View source for Tryall

{{Short description|English trading ship}}
{{other ships|Trial (ship)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2011}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin|display title=ital|infobox caption=''Tryall''}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image =
|Ship caption = }}
{{Infobox ship career
|Ship country = [[Kingdom of England]]
|Ship flag = [[File:British East India Company flag.svg|60px|link=]]
|Ship owner = [[East India Company]]
|Ship maiden voyage = 4 September 1621<ref name=Trial>[http://searcharchives.bl.uk/IAMS_VU2:IAMS045-001115853 British Library: ''Trial'' (1).]</ref>
|Ship fate = Wrecked, 25 May 1622}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Ship tons burthen = 500 [[Builder's Old Measurement|bm]]<ref name=Trial/>
|Ship complement = 143<ref name=Trial/>}}
|}

'''''Tryall''''' (or '''''Trial''''') was a British [[East India Company]]-owned [[East Indiaman]] launched in 1621. She was under the command of [[John Brooke (East India Company)|John Brooke]] when she was wrecked on the [[Tryal Rocks]] off the north-west coast of [[Western Australia]] in 1622. Her crew were the first Englishmen to sight or land on Australia. The wreck is Australia's oldest known shipwreck.

== Maiden voyage ==
''Tryall'' departed [[Plymouth]] on her maiden voyage for [[Banten Sultanate|Bantam]] on 4 September 1621,<ref name=Trial/> carrying a cargo that included silver for trade in the [[Indies|East Indies]] as well as a gift for the King of [[Thailand|Siam]]. She stopped at [[Cape Town]] for supplies on 19 March 1622.<ref name=Trial/>

The East India Company had only recently issued orders requiring that its ships sail south of 35°S when en route to the East Indies, as this course (the [[Brouwer Route]]) made use of the [[Roaring Forties]] and could save up to six months' travel time off the more traditional northern route. Neither Brooke nor any of his crew had sailed via the new southern route previously, or even to Batavia, and they asked in Cape Town for experienced sailors willing to join their crew. Attempts to recruit a master's mate from the East Indiaman ''Charles'' were unsuccessful.<ref name=green/>{{rp|18}}

The vessel departed on 19 March and sighted the Australian coast on 1 May, apparently mistaking [[Point Cloates]] approximately {{convert|100|km}} south-south-west of [[North West Cape]] on the mainland, for an island that Captain [[Lenaert Jacobszoon]] and Supercargo [[Willem Janszoon]] in the [[Dutch East India Company]] ship ''Mauritius'' had encountered in 1618 and which is now known as [[Barrow Island, Western Australia|Barrow Island]]. This navigation error was caused by having sailed too far east, a [[Longitude problem|common problem]] of the time before an accurate means of fixing a ship's longitude existed.

== Wreck ==
[[File:Caert van't Landt van d'Eendracht (detail showing Tryal Rocks).jpg|thumb|"Here the English ship ''Trial'' was wrecked in June 1622"]]
Turning north, they then encountered several weeks of fresh north to north-westerly winds which impeded progress.  Finally, the winds turned to favourable south-westerlies and they started to make good progress to their destination of Batavia.  On 25 May 1622 at between 10 and 11{{nbsp}}p.m. she struck uncharted submerged rocks about {{convert|32|km}} north-west of the outer edge of the [[Montebello Islands]] group, the southern boundary of which is about {{convert|8|km}} north of the northern tip of Barrow Island.

The reef was named [[Tryal Rocks]] after the ship and is located at {{coord|20|16|18|S|115|23|18|E|type:isle_region:AU|name=Tryal Rocks}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://museum.wa.gov.au/maritime-archaeology-db/wrecks/trial|title=Trial (1622/05/24) |website=Western Australian Museum, Shipwreck Databases |publisher = Government of Western Australia|access-date=26 June 2016}}</ref>

