}}

By 2001 the TRNC Ministry of Foreign Affairs estimated that 500,000 Turkish Cypriots were living in Turkey.<ref name=TRNCInfo/>

===Palestine===
Turkish Cypriots who remained in [[Cyprus]] during the early twentieth century were faced with the harsh economic conditions of the [[Great Depression]] under British rule. Consequently, many families in the poorest villages, facing debt and starvation, married off their daughters to [[Arabs]] mainly in [[Mandatory Palestine|British Palestine]], and other Arab countries,<ref>{{Harvnb|Mert|Ali-Aybar|Rize|1994|loc=95}}.</ref> in the hope that they would have a better life.<ref name="Andreou 2018">{{cite news|last1=Andreou|first1=Evie|access-date=2019-09-10|title=Searching for the missing brides of Cyprus|work=Cyprus Mail |url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2018/07/29/searching-for-the-missing-brides-of-cyprus/|date=29 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="Paraskos 2015">{{cite journal|first1=Michael|last1=Paraskos|title=Brides for Sale, by Neriman Cahit|journal=Women's Studies|date=17 November 2015|issn=0049-7878|pages=1200–1203|volume=44|issue=8|doi=10.1080/00497878.2015.1084166|hdl=10044/1/71142|s2cid=146127415|hdl-access=free}}</ref> A [[bride price]] was normally given by the groom to the family of the girls, usually about £10–20, enough to buy several acres of land at the time, as part of the marriage arrangements.<ref name="Paraskos 2015"/><ref>{{Harvnb|Güven-Lisaniler|2003|loc=9}}.</ref> Such payments had not been part of Cypriot tradition, and Cypriots typically describe the girls in these forced marriages as having been "sold"; Arabs however, often object to this characterization.<ref name="Andreou 2018"/> Mostly between the ages of 11–18, the majority of the girls lost contact with their families in Cyprus, and while some had successful marriages and families, others found themselves little more than domestic servants, abused, or ended up working in brothels.<ref name="Paraskos 2015"/>

The marriages were sometimes arranged by brokers, who presented the prospective husbands as wealthy doctors and engineers. However, [[Neriman Cahit]], in her book ''Brides for Sale'', found that in reality many of these men had mediocre jobs or were already married with children. Unaware of these realities, Turkish Cypriot families continued to send their daughters to Palestine until the 1950s. Cahit estimates that within 30 years up to 4,000 Turkish Cypriot women were sent to Palestine to be married to Arab men.<ref name="Sabah">{{cite web |author=Sabah|title=Küçük adanın talihsiz kızları|url=http://www.sabah.com.tr/fotohaber/yasam/kucuk_adanin_talihsiz_kizlari/28151|access-date=26 October 2015}}</ref>

In recent years second and third generation Palestinians of Turkish Cypriot origin have been applying for Cypriot citizenship; several hundred Palestinians have already been successful in obtaining Cypriot passports.<ref name="Sabah"/>

In 2012 Yeliz Shukri and Stavros Papageorghiou secured financial support for the making of a film on the subject of the "Forgotten Brides".<ref>{{Harvnb|Constandinides|Papadakis|2014|loc=30}}.</ref> The documentary, entitled ''Missing Fetine'', was released in 2018, and follows the search of Australian-born Turkish Cypriot Pembe Mentesh for her long-lost great-aunt, while investigating the fate of these Turkish Cypriot women.<ref name="Andreou 2018"/><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2019-09-10|last1=Ergen|first1=Hande|last2=Calvert|first2=Alana|title='Sold' to a stranger at 14: Finding Cyprus' forgotten brides|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/english/sold-to-a-stranger-at-14-finding-cyprus-forgotten-brides|website=SBS|publisher=[[Special Broadcasting Service]]}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
{{see also|Turks in the United Kingdom|British Cypriots}}
[[File:Kibrisyur.jpg|thumb|right|250px|There is a strong Turkish Cypriot community in London.]]

