View source for Tree planting

{{Short description|Process of transplanting tree seedlings}}
[[Image:Treeplanter.jpg|thumb|right|A tree planter in [[northern Ontario]]]]
[[File:Tree planting - geograph.org.uk - 389349.jpg|thumb|Tree planting is an aspect of [[habitat conservation]]. In each plastic tube, a hardwood tree has been planted.]]
[[File:Tree planting Ghana 2.jpg|thumb|Tree planting in [[Ghana]]]]

'''Tree planting''' is the process of [[transplanting]] tree [[seedling]]s, generally for [[forestry]], [[land reclamation]], or [[landscaping]] purposes. It differs from the transplantation of larger [[trees]] in [[arboriculture]] and from the lower-cost but slower and less reliable distribution of tree [[seed]]s. Trees contribute to their environment over long periods of time by improving air quality, climate amelioration, conserving water, preserving soil, and supporting wildlife. During the process of photosynthesis, trees take in [[carbon dioxide]] and produce [[oxygen]].

In [[silviculture]], the activity is known as "[[reforestation]]", or "[[afforestation]]," depending on whether the area being planted has recently been forested or not. It involves planting seedlings over an area of land where the [[forest]] has been [[logging|harvested]] or [[wildfire|damaged by fire]], [[Forest pathology|disease]], or human activity. Trees are planted in many different parts of the world, and strategies may differ widely across nations and regions and among individual reforestation companies. Tree planting is grounded in [[forest science]] and, if performed properly, can result in the successful regeneration of a deforested area. However a [[Plantation|planted forest]] rarely replicates the [[biodiversity]] and complexity of a natural forest.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Forest Plantations and Biodiversity: A Fresh Perspective |date=2007 |doi=10.1093/jof/105.6.307 |url=https://academic.oup.com/jof/article/105/6/307/4599271 |quote=Lower biodiversity in plantation forest compared to other forests was reported by 94% of the reviewed studies. |last1=Stephens |first1=S. Sky |last2=Wagner |first2=Michael R. |journal=Journal of Forestry |volume=105 |issue=6 |pages=307–313 }}</ref>

Because trees remove [[Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere|carbon dioxide from the air]] as they grow, tree planting can be used to help [[Climate change mitigation|limit climate change]]. [[Desert greening]] projects are also motivated by improved biodiversity and reclamation of natural water systems, as well as improved economic and social welfare due to an increased number of jobs in farming and forestry.

== Types of trees planted ==
[[File:Eucalyptus plantation in final stages.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|A eucalyptus plantation in final stages at [[Arimalam]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], India]]
The type of tree planted may have great influence on the environmental outcomes. It is often much more profitable to outside interests to plant fast-growing species, such as eucalyptus, casuarina or [[pine]] (e.g., ''[[Pinus radiata]]'' or ''[[Pinus caribaea]]''), even though the environmental and biodiversity benefits of such [[monoculture]] plantations are not comparable to native forest, and such offset projects are frequently objects of controversy.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

To promote the growth of native ecosystems, many environmentalists advocate only indigenous trees be planted. A practical solution is to plant tough, fast-growing native tree species which begin rebuilding the land. Planting non-invasive trees that assist in the natural return of indigenous species is called "assisted natural regeneration." There are many such species that can be planted, of which about 12 are in widespread use in the US.
Alternatively, [[farmer-managed natural regeneration]] (FMNR), involves farmers preserving trees (not replanting), and is considered to be a more cost-effective method of reforestation than regular tree planting.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

== Season of planting ==
[[Image:Several people planting trees.jpg|thumb|Planting trees in USA]]

===Bareroot stock===
The classical silvicultural literature unanimously advocates spring as the time to plant bareroot stock, with lifting and outplanting taking place while the trees are still apparently [[Dormancy|dormant]].<ref name="Sutton 1984">Sutton, R.F. 1984. Plantation establishment in the boreal forest: glyphosate, hexazinone, and manual weed control. For. Chron. 60:282–287.</ref> This view, in which spring planting is implicit, was epitomized by Toumey and Korstian (1942):<ref name="toum">Toumey, J. W. and Korstian, C.F. 1942. Seeding and planting in the forestry practice. Ed. 3. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York.</ref> "Almost without exception the most favourable time for ... planting is 2 weeks or more before buds [of the planting stock] begin their growth". Soil moisture conditions are generally favourable at the time when the growing season is about to begin, while dormant stock is less subject to mechanical injury and physiological shock.<ref name="Stiell 1976">Stiell, W.M. 1976. White spruce: artificial regeneration in Canada. Dep. Environ., Can. For. Serv., Ottawa ON, Inf. Rep. FMR-X-85. 275 p.</ref>

