View source for Tug of war

{{Short description|Sport in which two teams pull on a rope}}
{{other uses}}
{{infobox sport
| image = File:Queen Mary's Auxilary Army Corps tug-o-war, 3 August 1918 (cropped).jpg
| imagesize = 
| caption = Members of the [[Queen Mary's Army Auxiliary Corps]] competing in France, 3 August 1918
| union = [[Tug of War International Federation]]
| nickname = TOW
| first = Ancient
| registered =
| clubs =
| contact = [[Contact sport#Non-contact|Non-contact]]
| team = Eight (or more)
| mgender = mix 4+4 and separate
| category = [[Team sport]], outdoor/indoor
| equipment = Rope and boots
| venue =
| olympic = Part of the Summer Olympic programme from 1900 to 1920
| IWGA    = [[1981 World Games|1981]]–present
}}
{{Infobox intangible heritage
| ICH         = [[Tugging rituals and games]] <br /> {{nobold|ល្បែងទាញព្រ័ត្រ ([[Khmer language|Khmer]])}}<br /> {{nobold|Punnuk ([[Filipino language|Filipino]])}} <br /> {{nobold|줄다리기 ([[Korean language|Korean]])}}<br /> {{nobold|Kéo Co ([[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]])}}
| Countries   = [[Cambodia]], [[Philippines]], [[South Korea]], [[Vietnam]]
| ID          = 01080
| Region      = APA
| Year        = 2015
| Session     = 10th
| List        = Representative
}}
[[File:Vadamvali - Tug of War - വടംവലി - Wiki Loves Onam 2024.webm|thumb|right|Tug of war video from Kerala, India]]

'''Tug of war''' (also known as '''tug o' war''', '''tug-a-war''', '''tug war''', '''rope war''', '''rope pulling''', or '''tugging war''') is a sport in which two teams compete by pulling on opposite ends of a [[rope]], with the goal of bringing the rope a certain distance in one direction against the force of the opposing team's pull. The sport has ancient origins and has been practiced in various cultures throughout history. It was [[Tug of war at the Summer Olympics|included in the Summer Olympics]] from 1900 to 1920, but is no longer part of the Olympic program. Tug of war continues to be practiced in schools, community events, and organized competitions worldwide.

Tug of war typically involves teams of eight or more members, though the number can vary. The rope is marked with a centre line and two markers equidistant from the centre. The objective is to pull the opposing team’s marker across the centre line. Specific rules govern techniques, such as prohibiting touching the ground for extended periods of time or lowering one's elbow below the knee during a pull. The sport requires both cooperation of team members and [[physical strength]].

Internationally, tug of war is governed by the [[Tug of War International Federation]] (TWIF), which organizes World Championships for nation teams biannually, for both indoor and outdoor contests, and a similar competition for club teams. It is particularly popular in Europe, Asia, and the United States, where it is often featured in festivals and national competitions.

Tug of war features as an important [[ritual]] in many societies, holding religious, cultural and historical significance. The sport remains a popular activity in both competitive and informal settings.

==Terminology==
The ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' says that the phrase ''tug of war'' originally meant "the decisive contest; the real struggle or tussle; a severe contest for supremacy". Only in the 19th century was it used as a term for an athletic contest between two teams who haul at the opposite ends of a rope.<ref>''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]''</ref> Prior to that, ''French and English'' was the commonly used name for the game in the English-speaking world.<ref>Samuel Williams: ''The Boy's Treasury of Sports, Pastimes, and Recreations.'' Clark, Austin and Co., New York 1847, p.&nbsp;58.</ref><ref>Edmund Routledge, ed.: ''Every Boy's Book: A Complete Encyclopaedia of Sports and Amusements.'' George Routledge and sons, 1869, p.&nbsp;3.</ref>

==Origin==
[[File:Awatoceanofmilk01.JPG|thumb|upright|A tug of war between [[Asura (Hinduism)|asuras]] and [[deva (Hinduism)|devas]]<ref>The bas-relief of the [[Samudra manthan|Churning of the Sea of Milk]] shows [[Vishnu]] in the centre, his turtle [[avatar]] [[Kurma]] below, [[asura]]s and [[deva (Hinduism)|devas]] to left and right, and [[apsaras]] and [[Indra]] above.</ref> ([[Angkor Wat]], Cambodia)]]
The origins of tug of war are uncertain, but this sport was practised in [[Cambodia]], [[ancient Egypt]], [[Ancient Greece|Greece]], [[Ancient India|India]], and [[Ancient China|China]]. According to a [[Tang dynasty]] book, ''The Notes of Feng'', tug of war, under the name {{Gloss|hook pulling}} ({{lang|zh-Hant|牽鉤}}), was used by the military commander of the [[Chu (state)|State of Chu]] during the [[Spring and Autumn period]] (8th to 5th centuries BCE) to train warriors. During the Tang dynasty, [[Emperor Xuanzong of Tang]]  promoted large-scale tug of war games, using ropes of up to {{convert|167|m|ft}} with shorter ropes attached, and more than 500 people on each end of the rope. Each side also had its own team of [[drummer]]s to encourage the participants.<ref>Tang dynasty Feng Yan: Notes of Feng, volume 6</ref>