Turkish Cypriot migration to the United Kingdom began in the early 1920s, the [[British Empire]] having formally annexed Cyprus in 1914, with the residents of [[British Cyprus|British-ruled Cyprus]] becoming subjects of [[the Crown]].<ref name="Yilmaz 2005 loc=153">{{Harvnb|Yilmaz|2005|loc=153}}</ref> Some arrived as students and tourists, while others left the island due to the harsh economic and political life during the British colony of Cyprus.<ref name="Sonyel 2000 loc=147"/> Emigration to the United Kingdom continued to increase when the [[Great Depression]] of 1929 brought [[economic depression]] to Cyprus, with unemployment and low wages being a significant issue.<ref name="Yilmaz 2005 loc=154">{{Harvnb|Yilmaz|2005|loc=154}}</ref> During the [[Second World War]], the number of Turkish run cafes increased from 20 in 1939 to 200 in 1945 which created a demand for more Turkish Cypriot workers.<ref name="Ansari 2004 loc=151">{{Harvnb|Ansari|2004|loc=151}}</ref> Throughout the 1950s, Turkish Cypriots emigrated for economic reasons and by 1958 their number was estimated to be 8,500.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ansari|2004|loc=154}}</ref> Their numbers continued to increase each year as rumours about immigration restrictions appeared in much of the Cypriot media.<ref name="Yilmaz 2005 loc=154"/>

The 1950s also saw the arrival of many Turkish Cypriots to the United Kingdom due to political reasons; many began to flee as a result of the [[EOKA]] struggle and its aim of "[[enosis]]".<ref name="Sonyel 2000 loc=147"/> Once the ethnic cleansing broke out in 1963, and some 25,000 Turkish Cypriots became internally displaced, accounting to about a fifth of their population.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cassia|2007|loc=236}}</ref> The political and economic unrest in Cyprus, after 1964, sharply increased the number of Turkish Cypriot immigrants to the United Kingdom.<ref name="Yilmaz 2005 loc=154"/> Many of these early migrants worked in the clothing industry in London, where both men and women could work together; many worked in the [[textile industry]] as sewing was a skill which the community had already acquired in Cyprus.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bridgwood|1995|loc=34}}</ref> Turkish Cypriots were concentrated mainly in the north-east of London and specialised in the heavy-wear sector, such as coats and tailored garments.<ref>{{Harvnb|Panayiotopoulos |Dreef|2002|loc=52}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=London Evening Standard|title=Turkish and proud to be here|url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-931666-turkish-and-proud-to-be-here.do|access-date=2 October 2010|archive-url=https://archive.today/20110122165531/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-931666-turkish-and-proud-to-be-here.do|archive-date=22 January 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> This sector offered work opportunities where poor knowledge of the English language was not a problem and where self-employment was a possibility.<ref>{{Harvnb|Strüder|2003|loc=12}}</ref>

Once the Turkish Cypriots declared their own state, the [[Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]], the division of the island led to an economic [[Embargo against Northern Cyprus|embargo against the Turkish Cypriots]] by the Greek Cypriot controlled Republic of Cyprus. This had the effect of depriving the Turkish Cypriots of foreign investment, aid and export markets; thus, it caused the [[Economy of Northern Cyprus|Turkish Cypriot economy]] to remain stagnant and undeveloped.<ref>{{Harvnb|Tocci|2004|loc=61}}</ref> Due to these economic and political issues, an estimated 130,000 Turkish Cypriots have emigrated from Northern Cyprus since its establishment to the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |author=BBC |title=Turkish today by Viv Edwardss |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/multilingual/turkish.shtml |access-date=26 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125093521/http://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/multilingual/turkish.shtml |archive-date=25 January 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Cassia|2007|loc=238}}</ref>
==Origins==
Following geological separation of Cyprus from Anatolia, the first people to live in Cyprus came from Anatolia.<ref name=Ömen_2022>{{cite journal |last1=Ömen |first1=Süleyman |title=The Origin And Socio-Cultural Characteristics Of Cyprus Turks |journal=Kıbrıs Araştırmaları ve İncelemeleri Dergisi |date=May 2018 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=21–33 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/504187 |access-date=18 November 2022}}</ref> Before Ottoman rule, Turks came from both Anatolia and Egypt.<ref name=Ömen_2022/> According to İsmail Bozkurt, the majority of Turkish Cypriots are of Yörük/Türkmen origin from Anatolia, who came after the [[Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573)#Ottoman conquest of Cyprus|Ottoman conquest of the island in 1571]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bozkurt |first=İsmail |title=Man and Nature in the Altaic World: Proceedings of the 49th Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Berlin, July 30 – August 4, 2006 |publisher=Klaus Schwarz Verlag |isbn=978-3-87997-408-5 |editor-last=Kellner-Heinkele |editor-first=Barbara |publication-date=2012 |chapter=Traces of Shamanism in the Beliefs of Turkish Cypriots |pages=52–56 |doi=10.1515/9783112208885-010 |orig-date=2006 |editor-last2=Boykova |editor-first2=Elena V. |editor-last3=Heuer |editor-first3=Brigitte |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783112208885-010/html}}</ref>