If the size of the planting program allows, there is little doubt that such scheduling would be advantageous in that it satisfies one, and commonly 2, of the factors essential for success: (1) the use of planting stock that is physiologically capable of responding to a growth environment at planting, and (2) planting when site factors favour tree survival and growth. The 3rd factor a good planting job, and although desirable in all plantings, is probably somewhat less critical in conventional spring plantings than at other times. If, however, a planting program cannot be completed in this way, there are other options: conventional fall planting with fresh-lifted stock; summer planting with fresh-lifted stock; and spring and summer planting with stored spring-lifted or fall-lifted stock.<ref name="Sutton 1984" />

===Conventional spring planting with fresh spring-lifted stock===
In the context of regeneration silviculture, "spring", "summer", etc. lack precise meaning. Typically, the spring planting season begins as soon as lifting becomes possible in the [[Plant nursery|nursery]], and ends with the completion of the program. At this time, planting stock is physiologically attuned to the oncoming growing season, and the outplant has the whole of that season in which to establish its root system before it is challenged by any frost heaving. In practice, ideals are seldom attained. That stock is normally [[Dormancy|dormant]] when spring-planted is a widespread fallacy. Active growth is commonly obvious at the time of planting, but in any case the metabolic activity increases in planting stock before the tops give visible expression to this. The difficulty of obtaining, in quantity, spring-lifted stock in dormant condition increases with increasing continentality of climate. In many areas, the period of springlike weather is unreliable and often short. As well, the soil moisture advantage claimed for spring planting is also insecurely founded. Soils that are sandy or gravelly, and shallow soils of any texture are highly dependent on current weather due to their limited available water capacities. Nor will a plentiful supply of soil moisture benefit an outplant whose roots are enveloped in anaerobic and/or cold soil, and mortality of trees outplanted into soil colder than about 6&nbsp;°C may be excessive.<ref name="Sutton 1968">Sutton, R.F. 1968. Ecology of young white spruce (''Picea glauca'' [Moench] Voss). Ph.D. thesis, Cornell Univ., Ithaca NY, Univ. Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan MI, 68–11645. 500 p.</ref><ref name="Sutton 1969">Sutton, R.F. 1969. Form and development of conifer root systems. Commonw. For. Bureau, Oxford, U.K., Tech. Communication No. 7. 131 p.</ref> 

The [[spruce]]s may be planted not only throughout the spring planting period provided that the period of most active shoot elongation is avoided, but virtually throughout the whole growing season, with little loss of performance other than some reduction in increment.<ref name="mull3">Mullin, R.E. 1971. "Some effects of root dipping, root exposure and extended planting dates with white spruce." For. Chron. 47(2):90–93.</ref> 