In [[ancient Greece]], the sport was called {{Lang|grc-latn|helkystinda}} ([[Greek language|Greek]]: {{Lang|grc|ἑλκυστίνδα}}), {{Lang|grc-latn|ephelkystinda}} ({{Lang|grc|ἐφελκυστίνδα}}) and {{Lang|grc-latn|dielkystinda}} ({{Lang|grc|διελκυστίνδα}}),<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Ddielkusti%2Fnda διελκυστίνδα] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906152925/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Ddielkusti%2Fnda |date=2021-09-06 }}, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref> which derives from {{Lang|grc-latn|dielkō}} ({{Lang|grc|διέλκω}}), meaning amongst others {{Gloss|I pull through}},<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Ddie%2Flkw διέλκω] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229061247/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text%3Fdoc%3DPerseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry%253Ddie/lkw |date=2019-12-29 }}, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref> all deriving from the verb {{Lang|grc-latn|helkō}} ({{Lang|grc|ἕλκω}}), {{Gloss|I draw, I pull}}.<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3De%28%2Flkw ἕλκω] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906152928/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3De%28%2Flkw |date=2021-09-06 }}, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref> {{Lang|grc-latn|Helkystinda}} and {{Lang|grc-latn|ephelkystinda}} seem to have been ordinary versions of tug of war, while {{Lang|grc-latn|dielkystinda}} had no rope, according to [[Julius Pollux]].<ref>Pollux, 9.112</ref> It is possible that the teams held hands when pulling, which would have increased difficulty, since handgrips are more difficult to sustain than a grip of a rope. Tug of war games in ancient Greece were among the most popular games used for strength and would help build strength needed for battle in full armor.<ref>Jaime Marie Layne, ''The Enculturative Function of Toys and Games in Ancient Greece and Rome'', ProQuest, UMI Dissertation Publishing, 2011</ref>
[[File:Chouju tugwar.jpg|thumb|A tug of war in [[Japan]] from "[[Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga]]" (Animal-person Caricatures)　12–13th century]]
Archeological evidence shows that tug of war was also popular in India in the 12th century:

{{Blockquote|There is no specific time and place in history to define the origin of the game of Tug of War. The contest of pulling on the rope originates from ancient ceremonies and rituals. Evidence is found in countries like Egypt, India, Myanmar, New Guinea... The origin of the game in India has strong archaeological roots going back at least to the 12th century CE in the area what is today the State of Orissa on the east coast. The famous Sun Temple of Konark has a stone relief on the west wing of the structure clearly showing the game of Tug of War in progress.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tugofwarindia.gov.in/History/en-GB/code/Subcontinent/default.aspx|title=Tug of War Federation of India: History}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>}}

[[File:Tug of war, at Pushkar Fair, Rajasthan.jpg|thumb|Women in a tug of war, at the annual [[Pushkar Fair]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]]]
Tug of war stories about heroic champions from [[Scandinavia]] and Germany circulate [[Western Europe]] where [[Viking]] warriors pull on animal skins over open pits of fire in tests of strength and endurance, in preparation for battle and plunder.{{when|date=September 2014}}

During the 16th and 17th centuries, tug of war was popularised during tournaments in French châteaux gardens and later also in Great Britain.

In the 19th century, tug of war began a new tradition among seafaring men who were required to tug on lines to adjust sails while ships were under way and even in battle.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.equitygaming.com/history.php |title=Equity Gaming: History of Tug of War |access-date=2008-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015080045/http://www.equitygaming.com/history.php |archive-date=2008-10-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The [[Mohave people]] occasionally used tug-of-war matches as means of settling disputes.{{when|date=September 2014}}<ref name="Native American Legal Traditions">[https://books.google.com/books?id=B5rR5ir_LmMC&pg=PA133], Page 133.</ref>

==As a sport==
[[File:1904 tug of war.jpg|thumb|Tug of war competition in [[1904 Summer Olympics]]]]
There are tug of war clubs in many countries, and both men and women participate.

The sport was [[Tug of war at the Summer Olympics|part of the Olympic Games]] from 1900 until 1920, but has not been included since. The sport is part of the [[World Games]]. The [[Tug of War International Federation]] (TWIF), organises World Championships for nation teams biannually, for both indoor and outdoor contests, and a similar competition for club teams.

