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[[File:RomanVirgilFolio188v.jpg|thumb|250px|War of Troy, from [[Vergilius Romanus]]]]
{{Trojan War}}

The '''Trojan Battle Order''' or '''Trojan Catalogue''' is an [[epic catalogue]] in the second book of the ''[[Iliad]]''<ref>Lines 816-877.</ref> listing the allied contingents that fought for [[Troy]] in the [[Trojan War]]. The catalogue is noted for its deficit of detail compared to the immediately preceding [[Catalogue of Ships]], which lists the Greek contingents, and for the fact that only a few of the many Trojans mentioned in the ''Iliad'' appear there.

==Historicity question==
Structurally the Trojan Battle Order is evidently inserted to balance the preceding [[Catalogue of Ships]]. It is, however, much shorter. [[Denys Page]] summarizes the prevailing explanation that "the Catalogues are substantially [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenaean]] compositions rather expanded than altered by the [[Ionians]]" {{Harv|Page|1963|pp=153–154}}. Noting that the Greek catalogue occupies 265 lines but the Trojan catalogue only 61, Page wonders why the Ionian authors know so little about their native land and concludes they are not describing it but are reforming poetry inherited in oral form from Mycenaean times {{Harv|Page|1963|pp=137–139}}.

Some examples of Mycenaean knowledge are {{Harv|Page|1963|pp=141–143}}:
*Alybe in the catalog is the birthplace of silver, yet [[Hecataeus of Miletus|Hecataeus]], the Ionian geographer, does not know where it is.
*The catalog mentions Mount Phthires near [[Miletus]] and the [[Maeander]]. Hecataeus supposes it was the prior name of [[Latmus]].

There is also some internal evidence that the Trojan catalogue was not part of the ''Iliad'' but was a distinct composition pre-dating the Trojan War and incorporated later into the ''Iliad'' {{Harv|Page|1963|p=140}}:
*Of the 26 Trojans in the catalog, only 5 appear among the 216 in the ''Iliad''.
*The major Trojan leaders: Priam, Paris, Helenus and a few others do not appear in the catalog at all.
* At ''Il''. 2.858 the Mysians are commanded by [[Chromius|Chromis]] and [[Ennomus]]; at 14.511 ff. by [[Gyrtios]].
* At 2.858 the Mysians live in Asia Minor; at 13.5, Thrace.
* At. 2.827 Apollo gives Pandaros his bow; at 4.105 ff it is made by a craftsman.

Page cites several more subtle instances of the disconnectedness of the Trojan catalog from the ''Iliad''; neither is it connected to the catalog of Greek forces. Another like it appears in the ''[[Cypria]]'' {{Harv|Burgess|2004|p=138}}.

==The catalogue in detail==
The catalogue lists 16 contingents from 12 [[ethnonym]]s under 26 leaders {{Harv|Luce|1975}}. They lived in 33 places identified by [[Toponymy|toponyms]].

{|class="wikitable"
!'''Line'''
!'''Ethnic Identity'''
!'''Leaders'''
!'''Settlements'''
|+<ref>The Anglicised spellings of the names in the table are generally as in {{Harv|Rieu|1950}}. The order of contingents is that of the catalogue.</ref>
|-
|II.815
|[[Troy|Trojans]]
|[[Hector]]
|None stated ([[Troy]])
|-
|II.819
|[[Dardanians (Trojan)|Dardanians]]
|[[Aeneas]], [[Archelochus]], [[Acamas]]
|None stated.
|-
|II.824
|[[Troy|Trojans]] of Mt. [[Mount Ida (Turkey)|Ida]]
|[[Pandarus]]
|[[Zeleia]]
|-
|II.828
|No name given
|[[Adrestus]], [[Amphius]]
|[[Adresteia]], [[Apaesus]], [[Pityeia]], [[Mount Tereia]]
|-
|II.835
|No name given
|[[Asius (mythology)|Asius]]
|[[Percote]], [[Practius]], [[Sestos|Sestus]], [[Abydos, Hellespont|Abydus]], [[Arisbe (city)|Arisbe]]
|-
|II.840
|[[Pelasgians]], who were spearmen
|[[Hippothous]], [[Pylaeus]]
|[[Larisa (Troad)|Larissa]]
|-
|II.844
|[[Thracians]] bounded by the [[Hellespont]]
|[[Acamas]], [[Peirous|Peiroüs]]
|None stated.
|-
|II.846
|[[Ciconians]], who were spearmen
|[[Euphemus (mythology)|Euphemus]]
|None stated.
|-
|II.848
|[[Paeonians]], archers, "from far away" 
|[[Pyraechmes]] ([[Asteropaios]] is also recognized as a leader in book XXI)
|[[Amydon]], river [[Vardar|Axius]]
|-
|II.851
|[[Paphlagonians]]
|[[Pylaemenes]] of the [[Paphlagonian Eneti|Eneti]]
|[[Cytorus]], [[Sesamus]], along the river [[Bartin River|Parthenius]], [[Cromna (place)|Cromna]], [[Aegialus]], [[Erythini]]
|-
|II.856
|[[Halizones]] "from far away"
|[[Odius (mythology)|Odius]], [[Epistrophus (Greek mythology)|Epistrophus]]
|[[Alybe]]
|-
|II.858
|[[Mysians]]
|[[Chromis (mythology)|Chromis]], [[Ennomus]]
|None stated.
|-
|II.862
|[[Phrygians]]
|[[Phorcys (Trojan War)|Phorcys]], [[List of King Priam's children|Ascanius]]
|"Far-off" [[Ascania Lake|Ascania]]
|-
|II.864
|[[Maeonia]]ns
|[[Mesthles]], [[Antiphus]]
|Under Mt. [[Mount Tmolus|Tmolus]]
|-
|II.867
|[[Carians]]
|[[Nastes]], [[Amphimachus]]
|[[Miletus]], Mt. [[Latmus|Phthires]], streams of the [[Maeander]], crest of [[Mycale]]
|-
|II.875
|[[Lycians]] "from far away"
|[[Sarpedon (Trojan War hero)|Sarpedon]], [[Glaucus (soldier)|Glaucus]]
|River [[Scamander|Xanthus]]
|}

