View source for Treebank

{{Short description|Text corpus with tree annotations}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{external links|date=November 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2021}}
}}
[[File:The house at the end of the street.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|right|Most syntactic treebanks annotate variants of either [[Phrase structure grammar|phrase structure]] (left) or [[Dependency grammar|dependency structure]] (right).]]

In [[linguistics]], a '''treebank''' is a parsed [[text corpus]] that [[annotated|annotates]] [[syntactic]] or [[semantic]] [[sentence (linguistics)|sentence]] structure. The construction of parsed corpora in the early 1990s revolutionized [[computational linguistics]], which benefitted from large-scale [[empirical data]].<ref>Alexander Clark, Chris Fox and Shalom Lappin (2010). The handbook of computational linguistics and natural language processing. Wiley.</ref>

== Etymology ==

The term ''treebank'' was coined by linguist [[Geoffrey Leech]] in the 1980s, by analogy to other repositories such as a [[seedbank]] or [[bloodbank]].<ref>Sampson, G. (2003) ‘Reflections of a dendrographer.’ In A. Wilson, P. Rayson and T. McEnery (eds.) Corpus Linguistics by the Lune: A Festschrift for Geoffrey Leech, Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, pp. 157-184</ref> This is because both syntactic and semantic structure are commonly represented compositionally as a [[tree structure]]. The term ''parsed corpus'' is often used interchangeably with the term ''treebank'', with the emphasis on the primacy of sentences rather than trees.

== Construction ==

Treebanks are often created on top of a corpus that has already been annotated with [[part-of-speech tagging|part-of-speech tag]]s. In turn, treebanks are sometimes enhanced with [[semantic]] or other linguistic information. Treebanks can be created completely manually, where linguists annotate each sentence with syntactic structure, or semi-automatically, where a [[parser]] assigns some syntactic structure which linguists then check and, if necessary, correct. In practice, fully checking and completing the parsing of natural language corpora is a labour-intensive project that can take teams of graduate linguists several years. The level of annotation detail and the breadth of the linguistic sample determine the difficulty of the task and the length of time required to build a treebank.

[[Image:example-tree.png|right|250px|thumb|Example phrase structure tree for ''John loves Mary'']]
[[Image:Quranic-arabic-corpus.png|right|250px|thumb|Hybrid constituency/dependency tree from the [[Quranic Arabic Corpus]]]]

Some treebanks follow a specific linguistic theory in their syntactic annotation (e.g. the [http://www.bultreebank.org/ BulTreeBank] follows [[HPSG]]) but most try to be less theory-specific. However, two main groups can be distinguished: treebanks that annotate [[phrase structure rules|phrase structure]] (for example the [https://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Fall_2003/ling001/penn_treebank_pos.html Penn Treebank]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marcus |first=Mitchell P. |last2=Santorini |first2=Beatrice |last3=Marcinkiewicz |first3=Mary Ann |date=1993 |editor-last=Hirschberg |editor-first=Julia |title=Building a Large Annotated Corpus of English: The Penn Treebank |url=https://aclanthology.org/J93-2004/ |journal=Computational Linguistics |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=313–330}}</ref> or [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/english-usage/projects/ice-gb/index.htm ICE-GB]) and those that annotate [[dependency grammar|dependency structure]] (for example the [http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/pdt2.0/ Prague Dependency Treebank] or the [http://corpus.quran.com Quranic Arabic Dependency Treebank]).

It is important to clarify the distinction between the formal representation and the file format used to store the annotated data. Treebanks are necessarily constructed according to a particular grammar. The same grammar may be implemented by different file formats. For example, the syntactic analysis for ''John loves Mary'', shown in the figure on the right/above, may be represented by simple labelled brackets in a text file, like this (following the [https://web.archive.org/web/20131109202842/http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~treebank/ Penn Treebank] notation):

 (S (NP (NNP John))
    (VP (VPZ loves)
        (NP (NNP Mary)))
    (. .))

This type of representation is popular because it is light on resources, and the tree structure is relatively easy to read without software tools. However, as corpora become increasingly complex, other file formats may be preferred. Alternatives include treebank-specific [[XML]] schemes, numbered indentation and various types of standoff notation.

== Applications ==

From a [[computational linguistics]]<ref>Haitao Liu, Wei Huang — [https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1017.pdf A Chinese Dependency Syntax for Treebanking], published by [[Communication University of China]], published (online) by the [[Association for Computational Linguistics]] - accessed 2020-2-4</ref> perspective, treebanks have been used to engineer state-of-the-art natural language processing systems such as [[part-of-speech tagging|part-of-speech taggers]], [[parser]]s, semantic analyzers and machine translation systems.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kübler|first1=Sandra|last2=McDonald|first2=Ryan|last3=Nivre|first3=Joakim|date=2008-12-18|title=Dependency Parsing|journal=Synthesis Lectures on Human Language Technologies|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|pages=1–127|doi=10.2200/s00169ed1v01y200901hlt002}}</ref> Most computational systems utilize gold-standard treebank data. However, an automatically parsed corpus that is not corrected by human linguists can still be useful. It can provide evidence of rule frequency for a parser. A parser may be improved by applying it to large amounts of text and gathering rule frequencies. However, it should be obvious that only by a process of correcting and completing a corpus by hand is it possible then to identify rules absent from the parser knowledge base. In addition, frequencies are likely to be more accurate.