In England the sport was formally governed by the [[Amateur Athletic Association|AAA]] until 1984, but is now catered for by the Tug of War Association (formed in 1958), and the Tug of War Federation of Great Britain (formed in 1984). In Scotland, the Scottish Tug of War Association was formed in 1980. The sport also features in [[Highland Games]].

Between 1976 and 1988 Tug of War was a regular event during the television series ''[[Battle of the Network Stars]]''. Teams of celebrities representing each major network competed in different sporting events culminating into the final event, the Tug of War. [[Lou Ferrigno]]'s epic tug of war performance in May 1979 is considered the greatest feat in 'Battle' history.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tug of war – Traditional Games Federation of India |url=https://www.traditionalgamesindia.com/games-list/tug-of-war/ |access-date=2024-06-27 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Starting with the 2024 Pro Bowl Games, the NFL included a five on five Tug of War competition in their Pro Bowl games skills competition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-20 |title=2024 Pro Bowl Games Skills Competitions Announced {{!}} NFL Football Operations |url=https://operations.nfl.com/updates/the-game/2024-pro-bowl-games-skills-competitions-announced/ |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=operations.nfl.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

==National organizations==
[[File:Harvard tug of war team 1888.jpg|thumb|[[Harvard]] Tug of War team, 1888]]
The sport is played almost in every country in the world. However, some countries have set up a national body to govern the sport. Most of these national bodies are associated with the international governing body: TWIF, The Tug of War International Federation. As of 2008 there are 53 countries associated with TWIF, among which are [[Scotland]], [[Ireland]], [[England]], [[India]], [[Switzerland]], [[Belgium]], [[Italy]],<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.figest.it/ | title=Figest.it | access-date=2015-06-28 | archive-date=2015-06-25 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150625045505/http://www.figest.it/ | url-status=live }}</ref> [[South Africa]] and the [[United States]].

[[File:Gozutenno tsunahiki.jpg|thumb|Tug of war as a religious ritual in Japan, drawn in the 18th century. It is still seen in [[Osaka]] every January.]]

==Regional variations==

===Burma (Myanmar)===
In [[Myanmar]] (Burma), the tug of war, called {{lang|my-latn|lun hswe}} ({{linktext|လွန်ဆွဲ}}; {{IPA|my|lʊ̀ɰ̃ sʰwɛ́|pron}}) has both cultural and historical origins. It features as an important ritual in {{lang|my-latn|[[phongyibyan]]}}, the ceremonial cremation of high-ranking [[Buddhist monk]]s, whereby the funerary pyres are tugged between opposite sides. The tug of war is also used as a traditional [[Rainmaking (ritual)|rainmaking]] custom, called {{lang|my-latn|mo khaw}} ({{linktext|မိုးခေါ်}}; {{IPA|my|mó kʰɔ̀|pron}}), to encourage rain. The tradition originated during the reign of King Shinmahti in the [[Bagan Era]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mmtimes.com/gallery/tug-war-rain.html|title=Tug of War for Rain|website=The Myanmar Times|language=en|access-date=2019-05-31|date=2019-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531064552/https://www.mmtimes.com/gallery/tug-war-rain.html|archive-date=2019-05-31|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Rakhine people]] also hold tug of war ceremonies called {{lang|my-latn|yatha hswe pwe}} ({{lang|my|ရထားဆွဲပွဲ}}) during the Burmese month of [[Tabodwe]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.moi.gov.mm/npe:zg/?q=news/8/02/2017/id-41925|title=ရခိုင်ရိုးရာ ရထားဆွဲပွဲ ပျော်ပျော်ရွှင်ရွှင်တူဆင်နွှဲ|last=ကံထွန်း|date=2017-08-02|work=Myanmar Ministry of Information|access-date=2021-12-22|archive-date=2020-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728131157/https://www.moi.gov.mm/npe:zg/?q=news%2F8%2F02%2F2017%2Fid-41925|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Indonesia ===
[[File:Perayaan HUT RI ke-66 (66).JPG|thumb|A tug of war game taking place during the celebrations of the [[Independence Day (Indonesia)|Indonesian Independence Day]]]]
In [[Indonesia]], {{lang|id|Tarik Tambang}} is a popular sport held in many events, such as the [[Independence Day (Indonesia)|Indonesian Independence Day]] celebration, school events, and scout events. The rope used is called {{lang|id|dadung}}, made from fibers of {{lang|id|lar}} between two jousters. Two [[cinder blocks]] are placed a distance apart and the two jousters stand upon the blocks with a rope stretched between them. The objective for each jouster is to either a) cause their opponent to fall off their block, or b) to take their opponent's end of the rope from them.<ref>{{citation |title=Maximum Middle School Physical Education |author=Mary Hirt, Irene Ramos |chapter=Rope Jousting |page=144 |year=2008 |publisher=Human Kinetics |isbn=978-0-7360-5779-0}}</ref>