==Analyses==

The list includes the Trojans themselves, led by [[Hector]], and various allies. As observed by [[G. S. Kirk]], it follows a geographical pattern comparable to that of the Greek catalogue, dealing first with Troy, then with the [[Troad]], then radiating outwards on four successive routes, the most distant peoples on each route being described as "from far away" {{Harv|Kirk|1985|p=250}}. The allied contingents are said to have spoken multiple languages, requiring orders to be translated by their individual commanders.<ref>Β803-806. Kirk considers this "quite fantastic" {{Harv|Kirk|1985|p=245}} though it seems a normal feature of fighting forces brought together from several nationalities.</ref> Nothing is said of the [[Trojan language]]; the Carians are specifically said to be [[Carian language|barbarian-speaking]], possibly because their language was distinct from the contemporaneous lingua franca of western Anatolia.<ref>The lingua franca would have been [[Luwian]], though the poet has no name for it. Alternatively, Carian may earn this epithet as the most familiar foreign ("barbarian") language to a Greek of the eastern Aegean when the ''Iliad'' was composed {{Harv|Dalby|2006|p=132}}.</ref>

The classical Greek historian [[Demetrius of Scepsis]], native of [[Scepsis]] in the hills above Troy, wrote a vast study of the "Trojan Battle Order" under that title (Greek ''Trōikos diakosmos''). The work is lost; brief extracts from it are quoted by [[Athenaeus]] and [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], while Strabo cites it frequently in his own discussion of the geography of northwestern Anatolia.<ref>Strabo, ''[[Geographica (Strabo)|Geography]]'' book 13.</ref>
{{wikisourcepar|The Iliad}}
{{wikisourcepar|el:Ιλιάδα|ΙΛΙΑΣ}}

== See also ==
*[[Trojan Leaders]]

==Notes==
<references />

==References==
*{{Citation| surname=Burgess | given=Jonathan | title=The Tradition of the Trojan War in Homer and the Epic | publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press | place=Baltimore | year=2004 | ISBN=0-8018-6652-9}}
*{{Citation | surname=Dalby | given=Andrew | title=Rediscovering Homer | publisher=Norton | place=New York, London | year=2006 | ISBN=0-393-05788-7 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/rediscoveringhom00dalb }}
*{{Citation | surname=Kirk | given=G. S. | author-link=G. S. Kirk | title=The Iliad: a commentary. Vol. 1: books 1-4 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | place=Cambridge | year=1985 | ISBN=0-521-28171-7 }}
*{{Citation | surname=Luce | given=J. V. | title=Homer and the Homeric Age | publisher=Harper & Row | place=New York | year=1975 | ISBN=0-06-012722-8 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/homerheroicage00luce }}
* {{Citation | given=Denys | surname=Page | title=History and the Homeric Iliad| publisher=University of California Press | year=1963| place=Berkeley, Los Angeles}}
*{{Citation | surname=Rieu | given=E. V., tr. | author-link=E. V. Rieu | title=Homer: The Iliad | publisher=Penguin | place=Harmondsworth, Baltimore | year=1950 }}
*[[Calvert Watkins|Watkins, Calvert]], "The language of the Trojans" in ''Troy and the Trojan War: a symposium held at Bryn Mawr College, October 1984'' ed. M. J. Mellink (Bryn Mawr, 1986).

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