Captain Brooke, his son John and nine men scrambled into a skiff and the ship's [[Factor (agent)|factor]] Thomas Bright and 35 others managed to save a longboat. Brooke sailed separately to Java. Bright and his crew spent seven days ashore on the Monte Bello Islands, before sailing the longboat to [[Banten (town)|Bantam]] in Java. This was the first recorded shipwreck in Australian waters and first extended stay in Australia by Europeans.<ref name=Lee>{{cite journal |authorlink=Ida Lee |first=Ida |last=Lee |title=The First Sighting of Australia by the English |journal=[[The Geographical Journal]] |publisher=[[Royal Geographical Society]] |date=April 1934 |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=317–321 |doi=10.2307/1786489 |jstor=1786489 |bibcode=1934GeogJ..83..317L |url=http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks06/0609031h.html|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Sainsbury|editor1-first=W. Noel|title=Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, East Indies, China and Persia, 1625-1629|date=1884|publisher=Longman, Green, Longman & Roberts|location=London|page=13}}</ref>

In all 44 survivors reached [[Banten (town)|Bantam]] on 21 June.<ref name=Trial/> The skiff arrived at Batavia on 5 July 1622 and the longboat three days later – a voyage of over {{convert|1800|km}}. Of the 143 men who had left England, 93 had perished at the wreck site,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dmzapp17p.ris.environment.gov.au/shipwreck/public/wreck/wreck.do?key=4938 |type=database |title=''Trial''|work=Australian National Shipwreck Database |access-date=26 June 2016}}</ref> and one person died in the skiff.

==Investigation==
On his arrival in Batavia, Brooke wrote to his masters in London blaming Captain Fitzherbert, who had been the first British captain to pioneer the southern route across the [[Indian Ocean]] after Dutch captain [[Hendrik Brouwer]]. Brooke declared that he had followed the route specified by Fitzherbert and had struck rocks where Fitzherbert had said there were none.  He said Fitzherbert's incorrect mapping had been the cause for the disaster and denied any responsibility. Brooke claimed that the reef site was well west of the actual site in an attempt to hide his easterly course. He also claimed that all the cargo, including the silver and the ship's papers, had gone down with the ship when it broke up and sank at about 2{{nbsp}}a.m.

Thomas Bright secretly and separately wrote to London. He directly blamed Brooke for the loss of the ship and her crew, blaming Brooke's poor navigation and his failure to post a lookout. He said that after striking the reef, Brooke had hurriedly abandoned the ship and fled into the skiff. According to Bright, Brooke had departed the site immediately, leaving many men in the water to drown though the skiff had room for additional men. Bright's longboat was full to capacity and stood about a quarter-mile off the wreck due to the danger of capsizing if any of the men in the water attempted to climb on board. He further contradicted Brooke by stating the ship had not sunk until mid-morning the following day.

Subsequent analysis of these reports and other documents, as well as searches of the wreck site, raised suspicions that Brooke had secretly removed at least part of the silver into the skiff before the ship sank, and had managed to get it to Batavia without telling anyone.{{Citation needed|date=July 2018}}

== Discovery ==
[[File:Montebello Islands.jpg|thumb|[[Montebello Islands]] and the ''Tryal Rocks'']]
Due to Captain Brooke's actions, for well over three centuries there was great confusion as to the exact position of the Tryal Rocks. [[William Dampier]], for example, was one mariner who searched for them. After examining the records and Thomas Bright's letter in 1934 historian [[Ida Lee]] proved that what was then known as Ritchie's Reef was the site. The ''Australia Pilot'' was subsequently amended and the reef renamed.

It was not until 1969 with the advent of recreational scuba diving on the Western Australian coast that the wreck was located after researchers John MacPherson and Eric Christiansen of the Fremantle-based Underwater Explorer's Club determined the position after examining Lee's research and the contemporary records.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/hansard/hans35.nsf/(ATT)/61C2EC098DB9028A482565F400160694/$file/A0611007.PDF#search=%221622%20Tryall%22|title=Maritime Archeology Amendment Bill, Second reading |work=Hansard, Parliament of Western Australia |last=Pendall |first=Phillip |date=11 June 1997}}</ref> When an exploration team went to the south western side of the reef which Christiansen had predicted as being the likely location, diver Naoom Haimson almost immediately found the wreck. Members of the dive team were Christiansen, Haimson, Dave Nelley and Ellis Alfred (Alan) Robinson. Chris Muhlmann was skipper of the boat.<ref>{{cite book |title=Log of expedition of Tryall |date=May 1969 |publisher=Western Australian Museum |id=830/71/1}}</ref>

