View source for Tunku Abdul Rahman

{{Short description|Prime Minister of Malaysia from 1957 to 1970}}
{{other people|Tunku Abdul Rahman}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix    = [[Highness|His Highness]]
| native_name_lang    = ms
| name                = Tunku Abdul Rahman
| native_name         = {{nobold|تونكو عبد الرحمن}}
| honorific-suffix    = {{post-nominals|country=MYS|size=100|DMN|DK (Kedah)|DK I (Johor)|DK (Kelantan)|DK (Perlis)|DK I (Selangor)|DK I (Terengganu)|DK I (Brunei)|DUK|SPMS|DUNM|SPMB}} {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100|CH|AC}}
| image               = Tunku abd rahman (cropped, 4to3 port).jpg
| caption             = Official portrait, {{circa|early-1950s}}
<!-- Highest government office -->
| office              = 1st [[Prime Minister of Malaysia]]{{efn|As prime minister of Malaya prior to 16 September 1963.}}
| term_start          = 31 August 1957
| term_end            = 22 September 1970
| monarch             = {{Unbulleted list
 |[[Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan|Abdul Rahman]]
 |[[Hisamuddin of Selangor|Hisamuddin]]
 |[[Putra of Perlis|Putra]]
 |[[Ismail Nasiruddin of Terengganu|Ismail Nasiruddin]]
 |[[Abdul Halim of Kedah|Abdul Halim]]}}
| deputy              = Abdul Razak Hussein
| predecessor         = ''Office established''{{efn|A continuation of the office of chief minister of Malaya.}}
| successor           = [[Abdul Razak Hussein]]
<!-- Highest party office -->
| office2             = [[President of the United Malays National Organisation|President of UMNO]]
| term_start2         = 25 August 1951
| term_end2           = 23 January 1971
| predecessor2        = [[Onn Jaafar]]
| successor2          = Abdul Razak Hussein
<!-- Ministerial office -->
{{Collapsed infobox section begin |cont = yes |Ministerial portfolios
| titlestyle          = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder
| embed               = yes
| office3             = [[Chief Minister of Malaya]]
| monarch3            = [[Elizabeth II]]
| 1blankname3         = {{nowrap|High Commissioner}}
| 1namedata3          = [[Donald MacGillivray]]
| term_start3         = 1 August 1955
| term_end3           = 31 August 1957
| predecessor3        = ''Office established''
| successor3          = ''Office abolished''{{efn|Replaced by the office of prime minister of Malaya.}}
<!-- Simplified positions -->
| title4              = [[Cabinet of Malaysia|Minister]]
| subterm4            = 1955{{ndash}}1957
| suboffice4          = [[Minister of Home Affairs (Malaysia)|Home Affairs]]
| subterm5            = 1957{{ndash}}1959
| suboffice5          = [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia)|External Affairs]]
| subterm6            = 1960{{ndash}}1970
| suboffice6          = [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia)|Foreign Affairs]]
| subterm7            = 1964{{ndash}}1966
| suboffice7          = [[Minister of Youth and Sports (Malaysia)|Youth and Sports]]
{{Collapsed infobox section end}} }}
<!-- Parliamentary office -->
{{Collapsed infobox section begin |cont = yes |Parliamentary offices
| titlestyle          = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder
| embed               = yes
| office8             = [[Member of Parliament (Malaysia)|Member of Parliament]]<br/>for [[Sungei Muda (Federal Legislative Council constituency)|Sungei Muda]]
| term_start8         = 27 July 1955
| term_end8           = 19 August 1959
| predecessor8        = ''Constituency created''
| successor8          = ''Constituency abolished''
| office9             = Member of Parliament<br/>for [[Kuala Kedah (federal constituency)|Kuala Kedah]]
| term_start9         = 19 August 1959
| term_end9           = 8 December 1972{{efn|Parliament suspended between 15 May 1969 and 20 February 1971.}}
| predecessor9        = ''Constituency created''
| successor9          = [[Senu Abdul Rahman]]
{{Collapsed infobox section end}} }}
{{Collapsed infobox section begin |cont = yes |Other positions
| titlestyle          = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder
| embed               = yes
<!-- Simplified positions -->
| subterm8            = 1958{{ndash}}1977
| suboffice8          = [[List of Presidents of AFC|President of AFC]]
| subterm9            = 1970{{ndash}}1973
| suboffice9          = [[Secretary General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|Secretary General of OIC]]
{{Collapsed infobox section end}} }}
| birth_name          = Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj ibni Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah
| birth_date          = {{birth date|df=y|1903|02|08}}
| birth_place         = [[Alor Setar]], Kedah Sultanate, Kingdom of Siam
| death_date          = {{death date and age|df=y|1990|12|06|1903|02|08}}
| death_place         = [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia
| resting_place       = [[Kedah Royal Mausoleum]], [[Langgar, Kedah]]
| party               = [[UMNO]] (1946–1988) <br/> [[Independent politician|Independent]] (1988–1990)
| otherparty          = [[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance]] (1952–1973) <br/> [[Barisan Nasional]] (1973–1988)
| spouse              = {{plainlist|
*{{marriage|[[Meriam Chong]]|1933|1935|end=died}}
*{{marriage|[[Violet Coulson]]|1935|1946|reason=divorced}}
*{{marriage|[[Sharifah Rodziah Barakbah]]|1939}}
*{{marriage|Bibi Chong|1963}}
}}
| children            = 7
| mother              = Cik Menyelara
| father              = [[Abdul Hamid Halim of Kedah|Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Mukarram Shah]]
| relatives           = [[Badlishah of Kedah|Sultan Badlishah Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah]] (brother)
| education           = {{unbulleted list
|[[Kolej Sultan Abdul Hamid|Sultan Abdul Hamid College]]
|[[Debsirin School]]
|[[Penang Free School]]}}
| alma_mater          = {{unbulleted list
|[[St Catharine's College, Cambridge]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
|[[Inner Temple]]}}
| awards              = [[Tunku Abdul Rahman#Honours and awards|Full list]]
| signature           = Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra al-haj signature.svg
}}
{{Politics of Malaysia}}

'''Tunku Abdul Rahman'''{{efn|Formally '''Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj ibni Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah''', {{langx|ms-Arab|تونكو عبد الرحمن ڤوترا الحاج ابن المرحوم سلطان عبد الحميد حليم شاه|label=[[Jawi alphabet|Jawi]]}}}} ({{langx|ms-Arab|تونكو عبد الرحمن|label=[[Jawi alphabet|Jawi]]}}; 8 February 1903{{spnd}}6 December 1990), widely known simply as '''Tunku''', was a Malaysian statesman who served as the first [[prime minister of Malaysia]] from 1957 until 1970. He was also the only [[chief minister]] of the [[Federation of Malaya]] from 1955 to 1957, president of [[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]] from 1951 to 1971, and leader of the [[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance Party]] from 1952 to 1971. As the leading advocate for self-governance, Tunku was central to the [[Malayan Declaration of Independence]] and the [[Malaysia Agreement|creation of Malaysia]] in 1963. He is widely recognised as the country's [[List of national founders|founding father]] and remains its second longest-serving prime minister.

A prince of the [[Kedah Sultanate]], Tunku studied in Malaya and later graduated from [[St Catharine's College, Cambridge]]. Upon returning, he joined the colonial [[civil service]], serving as district officer before becoming a public prosecutor in 1949. He entered politics by winning the [[United Malays National Organisation leadership elections|UMNO leadership election]] in 1951 and formed the Alliance Party with the [[Malaysian Chinese Association]] and [[Malaysian Indian Congress]] the following year. Alliance won a landslide victory in the [[1955 Malayan general election|1955 general election]], after which Tunku became chief minister. He unsuccessfully attempted to negotiate an end to the [[Malayan Emergency]] through the [[Baling Talks]], but successfully secured independence for Malaya through the [[Treaty of London (1956)|Treaty of London]] in 1956. He proclaimed independence in 1957 and won a fresh mandate in the [[1959 Malayan general election|1959 general election]], before overseeing the formation of Malaysia in 1963, which included [[Singapore]], [[Sabah]] and [[Sarawak]]. He led the Alliance to another victory in 1964 but was increasingly troubled by ethnic tensions, particularly due to the worsening [[PAP–UMNO relations|relationship with Singapore]].

In 1965, following mutual provocations between UMNO and the [[People's Action Party]] (PAP) led by [[Lee Kuan Yew]], he resolved to expel Singapore from the federation, formalised through the [[Independence of Singapore Agreement 1965]], with full separation taking effect on 9 August 1965. He won a fourth term in the [[1969 Malaysian general election|1969 general election]], but the Alliance’s reduced majority was followed by violent unrest during the [[13 May incident]], prompting a national emergency. Tunku stepped down as prime minister in 1970 and was succeeded by [[Abdul Razak Hussein]]. In retirement, he remained active in sports and international Islamic affairs, serving as president of the [[Asian Football Confederation]] and as the first secretary-general of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]]. He died in [[Kuala Lumpur]] on 6 December 1990, aged 87.