In [[corpus linguistics]], treebanks are used to study syntactic phenomena (for example, diachronic corpora can be used to study the time course of syntactic change). Once parsed, a corpus will contain frequency evidence showing how common different grammatical structures are in use. Treebanks also provide evidence of coverage and support the discovery of new, unanticipated, grammatical phenomena.

Another use of treebanks in [[theoretical linguistics]] and [[psycholinguistics]] is interaction evidence. A completed treebank can help linguists carry out experiments as to how the decision to use one grammatical construction tends to influence the decision to form others, and to try to understand how speakers and writers make decisions as they form sentences. Interaction research is particularly fruitful as further layers of annotation, e.g. semantic, pragmatic, are added to a corpus. It is then possible to evaluate the impact of non-syntactic phenomena on grammatical choices.

In linguistics research, annotated treebank data has been used in syntactic research to test linguistic theories of sentence structure against large quantities of naturally occurring examples.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}

== Semantic treebanks ==

A semantic treebank is a collection of natural language sentences annotated with a meaning representation. These resources use a formal representation of each sentence's [[Formal semantics (linguistics)|semantic structure]]. Semantic treebanks vary in the depth of their semantic representation. A notable example of deep semantic annotation is the [http://gmb.let.rug.nl Groningen Meaning Bank], developed at the [[University of Groningen]] and annotated using [[Discourse Representation Theory]]. An example of a shallow semantic treebank is [[PropBank]], which provides annotation of verbal propositions and their arguments, without attempting to represent every word in the corpus in [[logical form]].

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%;"
|-
! Language
! Treebank
! Semantic Formalism
! Distribution / License
|-
| [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
| [https://github.com/System-T/UniversalPropositions/tree/master/UP_Chinese Chinese Universal Propositions]
| [[PropBank]] semantics
| {{free|CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 US}}
|-
| [[English language|English]]
| [[Abstract Meaning Representation]] (AMR) Bank
| Deep semantics
| {{dunno}}
|-
| [[English language|English]]
| [[FrameNet]]
| Shallow semantics
| {{dunno}}
|-
| [[English language|English]]
| [[Universal Conceptual Cognitive Annotation]] (UCCA)
| Deep semantics
| {{dunno}}
|-
| [[English language|English]]
| [http://alt.qcri.org/semeval2014/task6 Robot Commands Treebank] <ref>Kais Dukes (2013) [http://www.kaisdukes.com/papers/spatial-ltc2013.pdf Semantic Annotation of Robotic Spatial Commands]. Language and Technology Conference (LTC). Poznan, Poland.</ref>
| Deep semantics
| {{dunno}}
|-
| [[English language|English]]
| [http://gmb.let.rug.nl Groningen Meaning Bank]
| Deep semantics
| {{dunno|different licenses}}
|-
| [[English language|English]]
| [http://pmb.let.rug.nl Parallel Meaning Bank]
| Deep semantics
| {{dunno|different licenses}}
|-
| [[Dutch language|Dutch]]
| [http://pmb.let.rug.nl Parallel Meaning Bank]
| Deep semantics
| {{dunno|different licenses}}
|-
| [[German language|German]]
| [http://pmb.let.rug.nl Parallel Meaning Bank]
| Deep semantics
| {{dunno|different licenses}}
|-
| [[Italian language|Italian]]
| [http://pmb.let.rug.nl Parallel Meaning Bank]
| Deep semantics
| {{dunno|different licenses}}
|-
| [[English language|English]]
| [http://moin.delph-in.net/DeepBank DeepBank project]
| Deep semantics
| {{dunno}}
|-
| [[English language|English]]
| [http://www.compling.jp/ajb129/tspc.html Treebank Semantics Parsed Corpus]
| Deep semantics
| {{dunno}}
|-
| [[English language|English]]
| [http://www.cs.utexas.edu/~ml/wasp/ RoboCup Corpus]
| Deep semantics
| {{dunno}}
|-
| [[English language|English]]
| [http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/ml/geo.html Geoquery]
| Deep semantics
| {{dunno}}
|-
| [[English language|English]]
| [https://propbank.github.io/ PropBank]
| [[PropBank]] semantics
| {{dunno|different licenses}}
|-
| [[Finnish language|Finnish]]
| [https://github.com/System-T/UniversalPropositions/tree/master/Finnish Finnish Universal Propositions]
| [[PropBank]] semantics
| {{free|CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 US}}
|-
| [[Finnish language|Finnish]]
| [https://turkunlp.org/Finnish_PropBank/ Finnish PropBank]
| [[PropBank]] semantics
| {{free|CC BY-SA 4.0}}
|-
| [[French language|French]]
| [https://github.com/System-T/UniversalPropositions/tree/master/Universal%20Propositions_French French Universal Propositions]
| [[PropBank]] semantics
| {{free|CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 US}}
|-
| [[German language|German]]
| [https://github.com/System-T/UniversalPropositions/tree/master/Universal%20Propositions_German German Universal Propositions]
| [[PropBank]] semantics
| {{free|CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 US}}
|-
| [[Italian language|Italian]]
| [https://github.com/System-T/UniversalPropositions/tree/master/Universal%20Propositions_Italian Italian Universal Propositions]
| [[PropBank]] semantics
| {{free|CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 US}}
|-
| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
| [http://143.107.183.175:21380/portlex/index.php/en/downloadsingl Portuguese PortLex]
| [[PropBank]] semantics
| {{dunno}}
|-
| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
| [https://github.com/System-T/UniversalPropositions/tree/master/Universal%20Propositions_Portuguese-Bosque Portuguese Universal Propositions]
| [[PropBank]] semantics
| {{free|CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 US}}
|-
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [https://github.com/System-T/UniversalPropositions/tree/master/Universal%20Propositions_Spanish Spanish Universal Propositions]
| [[PropBank]] semantics
| {{free|CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 US}}
|-
| [[Turkish language|Turkish]]
| [https://turkishpropbank.github.io/ Turkish PropBank]
| [[PropBank]] semantics
| {{free|CC BY-NC-SA 4.0}}
|}

