View source for Trio sonata

{{short description|Musical genre popular in the Baroque era}}
The '''trio sonata''' is a genre, typically consisting of several movements,{{sfn|Bonta and Zohn|2003}} with two melody instruments and [[basso continuo]]. It originated in the early 17th century and was a favorite [[chamber ensemble]] combination in the [[Baroque music|Baroque era]].{{sfn|Mangsen|2001}}

==Basic structure==
The trio sonata typically was written for two melody instruments (such as two violins) and [[basso continuo]].{{sfn|Van Boer|2012|loc=466}} However, either or both of the melody parts could be played on the flute, recorder, oboe, or even [[Viol|viola da gamba]].{{sfn|Vetter|n.d.}} The bass part, the continuo, typically involves two players.{{sfn|Vetter|n.d.}} One player plays the bass line on a bass instrument such as a [[bass viol]], [[violone]], [[violoncello]], or [[bassoon]].{{sfn|Vetter|n.d.}} The second player fills in harmonies above the bass line, using an instrument that can produce [[Chord (music)|chords]], such as a small [[organ (music)|organ]], a [[harpsichord]], or a [[theorbo]].{{sfn|Vetter|n.d.}} These chords are normally indicated to the player by placing numbers above the bass part rather than writing out the chords in full, a style of notation called [[figured bass]].

Because there normally are two people playing the continuo part, there are usually four players in all.{{sfn|Bonta and Zohn|2003}} This accounts for the title of [[Henry Purcell]]'s second collection, ''Ten Sonatas in Four Parts'' (1697); his first publication ''Sonnata's of III Parts''<!-- sic --> (1683) likewise included separate parts for cello and keyboard.<ref>{{IMSLP|work=10 Sonatas in Four Parts, Z.802-811 (Purcell, Henry)|work2=12 Sonatas of Three Parts, Z.790-801 (Purcell, Henry)|cname=1697|cname2=1683}}</ref> From about the middle of the 17th century two distinct types of sonatas appeared: [[sonata da camera]] (chamber sonata) and [[sonata da chiesa]] (church sonata).{{sfn|Bonta and Zohn|2003}} The sonata da camera was a suite of dances, while the sonata da chiesa had a typical four-movement structure of slow-fast-slow-fast.

==Composers, compositions and variant formats==
The genre originated as instrumental adaptation of the three-part texture common in Italian vocal music in the late 16th century. The earliest published trio sonatas appeared in Venice ([[Salamone Rossi]] ''Il primo libro delle sinfonie e gagliarde'', 1607) and in Milan ([[Giovanni Paolo Cima]], Sonata a tre for violin, cornett and continuo in the collection ''Concerti ecclesiastici'', 1610).{{sfn|Bonta and Zohn|2003}}

===Arcangelo Corelli===
Italian composer [[Arcangelo Corelli]] was one of the most influential composers of the trio sonata. The published trio sonatas by Corelli are:{{sfn|Deas|1953|loc=6}}

*Twelve Church Trio-Sonatas, Op. 1 (dedicated to [[Christina, Queen of Sweden|Queen Christina of Sweden]]), published in Rome in 1681
*Twelve Chamber Trio-Sonatas, Op. 2 (dedicated to [[Benedetto Pamphili|Cardinal Pamphili]]), published in Rome in 1685
*Twelve Church Trio-Sonatas, Op. 3 (dedicated to [[Francesco II d'Este, Duke of Modena]]), published in Rome in 1689
*Twelve Chamber Trio-Sonatas, Op. 4 (dedicated to [[Pietro Ottoboni (cardinal)|Cardinal Ottoboni]]), published in Rome in 1694.