==Early life and education==
Tunku Abdul Rahman was born on 8 February 1903 in [[Alor Setar]], [[Kedah]],<ref name=EB>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-first=Dale H. |editor-last=Hoiberg |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Abdul Rahman Putra Alhaj, Tunku |edition=15th |year=2010 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. |volume=I: A-ak Bayes |location=Chicago, Illinois |isbn=978-1-59339-837-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/21 21] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/21 }}</ref> the seventh son and one of 45 children of [[Abdul Hamid Halim of Kedah|Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah]], the 26th ruler of the Kedah Sultanate. His mother, Cik Menyelara (Nueang Nandanagara), was of Thai descent and the sixth consort of the Sultan. She was the daughter of Luang Naraborirak (Kleb Nandanagara), a district officer in Thailand.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Michael Leifer|first1=Joseph Liow|title=Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Southeast Asia|date=20 November 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-62233-8|page=59|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G5KLBQAAQBAJ&q=tunku+abdul+rahman+born+1903&pg=PA59|edition=Revised}}</ref> Kedah at the time was afflicted by outbreaks of [[cholera]] and [[malaria]], and several of Tunku’s siblings succumbed to illness. He himself suffered frequent bouts of malaria until his departure for England in 1920.

Tunku began his education at the Alor Setar Malay Primary School before enrolling in the English-language [[Kolej Sultan Abdul Hamid|Sultan Abdul Hamid College]]. He and his siblings were later sent to [[Debsirin School]] in Bangkok, reflecting the family's close ties to Thailand. In 1915, he returned to Malaya and resumed his studies at the [[Penang Free School]], one of the oldest English-language schools in the region.<ref>{{cite book|title=Cuisine of the Premiers|date=2009|publisher=ITBM|isbn=978-9-830-68395-9|pages=19–20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QkW5Ng_axaYC&q=tunku+abdul+rahman+born+1903&pg=PA19}}</ref> At the age of 17, he was awarded a Kedah State Government scholarship to pursue higher education in England, and he sailed for the United Kingdom shortly thereafter.<ref name="biography1">{{cite web|url= http://www.biography.com/people/tunku-abdul-rahman-9174103|title= Tunku Abdul Rahman biography|author= Biography.com|access-date= 5 May 2012|archive-date= 10 July 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150710130131/http://www.biography.com/people/tunku-abdul-rahman-9174103|url-status= live}}</ref>

Initially struggling with his studies, Tunku met with his guardian at the offices of the [[Crown Agents]], who arranged for him to transfer to [[Cambridge]] and study under [[Basil Atkinson]], a respected private tutor. Under Atkinson’s guidance, he was prepared for the university entrance examination, known as the "[[Responsions|Little Go]]", in which he achieved high marks across all papers and passed overall. He was admitted to [[St Catharine's College, Cambridge|St Catharine’s College]], University of Cambridge, where he read law and history, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1925. Five years after his initial departure from Malaya, he returned home at the age of 23. Although he arrived with academic credentials, his elder brother and the Regent of Kedah, Tunku Ibrahim, was dissatisfied with his choice of study and instructed him to return to England to qualify for the [[English Bar]]. During this period, Tunku helped found the Malay Society of Great Britain, appointing [[Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan]] (later the first [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]]) as president, while serving as its honorary secretary and principal organiser.

==Career in Kedah==
===Kulim===
In January 1931, the Tunku was appointed a Cadet in the [[Kedah Civil Service]].<ref name="EB"/> Later, he was transferred to [[Kulim]] as Assistant District Officer. In Kulim, he devoted much of his time touring the district and getting to know the problems of the peasants who made up 90% of the population. He also devoted some of his time to prepare for Cadet's Law exam to qualify for the promotion. He took the exams and passed them on his first attempt.

===Padang Terap===
About a year later, he was promoted to [[District Officer]] of [[Padang Terap]]. The post was unpopular because [[Kuala Nerang]] was rife with malaria. As soon as he took over the district, he gave orders for a survey to be made of the swamps which bordered the town, obtained an estimate for draining them, and applied to the State Secretariat for the necessary funds. However, his plea for funds was rejected. He wrote again to the State Secretariat, asking that funds be made available to drain the swamps and to rid Kuala Nerang of the main breeding place malaria carriers. This time the money came and the work was carried out under his supervision.

===Langkawi===
Because Tunku Ibrahim, the Regent, was known to be strongly opposed to mixed marriages and since there was a law in Kedah which forbade members of the royal family to marry non-Malays without the prior approval of the Ruler or Regent, the Tunku Abdul Rahman married [[Violet Coulson]] who lived in [[Penang]]. In 1934, the regent died unexpectedly and was succeeded as regent by [[Tunku Mahmud]], the sultan's younger brother, who was more broad-minded and gave consent to the marriage. This enabled Violet to move to [[Kuala Nerang]], but the Secretary to the Government showed his disapproval by transferring Tunku Abdul Rahman to the isolated post of District Officer at [[Langkawi]].

The district consisted of a group of islands, thinly populated, sparsely cultivated, and without roads. When the Tunku applied for government funds to develop Langkawi his application was rejected. Ever-resourceful, his way in winning co-operation from members of the public of all communities led to the construction of a jetty and later to the opening of several earth roads using money and material which he collected.

==World War II and the Japanese occupation==
{{See also|Japanese occupation of Malaya}}
While in London, he sat once more for the Bar Examinations, as he planned to leave the Civil Service, and to enter private practice as soon as he had qualified as an advocate and solicitor. He succeeded in passing the Part One Examination, in 1939. However, with the advent of World War II, he was recalled to [[British Malaya|Malaya]] and ordered to resume duty as District Officer in [[Kulim]], where he remained for the next three years.<ref name="Case, 1991">Case, 1991.</ref>

He was responsible for the Civil Defence preparations implemented by district officers. He was appointed Deputy Director of Air Raid Precautions for South [[Kedah]]. He recognised the need to prepare for the evacuation of civilians in the event of an invasion and in 1941 he gave orders for the construction of six "Long Houses" made of round timber and with attap roofs on a low hill about two miles away from the town. Funds for this work had been refused by the State Secretariat and he, therefore, invited donations from local town dwellers who would benefit if evacuations became necessary.

By October 1941, British troops had prepared defensive positions in North Kedah. On the morning of 8 December 1941, the [[Malayan Campaign|Invasion]] by the [[Imperial Japanese Army|Japanese army]] began. The attack was quickly followed by the advance of [[Tomoyuki Yamashita|General Yamashita]]'s army which had landed unopposed on beaches near [[Songkla]] the previous night. A second assault force came ashore, unopposed, on the coast of Petani and advanced towards Betong and Kroh. A [[Battle of Kota Bharu|third but smaller force]] landed close to [[Kota Bahru]] in [[Kelantan]] despite vigorous opposition.

Unaware of the extent of the Japanese attack, he went to his office and ordered a general alert for his air wardens. Later that morning, he met the leading shopkeepers and advised them to evacuate their families to the "Long House".

His eldest surviving brother, [[Badlishah of Kedah|Tunku Badlishah]], had succeeded Tunku Mahmud as Regent in 1937 when the latter died. He was now in control, since [[Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah|Sultan Abdul Hamid]], although still alive, was incapacitated. At about 9 o'clock on the night of the invasion, Syed Omar telephoned Tunku and told him that the Regent had decided to evacuate the [[Abdul Hamid Halim of Kedah|77-year-old Sultan]] to [[Penang]], and thence to [[Singapore in the Straits Settlements|Singapore]]. Tunku disagreed with this decision, feeling the need for the Sultan to remain with his people, he absconded with him during the journey. Soon after, the Japanese began bombing Penang.

===Occupation===
With the [[Imperial Japanese Army|Japanese]]'s bombing [[Penang]], the Regent and his family fled. They were given accommodation in Sidim when the second and more severe bombing of Penang town took place on 11 December 1941, which caused hundreds of civilians to be killed. Upon returning, to [[Kulim]], Tunku found out that all the Police were no longer on duty. Tunku's first concern was to prevent looting and he called all members of the disbanded [[Kedah]] Volunteer Force in Kulim to come to his assistance. These men formed a vigilante corps and Tunku arranged for them to patrol the town at night. He was also responsible for the acquiring of emergency food stores from the Government Rice Mill at [[Bagan Serai]] in [[Perak]]. By 16 December 1941, the Japanese army had occupied the west coast of Kedah, including all the main towns. The Japanese Military Governor of Kedah an assuming office appointed another of Tunku's brothers, Tunku Mohamed Jewa, to be a temporary Regent until the Sultan returned to [[Alor Setar]].<ref name="Case, 1991"/>

On 17 December, the Sultan, the Regent, and his family and senior officers of the State Government set off for Alor Setar with a Japanese military escort. In Kulim, Tunku reluctantly remained as District Officer for another year as a servant to the Japanese Military Administration.

Friction between Tunku and the Japanese officials were frequent, and he was removed from his position of authority. The Siamese was then put in charge. Soon after the takeover by the Siamese, Tunku was appointed the Superintendent of Education.

In 1942, the Japanese transported thousands of young male Malayans to work on the construction of a [[Death Railway|railway]] from North [[Siam]] to [[Burma]]. Tunku helped house and feed some escapees from the railway construction project at considerable risk to himself.

On 6 and 9 August 1945, [[atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|atom bombs were dropped]] on [[Hiroshima]] and [[Nagasaki]] respectively. A week later, the Japanese Imperial government in Tokyo agreed to an [[Japanese surrender|unconditional surrender]].

===Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army movement (MPAJA)===
{{See also|Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army}}
When the Japanese surrender was announced over the wireless in mid-August, plans were hurriedly prepared in Ceylon for the dispatch of a [[British Military Administration (Malaya)|British Military Administration]]. At the same time, the top Chinese Communist leaders in Malaya, [[Fong Chong Pik]], who was nicknamed "the Plen" and a young Chinese Rebel named [[Chin Peng]] decided to try to seize control of the civil administration in as many states as possible. Tunku and his followers were responsible for the peace-keeping efforts and the protection of Alor Setar from the [[Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army]].<ref name="Case, 1991"/>

==Malayan Union and study leave==
=== Protest against Malayan Union ===
On 19 August, the surrender of the [[Japanese Imperial Army|Japanese Army]] had become common knowledge in [[Alor Setar]]. With the Japanese surrender, several groups of people talked about independence and discussed how it might be attained. Malay societies were formed all over the peninsular with similar objectives, but with no coordination. On 10 October 1945, the Secretary of State for the Colonies issued his Policy Statement on a "[[Malayan Union]]". In [[Kedah]], both the principal Malay organisations held protest meetings and rallies. Tunku spoke forcefully at these rallies, but he recommended opposition by peaceful means.

[[Harold MacMichael|Sir Harold MacMichael]], representing the British Government, arrived in [[Kuala Lumpur]] on 11 October 1945. He came to Alor Setar after visiting the Sultans of [[Sultan Ibrahim of Johor|Johor]], [[Musa Ghiatuddin Riayat Shah of Selangor|Selangor]], [[Sultan Abu Bakar of Pahang|Pahang]], and [[Sultan Abdul Aziz of Perak|Perak]] and securing their signatures to a new treaty. In [[Kedah]], MacMichael was told that the Ruler would consult his Council of State before discussing with him. With these consultations proceeded, rallies and processions in opposition to the treaty were held in every district and the center of Alor Setar. Tunku was one of the most popular speakers in [[Alor Setar]], [[Sungai Petani]], and [[Kulim]], but he was not invited to take part in any of the discussions convened by his half-brother, [[Sultan Badlishah of Kedah|Sultan Badlishah]]. After three days of negotiations, the Sultan followed the example of his brother rulers. The Sultan's surrender was vigorously criticised by the public and by Tunku. MacMichael flew back to London after securing all the signatures from the rulers for the new treaty. Then the British Prime Minister announced that the [[Malayan Union]] would come into effect on 1 April 1946.

A British officer who had held Tunku's post before the war was appointed Superintendent of Education, Kedah in his place. The State Government did not give Tunku any new position. During this period, Tunku held no office in any Malay organisation.

===Law Studies===
[[File:Tunku abdul rahman in 1947.jpg|thumb|right|Tunku in 1947]]
Tunku applied for 18 months' study leave and arranged to return to England to resume his law studies. He arrived in bunker on 27 December 1946 and travelled by train to London, and remained there for the next 18 months.

When he passed all his law exams, Tunku sailed back to Malaya on the P.&.O. Corfu in January 1949 to be met by his wife, children, and friends in [[Penang]]. A few days later he called on the Secretary to the Government to inform him that he was now a qualified advocate and solicitor, but the reception was neutral. Tunku was instructed to report to the State Legal Advisor for duty as a deputy public prosecutor.<ref name=EB/> His work was routine and he spent his days reading case files.

==Political career==
{{Conservatism in Malaysia|People}}
===United Malay National Organisation (UMNO)===
{{Further information|United Malay National Organisation}}
Tunku was invited to accept the chairmanship of the [[Kedah]] branch of UMNO, the political party which had been formed by [[Onn Jaafar|Dato' Onn Jaafar]]. But before long, the Attorney-General, Fosters-Sutton, visited Kedah and met Tunku in his office to ask if he would like to take up a new appointment in [[Kuala Lumpur]], which Tunku accepted. In Kuala Lumpur, Tunku was allotted an office in the Federal Secretariat, together with other Deputy Public Prosecutors. Tunku's work received a favourable report and he was transferred with promotion, to the post of President of the Selangor Court. At the same time, a political crisis was brewing in UMNO. When the Communist revolutionaries launched an armed rebellion from jungle bases during the [[Malayan Emergency]], UMNO founder and president, Onn, felt the need for racial harmony and a non-communal political party.<ref name="Case, 1991"/>

A General Assembly was to be held in Kuala Lumpur in August 1951, and Onn had made it known that if his proposals were not accepted in this meeting, he would resign. Malay leaders while discussing the crisis recognised that they must find a successor to Onn. At that time, Tunku's qualities and ability as a leader were almost unknown outside Kedah. Finally, three candidates, including Tunku, were suggested to be nominated for the post of President if Onn stepped down. [[Abdul Razak Hussein|Abdul Razak]], the State Secretary of [[Pahang]] and UMNO vice president went to meet Tunku in his house, to ask him to agree to the nomination, but Tunku was reluctant. Instead, Tunku replied that Razak himself was much better qualified to be nominated. But Razak convinced Tunku that he was much too young to gain the support of the Malay masses.<ref name="Miller, 1959">Miller, 1959.</ref>{{page needed|date=August 2020}}

After much persuasion, Tunku reluctantly accepted the nomination. The UMNO Assembly met on 23 August 1951, where Tunku received 57 votes and his nearest rival had 11. In his acceptance speech, Tunku demanded that independence should be granted to Malaya as soon as possible. Tunku was still President of the [[Sessions Court]] in Kuala Lumpur, with daily duties to perform drawing a government salary and living in government quarters. Tunku informed the Chief Justice of his intention to resign from government service.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

In the eyes of the average UMNO member, Tunku was first and foremost the brother of the [[Sultan of Kedah]], and a member of a royal house, which carried some prestige within Malaya. Tunku had acquired a wealth of experience as a district officer in Kedah, which enables him to understand and sympathise with the problems of the rural population, who made up a large proportion of the UMNO membership.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

===Alliance Party===
{{Further information|Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Barisan Nasional}}
{{More citations needed section|date=August 2020}}
At the time of [[Onn Jaafar]]'s resignation from the presidency of [[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]], he had predicted that the party would disintegrate within three months. But even before the end of that period, it became clear that although influential [[Malaysian Chinese|Chinese]] and some prominent [[Malaysian Indian|Indians]] and Ceylonese had become members of Onn Jaafar's new party, very few Malays had done so. Tunku held and expressed the view that Malayan communities could not be united within a single political party. He believed that each community needs its political party and its political leaders, and he was proven to be right. The first trial of strength between all the rival political parties took place in January 1952.<ref name="Miller, 1959"/>{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}

On 6 October 1951, [[Henry Gurney|Sir Henry Gurney]] was killed in an ambush by communist revolutionaries. He was replaced by General [[Gerald Templer|Sir Gerald Templer]] who brought with him a new policy from the British Government in London. Templer was to guide the people of Malaya towards the attainment of a United Malayan Nation. The policy had also called for the partnership of all communities. To put this new policy into effect, the government had agreed to hold elections at the Municipal and Town Council level, as the first step towards a democratic government, and [[Kuala Lumpur]] was chosen as one of the venues for the experiment. All the existing political parties were prepared to contest.

One of these political organisation was the [[Malaysian Chinese Association|Malayan Chinese Association]], or MCA. MCA was brought into existence in 1949 by two men, [[Henry Lee Hau Shik|Colonel H. S. Lee]], the President of the [[Selangor Mining Association]], and [[Tan Cheng Lock]] of Malacca. It occurred to him that if MCA and UMNO allied at the municipal level, their chances of success would be greater. Together with his deputy, they met and sought the approval of Dato' Yahaya, the Chairman of UMNO in Kuala Lumpur. They quickly reached an agreement. Under the chairmanship of Col. H. S. Lee, a combined committee from the MCA and UMNO was formed and 12 candidates were selected, one for each area, some Malays, some Chinese, and one Indian. The committee then began a vigorous campaign to enlist support for "The Alliance".

News of the venture appeared in all the leading newspapers. Tunku was in [[Province Wellesley]] when he read the news. He received a telephone call from a UMNO leader in Kuala Lumpur asking him to come back at once for a discussion. On his way to meet the UMNO leaders in Kuala Lumpur, he saw a leading member of [[Independence of Malaya Party]], or IMP, and asked for his opinion of the "Alliance". Tunku was confronted by protesting political colleagues, but he told them that he supported the Alliance and Intended to help in the campaign in Kuala Lumpur.

At the counting of votes on 16 February 1952, the "Alliance" won nine seats, IMP, two, and an Independent one. The success of the UMNO-MCA alliance was repeated in other municipal and town council elections, starting in Johor Bahru, where, to the chagrin of Dato' Onn, the Alliance won all the seats.

Tunku followed up the Municipal elections by holding a 'Round Table Conference' on 3 February 1953, attended by leaders of the MCA and UMNO, in the Selangor Miner's Club, Kuala Lumpur. Everyone agreed to establish a permanent alliance of UMNO and MCA as a political body with Independence for Malaya as its principal objective.

They also discussed the possibility of forming a united front with the Independence of Malayan Party, or the IMP. Tunku arranged a meeting with Onn. He brought H. S. Lee and [[Ismail Abdul Rahman|Dr. Ismail]]. Onn brought three lawyers and two Malay civil servants. At the meeting, Onn told Tunku that IMP could only work together with the Alliance leaders if they disbanded the Alliance and joined IMP. Tunku tried to find some ground for compromise, but Onn was adamant and the meeting ended. Tunku disagreed fundamentally with Onn's conception of a single political party consisting of members of all communities. He knew by instinct that each community needed its political party. The challenge that lay before him was finding a way to unite the communal parties. Soon, the Alliance leaders met again to discuss their campaign. They drew up proposals that included a request for an elected majority and a firm date for the first elections.

At the Legislative Council, when the demands by the Alliance were discussed, Onn told the Legislative Council that the holding of the elections should be planned as a gradual process and he questioned Tunku's demand. Onn's remarks were relayed to the Secretary of State and damaged Tunku's image.