===Conventional fall planting with fresh-lifted stock===
The fall planting season is generally considered to begin when nursery stock has hardened off and soil moisture reserves have been replenished by autumnal rain. It then continues until the planting program has been completed or is terminated by freeze-up or heavy snow. The advantages of fall planting were once considered "To outweigh those of spring so certainly" that in the National Forests of the Lake States almost all planting was done in the fall,<ref name="Kittredge">{{cite journal |last1=Kittredge |first1=J |date=1929 |title=Forest planting in the Lake States |journal=U.S.D.A., for. Serv., Washington DC, Agric. Bull. |issue=1497 |pages=87 p}}</ref> but in spite of some success, operational fall plantings in North America have tended to be less successful than operational spring plantings.<ref name="leb">LeBarron, R.K.; Fox, G.; Blythe, R.H. 1938. The effect of season of planting and other factors on early survival of forest plantations. J. For. 36:1211–1215.</ref> On certain sites, a major disadvantage of fall planting is that the root systems of outplants have little time in which to become firmly anchored before being subjected to frost heaving. Such plants are also vulnerable to "winter browning", which may occur in the fall soon after planting, especially among stock having high shoot:root ratios.<ref name="rud">Rudolf, P.O. 1950. Cold soaking – a short-cut substitute for stratification? J. For. 48(1):31–32.</ref> Relationships between dormancy progression and physiological condition, including root-growth capacity, are much less clear in the spruces than in the pines, but certainly there is good evidence<ref name="Baldwin 1938">Baldwin, H.I. 1938. Planting experiments in the northeast. J. For. 36:758–760.</ref><ref name="mull">Mullin, R.E. 1968. Comparisons between seedlings and transplants in fall and spring plantings. Ont. Dep. Lands For., Res. Div., Toronto ON, Res. Rep. 85. 40 p.</ref><ref name="sin">Sinclair, C.; Boyd, R.J. 1973. Survival comparisons of three fall and spring plantings of four coniferous species in northern Idaho. USDA, For. Serv., Intermount. For. Range Exp. Sta., Ogden UT, Res. Pap. INT-139. 20 p.</ref><ref name="McClain 1975">McClain, K.M. 1975. Continuous planting of seedling black spruce. p. 177–194 ''in'' Black Spruce Symp. Proc., Can. Dep. Environ., Can. For. Serv., Sault Ste. Marie ON, Symp. Proc. O-P-4.</ref><ref name="McClain 1979">McClain, K.M. 1979. A review on the possibility of extending the planting season. Ont. Min. Nat. Resour., Northern For. Res. Unit, Thunder Bay ON. 44 p.</ref> that, in the absence of frost heaving, plantings of spruces can be just as successful in fall as in spring.

===Summer planting with fresh-lifted stock===
Conceptually and logistically, the simplest way of extending the conventional planting season is to extend lifting and planting of fresh stock through summer until the planting program has been competed. Summer planting has also been successful in a number of research studies with white spruce, e.g., Crossley 1956;<ref name="cross">Crossley, D.I. 1956. The possibility of continuous planting of white spruce throughout the frost-free period. Can. Dep. Northern Affairs National Resour., For. Branch, For. Res. Div., Ottawa ON, Tech. Note 32. 31 p.</ref> Ackerman and Johnson 1962;<ref>Ackerman, R.F.; Johnson, H.L. 1962. Continuous planting of white spruce throughout the frost-free period. Can. Dep. For., For. Res. Branch, Ottawa ON, Tech. Note 117. 13 p.</ref> Decie 1962 cited by Revel and Coates 1976;<ref name="rev">Revel, J.; Coates, H. 1976. Planting white spruce throughout the growing season on high site areas in the Sub-Boreal Forest Region of B.C. B.C. For. Serv., Res. Div., Victoria BC, Rep. E.P.668. 37 p.</ref> Burgar and Lyon 1968;<ref name="bur">Burgar, R.J.; Lyon, N.F. 1968. Survival and growth of stored and unstored white spruce planted through the frost-free period. Ont. Dep. Lands Forests, Toronto ON, Res. Rep. 84. 37 p.</ref> Mullin 1971,<ref name="mull3" /> 1974;<ref name="mull4">Mullin, R.E. 1974. Some planting effects still significant after 20 years. For. Chron. 50:191–193.</ref> Revel and Coates 1976.<ref name="rev" /> Success depends on minimizing stresses to planting stock at all stages from lifting through planting and on planting when site conditions are conducive to survival and growth.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

===Spring and summer planting with stored stock===
Refrigerated storage of planting stock has been developed largely with the aim of overcoming problems experienced in using flushed planting stock. Storage provides a means of holding stock for use when fresh stock is either unavailable or at a stage of development that renders it unsuitable for planting. It also offers possibilities of manipulating the physiological condition of the stock. However, there are problems associated with storage, e.g., mold, cold injury, desiccation, and depletion of food reserves. The rate of deterioration depends very much on the physiological condition of the planting stock at the time of lifting, as well as on the storage environment and duration of storage.<ref name="mull5">Mullin, R.E. 1978. "Tests of frozen spring storage for white spruce and red pine planting stock." USDA, For. Serv., Tree Plant. Notes 29(4):26–29.</ref>