An additional collection of Trio Sonatas, for two violins, cello, and organ, was published as "Op. post." in Amsterdam, in 1714.{{sfn|Talbot|2001b}} Corelli's trios would serve as models for other composers well into the 18th century.{{sfn|Mattheson|1739|loc=345: §8}}

===Johann Sebastian Bach===
German composer [[Johann Sebastian Bach]] is another notable composer of the trio sonata, but he was known for shying away from the traditional structure of the sonata. He typically played the three parts with fewer than three instruments. One part could be played by a violin and the other two parts could be played by a keyboard, or all three parts could be played on the organ.{{sfn|Britannica|2007}}

Trio sonatas by Bach include:

* [[Organ Sonatas (Bach)|Trio Sonatas for organ, BWV 525–530]], combining all three parts on one instrument: typically the right hand, left hand and pedals will each take a different part thus creating the same texture as in a trio.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}
* A further innovation by Bach was the trio sonata involving a concertante (obbligato) right-hand harpsichord part in addition to the bass line, plus one melodic instrument, thus for two players.{{sfn|Breig|1997}} Examples are the [[Six Sonatas for Violin and Harpsichord, BWV 1014–1019]], [[Sonatas for viola da gamba and harpsichord (Bach)|three sonatas for viola da gamba and harpsichord, BWV 1027–1029]], and two sonatas for flute and harpsichord, [[BWV&nbsp;1030]] and [[BWV 1032|1032]]; [[BWV&nbsp;1020]], [[BWV&nbsp;1031]] and [[BWV&nbsp;1033]] are doubtful.{{sfn|Dürr and Kobayashi|1998|loc=420–421 and 466}}
* Trio Sonatas BWV 1036–1040: [[Sonata in G major for two flutes and basso continuo, BWV 1039|BWV 1039]] is a variant version of BWV&nbsp;1027. The attribution of BWV 1036-1038 to Bach is doubtful, but all are typical of baroque chamber music.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}
* The mid-18th-century manuscript D-B Mus. ms. Bach ''St 345'' contains a Concerto (or: Trio Sonata) in [[C&nbsp;major]] for violin, cello and continuo, arranged from (or: earlier version of) BWV&nbsp;525/1, 1032/2 and 525/3 respectively.{{sfn|Bach (et al.?)|1740–1760}} The 1998 edition of the [[Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis]] lists this version as [[BWV 525a]], and considers the attribution of the arrangement to Bach doubtful.{{sfn|Dürr and Kobayashi|1998|loc=[https://www.bachmidi.info/kbwv-a2.html#p0466 466]}} Based on the [[New Bach Edition]], the [[Bach Digital]] website gives "BWV&nbsp;[[deest (music)|deest]]" instead of the BWV number 525a for this [[chamber music]] version.{{sfn|Hofmann|2006}}