===Meeting in London===
In August 1953, [[Gerald Templer]] offered Tunku a portfolio in the Government, but Tunku refused it. Earlier in July 1953, the government set up a working committee to examine the possibility of holding State and Federal Elections. The committee was set up after Templer obtained the concurrence of Malay Rulers who at first were quite reluctant to accept such proposals due to their deep-rooted fear of what might befall them if Independence were granted. When the names of the members of the Election Committee were announced, Tunku observed that a majority of them were [[Onn Jaafar]]'s supporters.<ref name="Miller, 1959"/>{{page needed|date=August 2020}}

During the discussion, the members found themselves in two groups. The majority approved certain recommendations while [[Barisan Nasional|the Alliance]] minority disagreed and made their proposals. When the majority of recommendations were accepted and proposed by the Government. Alliance representatives all over the country attacked the Government's proposals with a new rallying cry – '[[Merdeka]]'. By then, recommendations had been forwarded to London, and Tunku in consultations with the Alliance leaders decided that they must ask for an interview with the Secretary of State in London. Tunku sent a long telegram to the Secretary of State asking him to meet a delegation from the Alliance.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

On 14 April 1954, a reply was received from the Secretary of State who rejected the request for an interview. Emergency meetings of [[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]] and [[Malayan Chinese Association|MCA]] leaders were held and a decision was made. The decision was severely criticised both inside and outside the Alliance and it required great courage and determination for Tunku to proceed. Next were the financial problems. Tunku called for an emergency meeting at UMNO in [[Malacca]] where he asked for financial help. The response from UMNO members was swift. A quantity of money and even personal jewellery were handed to Tunku. After some final travel arrangements, Tunku and [[Mohammad Tahir Tan Tong Hye|T.H Tan]] left Singapore on 21 April 1954, for London. Tunku flew to London all too conscious of the doubts of his Alliance partners and the strong criticism from Government officials.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

Before he left, he was aware that Onn Jaafar had dissolved IMP and formed a new political party called '[[Parti Negara]]'. Onn had abandoned his vision of an all-communities party and directed his attention to the Malay community. Tunku realised that Parti Negara would attempt to weaken UMNO and subvert some of his UMNO supporters. But Tunku also knew that he must act now if the granting of Independence was not to be delayed indefinitely. London in mid-April 1954 was cold, damp, and cheerless. There was not even one press reporter to meet Tunku. Knowing their financial resources were limited, Tunku took T.H. Tan with him to Gloucester Road Hotel and booked a double room. He then telephoned his old friend, [[David Rees-Williams, 1st Baron Ogmore|David Rees]], who was now a prominent member of the [[British Labour Party]].{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

[[David Rees-Williams, 1st Baron Ogmore|David Rees]] was the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies under the Labour government from 1947 to 1950. David Rees was a valuable and influential ally. Tunku and Tan went to meet him the next morning in his chambers near the Inner Temple. David Rees promised to do everything possible to persuade [[Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos|Oliver Lyttleton]] to receive Tunku and his delegation. His persuasion proved to be potent, and on 24 April, Lyttleton agreed to meet Tunku. However, there was one problem. Lyttleton had arranged to leave for [[Uganda]] on an official visit on the following day and would not return until 10 May. It was a long time to wait and it would be stretch their financial resources to the limit, but Tunku decided to stay on.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

Meanwhile, with David Rees's help, Tunku gave a [[press conference]] at which he explained the popular support for the Alliance. He then had meetings with members of parliament of all three parties. Tunku's relaxed manner, the fluency of his spoken English and his genial personality attracted his audience and provided ample justification for his mission. When the contents of the 'Election Proposal' were released by the [[Colonial Office]] only then did Tunku discover that the Secretary of State had not accepted all the recommendations of the Election Committee. But Tunku was not satisfied. He had asked for at least 60 elected members. A substantial majority of elected members was essential.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

While Lyttleton was overseas Tunku prepared his brief and on 14 May, Tunku, [[Abdul Razak Hussein|Abdul Razak]] and T.H Tan were ushered into the Secretary of State's room in the Colonial Office. Tunku explained in detail the Alliance's views on the importance of a workable elected majority and the need for early elections, but the Secretary of State insisted that the Alliance try out the Colonial Office Election proposals. Tunku pressed on further for an agreement on at least three-fifths of the elected majority but the Secretary of State wouldn't commit to his suggestion.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

Finally, the meeting came to an end. Tunku had to fly back on 20 May, to attend the debate on the Elections Committee proposals in the Legislative Council. A letter from the Colonial Office was delivered to Tunku's hotel room on 19 May. It was beautifully phrased, but the contents could be summarised in two words – no change. T.H Tan cabled the gist of the reply to the Alliance co-chairman, [[Tan Cheng Lock]]. He and Tunku then left London the next day, leaving Abdul Razak to open a UMNO-MCA Merdeka Freedom Bureau through which publicity material in support of early independence could be distributed in England.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

===Boycott===
In [[Kuala Lumpur]], Tunku met members of the [[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]] Executive Committee in the morning, and the "Alliance Round Table" members the same night. [[Barisan Nasional|The Alliance]] leaders accepted the view that the mission had achieved a measure of success. It was also agreed that the request from the Secretary of State to give the elections proposals a trial could not be accepted. They prepared a resolution which was drafted by [[Henry Lee Hau Shik|Col. H.S. Lee]], rejecting the Colonial Office proposals. The next day, Tunku, [[Ismail Abdul Rahman|Dr. Ismail]] and Leong Yew Koh, the Secretary-General of [[Malaysian Chinese Association|MCA]] took the Resolution to [[Gerald Templer|General Templer]]'s office. Templer read the document without comment and then requested that the release of the resolutions to the press be delayed.<ref name="Case, 1991"/>

At the Alliance Round Table meeting that night, the Alliance was adamant and the boycott went into effect. About a thousand Alliance members at all levels took part. It was a subtle process with results that were not immediately felt, but which were cumulative. The boycott was widely criticised. The Secretary of State called for consultations with the Rulers by the High Commissioner. Tunku decided that the Alliance should take the initiative and present their views first.

That day, nearly 2,000 Alliance supporters assembled at the government office building in support of the proposals. Attempts to break the Alliance boycott were made by [[Michael Joseph Hogan|Michael Hogan]], the Attorney General, and [[David Gray (British diplomat)|David Gray]], the acting Chief Secretary, Hogan and Gray met MacGillivray with their suggestions, and the High Commissioner agreed to their initiative.

Hogan and Gray then met H.S. Lee in Kuala Lumpur and explained the motive of their visit. H. S. Lee then contacted Tunku and Dr. Ismail who was in [[Johor Bahru]] with the news. Tunku reacted positively to the compromise offered but he wanted further assurance from the High Commissioner himself. On 6 July, MacGillivray signed a letter agreeing to the Alliance's request after receiving approval from Lyttleton. The Alliance then called off the boycott.

===Elections===
{{Further information|1955 Malayan general election}}
After [[Barisan Nasional|The Alliance]] called off the boycott, Elections to State Councils with Alliance participation could now proceed. Tunku and his colleagues travelled tirelessly to prepare for the coming trial of strength. Tunku took [[Tan Cheng Lock]] and [[Henry Lee Hau Shik|H.S Lee]] with him whenever possible and in particular when touring the northern Malay states, and emphasised the importance of unity among Malayans of all communities. At each State capital, the Alliance leaders called on the Ruler and assured him of their loyalty and support.<ref name="Miller, 1959"/>{{page needed|date=August 2020}}

The links between [[United Malay National Organisation|UMNO]] and [[Malaysian Chinese Association|MCA]] grew stronger and on Tunku's initiative, a National Council which became the supreme executive body of the Alliance was established. It took the place of the 'Round Table' which had no executive power and Tunku was formally recognised as 'Leader of the Alliance'. The first two elections to State Councils took place late in 1954 in [[Johor]] and [[Terengganu]]. In both states, the Alliance won sweeping victories. [[Parti Negara]] did not capture a single seat. Tunku was now a popular figure in every state and almost every kampung. He travelled constantly.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

Towards the end of 1954, Tunku was invited by the Director of Operations to serve on the Federation War Executive Committee. The government had promised to hold elections to the Federal Legislative Council in 1955, and in March of that year, it was announced that Nomination Day would be in June and that 27 July would be Election Day. Many Malay government officers resigned to offer themselves as candidates. As nomination day approached, Tunku was plagued by demands that a high proportion of the candidates should be Malay.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

Tunku brought the matter to the next UMNO Assembly and urged the members to adopt what he called "a policy of racial unselfishness". Tunku's arguments were compelling and he won a unanimous vote of confidence. Almost at the eleventh hour, Tunku's repeated emphasis on the importance of unity during the elections brought him a bonus. The [[Malayan Indian Congress]], MIC, which had wavered in its support of Parti Negara, now promised to back the Alliance, representing the [[Malaysian Indian|Indian]] community.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

On Nomination Day, the Alliance entered a candidate in every one of the 52 constituencies. Parti Negara entered 30 candidates. 29 Malays and one Chinese. Four other political parties entered a total of 29 candidates. Eighteen others stood as Independents. Two weeks before Nomination Day, [[Hussein Onn|Onn]] announced that he would stand in [[Johor Bahru]], and challenged Tunku to stand against him. It was a tactical error. The Alliance let it be known that the Party would decide where Tunku should stand, and it allowed the headquarters to select a candidate who could be expected to defeat Onn.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