=== Japan ===
In [[Japan]], the {{nihongo|tug of war|綱引き|tsunahiki}} is a staple of school sports festivals. The tug of war is also a traditional way to pray for a plentiful harvest throughout Japan and is a popular ritual around the country. The Kariwano Tug of war in [[Daisen, Akita]], is said to be more than 500 years old, and is also a national folklore cultural asset.<ref>[http://cgi2.nhk.or.jp/michi/cgi/detail.cgi?dasID=D0004200024_00000　Kariwano Ootsunahiki] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526202339/http://cgi2.nhk.or.jp/michi/cgi/detail.cgi?dasID=D0004200024_00000 |date=2015-05-26 }} NHK</ref> The Underwater Tug of War Festival in [[Mihama, Fukui]], is 380 years old, and takes place every January.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=103YC1hftQc　Underwater Tug-of-War Festival in Mihama] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916092643/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=103YC1hftQc |date=2018-09-16 }} Fukui Shimbun, 2013/01/20</ref> The Sendai Great Tug of War in [[Satsumasendai, Kagoshima]] is known as {{lang|ja-latn|Kenka-zuna}} or {{gloss|brawl tug}}.<ref>[http://kic-update.com/en/whatup/sendai-great-tug-of-war-sendai-otsunahiki- SENDAI GREAT TUG-of WAR (Sendai Otsunahiki / 川内大綱引き)]{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Kagoshima Internationalization Council.</ref> Around 3,000 men pull a huge rope which is {{convert|365|m|ft}} long. The event is said to have been started by feudal warlord Yoshihiro Shimadzu, with the aim of boosting the morale of his soldiers before the decisive [[Battle of Sekigahara]] in 1600. Nanba Hachiman Jinja's tug of war, which started in the [[Edo period]], is [[Osaka]]'s folklore cultural asset.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vH0g1Ow0RrM Tsunahiki Shinji(Shinto ritual)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904014248/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vH0g1Ow0RrM |date=2015-09-04 }} Nanba Hachiman Jinja, 2015/01/18</ref> 

=== Ryukyu Islands ===
[[File:Naha Tug of War.jpg|thumb|Naha's annual Otsunahiki (giant tug of war) has its roots in a centuries-old local custom. It is the biggest among Ryukyu Islands' traditional tugs of war.]]
August festivals often feature a communal tug-of-war using a giant fiber rope that can often take days to weave.  The [[Naha Tug-of-war]] is famous. The rope in Naha is over 200m long and weighs more than 40 metric tons.

=== Korea ===
{{main|Juldarigi}}
{{lang|ko-latn|Juldarigi}} ({{korean|hangul=줄다리기}}, also {{lang|ko-latn|chuldarigi}}) is a traditional [[Korea]]n sport similar to tug of war. It has a ritual and divinatory significance for many agricultural communities in the country and is performed at festivals and community gatherings. The sport uses two huge rice-straw ropes, connected by a central peg, which is pulled by teams representing the East and West sides of the village (the competition is often rigged in favor of the Western team). A number of religious and traditional rituals are performed before and after the actual competition.

=== New Zealand ===
A variant, originally brought to New Zealand by Boston whalers in the 1790s, is played with five-person teams lying down on cleated boards. The sport is played at two clubs in Te Awamutu and Hastings, supported by the New Zealand Tug of War Association.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stiles |first1=Carol |title=Tug-of-war fan desperate to keep sport alive – 'It's weightlifting lying down' |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/country/419963/tug-of-war-fan-desperate-to-keep-sport-alive-it-s-weightlifting-lying-down |access-date=27 June 2020 |work=[[RNZ]] |date=27 June 2020 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626212533/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/country/419963/tug-of-war-fan-desperate-to-keep-sport-alive-it-s-weightlifting-lying-down |url-status=live }}</ref> A four-person variant is played at the National Rover Scout Moot.

=== Peru ===
The Peruvian children's series ''[[Nubeluz]]'' featured its own version of tug of war (called {{Lang|es|La Fuerza Glufica}}), where each team battled 3-on-3 on platforms suspended over a pool of water. The object was simply to pull the other team into the pool.