===Other composers===
* [[Tomaso Albinoni]], 12 sonatas da chiesa Op. 1, twelve balletti a tre Op. 3, six sonatas da camera as part of Op. 8, six unpublished trio sonatas Op. 11, and a further six trio sonatas without opus number in a manuscript in Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Musiksammlung.{{sfn|Talbot|2001a}}
* [[Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach]] wrote at least 44 trio sonatas, including one for flute, viola, and piano, said to have been given its world premiere by the Society for Forgotten Music at the New York Public Library on 30 January 1949.{{sfn|Anon.|1949}} His best-known work in the genre is the [[Program music|programmatic]] Trio ("Sanguineus und Melancholicus"), in C minor, composed in 1749 and published in Nuremberg in 1751, which exists in two versions: one for obbligato keyboard and violin, the other for two violins and continuo.{{sfn|Wolff and Leisinger|2001}} Trio Sonatas {{ill|BWV&nbsp;1036|scores|Trio Sonata in D minor, H.569 (Bach, Carl Philipp Emanuel)}} and {{ill|BWV&nbsp;1038|scores|Trio Sonata in G major, BWV 1038 (Bach, Johann Sebastian)}}.
* [[William Boyce (composer)|William Boyce]], 12 Trio Sonatas for two violins and continuo (1747).{{sfn|Boyce|1747}}
* [[Dieterich Buxtehude]], Op. 1, six sonatas, and Op. 2, seven sonatas, scored for violin, [[viola da gamba]] and basso continuo. These were the only works by Buxtehude that were published during his lifetime. Though real trio texture does occur from time to time, these are really ''sonate a due'' for violin and viola da gamba, with the continuo often being a simplification of the gamba part. There are however four genuine trio sonatas by Buxtehude surviving in manuscript, two for two violins, viola da gamba and continuo in C and G major (BuxWV 266 and 271), one for two violins and continuo in F major (BuxWV 270, fragmentary), and one for viola da gamba, viola, and continuo in D major (BuxWV 267).{{sfn|Snyder|2001}}
* [[François Couperin]] published a number of trio sonatas: ''Le Parnasse, ou L’apothéose de Corelli, grande sonade en trio'', for two violins and continuo (Paris, 1724); ''[[L'Apothéose de Lully|Concert instrumental sous le titre d’Apothéose composé à la mémoire immortelle de l’incomparable Monsieur de Lully]]'', for two violins (two flutes, or other unspecified instruments), and continuo (Paris, 1725); and the collection ''Les nations: sonades et suites de simphonies en trio'', for two violins and continuo (Paris, 1726), consisting of ''La Françoise'' [La pucelle], ''L’Espagnole'' [La visionnaire], ''L’impériale'', and ''La Piemontoise'' [L’astrée]. In addition, two trio sonatas have survived in manuscript: ''La Steinquerque'' and ''La superbe'', both for two violins and continuo.{{sfn|Higginbottom|2001}}
* [[Jean-Marie Leclair]] :
** JML.062 : trio sonata for 2 violins and bc, op. 4, <abbr>n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 1
** JML.063 : trio sonata for 2 violins and bc, op. 4, <abbr>n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 2
** JML.064 :trio sonata for 2 violins and bc, op. 4, <abbr>n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 3
** JML.065 :  trio sonata for 2 violins and bc, op. 4, <abbr>n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 4
** JML.066 : trio sonata for 2 violins and bc, op. 4, <abbr>n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 5
** JML.067 : trio sonata for 2 violins and bc, op. 4, <abbr>n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 6
** JML.068 : Récréation de musique for 2 violins and bc (1), op. 6 (trio instrumental - ouverture en trio)
** JML.070 : Ouverture for 2 violins and bc, op. 13, <abbr>n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 1 (trio instrumental - ouverture en trio)
** JML.071 : Ouverture for 2 violins and bc, op. 13, <abbr>n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 3 (trio instrumental - ouverture en trio)
** JML.072 : Ouverture for 2 violins and bc, op. 13, <abbr>n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 5 (trio instrumental - ouverture en trio)
* [[Domenico Gallo]], 12 trio sonatas for two violins and continuo, long erroneously attributed to [[Giovanni Battista Pergolesi|Pergolesi]], some movements of which were arranged for [[Igor Stravinsky|Stravinsky]]'s ballet ''[[Pulcinella (ballet)|Pulcinella]]''.