Shortly after the discovery, Robinson attempted an illegal salvage operation where his use of explosives badly damaged the wreck site. He had been involved in an earlier operation involving the wrecks {{ship||Vergulde Draeck||2}} north of Perth and {{ship||Zuytdorp||2}} north of [[Kalbarri, Western Australia|Kalbarri]]. After he had illegally removed objects, including a bronze swivel gun and other artefacts, Robinson was apprehended in Shark Bay. Though he was later acquitted of using explosives on the Tryall, his actions in challenging the state Shipwrecks Acts when prosecuted for his actions, his salvage attempts, and his continual fights with the bureaucracy led to considerable press and his becoming dubbed in the media and in a subsequent film by [[Prospero Productions]] as the "Gelignite Buccaneer".

His challenge to the State Maritime Archaeology Act eventually led to enactment of Commonwealth legislation protecting wrecks around Australia.<ref>For an expansion on the discovery and subsequent events, see: {{cite book |last=Henderson |first=J. |date=1993 |title=Phantoms of the Tryall |publisher=St George Books |location=Perth |isbn=0-86778-053-3}}</ref> In 1983 Alan Robinson hanged himself in a Sydney prison while on trial on a charge of conspiring to murder his ex-wife.<ref name="bol12">{{cite news |first=G. C. |last=Bolton |author-link=Geoffrey Bolton |title=Robinson, Ellis Alfred ('Alan' or 'Allan') (1927–1983) |work=Australian Dictionary of Biography |publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University |url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/robinson-ellis-alfred-alan-or-allan-15928/text27129 |volume=18 |year=2012 |access-date=2020-12-28 }}</ref>

Led by maritime archaeologist Jeremy Green, divers from the [[Western Australian Maritime Museum]] followed up on an earlier Museum expedition under Harry Bingham and conducted a detailed examination of the wreck site in 1971. This was effected subsequent to the receipt of substantial sponsorship from [[Michael Kailis]] of Gulf Fisheries. The wreck was found divided into two main sections separated by a sand gully. Heavy swell made conditions very difficult and they precluded a detailed inspection of the easternmost section of the site.

While six cannon, and up to eight anchors of a type expected from the period and some small objects were recorded, no artefacts were found that allowed a positive identification of the site. While the number of anchors suggested a larger ship, the number of cannons pointed to a small vessel like ''Tryall''; in the absence of definitive objects, to Green the evidence remained "equivocal" but he did conclude that the wreck was most likely ''Tryall''. The consensus amongst maritime investigators is that it almost certainly is ''Tryall''.<ref name=green>{{cite journal |last=Green |first=Jeremy N. |date=1977 |title=Australia's oldest wreck: The Loss of the Trial, 1622 |url=http://museum.wa.gov.au/maritime-archaeology-db/sites/default/files/no._278_trial_bar_1977_0.pdf|journal=British Archaeological Reports, Supplementary Series |volume=27|location=Oxford}}</ref> The Museum's display in the Shipwreck Galleries at [[Fremantle]] houses a small number of recovered items, including a large iron cannon that was recovered on a later Museum expedition.

== See also ==
* [[Shipwrecks of Western Australia]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |title=Australian & New Zealand Shipwrecks & Sea Tragedies |isbn=0-908001-10-X |last=Edwards |first=Hugh |publisher=Phillip Mathews |location=Milson's Point, Australia |date=1978}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.nla.gov.au/exhibitions/southland/All_Voyages.pdf|title=Table 1: Timeline of Exploration and Survey of The Australian Coastline |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605120700/http://www.nla.gov.au/exhibitions/southland/All_Voyages.pdf |archive-date=2011-06-05}}
* {{cite book |last=Robinson |first=A |date=1980 |title=In Australia, Treasure is not for the Finder |publisher=Vanguard Press |location=Perth}}

{{17th century shipwrecks in Australia}}

[[Category:1620s ships]]
[[Category:Age of Sail merchant ships]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1622]]
[[Category:Merchant ships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ships of the British East India Company]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks of Western Australia]]