===Genetic studies===
{{see also|Genetic studies on Turkish people|Greek Cypriots#Genetic studies}}
According to genetic studies, there are close connections between modern Anatolian and Cypriot populations.<ref name=Gurkan_et_al_2016>{{Cite journal|last1=Gurkan|first1=Cemal|last2=Sevay|first2=Huseyin|last3=Demirdov|first3=Damla Kanliada|last4=Hossoz|first4=Sinem|last5=Ceker|first5=Deren|last6=Teralı|first6=Kerem|last7=Erol|first7=Ayla Sevim|date=19 July 2016|title=Turkish Cypriot paternal lineages bear an autochthonous character and closest resemblance to those from neighbouring Near Eastern populations|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03014460.2016.1207805|journal=Annals of Human Biology|publication-date=March 2017|volume=44|issue=2|pages=164–174|doi=10.1080/03014460.2016.1207805|issn=0301-4460|pmid=27356680|s2cid=24596494|quote=The situation is complicated by the fact that population genetic analyses of Modern Anatolian and Cypriot populations so far suggested a close connection between the two, which could be attributed to the geographic proximity (only 75 km at the closest) and archaeologically proven human interactions between two lands dating back to 10,600 cal YBP (Bulbul et al., 2015; Clearkin, 1958; Fernandez et al., 2014; Gurkan et al., 2015b; Terali et al., 2014; Vigne et al., 2012).|url-access=subscription}}</ref> A 2016 study, which focused on [[Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup|patrilineal ancestry]], found that among the sampled Near Eastern and Southeastern European populations, Turkish Cypriots had the shortest genetic distances with those from Cyprus, Turkey, Lebanon, Greece, and Sicily.<ref name=Gurkan_et_al_2016/>

A 2017 study found that both Turkish Cypriots' and Greek Cypriots' patrilineal ancestry derives primarily from a single pre-Ottoman local gene pool. The frequency of total haplotypes shared{{efn|Shared haplotype % represents the proportion of individuals among Greek Cypriots (344 samples) and Turkish Cypriots (380 samples) having an exact 17/17 Y-STR haplotype match in the specified populations.}} between Turkish and Greek Cypriots is 7-8%, with analysis showing that none of these are found in Turkey, thus not supporting a Turkish origin for the shared haplotypes. No shared haplotypes were observed between Greek Cypriots and mainland Turkish populations, while total haplotypes shared between Turkish Cypriots and mainland Turks is 3%. Turkish Cypriots also share haplotypes with North Africans to a lesser extent, and have Eastern Eurasian haplogroups (H, C, N, O, Q) – attributed to the arrival of the [[Ottoman Turks|Ottomans]] – at a frequency of ~5.5%. Both Cypriot groups show close genetic affinity to [[Calabria|Calabrian]] (southern Italy) and [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] patrilineages. The study states that the genetic affinity between Calabrians and Cypriots can be explained as a result of a common ancient Greek ([[Achaeans_(tribe)|Achaean]]) genetic contribution, while Lebanese affinity can be explained through several migrations that took place from coastal Levant to Cyprus from the Neolithic (early farmers), the Iron Age (Phoenicians), and the Middle Ages (Maronites and other Levantine settlers during the Frankish era). The predominant haplogroups among both Turkish and Greek Cypriots are J2a-M410, E-M78, and G2-P287.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Heraclides|first1=Alexandros|last2=Bashiardes|first2=Evy|last3=Fernández-Domínguez|first3=Eva|last4=Bertoncini|first4=Stefania|last5=Chimonas|first5=Marios|last6=Christofi|first6=Vasilis|last7=King|first7=Jonathan|last8=Budowle|first8=Bruce|last9=Manoli|first9=Panayiotis|last10=Cariolou|first10=Marios A.|date=2017-06-16|title=Y-chromosomal analysis of Greek Cypriots reveals a primarily common pre-Ottoman paternal ancestry with Turkish Cypriots|journal=[[PLOS One]]|volume=12|issue=6|pages=e0179474|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0179474|issn=1932-6203|pmc=5473566|pmid=28622394|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1279474H|doi-access=free}}</ref>