* [[Johann Gottlieb Goldberg]], a student of J.&nbsp;S. Bach, composed at least six trio sonatas.{{sfn|Dürr|1954|pp=56–57}} Four of these are for 2 violins and continuo, one of which used to be attributed to J.&nbsp;S. Bach, as {{ill|BWV&nbsp;1037|scores|Trio Sonata in C major, DürG 13 (Goldberg, Johann Gottlieb)}}.{{sfn|Dürr|1954}} Two trio sonatas for flute, violin, and continuo are listed in a Breitkopf catalogue, but have gone missing.{{sfn|Dürr|1954|p=56}}{{sfn|Rubin|2001}}
{{Listen
| type        = music
| filename    = Les Arts Florissants - Handel's Trio Sonata in B-flat major, Op. 2 No. 3, HWV 388, IV. Allegro.ogg
| title       = Handel's Trio Sonata in B-flat major, Op. 2 No. 3, HWV 388, IV. Allegro
| description = Performed by [[Les Arts Florissants (ensemble)|Les Arts Florissants]]
}}
* [[George Frideric Handel]], trio sonatas Op. 2 and 5, all in ''sonata da chiesa form''. The attribution to Handel of the six trios HWV 380-385 for two oboes and continuo is doubtful, and the authenticity of the three trios HWV 393-395 is uncertain.{{sfn|Hicks|2001}}
* [[Johann Adolf Hasse]], 6 trio sonatas for two flutes (or violins) and continuo Op. 2 (1739) and 6 trio sonatas for two flutes (or violins) and continuo Op. 3 (1756).
* [[Jacques-Martin Hotteterre]], Sonates en trio pour les flûtes traversières et a bec, violon, hautbois, Op. 3 (1712).{{sfn|Giannini|2001}}
* [[Pietro Antonio Locatelli]], six Trio Sonatas, Op. 5, for two violins or two traversos and continuo (1736).{{sfn|Locatelli|1736}}
* [[Johann Pachelbel]], ''[[Musicalische Ergötzung|Musikalische Ergötzung]]'' ("Musical Delight"), containing six suites for two violins and basso continuo, each commencing with a sonata, followed by a succession of dances. The violin parts use [[scordatura]] tuning. The sonatas are of two types. Nos. 1 and 3 are marked Allegro, and are [[fughetta]]s. The remaining four are Adagio movements and are similar to [[French overture]]s, in two sections.{{sfn|Nolte, Butt, and Butler|2001}}
* [[Henry Purcell]], Sonnata's of III Parts, 1683, ten sonatas in four parts, 1697, but both sets are scored for two violins, bass viol, and organ or harpsichord. In terms of style, Purcell's trio sonatas are conservative, modeled on the older generation of Italians ([[Giovanni Legrenzi]], [[Lelio Colista]], and [[Giovanni Battista Vitali]]) rather than Corelli or [[Giovanni Battista Bassani]].{{sfn|Holman, Thompson, and Humphreys|2001}}
* [[Jean-Féry Rebel]] : 
** JFR.30 : La Flore (trio sonata)
** JFR.31 : La Vénus (trio sonata)
** JFR.32 : L'Apollon (trio sonata)
** JFR.33 : La Junon (trio sonata)
** JFR.34 : La Pallas (trio sonata)
** JFR.35 : L'Immortelle (trio sonata)
** JFR.36 : Tombeau de Monsieur de Lully (trio sonata)
* [[Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel]], [[Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel#Instrumental music|over 25 extant trio sonatas]], including two for solo organ. Others for continuo (sometimes indicated as harpsichord) and diverse combinations of flute(s), violin(s), [[oboe]]s or unspecified instruments.{{sfn|Stölzel|c. 1750}}{{sfn|Stölzel c. 1720–1750}}{{sfn|Stölzel|c. 1740}}{{sfn|Stölzel|c. 1760a}}{{sfn|Stölzel|c. 1760b}}{{sfn|Stölzel|c. 1770}}{{sfn|Stölzel|n.d.}}{{sfn|Stölzel c. 1700–1799a}}{{sfn|Stölzel c. 1700–1799b}}
{{listen
|type=music
|filename=Telemann-42-F7-2.ogg
|title=TWV 42 F7 #I
|description=(freepats sound from a [[Libre art]] score)
}}
* [[Georg Philipp Telemann]], around 100 trio sonatas in [[TWV]] 42.{{sfn|IMSLP|n.d.}} The earliest sonatas exhibit the Corelli style most clearly, while later works anticipate the mid-century ''[[Sensitive style|Empfindsamkeit]]'' and [[Galant music|galant]] styles, or mix Italian, French, and Polish styles.{{sfn|Zohn|2001}}
* [[Antonio Vivaldi]], 12 trio sonatas da camera Op. 1, two trio sonatas mixed with four solo sonatas in Op. 5, and thirteen unpublished trios. One further trio sonata, RV 80, in G major, for two flutes and continuo, is attributed to Vivaldi but is probably spurious.{{sfn|Talbot|2001c}}
* [[Jan Dismas Zelenka]], {{Interlanguage link multi|Six Sonatas (Zelenka)|scores|3=6 Sonatas, ZWV 181 (Zelenka, Jan Dismas)|lt=six sonatas}}, [[List of compositions by Jan Dismas Zelenka|ZWV]] 181, composed around 1721–1722.{{sfn|Zelenka [1721–22]}}