Tunku's resisted invitations to forecast the election results, but he let it be known that he was confident of an Alliance victory. It was only during the last week of the elections that Tunku toured his constituency. Everywhere he went, he was promised total support. He spent the day before the elections in the UMNO House in [[Alor Setar]] and telephoned the Alliance headquarters in every state.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

On polling day, after casting his vote, he drove himself on a whirlwind tour to constituencies in Kedah and then set off to [[Kuala Lumpur]] accompanied by [[Mohammad Tahir Tan Tong Hye|T.H Tan]]. Tunku stopped at every main polling station en route and only arrived in Kuala Lumpur at 11 pm, making it possible for him to enter the town unrecognised. Tunku always enjoyed the company of his friends but on the night of 27 July, he was exhausted and wanted to be alone. Tunku spent the night at the Eastern Hotel, listening to the results of the elections until the Kuala Lumpur Radio Station went off the air at 3 AM.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

Tunku won with a majority of more than 20,000 votes, Sulaiman won with 5,943 votes and Dato' Onn only managed to secure 2,802 votes. The Alliance won 51 seats, the [[Pan Malaysian Islamic Party|Pan Malayan Islamic Party (PMIP)]] won only one seat, and the [[Parti Negara|National Party (PN)]] won none.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

===Early days as Chief Minister===
High Commissioner [[Donald MacGillivray|MacGillivray]] invited Tunku to the [[Carcosa Seri Negara|King's House]] for a first formal discussion on Sunday, 31 July. Tunku handed the High Commissioner a list of 11 Cabinet Ministers: six Malays, three Chinese, and two Indians. The list would still have to be passed to the Rulers for their formal concurrence that would take some time. On 1 August, Tunku was received by a British Assistant Secretary to the Government at the Federal Secretariat building.<ref name="Case, 1991"/>

On 9 August, Tunku made his first broadcast to the nation from an old wooden structure at Young Road, [[Kuala Lumpur]]. During the broadcast, he said:{{blockquote|I am very determined to strive for self-government and Independence as soon as possible by constitutional means. Others have been obliged to fight the colonial power before they achieved their freedom and this will not be necessary in Malaya.

[[Barisan Nasional|The Alliance]] has proved that they have the support of at least 80 percent of adult population, and that the three principal communities worked closely together at all levels to win the election. I will take the opportunity to ask the new Secretary of State for the Colonies to arrange for constitutional talks in London as soon as possible since the present Federal Constitution is now workable during his visit to Kuala Lumpur.

The [[Malayan Emergency]] continues to obstruct progress and swallow up funds that should be used for development and I will try my best to end the Emergency through a fresh initiative. Finally, I assure government officers who belong to other political parties that they have no reason to fear official disfavor.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}}}

There had been another General Election in the United Kingdom, won again by the Conservatives. [[Alan Lennox-Boyd, 1st Viscount Boyd of Merton|Alan Lennox-Boyd]] was the new [[Secretary of State for the Colonies|Secretary of States for the Colonies]]. He was to visit Malaya and be present at the new Legislative Council meeting on 1 September. At their first informal meeting at King's House in Kuala Lumpur, Tunku found in the new Secretary of State an unexpected affinity. They were able to speak freely and they shared a sense of humour. Lennox-Boyd agreed to hold constitutional talks in London in January 1956,<ref name=EB/> provided that the Rulers were represented. When the Rulers met at their conferences in Kuala Lumpur in September 1955, Tunku sought and was granted a special audience. Tunku asked the Rulers to appoint representatives for the constitutional talks to be held in London. As the days for the talks got closer, travel plans were discussed.

===Baling Talks===
{{Further information|Baling Talks}}
In dealing with the [[Malayan Emergency|Emergency]], Tunku had offered amnesty to the communist revolutionaries soon after he became Chief Minister. 186 "Safe Areas" were named in four million leaflets, which were dropped over the jungle from Air Force planes. The results had been disappointing but an unsigned letter from Communist headquarters in South [[Thailand]] asked for a ceasefire. Tunku showed the letter to [[Donald MacGillivray|MacGillivray]] and [[Geoffrey Bourne, Baron Bourne|General Bourne]]. Then, with their agreement, Tunku issued a reply in the Press stating that he was willing to meet [[Chin Peng]].<ref name="Miller, 1959"/>{{page needed|date=August 2020}}

After a further exchange of letters, Tunku and [[Chin Peng]] met in Southeast [[Kedah]] near the Siamese border in December 1955. Tunku had 2 objectives for the meeting, one was to clarify the amnesty terms, the other was to make it clear that Tunku spoke for the people of Malaya and not as a representative of the British. Chin Peng could not accept the amnesty terms because the British did not allow communists in the jungle to enjoy equal status with other Malayans. Chin Peng demanded that the [[Malayan Communist Party]] (MCP) be legalised and be allowed to participate in the elections.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

Singaporean Chief Minister [[David Marshall (Singaporean politician)|David Marshall]] asked if the MCP would lay down their arms if Malaya was granted Independence, Chin Peng refused as the amnesty offer was unacceptable to the MCP, and that they would never disband the MCP. Discussions continued after dark without either side making any concessions. The talks failed to reach an agreement and ended at 10 AM the next morning.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

Following the failure of the talks, Tunku decided to withdraw the offer of an amnesty on 8 February 1956, five months after it had been offered. He stated that he would not willingly meet the communists again unless they indicated beforehand their desire to see him make "a complete surrender". He said that the Communists had made it clear to him that their ideology and that of himself and his party could not exist side by side. Therefore, the war must be intensified until one or the other gave in. "I have every confidence that the people of Malaya will give their fullest support and co-operation to the action I have taken."{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

==Road to Independence==
[[File:Merdeka_1957_tunku_abdul_rahman.jpg|thumb|Tunku Abdul Rahman proclaiming Malayan independence on 31 August 1957]]
After Tunku and [[Alan Lennox-Boyd, 1st Viscount Boyd of Merton|Lennox-Boyd]] agreed to hold constitutional talks in London in January 1956, provided that the Rulers were represented. When the Rulers met at their conferences in [[Kuala Lumpur]] in September 1955, Tunku sought and was granted a special audience. Tunku asked the Rulers to appoint representatives for the constitutional talks to be held in London.

Finally on 1 January 1956, the two delegations sailed together from Singapore to [[Karachi]] on the ''Asia'', Before they arrived at Karachi, their draft proposals had been finalised, and they entered Lancaster House in London on 16 January, as the [[Merdeka]] Mission, with a single leader, Tunku.

Finally on 8 February 1956, Tunku's fifty-third birthday, he and Lennox-Boyd signed the Independence agreement, the [[Treaty of London 1956|Treaty of London]], scheduled for August 1957.<ref name=EB/> Tunku and his mission left London on 16 February, had a short break in [[Cairo]] and landed in Singapore four days later.

The next day, Tunku went to [[Malacca]] where he had decided to make his first public announcement on their success. His speech was simple and brief, muffled by the constant chorus of "Merdeka". Soon after Tunku's return from London, a Constitutional Commission as set up in [[Kuala Lumpur]]. The Commission travelled to every State, hearing evidence and receiving memoranda. The Alliance National Council spent months preparing a detailed memorandum from the commission, most of which were accepted.

The Commissioner's report was published in Kuala Lumpur in February 1957. [[Donald MacGillivray|MacGillivray]] then set up a Working Committee to prepare final recommendations for the consideration of the British Government. When the subject of '[[jus soli]]' (citizenship by right of birth) was mentioned, Tunku, as the inspired diplomat, managed to persuade the [[Malaysian Chinese Association|MCA]] leaders to agree to its omission from the official recommendations.

==Premiership (1957–1970)==
{{Infobox administration
| image = File:Aankomst Prins Abdoel Rahman op Ypenburg, Bestanddeelnr 911-8186 (cropped 3to4).jpg
| caption = Tunku in 1960
| term_start = 1 August 1955
| term_end = 22 September 1970{{efn|As the Chief Minister of Malaya from 1 August 1955 to 31 August 1957.}}
| premier = Tunku Abdul Rahman
| premier_link = Prime Minister of Malaysia
| cabinet = {{hlist|[[First Rahman cabinet|Rahman I]]|[[Second Rahman cabinet|Rahman II]]|[[Third Rahman cabinet|Rahman III]]|[[Fourth Rahman cabinet|Rahman IV]]}}
| party = [[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance]]–[[UMNO]]
| monarch = [[Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan|Abdul Rahman]] <br/> [[Hisamuddin of Selangor|Hisamuddin]] <br/> [[Putra of Perlis|Putra]] <br/> [[Ismail Nasiruddin of Terengganu|Ismail Nasiruddin]] <br/> [[Abdul Halim of Kedah|Abdul Halim]]
| election = {{hlist|[[1955 Malayan general election|1955]]|[[1959 Malayan general election|1959]]|[[1964 Malaysian general election|1964]]|[[1969 Malaysian general election|1969]]}}
| seat = [[Carcosa Seri Negara|The Governor's Residence]] <br/> (1957–1962) <br/> [[Tun Abdul Razak Memorial|Seri Taman]] <br/> (1962–1970)
| predecessor = 
| successor = [[Abdul Razak Hussein#Prime Minister|Abdul Razak]] 
| official_url = 
}}
[[File:Aankomst van premier van Malakka Abdul Rahman, Bestanddeelnr 911-2803.jpg|thumb|Tunku Abdul Rahman during a state visit to The [[Netherlands]] (May 1960)|left]]
Tunku was the central figure in the early political leadership of the [[Federation of Malaya]] which gained independence in 1957 and became known as [[Malaysia]] in 1963. As the country's first [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|prime minister]] and concurrently its foreign minister, he played a defining role in shaping the new nation's domestic and external policies. He led the ruling [[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance]] coalition to decisive victories in the [[1959 Malayan general election|1959]] and [[1964 Malaysian general election|1964]] general elections. His approach was moderate and consensus-based, reflecting his vision of a multiethnic Malaysia rooted in peaceful coexistence and gradual development during the broader post-colonial transition in Southeast Asia.