In a 2019 [[Genome-wide association study|genome-wide]] study, Cypriot samples grouped with people from the Levant (Druze, Lebanese and Syrians) and Armenia among the sampled populations from [[Eurasia]] and [[Africa]], using [[cluster analysis]] based on haplotype-sharing patterns.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tamm|first1=Erika|last2=Di Cristofaro|first2=Julie|last3=Mazières|first3=Stéphane|last4=Pennarun|first4=Erwan|last5=Kushniarevich|first5=Alena|last6=Raveane|first6=Alessandro|last7=Semino|first7=Ornella|last8=Chiaroni|first8=Jacques|last9=Pereira|first9=Luisa|last10=Metspalu|first10=Mait|last11=Montinaro|first11=Francesco|date=2019-09-19|title=Genome-wide analysis of Corsican population reveals a close affinity with Northern and Central Italy|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=9|issue=1|pages=13581|doi=10.1038/s41598-019-49901-8|pmid=31537848|issn=2045-2322|pmc=6753063|bibcode=2019NatSR...913581T}}</ref>

Homozygous [[beta thalassemia]] in a number of at-risk populations (Greek and Turkish Cypriots, Greeks, Continental Italians and Sardinians) has been prevented at the population level by programmes based on carrier screening, genetic counselling and prenatal diagnosis.<ref>{{Cite book|doi=10.1002/9780470514887.ch8|chapter=Control of β-thalassaemia by Carrier Screening, Genetic Counselling and Prenatal Diagnosis: The Sardinian Experience|title=Ciba Foundation Symposium 197 - Variation in the Human Genome|series=Novartis Foundation Symposia|year=2007|last1=Cao|first1=Antonio|last2=Cristina Rosatelli|first2=M.|last3=Galanello|first3=Renzo|volume=197|pages=137–155|pmid=8827372|isbn=9780470514887}}</ref>

==Notable Turkish Cypriots==
{{main|List of Turkish Cypriots}}

===In Cyprus===
<gallery class="center">
File:Kamran Aziz.jpg|[[Kamran Aziz]], first female Turkish Cypriot composer and pharmacist
File:Mehmet Aziz (1893-1991).jpg|[[Mehmet Aziz]], Chief Health Inspector in [[British Cyprus]] who eradicated [[malaria]] in Cyprus
File:Rauf Denktash.jpg|[[Rauf Denktaş]], first President of [[Northern Cyprus]] (1983–2005)
File:İsmet Vehit Güney - Turkish Cypriot Artist.JPG|[[İsmet Güney]], artist and creator of the [[Flag of Cyprus|Flag of the Republic of Cyprus]]
File:Dr. Suat Günsel.jpg|[[Suat Günsel]], billionaire; founder of the [[Near East University]]
File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F014934-0068, Fazil Kutschuk.jpg|Dr.[[Fazıl Küçük]], first Vice President of the [[Republic of Cyprus]] (1959–1973)
File:F70A8819 (48863661448).jpg|[[Niyazi Kızılyürek]], political scientist and first Turkish Cypriot elected as an [[Member of the European Parliament|MEP]] (2019–present)
File:Kaytazzade Mehmet Nazım.jpg|[[Kaytazzade Mehmet Nazım]], poet
File:Mehmed-emin-pasa-kibrisli-1.jpg|[[Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha]], [[Grand Vizier]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]] (1854; 1859; and 1860–61)
File:Mehmed Kamil Pasha.jpg|[[Kâmil Pasha]], [[Grand Vizier]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]] (1885-1891; 1895; 1908–09; and 1912–13)
File:Ziynet.jpg|[[Ziynet Sali]], singer
File:Sibel Siber (cropped).jpg|[[Sibel Siber]], first female Prime Minister of [[Northern Cyprus]] (2013)
</gallery>