==References==
{{reflist|20em}}

==Sources==
* {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Anon.|1949}}|reference=Anon. 1949. "Bach Trio Sonata Heard". ''The New York Times'' (31 January): 15.}}
* {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Bach (et al.?)|1740–1760}}|reference=[[Johann Sebastian Bach|Bach, Johann Sebastian]] ([[et al.]]?). 1740–1760. [https://digital.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/werkansicht/?PPN=PPN784605645 ''Sonaten. Arr.; vl, vlc, b; C-Dur ("Concerto"; nach BWV 525 und 1032)''], [https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00002542 Mus. ms. Bach St&nbsp;345 (olim: Mus. ms. Bach P&nbsp;914)], [[Bach Digital]], [[Berlin State Library]]. {{RISM|467234500}}.}}
*{{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Bonta and Zohn|2003}}|reference=Bonta, Stephen, and Steven Zohn. 2003. "Trio Sonata". ''The Harvard Dictionary of Music'', fourth edition, edited by Don Michael Randal. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press {{ISBN|0-674-01163-5}}.}}
* {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Boyce|1747}}|reference=[[William Boyce (composer)|Boyce, William]]. 1747. {{Interlanguage link multi|Twelve Sonatas (Boyce)|scores|3=12 Trio Sonatas (Boyce, William)|lt=''Twelve Sonatas for Two Violins; With a Bass for the Violoncello or Harpsicord''}}. London: John Walsh.}}
* {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Breig|1997}}|reference=[[Werner Breig|Breig, Werner]]. 1997. "Ensemble Sonatas", pp.&nbsp;128–131 in [https://books.google.com/books?id=YiJKHGxrYzsC ''The Cambridge Companion to Bach''] edited by [[John Butt (musician)|John Butt]]. [[Cambridge University Press]]. {{ISBN|0521587808}}.}}
* {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Deas|1953}}|reference=Deas, Stewart. 1953. "Arcangelo Corelli". ''Music & Letters'' 34, no. 1 (January): 1–10.}}
* {{cite book|last1=Dürr |first1=Alfred |author-link1=Alfred Dürr |date=1954 |chapter=Johann Gottlieb Goldberg und die Triosonate BWV 1037 |trans-chapter=[[Johann Gottlieb Goldberg]] and the trio sonata [[BWV&nbsp;1037]] |chapter-url=https://journals.qucosa.de/ejournals/bjb/article/view/1476 |editor1-last=Dürr |editor1-first=Alfred |editor1-link=Alfred Dürr |editor2-last=Neumann |editor2-first=Werner |editor2-link=Werner Neumann |title=Bach-Jahrbuch 1953 |trans-title=Bach Yearbook 1953 |url=https://journals.qucosa.de/ejournals/bjb/issue/view/116 |series=[[Bach-Jahrbuch]] |language=de |volume=40 |others=[[Neue Bachgesellschaft]] |location=Berlin |publisher=[[Evangelische Verlagsanstalt]] |pages=51–80 |doi=10.13141/bjb.v1953 }}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Dürr and Kobayashi|1998}}|reference=Dürr, Alfred, and Yoshitake Kobayashi (ed.). ''[[Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis|Bach Werke Verzeichnis: Kleine Ausgabe – Nach der von Wolfgang Schmieder vorgelegten 2. Ausgabe]]'' (Bach Works Catalogue: Small Edition – After [[Wolfgang Schmieder]]'s 2nd edition), with a preface in English and German, Kirsten Beißwenger, collaborator. [[BWV2a|BWV<sup>2a</sup>]]. Wiesbaden: [[Breitkopf & Härtel]]. {{isbn|9783765102493}}.}}
* {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Britannica|2007}}|reference=Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. "[https://www.britannica.com/art/trio-sonata Trio Sonata]". ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (March 29). Britannica.com. Retrieved July 21, 2017.}}
* {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Giannini|2001}}|reference=[[Tula Giannini|Giannini, Tula]]. "Hotteterre family [Haulteterre, Hauterre, Hauteterre, Hoteterre, Hoterre, Obterre, etc.]: (4) Jacques(-Martin) Hotteterre (ii) ['le Romain']". ''[[The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians]]'', second edition, edited by [[Stanley Sadie]] and [[John Tyrrell (musicologist)|John Tyrrell]]. London: Macmillan Publishers.}}