=== Poland ===
In Poland, a [[Polish Dragon Boat Racing|version]] of tug of war is sometimes played using a [[dragon boat]], where teams of six or eight attempt to row towards each other.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mashable.com/2015/03/26/poland-tug-of-war-dragon-boat/|title=Dragon boat tug of war is Poland's newest sports craze|last=Lynch|first=Molly|website=Mashable|date=26 March 2015|access-date=2017-08-15|archive-date=2018-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116133723/https://mashable.com/2015/03/26/poland-tug-of-war-dragon-boat/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Basque Country ===
In the [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque Country]], this sport is considered a popular rural sport, with many associations and clubs. In Basque, it is called ''[[Basque rural sports|Sokatira]]''.

=== United States ===
In the United States, a form of tug of war using eight handles is used in competition at camps, schools, churches, and other events. The rope is called an "Oct-O Pull" and provides two-way, four-way and eight-way competition for 8 to 16 participants at one time.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.recreation-specialists.com/ |title=Recreation Specialists |access-date=2021-09-09 |archive-date=2008-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205002943/http://recreation-specialists.com/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
* Each [[Fourth of July]], two California towns separated by an ocean channel [[Stinson Beach, California]] and [[Bolinas, California]] gather to compete in an annual tug of war.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pointreyesweekend.com/bolinas-stinson-fourth-of-july-tug-of-war |title=Uniquely West Marin: Fourth of July Tug of War {{!}} Point Reyes Weekend<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2013-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718201745/http://pointreyesweekend.com/bolinas-stinson-fourth-of-july-tug-of-war |archive-date=2013-07-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.marinij.com/marin/ci_4013474 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706235426/http://www.marinij.com/marin/ci_4013474 | archive-date=2009-07-06 | title=Holiday hoopla, happenings around Marin}}</ref>
* The towns of Leclaire, Iowa, and Port Byron, Illinois, compete in a tug of war across the Mississippi River every year in August since 1987 during Tug Fest.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://tugfest.com/|title=Home|work=Tugfest|access-date=2018-08-30|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831035434/http://tugfest.com/|archive-date=2018-08-31|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* A special edition of the ''[[Superstars (American TV program)|Superstars]]'' television series, called "The Superteams", features a tug of war, usually as the final event.
* ''[[Battle of the Network Stars|The Battle of the Network Stars]]'' featured a tug of war as one of its many events.
* A game of tug of war, on tilted platforms, was used on the [[American Gladiators (2008 TV series)|US]], [[Gladiators (revival UK TV series)|UK]] and [[Gladiators (2008 Australian TV series)|Australian]] versions of the ''Gladiators'' television series, although the game was played with two sole opposing participants.
* The last known "cleated" tug of war, takes place in Tuolumne CA at the annual Tuolumne Lumber Jubilee. It takes place the weekend after Fathers Day.

==== Miami University ====
[[File:GW Puddle Pull 031.jpg|thumb|right|2004 Greek Week Puddle Pull at [[Miami University]]]]
Puddle Pull is a biannual tug of war contest held at [[Miami University]].  The event is a timed, seated variation of tug of war in which [[fraternities and sororities]] compete. In addition to the seated participants, each team has a caller who coordinates the movements of the team.

Although the university hosted an unrelated freshman vs. sophomores tug of war event in the 1910s and 1920s, the first record of modern Puddle Pull is its appearance as a tug of war event in the school's newspaper, [[The Miami Student]], in May 1949.<ref>{{cite news | url= http://digital.lib.miamioh.edu/cdm/ref/collection/student/id/3446 | work= [[The Miami Student]] | title= Delta Chis Win Tug-O-War As Large Crowd Watches | date= May 24, 1949 | volume= 074 | number= 55 | access-date= March 20, 2018 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180801064356/http://digital.lib.miamioh.edu/cdm/ref/collection/student/id/3446 | archive-date= August 1, 2018 | url-status= dead }}</ref> This fraternity event was created by Frank Dodd of the Miami chapter of [[Delta Upsilon]].  Originally, the event was held as a standing tug of war over the [[Four Mile Creek (Ohio)|Tallawanda stream]] near the Oxford waterworks bridge in which the losers were pulled into the water.<ref>{{cite news | url= http://digital.lib.miamioh.edu/cdm/ref/collection/student/id/3912 | work= [[The Miami Student]] | title= Fraternity Tug-O-War Teams Begin Practice For Struggle | date= May 20, 1949 | volume= 074 | number= 56 | access-date= March 20, 2018 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180801064420/http://digital.lib.miamioh.edu/cdm/ref/collection/student/id/3912 | archive-date= August 1, 2018 | url-status= dead }}</ref> This first event was later seen as a driving force for creating interfraternity competitive activities (Greek Week) at Miami University.<ref>{{cite news | url= http://digital.lib.miamioh.edu/cdm/ref/collection/student/id/4672 | work= [[The Miami Student]] | title= Greek Week Has Brief, Busy Past | date= April 20, 1965 | volume= 088 | number= 44 | access-date= March 20, 2018 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180801094107/http://digital.lib.miamioh.edu/cdm/ref/collection/student/id/4672 | archive-date= August 1, 2018 | url-status= dead }}</ref> As a part of moving to a seated event, a new rule was created in 1966 to prohibit locks and created the event that is seen today with the exception of a large pit that was still being dug in between the two teams.<ref>{{cite news | url= http://digital.lib.miamioh.edu/cdm/ref/collection/student/id/4864 | work= [[The Miami Student]] | title= Greeks Set Theme Of 'Athenian Antics' | date= April 13, 1965 | volume= 088 | number= 42 | access-date= March 20, 2018 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180801064336/http://digital.lib.miamioh.edu/cdm/ref/collection/student/id/4864 | archive-date= August 1, 2018 | url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/14217600/ | title= Greek Week Scheduled | date= April 29, 1971 | access-date= March 20, 2018 | work= [[Hamilton JournalNews|The Journal News]] | page= 62 | archive-date= August 1, 2018 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180801064457/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/14217600/ | url-status= live }}</ref> The event is held in a level grass field and uses a {{Convert|3.8|cm|in|abbr=on}} diameter rope that is at least {{Convert|15.2|m|ft|abbr=on}} long is used for the event. Footholes or "pits" are dug for each participant at {{Convert|50|cm|in|abbr=on}} intervals. The pits are dug with a flat front and an angled back. Women began to compete sporadically starting in the 1960s and became regular participants as sorority teams in the mid-1980s.