Among his most far-reaching initiatives was the proposal to establish a broader federation. In 1961, Tunku made a speech at the [[Foreign Correspondents' Club#Singapore|Foreign Correspondents Association of Singapore]] suggesting a merger of Malaya, [[Singapore]], [[Sabah]], [[Sarawak]] and [[Brunei]]. Although Brunei later opted out, the rest agreed, and Malaysia was formally established on 16 September 1963. While publicly supporting the federation, Tunku privately held deep reservations about Singapore's inclusion. He believed Singapore's large Chinese population would disrupt communal balance and feared the political rivalry it might bring. His concerns soon proved well founded. Singapore’s entry raised the Chinese proportion of Malaysia’s population to around 45 percent, stirring anxiety within both the [[United Malays National Organisation]] (UMNO) and the [[Malaysian Chinese Association]] (MCA). The MCA, in particular, feared that such a significant Chinese presence might provoke a backlash from the Malay majority and even prompt calls for union with neighbouring [[Indonesia]] as a means to preserve Malay political dominance.

Despite a prior understanding not to interfere in each other's political arenas, UMNO had backed the formation of the [[Singapore Alliance Party]] to counter the growing influence of [[Lee Kuan Yew]] and his [[People's Action Party]] (PAP) in Singapore. In response, the PAP contested several seats in [[Peninsular Malaysia]] during the [[1964 Malaysian general election|1964 general election]] and won one seat at [[Bangsar (federal constituency)|Bangsar]]. This tit-for-tat campaign shattered the political truce and confirmed Tunku's fears. Convinced that Singapore's continued presence threatened national cohesion, he resolved to remove the state from the federation. On 7 August 1965, he informed the [[Parliament of Malaysia]] that it should vote in favour of expelling Singapore. The [[Independence of Singapore Agreement 1965]] followed, and Singapore became a fully sovereign state on 9 August 1965.

Tunku's political fortunes declined after the [[1969 Malaysian general election|1969 general election]], when the Alliance lost ground and racial tensions erupted into the [[May 13 Incident|13 May riots]] in [[Kuala Lumpur]]. The federal government declared a state of emergency, and executive power was assumed by the National Operations Council ([[MAGERAN]]) under [[Tun Abdul Razak]]. Tunku remained prime minister in name but saw his authority diminished. He was increasingly sidelined by UMNO figures who believed firmer leadership was needed. On 22 September 1970, a day after his agnatic nephew [[Abdul Halim of Kedah]] was installed as King, Tunku stepped down as prime minister in favour of Abdul Razak. In June 1971, he resigned as UMNO president, yielding to rising party figures such as [[Mahathir Mohamad]] and [[Musa Hitam]], both of whom would later hold the country's highest offices.

==Involvements in Islam==
After making Islam the religion of the Federation in 1960, Tunku established the [[Islamic Welfare Organisation]] (PERKIM), an organization to help Muslim converts adjust to new lives as Muslims. He was President of PERKIM until a year before his death. In 1961 Malaysia hosted the first [[International Quran Recital Competition|International Qur'an Recital Competition]], an event that developed from Abdul Rahman's idea when he organized the first state-level competition in Kedah in 1951.

Malaysia is a founder member of the OIC. Its headquarters are in Jeddah, but it was established at the [[Conference of Islamic Nations]] held in Kuala Lumpur in 1969. Tunku was its first secretary-general since 1970.

On the occasion of his 80th birthday, he stated on 9 February 1983 edition of ''[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]'' newspaper that the "country has a multi-racial population with various beliefs. Malaysia must continue as a secular State with Islam as the official religion". In the same issue of ''The Star'', Tunku was supported by the third Malaysian Prime Minister, [[Hussein Onn]], who stated that the "nation can still be functional as a secular state with Islam as the official religion".<ref>Ooi, J. 2007. Merdeka... 50 years of Islamic State?. Available from: {{cite web |author=Jeff Ooi |title=Merdeka... 50 years of Islamic State? |date=July 19, 2007 |website=Jeffooi.com  |url=http://www.jeffooi.com/2007/07/merdeka_50_years_of_islamic_st.php |access-date=10 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610122035/http://www.jeffooi.com/2007/07/merdeka_50_years_of_islamic_st.php |archive-date=10 June 2011}}.</ref>

==Sports involvement==
[[File:Tunku Abdul Rahman presenting the 1962 Aga Khan Gold Cup trophy to Muhammad Umer.png|left|230x230px|thumb|Tunku Abdul Rahman distributing the [[1962 Aga Khan Gold Cup]] trophy to [[Victoria Sporting Club|Victoria SC]] captain [[Muhammad Umer]]]]

Tunku became vice president of the [[Kedah Darul Aman F.C.|Kedah Football Association]] after his return from Cambridge in the late 1930's. In 1949, Tunku became president of the [[Selangor F.C.|Selangor Football Association]], and a few years later he became president of the [[Football Association of Malaysia]], serving in the position for 20 years. During his presidency, he introduced a competition for those under-18 years old such as the ''[[Piala FAM]]'' (FAM Cup) and the ''[[Piala Rahman]]'' (Rahman Cup).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympic.org.my/museum/hof/ind/tarn.htm|title= OCM Sports Museum & Hall of Fame: Tunku Abdul Rahman|publisher=[[Olympic Council of Malaysia|OCM]] at [[Wayback Machine]]|date=12 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412094508/https://olympic.org.my/museum/hof/ind/tarn.htm|accessdate=15 January 2019|archive-date=12 April 2010}}</ref> Being an avid sportsman, Tunku was a firm believer that sports can be a good catalyst in bringing about greater social unity among Malaysians of various races and religions. Therefore, he supported and initiated many sports events. These included an international football tournament, the [[Merdeka Tournament]], in 1957. In the following year, he was elected as the president of the [[Asian Football Confederation]] (AFC), a post he held until 1977.<ref name="Weinberg2015">{{cite book|author=Ben Weinberg|title=Asia and the Future of Football: The Role of the Asian Football Confederation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sk2sCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA80|date=22 May 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-57632-7|pages=80–}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-afc.com/60th-anniversary-asias-history-makers-60th-anniversary-news/asian-icons-tunku-abdul-rahman-putra-al|title=ASIAN ICONS: TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN PUTRA AL HAJ|publisher=[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] at [[Wayback Machine]]|date=5 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923085438/https://www.the-afc.com/60th-anniversary-asias-history-makers-60th-anniversary-news/asian-icons-tunku-abdul-rahman-putra-al|accessdate=13 January 2018|archive-date=23 September 2016}}</ref>

Tunku also loved horse racing and was a regular at the [[Selangor Turf Club]]. He claimed that his lucky number was 13 and that he would win horse races that were held on the 13th of the month, especially on Friday the 13th for him. Tunku's racing interests included the champion racehorse [[Think Big (horse)|Think Big]]. After it won the 1974 [[Melbourne Cup]], Think Big's owners, Malaysian businessman Dato [[Tan Chin Nam]], and Australian property developer Rick O'Sullivan, invited Tunku to join them as a part-owner of the horse. Think Big then won its second Melbourne Cup in 1975.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dato Tan Chin Nam |website=Think Big Stud |url=http://www.thinkbigstud.com.au/Dato-Tan-Chin-Nam.asp |access-date=12 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816210034/http://thinkbigstud.com.au/Dato-Tan-Chin-Nam.asp |archive-date=16 August 2014}}</ref>

In 1977, having acquired substantial shares in ''[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]'', a Penang-based newspaper, he became the newspaper's chairman. His columns, "Looking Back" and "As I See It", were critical of the government, and in 1987, [[Mahathir Mohamad]] banned the newspaper. This led to a split in UMNO, with Tunku himself and another former Prime Minister, [[Hussein Onn]], setting up a new party called [[Parti Melayu Semangat 46|UMNO Malaysia]], but its registration was quashed by Mahathir, who set up [[United Malays National Organisation#UMNO Baru (New UMNO)|UMNO Baru]] in response. Tunku later supported [[Parti Melayu Semangat 46]], a splinter group of UMNO led by [[Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah]]. He campaigned actively for the latter in the [[1990 Malaysian general election]], but was already in very poor health. The well-educated, visionary Tunku stood in contrast to Mahathir's brand of [[ethnic nationalism]], which promised to help Malays as part of the ''[[Ketuanan Melayu]]'' ideology.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Schottmann |first=Sven |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvvn4z8 |title=Mahathir's Islam: Mahathir Mohamad on Religion and Modernity in Malaysia |date=2018 |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |jstor=j.ctvvn4z8 |isbn=978-0-8248-4674-9 |archive-date=15 November 2022 |access-date=17 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115163815/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvvn4z8 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
It was in Kulim that Tunku married his first wife, [[Lady Meriam|Meriam Chong]] who was the daughter of his friend, Chong Ah Yong, a [[Thai Chinese]]. A year after their marriage, Tunku's daughter Tunku Khadijah was born. A year later, a son Tunku Ahmad Nerang was born. A month after Meriam gave birth to her second child, she contracted a severe attack of malaria and died.