* {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Hicks|2001}}|reference=Hicks, Anthony. 2001. "Handel [Händel, Hendel], George Frideric [Georg Friederich]". ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.}}
* {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Higginbottom|2001}}|reference=Higginbottom, Edward. 2001. "Couperin [le grand], François(ii)". ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.}}
* {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Hofmann|2006}}|reference=[[Klaus Hofmann|Hofmann, Klaus]]. 2006. [[New Bach Edition]], [https://www.baerenreiter.com/en/catalogue/complete-editions/bach-johann-sebastian/nba/series-vi Series VI: Chamber Music], Vol. 5: ''Various Chamber Music Works'', [https://www.baerenreiter.com/en/shop/product/details/BA5295_41/ Critical Commentary], p.&nbsp;98, cited in Bach Digital Work {{BDW|1718}} at [[Bach Digital]] website}}
* {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Holman, Thompson, and Humphreys|2001}}|reference=[[Peter Holman|Holman, Peter]], Robert Thompson, and Mark Humphreys. 2001. "Purcell, §&nbsp;3: Henry Purcell (ii)". ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.}}
* {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|IMSLP|n.d.}}|reference={{IMSLP|author=Telemann, Georg Philipp|cname=Georg Philipp Telemann|descr=Works}}}}
* {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Locatelli|1736}}|reference=[[Pietro Antonio Locatelli|Locatelli, Pietro Antonio]]. 1736. {{Interlanguage link multi|Six Trio Sonatas, Op. 5 (Locatelli)|scores|3=6 Trio Sonatas, Op.5 (Locatelli, Pietro Antonio)|lt=''Sei Sonate à Trè, o Due Violini, o Due Flauti Traversi, è Basso per il Cembalo''}}. Amsterdam: (published by the composer).}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Mangsen|2001}}|reference=Mangsen, Sandra. 2001. "Trio Sonata". ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.}}
* {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Mattheson|1739}}|reference=[[Johann Mattheson|Mattheson, Johann]]. 1739. ''[[scores:Der vollkommene Capellmeister (Mattheson, Johann)|Der Vollkommene Capellmeister]]''. Hamburg: Christian Herold.}}
* {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Nolte, Butt, and Butler|2001}}|reference=Nolte, Ewald V., John Butt, and H. Joseph Butler. 2001. "Pachelbel: (1) Johann Pachelbel [Bachelbel]". ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Rubin|2001}}|reference=Rubin, Norman. 2001. "Goldberg [Gollberg, Goltberg, etc.], Johann Gottlieb [Théophile]". ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.}}
* {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Snyder|2001}}|reference=Snyder, Kerala J. 2001. "Buxtehude, Dieterich". ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.}}
* {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Stölzel c. 1700–1799a}}|reference=[[Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel|Stölzel, Gottfried Heinrich]]. {{circa}}1700–1799a. ''Sonata 1 (−2) à 3. / Due Flauti traversi. / Con il / Fondamento'', Ms. Instr. mus. i hs. 59:11–12 at [[Uppsala University Library]] ([[Carolina Rediviva]]). {{RISM|190025778}}.}}
* {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Stölzel c. 1700–1799b}}|reference=Stölzel, Gottfried Heinrich. {{circa}}1700–1799b. ''Sonata 3 (−4) à 3. / Flauto traverso / Violino / con il / Fondamento''. Ms. Instr. mus. i hs. 59:13–14 at Uppsala University Library (Carolina Rediviva). {{RISM|190025781}}.}}
* {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Stölzel c. 1720–1750}}|reference=Stölzel, Gottfried Heinrich. {{circa}}1720–1750. [http://digital.slub-dresden.de/werkansicht/dlf/14969/1/ ''Sonata / a / Oboe / Violino / con / Cembalo'', Ms. Mus.2450-Q-6 (olim: Mus.c.Cx 842, Schrank II/23/7, Rötel 7)] at [[Saxon State and University Library Dresden]] (Königliche Privat-Musikaliensammlung, Sonatas). {{RISM|212002969}}.}}