== Syntactic treebanks ==

Many syntactic treebanks have been developed for a wide variety of languages:

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%;"
|-
! Language
! Treebank
! Syntactic Formalism
! Distribution / License
|-
|-
| [[Abaza language|Abaza]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], ATB
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], AfriBooms
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PISANDUB
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Albanian language|Albanian]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], TSA
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Amharic language|Amharic]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], ATT
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Ancient Greek language|Ancient Greek]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Perseus
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}}
|-
| [[Ancient Greek language|Ancient Greek]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PROIEL
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}}
|-
| [[Ancient Greek|Greek (ancient)]]
| [http://nlp.perseus.tufts.edu/syntax/treebank/ Ancient Greek Dependency Treebank]<ref>Celano, Giuseppe G. A. 2014. Guidelines for the annotation of the Ancient Greek Dependency Treebank 2.0. https://github.com/PerseusDL/treebank_data/edit/master/AGDT2/guidelines</ref><ref>Mambrini, F. 2016. The Ancient Greek Dependency Treebank: Linguistic Annotation in a Teaching Environment. In: Bodard, G & Romanello, M (eds.) Digital Classics Outside the Echo-Chamber: Teaching, Knowledge Exchange & Public Engagement, Pp. 83–99. London: Ubiquity Press. {{doi|10.5334/bat.f|doi-access=free}}</ref>
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free|Open source ([[Creative Commons license]])}}
|-
| [[Ancient Greek|Greek (ancient)]]
| [http://syntacticus.org PROIEL Treebank]<ref name="haug">Dag Haug. 2015. Treebanks in historical linguistic research. In Carlotta Viti (ed.), Perspectives on Historical Syntax, Benjamins, 188-202. A preprint is available at http://folk.uio.no/daghaug/historical-treebanks.pdf.</ref>
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free|Open source ([[Creative Commons license]])}}
|-
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
| [http://aclweb.org/anthology/P/P09/P09-2056.pdf Columbia Arabic Treebank (CATiB)]
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{nonfree|[[Linguistic Data Consortium]]}}
|-
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
| [http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/padt/PADT_1.0/index.html Prague Arabic Dependency Treebank (PADT)]
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{nonfree|[[Linguistic Data Consortium]]}}
|-
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], NYUAD
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PADT
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}}
|-
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PUD
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20060119000231/http://www.ircs.upenn.edu/arabic/ Penn Arabic Treebank]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]]
| {{nonfree|[[Linguistic Data Consortium]]}}
|-
| [[Armenian language|Armenian]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], ArmTDP
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic|Assyrian (Neo-Aramaic)]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], AS
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Bambara language|Bambara]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], CRB
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Basque language|Basque]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], BDT
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}}
|-
| [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], HSE
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], BhEn
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], BHTB
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Breton language|Breton]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], KEB
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], BTB
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}}
|-
| [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]
| [http://www.bultreebank.org/ BulTreeBank]
| [[Head-driven phrase structure grammar|HPSG]]
| {{free|Freely available for research}}
|-
| [[Buryat language|Buryat]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], BDT
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Cantonese language|Cantonese]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], HK
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Catalan language|Catalan]]
| [http://clic.ub.edu Cat3LB]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]]
| {{free|Freely available for research}}
|-
| [[Catalan language|Catalan]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], AnCora
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| GPL}}
|-
| [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
| [http://godel.iis.sinica.edu.tw/CKIP/engversion/treebank.htm Sinica Treebank]
| [[Case grammar]]
| {{nonfree|Not freely available}}
|-
| [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], CFL
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], GSD
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], GSDSimp
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], HK
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PUD
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
| [http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~chinese/ctb.html Penn Chinese Treebank]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]]
| {{nonfree|[[Linguistic Data Consortium]]}}
|-
| [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
| [http://www.ldc.upenn.edu/Catalog/catalogEntry.jsp?catalogId=LDC2012T05 Chinese Dependency Treebank]
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{nonfree|[[Linguistic Data Consortium]]}}
|-
| [[Classical Arabic|Arabic (classical)]]
| [http://corpus.quran.com/treebank.jsp Quranic Arabic Dependency Treebank (QADT)] ([[Quranic Arabic Corpus]])
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free|Open source ([[GNU general public license]])}}
|-
| [[Classical Armenian]]
| [http://syntacticus.org PROIEL Treebank]<ref name="haug"/>
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free|Open source ([[Creative Commons license]])}}
|-
| [[Coptic language|Coptic]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Coptic Scriptorium
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY}}
|-
| [[Croatian language|Croatian]]
| [http://hobs.ffzg.hr/en/ Croatian Dependency Treebank]
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free|Open source ([[Creative Commons license]])}}
|-
| [[Croatian language|Croatian]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], SET
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Czech language|Czech]]
| [http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/pdt3.0/ Prague Dependency Treebank]
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free|Open source ([[Creative Commons license]])}}
|-
| [[Czech language|Czech]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], CAC
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Czech language|Czech]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], CLTT
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Czech language|Czech]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], FicTree
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}}
|-
| [[Czech language|Czech]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PDT
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}}
|-
| [[Czech language|Czech]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PUD
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Danish language|Danish]]
| [http://code.google.com/p/copenhagen-dependency-treebank/wiki/CDT Danish Dependency Treebank]
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free|Open source ([[GNU general public license]])}}
|-
| [[Danish language|Danish]]
| [http://corp.hum.sdu.dk/arboretum.html Arboretum: A syntactic tree corpus of Danish]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]]
| {{nonfree|License fee}}
|-
| [[Danish language|Danish]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], DDT
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Danish language|Danish]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], DTB
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Dutch language|Dutch]]
| [http://lands.let.ru.nl/cgn/ehome.htm  Spoken Dutch Corpus (CGN)]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]]
| {{nonfree|License fee}}
|-
| [[Dutch language|Dutch]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Alpino
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Dutch language|Dutch]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], LassySmall
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Dutch language|Dutch]]