On Meriam's death, Tunku wrote to his lady friend in England, [[Violet Coulson]], who ran a coffee shop that Tunku had frequented as a student. When Tunku's letter reached Violet, she dropped everything and turned up in Singapore. They were secretly married by the [[Qadi|Kadi]] in the Malay mosque in [[Arab Street]] according to Muslim rites. After conversion, Violet's Muslim name was Puteh Bte Abdullah. Violet went to live in Penang because they had no approval of the Ruler or Regent. Tunku Ibrahim, the Regent, was strongly opposed to mixed marriages, but when he died unexpectedly in 1934 and was succeeded as Regent by Tunku Mahmud, the Sultan's younger brother, he consented to the marriage. Though their marriage went well, Tunku's responsibilities in the public service were all-consuming and after a separation where Violet returned to London, they have divorced amicably in 1947. He then married [[Sharifah Rodziah Syed Alwi Barakbah]], with whom he adopted four children, Sulaiman, Mariam, Sharifah Hanizah (granddaughter), and Faridah. He also secretly married [[Bibi Chong]] and was given two children, Tunku Noor Hayati and Tunku Mastura.<ref>"Tunku Abdul Rahman, 87, Dead, First Prime Minister of Malaysia", ''The New York Times'', Obituaries, 12 July 1990.</ref>

Tunku's house, located at [[1 Jalan Changkat Kia Peng]] in Kuala Lumpur, was acquired by the [[Government of the Philippines]] in 1987 and now serves as the chancery of the [[Embassy of the Philippines, Kuala Lumpur|Philippine Embassy in Malaysia]].

==Death==
He died peacefully on 6 December 1990<ref name="biography1"/> at the age of 87. Among those who witnessed his last breath were Prime Minister [[Mahathir Mohamad]] with his Deputy [[Abdul Ghafar Baba]] also Chief Secretary [[Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid]], and a few others. Mahathir later ordered the Chief Secretary to announce the death of Tunku. He was buried at the [[Kedah royal mausoleum|Langgar Royal Mausoleum]] in [[Alor Setar]] according to his wish signed a day before his death.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ {{sronly|List of films}}
!scope="col"|Year
!scope="col"|Title
!scope="col"|Role
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref(s)
|-
! scope="row"|1959
| ''Mahsuri''
| Scriptwriter
| The film was produced by Cathay-Keris Film Productions by using the [[Sepia (color)|sepia]] [[colour grading]].
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Tunku's Filmography" />
|-
! scope="row"|1968
| ''Raja Bersiong''
| Scriptwriter
| The film was produced by Malay Film Productions in colour.
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Tunku's Filmography">{{cite book|author=Hamzah Hussin|title=Dari Keris Film ke Studio Merdeka|publisher=Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia|pages=42}}</ref> 
|}

==Honours and awards==
===Honours of Malaysia===
* {{Flag|Malaysia}}
** [[File:MY Darjah Utama Seri Mahkota Negara (Crown of the Realm) - DMN.svg|50px]] Recipient of the [[Order of the Crown of the Realm]] (DMN) (1970)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.istiadat.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/1970.pdf|title=Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1970.|access-date=6 October 2021|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006104705/https://www.istiadat.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/1970.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Johor}}
** [[File:Most Esteemed Royal Family Order of Johor - ribbon bar.svg|50px]] First Class Member of the [[Royal Family Order of Johor]] (DK I) (1961)<ref>{{cite news | url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19611028-1.2.64 | title=Tengku and brother head list of honours | work=[[The Straits Times]] | date=28 October 1961 | pages=7 | access-date=24 January 2022 | archive-date=24 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124125548/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19611028-1.2.64 | url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{Flag|Kedah}}
** [[File:MY-KED Royal Family Order of Kedah (DK).svg|50px]] Member of the [[Royal Family Order of Kedah]] (DK) (1982)
** [[File:MY-KED Kedah Supreme Order of Merit (DUK).svg|50px]] Member of the [[Kedah Supreme Order of Merit]] (DUK) (1958)<ref>{{cite news | url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19580504-1.2.31|title=TENGKU RAHMAN HEADS THE KEDAH BIRTHDAY LIST WITH AN ORDER OF MERIT | work=[[The Straits Times]] | date=4 May 1958 | pages=5 | access-date=24 August 2022 | archive-date=24 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824020037/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19580504-1.2.31 | url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{Flag|Kelantan}}
** [[File:MY-KEL Royal Family Order - Star of Yunus - DK.svg|50px]] Recipient of the [[Royal Family Order of Kelantan]] (DK) (1970)
* {{Flag|Malacca}}
** [[File:MY-MAL Exalted Order of Malacca.svg|50px]] Knight Grand Commander of the [[List of post-nominal letters (Malacca)|Premier and Exalted Order of Malacca]] (DUNM) – '''Datuk Seri Utama''' (1985)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2-dLAAAAIBAJ&dq=Darjah+utama+negeri+melaka&pg=PA4&article_id=6938,2125652|title=Award for Tunku carries title of Datuk Seri Utama|work=[[New Straits Times]]|date=9 June 1985|pages=6}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Negeri Sembilan}}
** Recipient of the Tuanku Munawir Installation Medal (1961)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/beritaharian19610417-1.2.4|title=Pingat emas utk Seri Paduka dan Tengku|work=[[Berita Harian]]|date=17 April 1961|pages=1}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Perlis}}
** [[File:MY-PERL Perlis Family Order of the Gallant Prince Syed Putra Jamalullail - DK.svg|50px]] Member of the Perlis Family Order of the Gallant Prince Syed Putra Jamalullail (DK) (1965)<ref>{{cite news | url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19651015-1.2.111 | title=Tengku gets his Perlis award | work=[[The Straits Times]] | date=15 October 1965 | pages=13 | access-date=24 August 2022 | archive-date=24 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824020121/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19651015-1.2.111 | url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{Flag|Selangor}}
** [[File:MY-SEL Royal Family Order of Selangor - DK I.svg|50px]] First Class Member of the [[Royal Family Order of Selangor]] (DK I) (1965)<ref>{{cite web|title=DK 1965|url=https://awards.selangor.gov.my/sublinkyear.php?cat=43&subcat=D.K.|website=awards.selangor.gov.my|access-date=6 October 2021|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006104708/https://awards.selangor.gov.my/sublinkyear.php?cat=43&subcat=D.K.|url-status=live}}</ref>
** [[File:MY-SEL Order of the Crown of Selangor - Knight Grand Commander - SPMS.svg|50px]] Knight Grand Commander of the [[Order of the Crown of Selangor]] (SPMS) – '''Dato' Seri''' (1961)<ref>{{cite news | url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/beritaharian19610630-1.2.7 | title=Anugerah untok pembesar2 | work=[[Berita Harian]] | date=30 June 1961 | pages=1 | access-date=11 December 2022 | archive-date=11 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211090107/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/beritaharian19610630-1.2.7 | url-status=live }}</ref>
** [[File:MY-SEL Coronation Medal 1961.svg|50px]] Gold Medal of Sultan Salahuddin Coronation Medal (1961)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/beritaharian19610629-1.2.41|title=SULTAN KURNIAKAN PINGAT EMAS, PERAK KAPADA 216|language=ms|work=[[Berita Harian]]|date=29 June 1961|pages=5}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Terengganu}}
** [[File:MY-TER Family Order of Terengganu 1st class - DK I.svg|50px]] Member First Class of the [[Family Order of Terengganu|Royal Family Order of Terengganu]] (DK I) (1964)<ref>{{cite news | url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/beritaharian19640626-1.2.64 | title=Anugerah Sultan kepada Tengku | work=[[Berita Harian]] | date=26 June 1964 | pages=9 | access-date=24 January 2022 | archive-date=24 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124125545/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/beritaharian19640626-1.2.64 | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Foreign honours===
* {{flag|Australia}}
** [[File:AUS Order of Australia (civil) BAR.svg|50px]] Honorary Companion of the [[Order of Australia]] (AC) (1987)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3W9PAAAAIBAJ&dq=Order+%28Honorary%29&pg=PA4&article_id=5462,478066|title=Australia's tp award for Tunku|work=[[New Straits Times]]|date=3 April 1987|pages=4|language=en}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Brunei}}
**[[File:Family Order of Laila Utama with rosette.svg|50x50px]] First Class of the [[Family Order of Laila Utama|Family Order of Brunei]] (DK) – '''Dato Laila Utama''' (1959)<ref>{{cite news | url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590426-1.2.33 | title=BRUNEI SULTAN DECORATES KING, RAZAK & RAHMAN | work=[[The Straits Times]] | date=26 April 1959 | pages=7 | access-date=26 August 2022 | archive-date=26 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826102015/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590426-1.2.33 | url-status=live }}</ref>
** [[File:First_Class_of_the_Order_of_Seri_Paduka_Mahkota_Brunei_(SPMB).svg|50x50px]] Grand Commander of the [[Order of Seri Paduka Mahkota Brunei]] (SPMB) – '''Dato Seri Paduka''' (1958)<ref>{{cite news | url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19580924-1.2.10 | title=Brunei ruler honours 7 Malayans | work=[[The Straits Times]] | date=24 September 1958 | pages=1 | access-date=26 August 2022 | archive-date=26 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826102013/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19580924-1.2.10 | url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flag|Belgium}}
** [[File:BEL Kroonorde Grootkruis BAR.svg|50px]] Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Crown (Belgium)|Order of the Crown]] (1958)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19580829-1.2.7|title=Belgium honours Tengku-He calls for Champagne|work=[[The Straits Times]]|date=29 August 1958|pages=1}}</ref>
* {{flag|Cambodia}}
** [[File:KHM Royal Order of Sahametrei - Grand Cross.png|50px]] Grand Cross of the [[Royal Order of Sahametrei]] (1962)<ref>{{Cite news|date=1962-12-26|title=Prince Sihanouk confers Orders on 17 Malayans|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitsbudget19621226-1.2.105|work=Straits Budget|archive-date=22 December 2024|access-date=22 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222160544/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitsbudget19621226-1.2.105|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flag|Philippines}}
** [[File:PHL Order of Sikatuna - Grand Cross BAR.png|50px]] Grand Collar (''Raja'') of the [[Order of Sikatuna]] (1959)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19590108-1.2.104|title=Garcia honours the Prime Minister|work=[[The Straits Times]]|date=8 January 1959|pages=8}}</ref>
* {{flag|South Korea}}
** [[File:ROK Order of Merit for National Foundation - Order of the Republic of Korea.png|50px]] First Class of the [[Order of Merit for National Foundation]] (1965)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19650430-1.2.168|title=Tengku and Park: We must stop Reds|work=[[The Straits Times]]|date=30 April 1965|pages=24}}</ref>
* {{flag|South Vietnam}}
** [[File:VPD National Order of Vietnam - Grand Cross BAR.svg|50px]] Grand Cross of the [[National Order of Vietnam]] (1965)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19651007-1.2.4.8|title=Vietnam honours Tengku with a top —award|date=7 October 1965|work=The Straits Times|page=1|access-date=6 August 2022|archive-date=6 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806070623/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19651007-1.2.4.8|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flag|Thailand}}
** [[Image:Order of Chula Chom Klao - 1st Class (Thailand) ribbon.svg|50px]] Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of Chula Chom Klao]] (1958)
* {{flag|United Kingdom}}
** [[Image:Order of the Companions of Honour Ribbon.gif|50px]] Honorary Member of the [[Order of the Companions of Honour]] (CH) (1961)<ref name="CH">{{London Gazette|issue=42231|page=8913 |supp=y|date=27 December 1960}}</ref>

