View source for Tubulinea

{{Short description|Class of protozoans}}
{{redirect|Lobosea|the paraphyletic group of Amoebozoa|Lobosa}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Amoeba proteus with many pseudopodia.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Amoeba proteus]]''
| taxon = Tubulinea
| authority =Smirnov ''et al.'' 2005
| subdivision_ranks = Subclasses & Orders
| subdivision = 
* [[Corycidia]]
** [[Trichosida]]
* [[Echinamoebia]]
** [[Echinamoebida]]
* [[Elardia]]
** [[Leptomyxida]]
** [[Euamoebida]]
** [[Arcellinida]]
}}

The '''Tubulinea''' are a major grouping of [[Amoebozoa]], including most of the more familiar amoebae genera like ''[[Amoeba (genus)|Amoeba]]'', ''[[Arcella]]'', ''[[Difflugia]]'' and ''[[Hartmannella]]''.

==Characteristics==
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2023}}
During locomotion most Tubulinea have a roughly cylindrical form or produce numerous cylindrical pseudopods. Each cylinder advances by a single central stream of [[cytoplasm]], granular in appearance, and has no subpseudopodia. This distinguishes them from other amoeboid groups, although in some members this is not the normal type of locomotion.

[[File:2023 Lobosean.svg|thumb|center|upright=2|{{center|'''Representation of a tubulinid'''}}{{ordered list|[[Ectoplasm (cell biology)|Ectoplasm]]|Endoplasm|[[Pseudopodia|Lobopodia]], a pseudopod or arm-like projection made of cytoplasm|[[Phagosome|Phagocytic vacuole]]|[[Mitochondria|Mitochondrion]], creates [[Adenosine triphosphate|ATP]] (energy) for the cell (branched cristae)|[[Endosymbiont|Endosymbiotic]] bacterium|[[Triuret]] (nitrogen waste) crystal|Prey|[[Cell nucleus|Nucleus]]|Honeycomb lamina|[[Nucleolus]]|[[Endoplasmic reticulum]], the transport network for molecules going to specific parts of the cell|[[Golgi apparatus]], modifies [[protein]]s and sends them out of the cell|[[Lysosome]], holds enzymes|[[Food vacuole|Digestive vacuole]]|Lipid granule|[[Vesicle (biology and chemistry)|Vesicle]]|[[Contractile vacuole]], regulates the quantity of water inside a cell|Uroid}}]]

==Classification==
This class was anticipated by some biologists such as Jahn, who grouped all amoebae with granular pseudopodia together,<ref>{{cite book|author1=Jahn|author2=Bovee|author3=Jahn|title = How to know the protozoa|url=https://archive.org/details/howtoknowprotozo0000jahn|url-access=registration|year=1979|publisher=Wm. C. Brown Company Publishers|isbn=0-697-04759-8}}</ref> but most split the lobose amoebae into testate [[Testacealobosia]] and naked [[Gymnamoebia]]. These latter are [[polyphyly|polyphyletic]], but molecular trees by Bolivar ''et al.''<ref>{{cite journal| author=Bolivar, I.| author2=Fahrni, J.F.| author3=Smirnov, A.| author4=Pawlowski, J.| name-list-style=amp| title = SSU rRNA-based Phylogenetic Position of the Genera ''Amoeba'' and ''Chaos'' (Lobosea, Gymnamoebia): The Origin of Gymnamoebae Revisited| journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution| year = 2001| volume = 18| pages = 2306–2314| pmid=11719580| issue=12| doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003777| doi-access = free}}</ref> identified a core monophyletic subgroup.  Subsequent studies showed the testate lobose amoebae belong to the same group, which was thus renamed Lobosea ''sensu stricto''<ref>{{cite journal| author=Cavalier-Smith, T.| author2=Chao, E.-Y| author3=Oates, B.| title = Molecular phylogeny of the Amoebozoa and evolutionary significance of the unikont ''Phalansterium''| journal = European Journal of Protistology| year = 2004 | volume = 40 | pages = 21–48| doi = 10.1016/j.ejop.2003.10.001}}</ref> or Tubulinea.<ref>{{cite journal| author=Smirnov, A.V.| author2=Nassonova, E.S.| author3=Berney, C.| author4=Fahrni, J.| author5=Bolivar, I.| author6=Pawlowski, J.| name-list-style=amp| title = Molecular phylogeny and classification of the lobose amoebae| journal = Protist| year = 2005 | volume = 156 | pages = 129–142| doi = 10.1016/j.protis.2005.06.002 | pmid=16171181 | issue=2}}</ref>