| [http://www.let.rug.nl/~vannoord/Lassy/  LASSY Small and Large]
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{nonfree|License fee}}
|-
| [[Dutch language|Dutch]]
| [http://www.let.rug.nl/~vannoord/trees/ Alpino Treebank]
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free|Open source ([[GNU general public license]])}}
|-
| [[Egyptian language|Egyptian]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], UJaen
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[English language|English]]
| [http://groups.inf.ed.ac.uk/ccg/ccgbank.html CCGbank]
| [[Combinatory categorial grammar]]
| {{nonfree|[[Linguistic Data Consortium]]}}
|-
| [[English language|English]]
| [http://redwoods.stanford.edu/ LinGO Redwoods]
| [[Head-driven phrase structure grammar|HPSG]]
| {{dunno}}
|-
| [[English language|English]]
| [http://ucrel.lancs.ac.uk/corpora.html Lancaster Parsed Corpus]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]]
| {{dunno}}
|-
| [[English language|English]]
| [http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/prague-english-dependency-treebank Prague English Dependency Treebank]
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{nonfree|[[Linguistic Data Consortium]]}}
|-
| [[English language|English]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], BhEn
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[English language|English]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], ESL
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[English language|English]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], EWT
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[English language|English]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], GUM
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}}
|-
| [[English language|English]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], GUMReddit
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY}}
|-
| [[English language|English]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], LinES
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}}
|-
| [[English language|English]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], ParTUT
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}}
|-
| [[English language|English]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Pronouns
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[English language|English]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PUD
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[English language|English]]
| [http://www.compling.jp/ajb129/tspc.html Treebank Semantics Parsed Corpus]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]]
| {{free|Open source ([[Creative Commons license]])}}
|-
| [[English language|English]]
| [http://www.grsampson.net/ChrisDoc.html Christine Corpus]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]]
| {{free|Freely available for research}}
|-
| [[English language|English]]
| [http://www.grsampson.net/LucyDoc.html Lucy Corpus]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]]
| {{free|Freely available for research}}
|-
| [[English language|English]]
| [http://www.grsampson.net/SueDoc.html Susanne Corpus]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]]
| {{free|Freely available for research}}
|-
| [[English language|English]]
| [http://www.ldc.upenn.edu/Catalog/catalogEntry.jsp?catalogId=LDC2000T43 BLLIP WSJ corpus]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]]
| {{nonfree|[[Linguistic Data Consortium]]}}
|-
| [[English language|English]]
| [http://www.sfs.uni-tuebingen.de/en/ascl/resources/corpora/tueba-es.html Tübingen Treebank of English / Spontaneous Speech (TüBa-E/S)]
| [[Head-driven phrase structure grammar|HPSG]]
| {{free|Freely available for research}}
|-
| [[English language|English]]
| [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/english-usage/projects/dcpse Diachronic Corpus of Present-Day Spoken English (DCPSE)]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]]
| {{nonfree|[http://www.ucl.ac.uk/english-usage/projects/dcpse/order.htm License fee]}}
|-
| [[English language|English]]
| [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/english-usage/projects/ice-gb British Component of the International Corpus of English (ICE-GB)]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]]
| {{nonfree|[http://www.ucl.ac.uk/english-usage/projects/ice-gb/iceorder2.htm License fee]}}
|-
| [[English language|English]]
| [http://www2.parc.com/isl/groups/nltt/papers/EACL03.pdf The PARC 700 Dependency Bank]
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{dunno}}
|-
| [[English language|English]]
| [https://arxiv.org/abs/1605.02945 Yahoo Query Treebank]
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free|Freely available for research}}
|-
| [[English language|English]]
| [https://catalog.ldc.upenn.edu/LDC99T42 Penn Treebank]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]]
| {{nonfree|[[Linguistic Data Consortium]]}}
|-
| [[English language|English]]
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20060503193254/http://www.scs.leeds.ac.uk/amalgam/amalgam/multi-parsed.html Multi-Treebank]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]]
| {{free|Available online for comparison purposes}}
|-
| [[English language|English]]
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20121211090005/http://childes.psy.cmu.edu/ CHILDES Brown Eve corpus with dependency annotation]
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free|Open source ([[Creative Commons license]])}}
|-
| [[English language|English]]
| [https://www.cl.uzh.ch/en/research/corpus-linguistics/paralleltreebanks/smultron.html SMULTRON - Parallel Treebank EN-DE-SV]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]]
| {{free|Freely available for research}}
|-
| [[Erzya language|Erzya]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], JR
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Estonian language|Estonian]]
| [http://corp.hum.sdu.dk/tgrepeye_est.html Arborest]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]]
| {{dunno}}
|-
| [[Estonian language|Estonian]]
| [http://math.ut.ee/~heli_u/syntkorpus.html Syntactically analyzed and disambiguated text corpus]
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free|Freely available for research}}
|-
| [[Estonian language|Estonian]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], EDT
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}}
|-
| [[Estonian language|Estonian]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], EWT
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}}
|-
| [[Faroese language|Faroese]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], FarPaHC
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Faroese language|Faroese]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], OFT
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Finnish language|Finnish]]
| [http://bionlp.utu.fi/fintreebank.html Turku Dependency Treebank (TDT)]
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free|Open source ([[Creative Commons license]])}}
|-
| [[Finnish language|Finnish]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], FTB
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY}}
|-
| [[Finnish language|Finnish]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PUD
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Finnish language|Finnish]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], TDT
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[French language|French (spoken)]]
| [http://www.projet-rhapsodie.fr/ Rhapsodie]
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]] and macrosyntactic annotation
| {{free|Open source ([[Creative Commons license]])}}
|-
| [[French language|French]]
| [http://corp.hum.sdu.dk/arboratoire.html L'Arboratoire]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]]
| {{dunno}}
|-
| [[French language|French]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], CrapBank
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[French language|French]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], FQB
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| GPL}}
|-
| [[French language|French]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], FTB
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| GPL}}
|-
| [[French language|French]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], GSD
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[French language|French]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], ParTUT
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}}
|-
| [[French language|French]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PUD
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[French language|French]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Sequoia
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| GPL}}
|-
| [[French language|French]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Spoken