===In the diaspora===
<gallery class="center">
File:20180601 FIFA Friendly Match Czech Republic vs. Australia Aziz Behich 850 0277.jpg|[[Aziz Behich]], Australian-born football player
File:Bicar playing the lute by Ahmad Sabry.jpg|[[Hussein Bicar]], Egyptian-born artist<ref>{{citation|year=2017|title=من هو حسين بيكار الذي يحتفل غوغل بميلاده اليوم؟|url=https://www.alarabiya.net/ar/last-page/2017/01/02/من-هو-حسين-بيكار-الذي-يحتفل-غوغل-بميلاده-اليوم؟.html|publisher=[[Al Arabiya]]|access-date=6 September 2017|quote=ولد حسين أمين بيكار في 2 كانون الثاني /يناير من عام 1913، وتوفي في 16 نوفمبر 2002، وهو فنان تشكيلي مصري من أصل قبرصي تركي.}}</ref>
File:Hussein Chalayan portrait.jpg|[[Hussein Chalayan]], Turkish Cypriot-born British fashion designer
File:Tracey Emin 1-cropped.jpg|[[Tracey Emin]], [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]], [[Associate of the Royal Academy|RA]], British-born artist
File:Halil Guven 2.jpg|[[Halil Güven]], Turkish Cypriot-born American Dean of [[San Diego State University Georgia Campus|San Diego State University - Georgia]]
File:Official portrait of Baroness Hussein-Ece crop 2, 2019.jpg|[[Meral Hussein-Ece, Baroness Hussein-Ece|Meral Hussein-Ece]], British-born member of the [[House of Lords]]
File:Hal Ozsan.jpg|[[Hal Ozsan]], Turkish Cypriot-born British and American actor 
File:Isin karaca by cem bayoglu 2.jpg|[[Işın Karaca]], British-born Turkish Cypriot singer
File:Anna Silk (cropped).jpg|[[Anna Silk]], Canadian-born actress
File:Zein Sharaf portrait.jpg|[[Zein Al-Sharaf Talal]], Egyptian-born [[Queen of Jordan]] (1951–1952)<ref>{{citation|year=2015|title=Jordan remembers Queen Zein|url=http://jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-remembers-queen-zein-2|quote=Queen Zein was born on August 2, 1916, the daughter of Sharif Jamil Bin Nasser, governor of Huran and nephew of Sharif Hussein Bin Ali of Mecca, and Wijdan Hanim, daughter of Shakir Pasha, governor of Cyprus.|publisher=[[Jordan Times]]|access-date=6 September 2017}}</ref>
File:AUT vs. TUR 2016-03-29 (173).jpg|[[Fatih Terim]], Turkish-born former manager of the [[Turkey national football team]] and [[Galatasaray]]
</gallery>

==Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe==
Turkish Cypriot representatives of [[Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe]] (PACE) elected in the Assembly of 1960 partnership government: 1961–1964: Halit Ali Riza,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/AssemblyList/MP-Details-EN.asp?MemberID=891&CountryID=10|title=PACE Member File|access-date=13 May 2015}}</ref> 1961–1963: Umit Suleyman,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/AssemblyList/MP-Details-EN.asp?MemberID=892&CountryID=10|title=PACE Member File|access-date=13 May 2015}}</ref>
1963–1964: Burhan Nalbantoglu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/AssemblyList/MP-Details-EN.asp?MemberID=964&CountryID=10|title=PACE Member File|access-date=13 May 2015}}</ref>

Turkish Cypriot representatives of [[Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe|PACE]] elected in the [[Assembly of the Republic (Northern Cyprus)|Assembly]] of [[Northern Cyprus]]: 
(TCs have two seats in PACE; the parties of elected members are shown) 2005–2007: CTP [[Özdil Nami]]; UBP [[Hüseyin Özgürgün]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action;jsessionid=516B38E2EAFF2073525EEB08F7B53903?newsId=105715|title=PACE may be an example for Turkish Cypriot representation at EP|work=TodaysZaman|access-date=13 May 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140226103031/http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action;jsessionid=516B38E2EAFF2073525EEB08F7B53903?newsId=105715|archive-date=26 February 2014}}</ref> 27.01.2011 CTP Mehmet Caglar; UBP Ahmet Eti;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sabah.com.tr/Yazarlar/safak/2011/01/27/iki_yabanci|title=İki yabancı|date=27 January 2011|work=Sabah|access-date=13 May 2015}}</ref> 04.12.2013 CTP Mehmet Caglar, UBP [[Tahsin Ertuğruloğlu]]<ref>[http://www.moi.gov.cy/moi/PIO/PIO.nsf/d2f0876e1500506ac2257076004d01cb/005f2b899a230041c2257c3700447272?OpenDocument RoC]</ref>