==== Hope College ====
[[The Hope College Pull]] is an annual tug-of-war contest held across the [[Macatawa River|Black River]] in [[Holland, Michigan]] on the fourth Saturday after Labor Day. Competitors are 40 members of the freshman and sophomore classes.<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.mlive.com/news/grand-rapids/index.ssf/2016/10/victory_in_hope_colleges_pull.html | title= Victory in Hope College annual 'Pull' goes to sophomore class | date= October 4, 2016 | access-date= August 1, 2018 | last= Farrand | first= Allison | website= [[MLive Media Group]] | archive-date= August 2, 2018 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180802041001/https://www.mlive.com/news/grand-rapids/index.ssf/2016/10/victory_in_hope_colleges_pull.html | url-status= live }}</ref>

==Formal rules==
[[File:Touwtrekken.jpg|thumb|The Dutch team at the 2006 World Championships]]
Two teams of eight, whose total mass must not exceed a maximum weight as determined for the class, align themselves at the end of a [[rope]] approximately {{convert|11|cm|in}} in [[circumference]]. The rope must be free from knots and other "holdings for the hands".<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://tugofwar-twif.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/2023-TWIF-Rules-Manual-final-update-August-2023-3.pdf | title=Twif Mission Statement}}</ref>  The rope is marked with a "centre line" and two markings {{convert|4|m|ft}} to either side of the centre line. The teams start with the rope's centre line directly above a line marked on the ground, and once the contest (the "pull") has commenced, attempt to pull the other team such that the marking on the rope closest to their opponent crosses the centre line, or the opponents commit a foul.<ref name="rules">{{cite web|title=TWIF Rules|access-date=2018-04-08|url=http://tugofwar-twif.org/2016/08/05/rules/|work=2017 TWIF Rules Manual|date=2017|publisher=Tug of War International Federation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409044426/http://tugofwar-twif.org/2016/08/05/rules/|archive-date=2018-04-09|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Lowering one's elbow below the knee during a pull, known as "locking", is a foul, as is touching the ground for extended periods of time. The rope must go under the arms; actions such as pulling the rope over the shoulders may be considered a foul. These rules apply in highly organized competitions such as the World Championships. However, in small or informal entertainment competitions, the rules are often arbitrarily interpreted and followed.<ref name="rules"/>

A contest may feature a [[moat]] in a neutral zone, usually of mud or softened ground, which eliminates players who cross the zone or fall into it.

==Tactics==
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2014}}
[[File:Highland games tug of war 2.JPG|thumb|Tug of war at the [[Highland Games]] in [[Stirling]], 2011]]
[[File:Inter-house sports- tug of war.jpg|thumb|Tug of war between school pupils in Nigeria, 2021]]
Aside from the raw muscle power needed for tug of war, it is also a technical sport. The cooperation or "rhythm" of team members is just as important as physical strength. To achieve this, a person called a "driver" is used to harmonize the team's joint traction power. The driver moves up and down next to their team pulling on the rope, giving orders to them when to pull and when to rest (called "hanging"). If the driver spots the opposing team trying to pull the driver's team away, the driver gives a "hang" command, each member will dig into the grass with their boots and movement of the rope is limited. When the opponents are played out, the driver shouts "pull" and rhythmically waves their hat or handkerchief for their team to pull together. Slowly but surely, the other team is forced into surrender by a runaway pull.