Mullin and Forcier (1976)<ref name="mull6">Mullin, R.E.; Forcier, L. 1976. Effect of lifting and planting dates on survival and growth of spring stored nursery stock. Ont. Min, Nat. Resour., For. Res. Branch, Toronto ON, For. Res. Notes 3. 4 p.</ref> and Mullin and Reffle (1980)<ref name="mull8">Mullin, R.E.; Reffle, R.J. 1980. Effects of dates of lifting and planting on success of frozen spring storage at Swastika Nursery. Ont. Min, Nat. Resour., Toronto ON, Nursery Notes 66. 5 p.</ref> examined the effects of spring-lifting date and planting date on several species, including 3+0 white spruce after frozen storage, with fresh-lifted controls planted on each planting date for comparison. In all plantings, the earliest (2 May) lifting gave highest average second-year survival in all species. In another study, Mullin (1978)<ref name="mull5" /> found that outplantings of frozen-stored 3+0 white spruce were consistently successful to the end of July only with the earliest-lifted (25 April) stock. Sutton (1982)<ref name="Sutton 1982">Sutton, R.F. 1982. "Plantation establishment in the boreal forest: planting [[season extension]]." Can. Dep. Environ., Can. For. Serv., Sault Ste. Marie ON, Inf. Rep. O-X-344. 129 p.</ref> also used 3+0 white spruce in outplanting every 2 weeks from the end of June through the growing season in 3 successive years on a variety of sites in northern Ontario. Despite variation in planting stock, poor storage environments and adverse weather, 4th-year results showed a consistent pattern of reasonable survival and growth rates among trees planted through July, with a rapid decline in performance of trees planted thereafter. Overwinter storage of stock has also been employed. It has the advantage of lifting stock at the end of the growing season when physiological processes are invoking natural dormancy.<ref name="mull7">Mullin, R.E.; Parker, J.D. 1976. "Provisional guidelines for fall lifting for frozen overwinter storage of nursery stock." For. Chron. 52(1):22–25.</ref>

Natural refrigerated overwinter storage has been used in root cellars and snow caches. Using natural refrigeration in root cellar storage, Jorgensen and Stanek (1962)<ref name="jorg">Jorgensen, E.; Stanek, W.K.L. 1962. "Overwinter storage of coniferous seedlings as a means of preventing late frost damage." For. Chron. 38(2):192–202.</ref> kept 3+0 and 2+2 white spruce in dormant condition for 6 months without apparent detriment to performance after outplanting. Moreover, the stock was highly resistant to spring frost damage. Natural cold storage for overwintering 3+0 and 2+2 white spruce was also used by Mullin (1966).<ref name="mull1">Mullin, R.E. 1966. "Overwinter storage of baled nursery stock in northern Ontario." Commonw. For. Rev. 45(3):224–230.</ref> Unlike Jorgensen and Stanek's (1962)<ref name="jorg" /> stock, which was raised 550&nbsp;km to the south of where it was planted, Mullin's stock was raised in a nursery at about the same latitude as the planting site; the stock experienced inside-bale temperatures down to -15&nbsp;°C in mid-winter, but still showed first- and second-year survival rates of 85.9% and 65.9%, respectively, compared with 91.4% and 76.2%, respectively, for fresh-lifted stock. However, Mullin's stored stock was much more damaged by spring frost than was fresh-lifted stock and it "showed a reduction in vigour as measured in terms of survival, susceptibility to damage and growth".

== Role in climate change mitigation ==
{{excerpt|Carbon sequestration#Forestry}}

==By country==
===Australia===
Australian forests have been heavily affected since European colonisation, and some attempts have been made to restore native habitats, both by government and individuals. [[Greening Australia]] is a national [[Non profit]] set up to run the "National Tree Program" initiated by the Federal Government in 1982.<ref>{{cite web|title=Greening Australia - History|url=http://www.greeningaustralia.org.au/about-us/history|access-date=2011-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220082057/http://www.greeningaustralia.org.au/about-us/history|archive-date=2011-02-20|url-status=dead}}</ref>

There is a strong volunteer movement for conservation in Australia through Landcare and other networks. National Tree Day is organised annually by [[Planet Ark]] in the last week in July, encouraging the public to plant 1 million native trees per year. Growing trees for Timber industries is a long-term project. It may take many years for a tree to mature to an age and size that is appropriate for the Timber to be used by industry. Some trees are many hundreds of years old.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

Many state governments run their own "Million Tree" programs each year to encourage community involvement.<ref>{{cite web|title=2 Million Trees Victoria|url=http://www.2milliontrees.com.au/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517061108/http://2milliontrees.com.au/|archive-date=2013-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title =Growing A Great Future | work =SA Urban Forests Million Trees Program | publisher =Government of South Australia | url =http://www.milliontrees.com.au/ | access-date =December 13, 2013 | url-status =dead | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140924184135/http://www.milliontrees.com.au/ | archive-date =September 24, 2014 }}</ref>

[[Trees For Life (Australia)|Trees for Life]] ([[Brooklyn Park, South Australia|Brooklyn Park]]) is an excellent example of a community organisation having a sustainable impact.