* {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Stölzel|c. 1740}}|reference=Stölzel, Gottfried Heinrich. {{circa}}1740. ''Zwei Trio-Sonaten'', Ms. Am.B&nbsp;411c at Berlin State Library (Amalien-Bibliothek). {{RISM|452505437}}.}}
* {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Stölzel|c. 1750}}|reference=Stölzel, Gottfried Heinrich. {{circa}}1750. [http://resolver.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/SBB0001AD0100000000 ''Sechs'', (corrected in pencil): ''Elf Trio-Sonaten/ in / Partitur / für die Orgel'', Ms. Am.B&nbsp;411a] at Berlin State Library (Amalien-Bibliothek). {{RISM|452505424}}.}}
* {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Stölzel|c. 1760a}}|reference=Stölzel, Gottfried Heinrich. {{circa}}1760a. ''Nro. 50. 51. und 52. / III. / Trio. / Violino. & Fl. Traverso. 1. / Violino. & Fl. Traverso 2. / et / Cembalo''. Ms. Am.B&nbsp;411d at Berlin State Library (Amalien-Bibliothek). {{RISM|452505440}}.}}
* {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Stölzel|c. 1760b}}|reference=Stölzel, Gottfried Heinrich. {{circa}}1760b. Two Sonatas for violin, flute, and continuo, Ms. Am.B&nbsp;500 at Berlin State Library (Amalien-Bibliothek). {{RISM|452506216}}.}}
* {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Stölzel|c. 1770}}|reference=Stölzel, Gottfried Heinrich. ca.1770. ''Trio / dal / Sigre / Stoel / zel''. Ms. Am.B&nbsp;469 at Berlin State Library (Amalien-Bibliothek). {{RISM|452505898}}.}}
* {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Stölzel|n.d.}}|reference=Stölzel, Gottfried Heinrich. n.d. ''Sonata a tre'' for two violins and continuo, Ms. {{nowrap|XXXIV B 342}} at Národní muzeum, Prague (České muzeum hudby, hudebně-historické oddělení). {{RISM|550041276}}.}}
* {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Talbot|2001a}}|reference=[[Michael Talbot (musicologist)|Talbot, Michael]]. 2001a. "Albinoni, Tomaso Giovanni [Zuane]". ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.}}
* {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Talbot|2001b}}|reference=Talbot, Michael. 2001b. "Corelli, Arcangelo". ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.}}
* {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Talbot|2001c}}|reference=Talbot, Michael. 2001c. "Vivaldi, Antonio (Lucio)". ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.}}
* {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Van Boer|2012}}|reference=Van Boer, Bertil H. 2012. ''Historical Dictionary of Music of the Classical Period''. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press {{ISBN|978-0-8108-7183-0}}.}}
* {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Vetter|n.d.}}|reference=Vetter, Roger. n.d. [https://omeka-s.grinnell.edu/s/MusicalInstruments/page/trio "Baroque Trio Sonata".] Retrieved on 7 May 2020.}}
* {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Wolff and Leisinger|2001}}|reference=[[Christoph Wolff|Wolff, Christoph]], and [[Ulrich Leisinger]]. 2001. "Bach, Carl Philipp Emanuel". ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by [[Stanley Sadie]] and [[John Tyrrell (musicologist)|John Tyrrell]]. London: Macmillan Publishers.}}
* {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Zelenka [1721–22]}}|reference=[[Jan Dismas Zelenka|Zelenka, Jan Dismas]] (autograph). [1721–22]. [http://digital.slub-dresden.de/id334921651 6 Sonatas, Ms. Mus.2358-Q-1] at [[Saxon State and University Library Dresden]] (Königliche Privat-Musikaliensammlung). {{RISM|211010356}}.}}
* {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Zohn|2001}}|reference=Zohn, Steven. 2001. "Telemann, Georg Philipp, §&nbsp;8: Instrumental Music". ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.}}