Another factor that affects the game is the players' [[weight]]s. The heavier someone is, the more [[static friction]] their feet have to the ground, but if there is not enough friction and they weigh too little, even if they are pulling extremely hard, the force will not be transmitted to the rope. Their feet will simply slide along the ground if their opponent(s) have better static friction with the ground. In general, as long as one team has enough static friction and can pull hard enough to overcome the static friction of their opponent(s), that team can easily win the match.

==Injury risks==
In addition to injuries from falling and from [[Back injury|back strains]] (some of which may be serious), catastrophic injuries may occur as a result of looping or wrapping the rope around a hand or wrist, or impact from [[Mooring#Mooring to a shore fixture|snapback]] if the rope should break. This may cause permanent damage to the body, requiring finger, hand, or even arm [[amputation]]s.

Amateur organizers of tugs of war may underestimate the forces generated and thus, may be unaware of the possible consequences if a rope snaps under extreme tension.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Crockett |first1=Zachary |title=A History of Tug-of-War Fatalities |url=https://priceonomics.com/a-history-of-tug-of-war-fatalities/ |website=Priceonomics |date=8 March 2017 |access-date=21 February 2021 |archive-date=24 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224081245/http://priceonomics.com/a-history-of-tug-of-war-fatalities/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Injury is primarily due to the large amount of [[potential energy]] stored in the rope during the competition. As both sides pull, [[Tension (physics)|tension]] is placed on the rope causing it to stretch as described by [[Hooke's law]]. If a rope exceeds its [[Ultimate tensile strength|breaking point]] the potential energy is suddenly converted to kinetic energy and the broken ends of the rope will snapback at great speed, which can cause serious injuries. This phenomenon has been studied in ship operations as [[Mooring#Mooring to a shore fixture|mooring ropes]] pose the same risk should they snap.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Paul |first1=Walter |title=Review of Synthetic Fiber Ropes |date=August 1970 |pages=41–46 |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a084622.pdf |access-date=21 February 2021 |publisher=US Coast Guard Academy |format=Report No. AD-A0-84-62-2 |journal= |archive-date=12 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012091614/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a084622.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> For this reason, specially engineered tug of war ropes exist that can safely withstand the forces generated.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.contractorsrope.com/tug-of-war-rope.html?gclid=CPS-9-L4wMgCFUoXHwod7BMKoQ%7Cdate%3DOctober |title=2015 |access-date=2019-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916092649/https://www.contractorsrope.com/tug-of-war-rope.html?gclid=CPS-9-L4wMgCFUoXHwod7BMKoQ%7Cdate=October |archive-date=2018-09-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Notable incidents===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Date
!Location
!Rope snapped
!Deaths
!Severely Injured
!Overall injured
!Total participants
!Death cause / injury details
!Rope details
!Other information
|-
|13 June 1978<ref>{{cite news|title=Tug-of-War Ends in Multiple Injuries|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1891&dat=19780614&id=V98pAAAAIBAJ&pg=2968,2439226&hl=en|access-date=15 March 2017|work=Gadsden Times|date=14 June 1978|archive-date=12 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912081255/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1891&dat=19780614&id=V98pAAAAIBAJ&pg=2968,2439226&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref>||[[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania]], USA||style="text-align:center"|{{tick}}||style="text-align:center"|0||style="text-align:center"|6||style="text-align:center"|200||style="text-align:center"|~2,300||6&nbsp;fingers and thumbs amputated||2000 foot (600&nbsp;m) rope rated for 13,000&nbsp;lb<sub>f</sub> (58&nbsp;kN) ||Middle school [[Guinness Book of Records]] attempt
|-
|4 June 1995<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.spokesman.com/stories/1995/jun/07/2-boy-scouts-die-when-tug-of-war-rope-snaps/ |title=2 Boy Scouts Die When Tug-Of-War Rope Snaps |access-date=2015-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626125311/http://www.spokesman.com/stories/1995/jun/07/2-boy-scouts-die-when-tug-of-war-rope-snaps/ |archive-date=2015-06-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref>||[[Westernohe]], Germany||style="text-align:center"|{{tick}}||style="text-align:center"|2||style="text-align:center"|5 ||style="text-align:center"|29||style="text-align:center"|650||Crushed and hit ground hard||"Thumb-thick" nylon||Scouts attempt [[Guinness Book of Records]] entry
|-