===Awards===
* {{Flag|Malaysia}}
** Tokoh Hawana (2018)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mstar.com.my/lokal/semasa/2018/04/11/tokoh-hawana-pertama|title=Tunku Abdul Rahman dianugerah Tokoh Hawana pertama|date=11 April 2018|work=M Star|access-date=20 April 2025}}</ref>

==Legacy==
=== Buildings ===
The shape as well as the design of the [[Merdeka 118|Merdeka 118 tower]] resembles the silhouette of Tunku with his hand raised while chanting "''Merdeka!''" during the proclamation of the independence of Malaya on 31 August 1957.

=== Namesakes ===
Several places were named after him, including:
* '''[[Putrajaya]]'''
** [[Putrajaya/Cyberjaya ERL station|Putrajaya Sentral]]
* [[Universiti Putra Malaysia]]
* [[Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman]]
* [[Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management & Technology]]
* [[Tunku Abdul Rahman National Park]], a marine park in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
* [[Tunku Abdul Rahman Foundation]]
* Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Football Cup
* [[KD Tunku Abdul Rahman]]
* [[Perdana Putra]]
* [[Putra Bridge]]
* [[Putra Specialist Hospital]]
* [[Putra World Trade Centre]]
** LRT {{lrts|PWTC}}
** KTM Komuter {{kstn|Putra}}
* [[Putrajaya line|Putrajaya Line]]
* [[Bandar Menjalara]], a township in Kuala Lumpur named after Tunku's mother 
* [[World Trade Centre Kuala Lumpur|Putra World Trade Centre]] a convention and exhibition centre
* [[Putra Mosque|Masjid Putra]], a mosque in Putrajaya
* Tunku Abdul Rahman Memorial Academy in Nazapur, Senbag, Bangladesh
* Jalan Tengku Abdul Rahman in Beurawe, Kuta Alam, Banda Aceh City, Aceh, Indonesia 
* Jalan Tunku Abdul Rahman, a major road in Putrajaya
* Akuarium Tunku Abdul Rahman, Batu Maung, Penang
* Masjid Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj, a mosque in [[Jalan Merbok-Yan Kechil]]
* Jalan Tunku Abdul Rahman in George Town, Penang
* Institut Teknologi Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kuala Lumpur
*
* Kampung Tunku Abdul Rahman Petra, a village in Jeli, Kelantan
*Jalan Tunku Abdul Rahman, a major road in Kuching, Sarawak
*Jalan Tunku Abdul Rahman, a major road in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
* Bukit Rahman Putra, a township in Sungai Buloh, Selangor
* Bukit Tunku in Kuala Lumpur
* Jalan Tunku Abdul Rahman in Taman Juta, Kuala Kubu Bharu 
* Jalan Tunku Abdul Rahman, a road in Taman Permai, Ipoh Perak
* Jalan Tunku Abdul Rahman, a major road nearby Batu Berendam Airport, Melaka
* Jalan Tunku Abdul Rahman, a major road in Bandar Alor Setar, Kedah
* Jalan Putra in Alor Setar, Kedah
* Jalan Tunku Abdul Rahman, Taman Mekar, Krubong, Melaka
* Taman Putra Perdana in Puchong Selangor
* Putra Heights in Subang Jaya, Selangor
* Putra Glass Hall, event venue in Kampung Bukit Lancung, Shah Alam, Selangor
* Dewan Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra al-Haj, a community hall centre in Jelai, Batu Kurau, Perak
* Dewan Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kuala Terengganu
* Asrama Tunku Abdul Rahman, SMK Kuala Kubu Bharu, Selangor
* Kolej Tingkatan Enam, Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra, Sabak Bernam, Selangor
*Dewan Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra, an event venue hall in [[Universiti Malaysia Sarawak]]
*Jalan Tunku Abdul Rahman a road in Sibu, Sarawak 
*Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Tunku Abdul Rahman in Kuching, Sarawak
*Mural Tunku Abdul Rahman, a street art honouring him in Jalan Sultan Muhammad Jiwa, Alor Setar, Kedah
*Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Tunku Abdul Rahman, a national secondary school in Kulai Johor
*Sekolah Menengah Teknik Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra, a national technical secondary school in Jelutong, Penang
*Sekolah Kebangsaan Tunku Abdul Rahman, a national primary school in Kuala Nerang, Kedah
* Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Tunku Abdul Rahman, a national secondary school in Taman Rakyat Mergong, Alor Setar, Kedah
*Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Tunku Abdul Rahman, a national secondary school in Nibong Tebal, Penang
* Memorial Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj in Alor Setar, Kedah
* Tunku Abdul Rahman Bridge in Perai, Penang
* Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Mosque in Kuala Kedah, Kedah
* Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Mosque in Lunas, Kedah
* Masjid Tunku Abdul Rahman, a mosque in Kampung Tepi Laut, Kuala Kedah, Kedah
* Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Memorial, a memorial in Kuala Lumpur
* Kolej Tunku Abdul Rahman, a residential college at [[Universiti Malaysia Perlis]], Arau, Perlis
* Kolej Tunku Abdul Rahman, a residential college at [[Universiti Teknologi MARA]], Machang, Kelantan
* Kolej Rahman Putra, a residential college at [[Universiti Teknologi Malaysia]], Skudai, Johor

==Notes==
{{notelist|30em}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

==See also==
* [[List of national founders]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Case, William. "Comparative Malaysian Leadership: Tunku Abdul Rahman and Mahathir Mohamad". ''Asian Survey'' 31.5 (1991): 456–473. [https://as.ucpress.edu/content/ucpas/31/5/456.full.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014160229/https://as.ucpress.edu/content/ucpas/31/5/456.full.pdf |date=14 October 2022 }}
* Liow, Joseph Chinyong. "Tunku Abdul Rahman and Malaya's Relations with Indonesia, 1957–1960". ''Journal of Southeast Asian Studies'' 36.1 (2005): 87-109.
* Miller, Harry. ''Prince and premier: a biography of Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj, first prime minister of the Federation of Malaya'' (GG Harrap, 1959).
* [https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/07/obituaries/tunku-abdul-rahman-87-dead-first-prime-minister-of-malaysia.html "Tunku Abdul Rahman, 87, dead, First Prime Minister of Malaysia"], ''The New York Times'', Obituaries, 12 July 1990.

==External links==
* [http://www.caths.cam.ac.uk/home/?m=page&id=221 The Tunku Abdul Rahman centennial PhD scholarship fund at Cambridge University]
{{Wikiquote-inline}}
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{{s-new|office}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Malaysia]]|years=1957–1970}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Tun Abdul Razak|Abdul Razak]]}}
{{s-new|office}}
{{s-ttl | title=Secretary General [[OIC]] | years=1971–1973}}
{{s-aft | after=Hassan Al-Touhami}}
{{s-civ}}
{{succession box | before =Nam Cheong Chan |title = [[List of Presidents of AFC|President]] of [[Asian Football Confederation]] | years = 1958–1977 | after = [[Kambiz Atabay]]}}
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{{Prime Ministers of Malaysia}}
{{First Rahman cabinet}}
{{Second Rahman cabinet}}
{{Third Rahman cabinet}}
{{Fourth Rahman cabinet}}
{{Secretary General of the OIC}}
{{AFC Presidents}}
{{Ramon Magsaysay Award Winners}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Thai sort key not needed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abdul Rahman, Tunku}}
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