View source for Tucano language

{{Short description|Tucanoan language spoken in Brazil and Colombia}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Tucano
| nativename = {{lang|tuo|ye’pâ-masa yee uúku͂sehé}}
| states = [[Brazil]], [[Colombia]]
| ethnicity = [[Tucano people]]
| speakers = 4,600 in Brazil
| date = 2006
| ref = e25
| speakers2 = 7,020 in Colombia (2012), including [[Pisamira language|Pisamira]]<ref name=e25/>
| familycolor = American
| fam1 = [[Tucanoan languages|Tucanoan]]
| fam2 = Eastern
| fam3 = North
| nation = {{flag|Brazil}} ([[São Gabriel da Cachoeira]])
| lc1 = tuo
| ld1 = Tucano
| lc2 = arj
| ld2 = Arapaso
| glotto = tuca1252
| glottoname = Tucano
| glotto2 = arap1275
| glottoname2 = Arapaso
| ELP2 = 1705
| ELPname2 = Arapaso
| map = Tucano.png
}}

'''Tucano''', also '''Tukano''' or '''Tucana''', [[endonym]] '''''ye’pâ-masa yee uúku͂sehé''''',<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=uúku͂sehe (ye’pâ-masa yee uúku͂sehé) |encyclopedia=A Fala Tukano dos Ye’pâ-Masa, Tomo II: Dicionário (versão atualizada, 2019) |date=2019 |last1=Ramirez |first1=Henri  |publisher=Inspetoria Salesiana Missionária da Amazônia |location=Manaus|url=https://acervo.socioambiental.org/sites/default/files/documents/TKL00020.pdf|page=194}}</ref> is a [[Tucanoan]] language spoken in [[Amazonas State, Brazil|Amazonas]], [[Brazil]] and [[Colombia]].

Many [[Tariana people]], speakers of the [[endangered language|endangered]] [[Tariana language]] are switching to Tucano.

==Phonology==
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |
![[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Plosive]]
!<small>plain</small>
|{{IPAlink|p}}
|{{IPAlink|t}}
|
|{{IPAlink|k}}
| rowspan="2" |{{IPAlink|ʔ}}
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
|{{IPAlink|b}}
|{{IPAlink|d}}
|
|{{IPAlink|ɡ}}
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|({{IPAlink|m}})
|({{IPAlink|n}})
|
|({{IPAlink|ŋ}})
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative]]
|
|{{IPAlink|s}}
|
|
|{{IPAlink|h}}
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|{{IPAlink|r}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant]]
|{{IPAlink|w}}
|
|{{IPAlink|j}}
|
|
|}
Nasal sounds [m n ŋ] are variants of voiced stops /b d ɡ/ between nasal vowels. Stops may also be heard as [[Prenasalized consonant|prenasalized]] [ᵐb ⁿd ᵑɡ] after nasal vowels. /w/ can be heard as a nasal bilabial semivowel {{IPAblink|β̞̃}} in the environment of nasal vowels. Allophones of /ɾ/ can be heard as {{IPAblink|ɾ̃}}, {{IPAblink|ɺ}}.<ref>{{Cite book|last=West|first=Birdie|title=Phonemic system of Tucano|last2=Welch|first2=Betty|publisher=Norman: Summer Institute of Linguistics of the University of Oklahoma|year=1967|location=Viola G. Waterhouse (ed.), Phonemic systems of Colombian languages|pages=11-24}}</ref><ref>Aikhenvald, 1996.</ref>

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Close vowel|High]]
|{{IPAlink|i}} {{IPAlink|ĩ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɨ}} {{IPAlink|ɨ̃}}
|{{IPAlink|u}} {{IPAlink|ũ}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPAlink|e}} {{IPAlink|ẽ}}
|
|{{IPAlink|o}} {{IPAlink|õ}}
|-
![[Open vowel|Low]]
|
|{{IPAlink|a}} {{IPAlink|ã}}
|
|}

== See also ==
* [[Tucano people]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Spanish===
* [http://galeon.hispavista.com/culturasamerica/Tukanos.htm Tukanos]

==Bibliography==
*A Fala Tukano dos Ye'pâ-Masa: Tomo I: Gramática . Henri Ramirez (1997) · Manaus: Inspetoria Salesiana Missionária da Amazônia, CEDEM.
*Welch, Betty and West, Birdie (2000). In Lenguas indígenas de Colombia: una visión descriptiva edited by González de Pérez, María Stella and Rodríguez de Montes, María Luisa. Instituto Caro y Cuervo.
*Bibliografía de la familia lingüística Tukano (antes Betoya) ( pp. 79-104 ). Marcelino de Castellvi (1939). In Proceedings of the second convention of the Inter American Bibliographical and Library Association 2:2 Washington, D.C.
* Campbell, Lyle. (1997). ''American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America''. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-509427-1}}.
*Proto Tucanoan ( pp. 119-149 ). Nathan E. Waltz and Alva Wheeler (1972). In Comparative Studies in Amerindian Languages Mouton de Gruyter.

== External links ==
{{Incubator|code=tuo}}
* [http://www.ailla.utexas.org/search/collection.html?c_id=89 Tucanoan Languages Collection] of Janet Chernela, housed at [[Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America|AILLA]], containing audio recordings, transcriptions, translations and field notes from the 1970s and 1980s. 

{{Tucanoan languages}}
{{Languages of Brazil}}

[[Category:Tucanoan languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Brazil]]
[[Category:Languages of Colombia]]