===Taxonomy===
The class Tubulinea, as of 2022, is classified into three major groups: [[Corycida]], [[Echinamoebida]] and [[Elardia]]. The most taxonomically abundant group is Elardia, which contains the testate amoebae of [[Arcellinida]] and the naked amoebae of orders [[Leptomyxida]] and [[Euamoebida]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kang S, Tice AK, Spiegel FW, Silberman JD, Pánek T, Cepicka I, Kostka M, Kosakyan A, Alcântara DM, Roger AJ, Shadwick LL, Smirnov A, Kudryavtsev A, Lahr DJ, Brown MW | display-authors = 6 | title = Between a Pod and a Hard Test: The Deep Evolution of Amoebae | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 34 | issue = 9 | pages = 2258–2270 | date = September 2017 | pmid = 28505375 | pmc = 5850466 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msx162 }}</ref><ref name=Adl2018>{{Cite journal |last=Adl |first=Sina M. |last2=Bass |first2=David |last3=Lane|first3=Christopher E. |last4=Lukeš |first4=Julius |last5=Schoch |first5=Conrad L. |last6=Smirnov |first6=Alexey |last7=Agatha |first7=Sabine |last8=Berney |first8=Cedric |last9=Brown |first9=Matthew W. |date=2018-09-26 |title=Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes|journal=Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=4–119 |doi=10.1111/jeu.12691|pmid=30257078 |pmc=6492006 }}</ref><ref name="Lahr_2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Lahr |first1=Daniel J.G. |last2=Kosakyan |first2=Anush |last3=Lara |first3=Enrique |last4=Mitchell |first4=Edward A.D. |last5=Morais |first5=Luana |last6=Porfirio-Sousa |first6=Alfredo L. |last7=Ribeiro |first7=Giulia M. |last8=Pánek |first8=Tomáš |last9=Kang |first9=Seungho |last10=Brown |first10=Matthew W. |date=2019 |title=Phylogenomics and Morphological Reconstruction of Arcellinida Testate Amoebae Highlight Diversity of Microbial Eukaryotes in the Neoproterozoic |journal=Current Biology |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=991–1001 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2019.01.078|doi-access=free |hdl=11380/1301486 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Arcellinida2022">{{cite journal|first1=Rubén |last1=González-Miguéns|first2=Milcho |last2=Todorov|first3=Quentin |last3=Blandenier|first4=Clément |last4=Duckert|first5=Alfredo L. |last5=Porfirio-Sousa|first6=Giulia M. |last6=Ribeiro|first7=Diana |last7=Ramos|first8=Daniel J.G.|last8=Lahr|first9=David|last9=Buckley|first10=Enrique|last10=Lara|title=Deconstructing Difflugia: The tangled evolution of lobose testate amoebae shells (Amoebozoa: Arcellinida) illustrates the importance of convergent evolution in protist phylogeny|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=175|date=2022|page=107557|issn=1055-7903|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107557|pmid=35777650 |doi-access=free|hdl=10261/281619|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
* [[Corycidia]] <small>Kang et al. 2017</small>
** Family [[Microcoryciidae]] <small>de Saedeleer 1934</small>
** Order [[Trichosida]] <small>Moebius 1889</small>
*** Family [[Trichosphaeriidae]] {{au|Sheehan & Banner 1973}}
* Order [[Echinamoebida]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2004 em. 2011</small>