==Further reading==
* <!-- {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Allsop|1992}}|reference= -->Allsop, Peter. 1992. ''The Italian "Trio" Sonata: From Its Origins until Corelli''. Oxford Monographs on Music. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-816229-4}}.<!-- }} -->
* <!-- {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Apel|1990}}|reference= -->[[Willi Apel|Apel, Willi]]. 1990. ''Italian Violin Music of the Seventeenth Century'', edited by [[Thomas Binkley]]. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. {{ISBN|0-253-30683-3}}.<!-- }} -->
* <!-- {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Defant|1985}}|reference= -->Defant, Christine. 1985. ''Kammermusik und Stylus phantasticus: Studien zu Dietrich Buxtehudes Triosonaten''. Europäische Hochschulschriften / European University Studies / Études Universitaires Européennes. Frankfurt: Peter Lang. {{ISBN|9783820485141}}.<!-- }} -->
* <!-- {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Dürr|1987}}|reference= -->[[Alfred Dürr|Dürr, Alfred]] (ed.). 1987. ''[https://www.baerenreiter.com/en/search/product/?artNo=BA6497 Eight Short Preludes and Fugues BWV 553–560: Formerly Ascribed to Johann Sebastian Bach]''. Kassel: [[Bärenreiter]]. BA&nbsp;6497. ISMN 9790006480098. <!-- }} -->
* <!-- {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Hogwood|1979}}|reference= -->[[Christopher Hogwood|Hogwood, Christopher]]. 1979. ''The Trio Sonata''. BBC Music Guides. London: British Broadcasting Corporation. {{ISBN|0-563-17095-6}}.<!-- }} -->
* <!-- {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Kamien|n.d.}}|reference= -->[[Roger Kamien|Kamien, Roger]]. 2008. ''Music an Appreciation'', sixth brief edition. Boston: McGraw-Hill. {{ISBN|978-0073326375}} (annotated instructor's edition); {{ISBN|9780073265452}} (student edition)<!-- }} -->
* <!-- {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Mangsen|2001}}|reference= -->Mangsen, Sandra. 2001. "Trio Sonata". ''[[The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians]]'', second edition, edited by [[Stanley Sadie]] and [[John Tyrrell (musicologist)|John Tyrrell]]. London: Macmillan Publishers.<!-- }} -->
* <!-- {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Schenk|2005}}|reference= -->Schenk, Erich. 2005. ''Die Triosonate''. Das Musikwerk, eine Beispielsammlung zur Musikgeschichte, Neuausgabe 20. Laaber: Laaber Verlag. {{ISBN|3-89007-623-8}}.<!-- }} -->

{{Sonatas}}

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[[Category:Trio sonatas| ]]
[[Category:Musical form]]