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[French language|French]]
| [http://ftb.linguist.univ-paris-diderot.fr/ French Treebank]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]]
| {{free|Freely available for research}}
|-
| [[French language|French]]
| [https://github.com/nicolashernandez/free-french-treebank Free French Treebank]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]] 
| {{free|Open Source license LGPL-LR}}
|-
| [[French language|French]]
| [https://www.rocq.inria.fr/alpage-wiki/tiki-index.php?page=CorpusSequoia Sequoia Treebank]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]] & [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free|Open Source license LGPL-LR}}
|-
| [[Galician language|Galician]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], CTG
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}}
|-
| [[Galician language|Galician]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], TreeGal
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| GPL}}
|-
| [[German language|German]]
| [http://hdl.handle.net/11022/0000-0000-7FC7-2 Hamburg Dependency Treebank (HDT)]
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free|Freely available for research}}
|-
| [[German language|German]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], GSD
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[German language|German]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], LIT
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}}
|-
| [[German language|German]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PUD
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[German language|German]]
| [http://www.cl.uzh.ch/research/parallelcorpora/paralleltreebanks/smultron_en.html SMULTRON - Parallel Treebank EN-DE-SV]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]]
| {{free|Freely available for research}}
|-
| [[German language|German]]
| [http://www.coli.uni-saarland.de/projects/sfb378/negra-corpus/ NEGRA]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]]
| {{free|Freely available for research}}
|-
| [[German language|German]]
| [http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/forschung/ressourcen/korpora/tiger.en.html TIGER]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]]
| {{free|Freely available for research}}
|-
| [[German language|German]]
| [http://www.sfs.uni-tuebingen.de/en/ascl/resources/corpora/tueba-ds.html Tübingen Treebank of German / Spontaneous Speech (TüBa-D/S)]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]]
| {{free|Freely available for research}}
|-
| [[German language|German]]
| [http://www.sfs.uni-tuebingen.de/en/ascl/resources/corpora/tueba-dz.html Tübingen Treebank of Written German (TüBa-D/Z)]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]]
| {{free|Freely available for research}}
|-
| [[German language|German]]
| [http://www.sfs.uni-tuebingen.de/en/ascl/resources/corpora/tuepp-dz.html Tübingen Partially Parsed Corpus of Written German (TüPP-D/Z)]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]]
| {{nonfree|License fee}}
|-
| [[Gothic language|Gothic]]
| [http://syntacticus.org PROIEL Treebank]<ref name="haug"/>
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free|Open source ([[Creative Commons license]])}}
|-
| [[Gothic language|Gothic]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PROIEL
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}}
|-
| [[Greek language|Greek]]
| [http://gdt.ilsp.gr/ Greek Dependency Treebank]
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{nonfree|Not freely available}}
|-
| [[Greek language|Greek]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], GDT
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}}
|-
| [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], HTB
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}}
|-
| [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]
| [http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~yoavg/data/hebdeptb/ Hebrew Dependency Treebank]
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free|Open source ([[GNU general public license]])}}
|-
| [[Hindi English language|Hindi English]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], HIENCS
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], HDTB
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}}
|-
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PUD
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| [http://ltrc.iiit.ac.in/MachineTrans/research/tb/final_guidelines-ver2.pdf AnnCorra]
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{dunno}}
|-
| [[History of English|English (historical)]]
| [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/hist-corpora/index.html Penn Parsed Corpora of Historical English];
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]]
| {{nonfree|[[Linguistic Data Consortium]] (as of April 2020)}}
|-
| [[History of English|English (historical)]]
| [http://www-users.york.ac.uk/~lang22/YcoeHome1.htm York-Toronto-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English Prose (YCOE)]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]]
| {{free|Freely available for research}}
|-
| [[History of French|French (historical)]]
| [http://www.arts.uottawa.ca/voies/voies_en.html Corpus MCVF]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]]
| {{free|Freely available for research}}
|-
| [[History of Portuguese|Portuguese (historical)]]
| [http://www.tycho.iel.unicamp.br/~tycho/ Tycho Brahe corpus]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]]
| {{dunno}}
|-
| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Szeged
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}}
|-
| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
| [http://www.inf.u-szeged.hu/projectdirs/hlt/en/Szeged%20Treebank%202.0_en.html Hungarian Treebank]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]]
| {{dunno}}
|-
| [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]
| [http://linguist.is/icelandic_treebank/ IcePaHC - Icelandic Parsed Historical Corpus]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]]
| {{free|Open source ([[GNU Lesser General Public License]])}}
|-
| [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], IcePaHC
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PUD
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], GSD
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PUD
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]
| [https://github.com/aisingapore/seacorenlp-data ICON]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]]
| {{dunno}}
|-
| [[Irish language|Irish]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], IDT
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Italian language|Italian]]
| [http://catalog.elra.info/product_info.php?products_id=887 ISST - Italian Syntactic-Semantic Treebank]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]] and [[Dependency grammar|dependency]]
| {{nonfree|License fee}}
|-
| [[Italian language|Italian]]
| [http://medialab.di.unipi.it/wiki/MIDT MIDT (Merged Italian Dependency Treebank) resulting from the merging and harmonization of the TUT and ISST-CoNLL/TANL treebanks]
| [[Dependency grammar|dependency]]
| {{free|Freely available for research}}
|-
| [[Italian language|Italian]]
| [http://project.cgm.unive.it/?page_id=200 VIT - Venice Italian Treebank]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]] and [[Dependency grammar|dependency]]
| {{nonfree|License fee}}
|-
| [[Italian language|Italian]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], ISDT
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}}
|-
| [[Italian language|Italian]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], ParTUT
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}}
|-
| [[Italian language|Italian]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PoSTWITA
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}}
|-
| [[Italian language|Italian]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PUD
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Italian language|Italian]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], TWITTIRO
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Italian language|Italian]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], VIT
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}}
|-
| [[Italian language|Italian]]
| [http://webilc.ilc.cnr.it/tressi_prg/ISST@CoNNL2007/ISST/ISST@CoNNL2007.pdf Italian Syntactic-Semantic Treebank for the CoNLL-2007 Shared Task (ISST-CoNLL)]
| [[Dependency grammar|dependency]]
| {{free|Freely available for research}}
|-
| [[Italian language|Italian]]
| [http://www.ciscl.unisi.it/progetti/sut/ SUT - Siena University Treebank]
| {{dunno}}
| {{dunno}}
|-
| [[Italian language|Italian]]
| [http://www.di.unito.it/~tutreeb/index.html TUT - Turin University Treebank]
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free|Open source ([[Creative Commons license]])}}
|-
| [[Italian language|Italian]]