==See also==
* [[Turkish Cypriot diaspora]]
* [[Northern Cypriot passport]]
* [[List of Turkish Cypriots]] 
* [[List of Cypriots]] 
* [[Cypriot refugees]]
* [[Turkish minorities in the former Ottoman Empire]], neighbouring communities:
**[[Bulgarian Turks|Turkish Bulgarians]]
**[[Turks in Egypt|Turkish Egyptians]]
**[[Iraqi Turkmen|Turkish Iraqis]] 
**[[Turks in Lebanon|Turkish Lebanese]]
**[[Turkish Meskhetians]] 
**[[Syrian Turkmen|Turkish Syrians]] 
**[[Western Thrace Turks|Turkish Western Thracians]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

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==Further reading==
<!-- source: http://www.kypros.org/Bibliography/political.html -->
* Baybars, Taner, Plucked in a far-off land, London: Victor Gollancz, 1970.
* Beckingham, C. F., ''The Cypriot Turks'', Journal of the [[Royal Central Asian Society]], vol. 43, pp.&nbsp;126–30, 1956.
* Beckingham, C. F., ''The Turks of Cyprus'', Journal of the [[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]]. vol 87(II), pp.&nbsp;165–74. July–Dec. 1957.
* Beckingham, C. F., ''Islam and Turkish nationalism in Cyprus'', [[Die Welt des Islam]], NS, Vol 5, 65–83, 1957.
* Committee on Turkish Affairs, An investigation into matters concerning and affecting the Turkish community in Cyprus: Interim report, Nicosia: Government Printing Office, 1949.
* [[Girolamo Dandini (1554–1634)|Dandini, Jerome]]. ''Voyage du Mont Liban / traduit de l'Italien du R. P. Jerome Dandini ... Ou il est traité tant de la créance ... des Maronites, que des plusieurs particularitez touchant les Turcs ... avec des remarques sur la theologie des chrétiens & ... des mahometans. Par R. S. P.''
* Jennings, Ronald C., Christians and Muslims in Ottoman Cyprus and the Mediterranean World, 1571–1640, New York University Studies in Near Eastern Civilization-Number XVIII, New York University Press, New York and London, 1993-Acknowledgments ix–xi + 428 pp.
* Oakley, Robin, ''The Turkish peoples of Cyprus'', in Margaret Bainbridge, ed, The Turkic peoples of the world. (pp.&nbsp;85–117), New York: Kegan Paul, 1993
* Xypolia, Ilia, British Imperialism and Turkish Nationalism in Cyprus, 1923–1939: Divide, Define and Rule, London: Routledge, 2011.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Turkish Cypriots}}
* [http://www.cezire.org/ Cezire Association – Researchers of Turkish Cypriot history and culture]
* [http://www.cypnet.co.uk/ncyprus/people/cypturks/ Historical Origins of Turkish Cypriot People]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060818023423/http://www.untoldlondon.org.uk/archives/TRA35012.html Oral histories of Turkish Cypriots in Britain]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070517112908/http://www.turkishcypriotheritage.org/ History of Turkish Cypriots in Britain]
* [http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/Collections/Onlineresources/RWWC/themes/1295/1283 Reassessing what we collect website – Turkish Cypriot London] History of Turkish Cypriot London with objects and images
* [http://www.turkishcypriots.com.au/ Turkish Cypriots of Australia – Historical Book]
* [https://www.embargoed.org/ Turkish Cypriot Lobby Group in the UK]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331121155/http://www.turkishcypriots.org.au/ North Cyprus Turkish Community Centre of Victoria]

{{Turkish diaspora}}
{{Turkic peoples}}
{{Cyprus topics}}
{{Northern Cyprus topics}}
{{Ethnic groups in Cyprus}}
{{European Muslims}}

[[Category:Turkish Cypriots| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Cyprus|Turkish]]
[[Category:Turkish diaspora|Cypriots]]
[[Category:Muslim communities in Europe]]
[[Category:Demographics of Northern Cyprus]]