** Family [[Vermamoebidae]] <small>Cavalier-Smith & Smirnov 2011</small>
** Family [[Echinamoebidae]] <small>Page 1975</small>
* [[Elardia]] <small>Kang et al. 2017</small>
** Order [[Leptomyxida]] <small>Pussard & Pons 1976 em. Page 1987</small>
*** Family [[Flabellulidae]] <small>Bovee & Jahn, 1967 ex Bovee 1970</small>
*** Family [[Gephyramoebidae]] <small>Pussard & Pons 1976</small>
*** Family [[Leptomyxidae]] <small>Goodey 1915</small>
*** Family [[Rhizamoebidae]] {{au|Smirnov et al. 2016}}
** Superorder [[Eulobosia]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
*** Order [[Euamoebida]] <small>Lepşi 1960 em. Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
**** Family [[Nolandellidae]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2011</small>
**** Family [[Hartmannellidae]] <small>Singh 1951 em. Smirnov et al. 2011</small>
**** Family [[Amoebidae]] <small>(Ehrenberg 1838) Page 1987</small>
*** Order [[Arcellinida]] <small>Kent 1880</small>
**** Suborder [[Phryganellina]] <small>Bovee 1985</small>
***** Family [[Phryganellidae]] <small>Jung 1942</small>
***** Family [[Cryptodifflugiidae]] <small>Jung 1942</small>
**** Suborder [[Organoconcha]] <small>Kosakyan et al. 2016</small>
***** Family [[Microchlamyiidae]] <small>Ogden 1985</small>
**** Suborder [[Glutinoconcha]] <small>Kosakyan et al. 2016</small>
***** Infraorder [[Volnustoma]] <small>Kosakyan et al. 2016</small>
****** Family [[Heleoperidae]] <small>Jung 1942</small>
***** Infraorder [[Hyalospheniformes]] <small>Lahr et al. 2019</small>
****** Family [[Hyalospheniidae]] <small>Schultze 1877 emend. Kosakyan & Lara 2012</small> [Nebelidae <small>Taranek 1882</small>]
***** Infraorder [[Excentrostoma]] <small>Lahr et al. 2019</small>
****** Family [[Centropyxidae]] <small>Jung 1942</small> [incl. [[Plagiopyxidae]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
***** Infraorder [[Cylindrothecina]] {{au|González-Miguéns, Todorov, Blandenier, Porfirio-Sousa, Ribeiro, Ramos, Lahr & Lara 2022}}
****** Family [[Cylindrifflugiidae]] {{au|González-Miguéns, Todorov, Blandenier, Porfirio-Sousa, Ribeiro, Ramos, Lahr & Lara 2022}}
***** Infraorder [[Longithecina]] <small>Kosakyan et al. 2016</small>
****** Family [[Lesquereusiidae]] <small></small> [Paraquadrulidae <small>Deflandre 1953</small>]
****** Family [[Difflugiidae]] <small>Wallich 1864</small>
***** Infraorder [[Sphaerothecina]] <small>Kosakyan et al. 2016</small>
****** Family [[Netzeliidae]] <small>Kosakyan et al. 2016</small> [Cyclopyxidae <small>Schönborn 1989</small>]
****** Family [[Arcellidae]] <small>Ehrenberg 1832</small>

<gallery>
File:Amoeba proteus.jpg|''[[Amoeba proteus]]''
File:Chaos carolinense.jpg|''[[Chaos (genus)|Chaos]]'' sp.
File:Arcella sp.jpg|''[[Arcella]]'' sp. test
File:FMIB 40813 Trichosphaerium sieboldi.jpeg|''Trichosphaerium sieboldi''
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Eukaryota}}
{{Amoebozoa}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q146300}}

[[Category:Tubulinea| ]]
[[Category:Amoebozoa classes]]


{{Amoebozoa-stub}}