| [https://universaldependencies.github.io/docs/#language-it ISDT (Italian Stanford Dependency Treebank)]
| [[Dependency grammar|dependency]]
| {{free|Freely available for research}}
|-
| [[Japanese language|Japanese]]
| [http://nlp.ist.i.kyoto-u.ac.jp/EN/index.php?NLPresources Kyoto Text Corpus]
| {{dunno}}
| {{dunno}}
|-
| [[Japanese language|Japanese]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], BCCWJ
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}}
|-
| [[Japanese language|Japanese]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], GSD
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Japanese language|Japanese]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], KTC
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Japanese language|Japanese]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Modern
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-NC-ND}}
|-
| [[Japanese language|Japanese]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PUD
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Japanese language|Japanese]]
| [http://www.compling.jp/keyaki/index.html Keyaki Treebank]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]]
| {{free|Open source ([[Creative Commons license]])}}
|-
| [[Japanese language|Japanese]]
| [http://www.sfs.uni-tuebingen.de/en/ascl/resources/corpora/tueba-js.html Tübingen Treebank of Japanese / Spontaneous Speech (TüBa-J/S)]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]]
| {{free|Freely available for research}}
|-
| [[Japanese language|Japanese]]
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20040908035142/http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/W/W98/W98-0513.pdf ATR Dependency corpus]
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{dunno}}
|-
| [[Karelian language|Karelian]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], KKPP
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], KTB
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Komi Permyak language|Komi Permyak]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], UH
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Komi Zyrian language|Komi Zyrian]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], IKDP
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Komi Zyrian language|Komi Zyrian]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Lattice
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Korean language|Korean]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], GSD
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Korean language|Korean]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Kaist
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Korean language|Korean]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Penn
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Korean language|Korean]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PUD
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Korean language|Korean]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Sejong
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Korean language|Korean]]
| [http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~xtag/koreantag/#Treebank Korean Treebank]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]]
| {{nonfree|[[Linguistic Data Consortium]]}}
|-
| [[Kurmanji language|Kurmanji]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], MG
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Latin language|Latin]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], ITTB
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}}
|-
| [[Latin language|Latin]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], LLCT
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Latin language|Latin]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Perseus
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}}
|-
| [[Latin language|Latin]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PROIEL
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}}
|-
| [[Latin]]
| [http://itreebank.marginalia.it/ Index Thomisticus Treebank]
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free|Open source ([[Creative Commons license]])}}
|-
| [[Latin]]
| [http://syntacticus.org PROIEL Treebank]<ref name="haug"/>
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free|Open source ([[Creative Commons license]])}}
|-
| [[Latin]]
| [https://perseusdl.github.io/treebank_data/ Latin Dependency Treebank]<ref>Bamman David & al. 2008. Guidelines for the Syntactic Annotation of Latin Treebanks (v. 1.3). http://nlp.perseus.tufts.edu/syntax/treebank/1.3/docs/guidelines.pdf</ref>
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free|Open source ([[Creative Commons license]])}}
|-
| [[Latvian language|Latvian]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], LVTB
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], ALKSNIS
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], HSE
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Livvi language|Livvi]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], KKPP
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Magahi language|Magahi]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], MGTB
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Maltese language|Maltese]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], MUDT
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], UFAL
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Mbya Guarani language|Mbya Guarani]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Dooley
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}}
|-
| [[Mbya Guarani language|Mbya Guarani]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Thomas
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}}
|-
| [[Middle Irish language|Middle Irish]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], CritMITB
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Middle Irish language|Middle Irish]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], DipMITB
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Moksha language|Moksha]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], JR
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Naija language|Naija]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], NSC
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[North Sami language|North Sami]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Giella
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]
| [http://clarino.uib.no/iness INESS treebanking infrastructure]
| [[Lexical functional grammar|LFG]]
| {{dunno}}
|-
| [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Bokmaal
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Nynorsk
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], NynorskLIA
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Old Church Slavonic language|Old Church Slavonic]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PROIEL
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}}
|-
| [[Old Church Slavonic]]
| [http://syntacticus.org TOROT Treebank]<ref name="haug"/>
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free|Open source ([[Creative Commons license]])}}
|-
| [[Old French language|Old French]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], SRCMF
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}}
|-
| [[Old Russian language|Old Russian]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], RNC
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Old Russian language|Old Russian]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], TOROT
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}}
|-
| [[Old Russian]]
| [http://syntacticus.org TOROT Treebank]<ref name="haug"/>
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free|Open source ([[Creative Commons license]])}}
|-
| [[Persian language|Persian]]
| [http://dadegan.ir/en/perdt Persian Dependency Treebank (PerDT)]
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free|Freely available for research}}
|-
| [[Persian language|Persian]]
| [http://hpsg.fu-berlin.de/~ghayoomi/PTB.html PerTreeBank]
| [[Head-driven phrase structure grammar|HPSG]]
| {{free|Freely available for research}}
|-
| [[Persian language|Persian]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Seraji
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Polish language|Polish]]
| [http://dach.ipipan.waw.pl/CRIT2 A Treebank / Test Suite for Polish]
| [[Head-driven phrase structure grammar|HPSG]]
| {{dunno}}
|-
| [[Polish language|Polish]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], LFG
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| GPL}}
|-
| [[Polish language|Polish]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PDB
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}}
|-
| [[Polish language|Polish]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PUD
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Polish language|Polish]]