|25 October 1997<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=437&dat=19971025&id=Oa0pAAAAIBAJ&sjid=BTIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6343,3904145 Two Men Lose Arms in tug-of-war] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728131157/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=437&dat=19971025&id=Oa0pAAAAIBAJ&sjid=BTIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6343%2C3904145 |date=2020-07-28 }}, ''[[The Nation]]'', October 27, 1997 (available at Google.news).</ref><ref>[http://www.chinainformed.com/Archive/x9710/971028.html Tug-of-war: accident leaves arms hanging and mayor apologetic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528044056/http://www.chinainformed.com/Archive/x9710/971028.html |date=2013-05-28 }} (China Times Tue, Oct 28, 1997 edition (available at Chinainformed.com).</ref><ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1291&dat=19971027&id=_z9UAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OY4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=1601,3169442 Taiwanese doctors reattach arms ripped off in tug-of-war] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820165931/http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1291&dat=19971027&id=_z9UAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OY4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=1601,3169442 |date=2014-08-20 }}, Boca Raton News, October 27, 1997, Page 7A, (available as new</ref><ref>[http://www.snopes.com/photos/gruesome/disarmed.asp Disarmed – Disarmanent] at Snopes.com.</ref>||[[Taipei]], Taiwan||style="text-align:center"|{{tick}}||style="text-align:center"|0||style="text-align:center"|2 ||style="text-align:center"|42||style="text-align:center"|1500||Arms severed below shoulder||5&nbsp;cm (2&nbsp;in) nylon, max. strength {{convert|26000|kg|lbs}}||Official event, with foreign dignitaries
|-
|4 February 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/teens-recovering-after-losing-fingers-during-tug-of-war-match/article8252426/|title=Teens recovering after losing fingers during tug-of-war match|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|date=February 5, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207135814/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/teens-recovering-after-losing-fingers-during-tug-of-war-match/article8252426/|archive-date=February 7, 2013 }}</ref>||[[El Monte, California|El Monte]], California, USA||style="text-align:center"|{{tick}}||style="text-align:center"|0||style="text-align:center"|2||style="text-align:center"|2||style="text-align:center"|~40<ref name="yelmonline">{{Cite web|url=http://www.yelmonline.com/sports/article_f7ec0326-c131-5925-a332-5242a0483b63.html|title=The finger-severing tug-of-war incident|date=14 February 2013 |access-date=2018-05-03|archive-date=2019-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930223119/http://www.yelmonline.com/sports/article_f7ec0326-c131-5925-a332-5242a0483b63.html|url-status=live}}</ref>||9 fingers amputated<ref name="yelmonline" />||Unknown||Lunchtime [[High school (North America)|high school]] activity
|-
|14&nbsp;December 2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-teen-student-dies-playing-tug-of-war-on-campus/articleshow/67100496.cms|title=Mumbai: Teen student dies playing tug of war on campus|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=December 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216214859/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-teen-student-dies-playing-tug-of-war-on-campus/articleshow/67100496.cms|archive-date=December 16, 2018 }}</ref>||[[Somaiya Vidyavihar|Somaiya Vidyavihar University]], [[Mumbai]], [[India]]|| style="text-align:center"|{{xmark}}||style="text-align:center"|1||style="text-align:center"|0||style="text-align:center"|0||style="text-align:center"|Unknown||Cardiac arrest, unknown cause||Unknown||Sports day at Somaiya College of Nursing
|-
|18 December 2022<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/woman-killed-tug-war-game-28785823|title=Woman killed in tug-of-war game after rope pings back and drags her into concrete block|work=[[Daily Mirror|Mirror]]|date=December 21, 2022}}</ref>||Makassar, Indonesia|| style="text-align:center"|{{tick}}||style="text-align:center"|1||style="text-align:center"|3||style="text-align:center"|13||style="text-align:center"|5,294||Head pulled into concrete barrier by rope||Unknown||World Record Attempt
|}

== In popular culture ==
* The American [[game show]] ''[[Tug of Words]]'' uses a virtual tug of war as its central scoring mechanism.

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* [[Henning Eichberg]], "Pull and tug: Towards a philosophy of the playing 'You'", in: ''Bodily Democracy: Towards a Philosophy of Sport for All'', London: Routledge 2010, pp.&nbsp;180–199.

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.tugofwar-twif.org/ Tug of War International Federation]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070208172101/http://www.tugofwar.co.uk/ The Tug of War Association (England)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101128154617/http://sports123.com/tow/index.html Tug of War (Sports123.com, via Wayback Machine, Internet Archive)]: list of winners in the main championships

{{Sports of the World Games program}}
{{Team sports}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tug Of War}}
[[Category:Tug of war| ]]
[[Category:Discontinued Summer Olympic disciplines in athletics]]
[[Category:Former Summer Olympic sports]]
[[Category:Games of physical skill]]
[[Category:Metaphors referring to war and violence]]
[[Category:Team sports]]
[[Category:Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity]]