| [http://zil.ipipan.waw.pl/Sk%C5%82adnica Składnica]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]] and [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free|Open source ([[GNU general public license]])}}
|-
| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Bosque
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], GSD
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PUD
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
| [http://www.linguateca.pt/Floresta/ Projecto Floresta Sintá(c)tica]
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]], [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]]
| {{free|Open source ([[GNU general public license]])}}
|-
| [[Romanian language|Romanian]]
| [http://lotos.library.uu.nl/publish/articles/000263/bookpart.pdf Romanian Dependency Treebank]
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{dunno}}
|-
| [[Romanian language|Romanian]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Nonstandard
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Romanian language|Romanian]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], RRT
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Romanian language|Romanian]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], SiMoNERo
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Russian language|Russian]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], GSD
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Russian language|Russian]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PUD
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Russian language|Russian]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], SynTagRus
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}}
|-
| [[Russian language|Russian]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Taiga
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Russian language|Russian]]
| SynTagRus Dependency Treebank ([[Russian National Corpus]])
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free|Freely available for research}}
|-
| [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], UFAL
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Vedic
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Scottish Gaelic language|Scottish Gaelic]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], ARCOSG
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Serbian language|Serbian]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], SET
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], MazharDootio
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Skolt Sami language|Skolt Sami]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Giellagas
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Slovak language|Slovak]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], SNK
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Slovene language|Slovene]]
| [http://nl.ijs.si/sdt/ Slovene Dependency Treebank]
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free|Freely available for research}}
|-
| [[Slovenian language|Slovenian]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], SSJ
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}}
|-
| [[Slovenian language|Slovenian]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], SST
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}}
|-
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [http://clic.ub.edu Cast3LB]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]] and [[Dependency grammar|dependency]]
| {{free|Freely available for research}}
|-
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], AnCora
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| GPL}}
|-
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], GSD
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PUD
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [http://www.lllf.uam.es/~sandoval/UAMTreebank.html UAM Treebank of Spanish]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]]
| {{free|Freely available for research}}
|-
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]]
| [http://stp.lingfil.uu.se/~nivre/research/Talbanken05.html Talbanken05]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]] and [[Dependency grammar|dependency]]
| {{free|Freely available for research}}
|-
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]]
| [http://stp.lingfil.uu.se/~nivre/swedish_treebank Swedish Treebank]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]]
| {{free|Freely available for research}}
|-
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], LinES
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}}
|-
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PUD
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Talbanken
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]]
| [http://www.cl.uzh.ch/research/parallelcorpora/paralleltreebanks/smultron_en.html SMULTRON - Parallel Treebank EN-DE-SV]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]]
| {{free|Freely available for research}}
|-
| [[Swedish Sign Language]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], SSLC
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Swiss German language|Swiss German]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], UZH
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], TRG
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], Ugnayan
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}}
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], TTB
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}}
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], MTG
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Thai language|Thai]]
| [http://naist.cpe.ku.ac.th/tred/ NAiST Thai Treebank]
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free|Open source ([[GNU general public license]])}}
|-
| [[Thai language|Thai]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PUD
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Thai language|Thai]]
| [https://github.com/tchayintr/thtb THTB]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]]
| {{free| CC BY 4.0}}
|-
| [[Turkish language|Turkish]]
| [http://ii.metu.edu.tr/corpus METU-Sabanci Turkish Treebank]
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free|Freely available for research}}
|-
| [[Turkish language|Turkish]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], BOUN
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Turkish language|Turkish]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], GB
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Turkish language|Turkish]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], IMST
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}}
|-
| [[Turkish language|Turkish]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], PUD
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]
| [https://mova.institute/%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82 Institute for Ukrainian, NGO Gold Standard]
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free|Open source ([[Creative Commons license]])}}
|-
| [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], IU
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}}
|-
| [[Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], UFAL
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| [http://clsp.org/ NU-FAST Treebank]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]]
| {{Free|Contact at Computational Learning Strategies & Practices}}
|-
| [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| [http://clsp.org/projects.html The URDU.KON-TB Treebank]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase and Hyper Dependency Structure]]
| {{Free|Contact at Computational Learning Strategies & Practices}}
|-
| [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], UDTB
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-NC-SA}}
|-
| [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], UDT
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], VTB
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]
| [http://vlsp.vietlp.org:8080/demo/?page=resources&lang=en Vietnamese Treebank]
| [[Phrase structure grammar|Phrase structure]]
| {{free|Freely available for research}}
|-
| [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]
| [http://vndp.sourceforge.net/ Vietnamese Dependency Treebank]
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free|Freely available for research}}
|-
| [[Warlpiri language|Warlpiri]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], UFAL
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Welsh language|Welsh]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], CCG
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Wolof language|Wolof]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], WTB
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|-
| [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]]
| [http://universaldependencies.org/ Universal Dependencies], YTB
| [[Dependency grammar|Dependency]]
| {{free| CC BY-SA}}
|}

To facilitate the further researches between multilingual tasks, some researchers discussed the universal annotation scheme for cross-languages. In this way, people try to utilize or merge the advantages of different treebanks corpora. For instance, 
The universal annotation approach for dependency treebanks;<ref>{{cite conference |author1=McDonald, R. |author2=Nivre, J., Quirmbach-Brundage, Y. | title=Universal Dependency Annotation for Multilingual Parsing.| book-title= Proceedings of the ACL 2013. |display-authors=etal}}</ref> and the universal annotation approach for phrase structure treebanks.<ref>{{cite conference |author1=Han, A.L.-F |author2=Wong, D.F. |author3=Chao, L.S. |author4=Lu, Y. |author5=He, L. |author6=Tian, L.   |name-list-style=amp | title=A Universal Phrase Tagset for Multilingual Treebanks| book-title= Proceedings of the CCL and NLP-NABD 2014, LNAI 8801, pp. 247– 258. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland |date=2014|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-12277-9_22 |url=https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/2698456/167766_a_universal_phrase_tagset_for_multilingual_treebanks.pdf }}</ref>

== Search tools ==

One of the key ways to extract evidence from a treebank is through search tools. Search tools for parsed corpora typically depend on the annotation scheme that was applied to the corpus. User interfaces range in sophistication from expression-based query systems aimed at computer programmers to full exploration environments aimed at general linguists. Wallis (2008) discusses the principles of searching treebanks in detail and reviews the state of the art around that time.<ref>Wallis, Sean (2008). Searching treebanks and other structured corpora. Chapter 34 in Lüdeling, A. & Kytö, M. (ed.) ''Corpus Linguistics: An International Handbook.'' Handbücher zur Sprache und Kommunikationswissenschaft series. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Text corpus]]
* [[Phrase structure grammar]]
* [[Dependency grammar]]
* [[Parsing]]
* [[Part-of-speech tagging]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Natural language processing}}

[[Category:Computational linguistics]]
[[Category:Corpus linguistics]]
[[Category:Syntax]]
[[Category:Semantics]]
[[Category:Test items]]