===Bangladesh===
45,000 tree saplings will be planted on rural roads in Bangladesh. Legal agreements will ensure that 60% tree wealth created will belong to the poorest families (45&nbsp;km × 15 = 675 families). Local government and PEP each receive 20% tree wealth. 45 poor rural women & 3 local social workers will be employed for 3 years to nurture the young saplings, receiving a monthly salary. With only 8% of the desired 25% land under tree coverage, the project will improve environment.<ref>{{cite web|title=Poverty Eradication Program PAP- Innovative reforestation project|url=https://www.pep-bd.org/reforestation/ |date=2013-02-11 |access-date=2023-05-28}}</ref>

===Canada===
Most tree planting in [[Canada]] is carried out by private reforestation companies.<ref name=AlterNet>{{cite news|title=The Dark Side of Reforestation Programs: Planting 7,000 Trees a Day in Brutal Conditions|url=https://www.alternet.org/2011/12/the_dark_side_of_reforestation_programs_planting_7000_trees_a_day_in_brutal_conditions/|access-date=June 8, 2021|newspaper=AterNet|date=December 18, 2011|author=Brittany Shoot|archive-date=June 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608114913/https://www.alternet.org/2011/12/the_dark_side_of_reforestation_programs_planting_7000_trees_a_day_in_brutal_conditions/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=October 2024}} Tree-planting is typically [[piece work]] and tree prices can vary widely depending on the difficulty of the terrain and on the winning contract's bid price. As a result, there is a saying among planters: "There is no bad land, only bad contracts." 4 months of hard work can yield enough to live on for an entire year, but conditions are harsh.<ref name="AlterNet" />{{Unreliable source?|date=October 2024}}

Tree planting crews often do not permanently reside in the areas where they work, thus much planting is based out of [[motel]]s or bush camps. Bush camp accommodations usually consist of a mess tent, cook shack, dry goods tent, [[first aid tent]], freshly dug [[outhouse]]s, and a shower tent or trailer. Planters are responsible for bringing either a tent or car to sleep in. A camp also contains camp cooks and support staff.<ref name="AlterNet" />{{Unreliable source?|date=October 2024}}

The average British Columbian planter plants 1,600 trees per day,<ref name="BC" /> but it is not uncommon for experienced planters to plant up to 4,000 trees per day while working in the interior.<ref name="AlterNet" />{{Unreliable source?|date=October 2024}}These numbers are higher in central and eastern Canada, where the terrain is generally faster, however the price per tree is slightly lower as a result. Average daily totals of 2,500 are common, with experienced planters planting upwards of 5,000 trees a day. Numbers as high as 7,500 a day have been recorded.<ref name="AlterNet" />{{Unreliable source?|date=October 2024}} 

Quite often, tree planting contractors will deduct some of the cost associated with the operation of the contract directly from the tree planter's daily earned wages. These imposed fees typically vary from $10 to $30 per day, and are referred to as "camp costs".<ref>[http://www.themanitoban.com/2005-2006/0118/1918.pain.pleasure.plant.php] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120043716/http://www.themanitoban.com/2005-2006/0118/1918.pain.pleasure.plant.php|date=November 20, 2008}}</ref>{{Obsolete source|date=October 2024}}

Once inflation is factored in, real tree planter earnings have declined for many years in Canada. This has adversely affected the sector's ability to attract and retain workers.<ref>{{cite web |last=Betts |first=John |title=2007 Planting Season: More Planters—Less Experience |work=Current Affairs |publisher=Western Silvicultural Contractors' Association |date=2007-07-30 |url=http://www.wsca.ca/index.php?Page=225.0&Key=667 |access-date=2010-11-12 |archive-date=2011-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523233145/http://www.wsca.ca/index.php?Page=225.0&Key=667 |url-status=live}}</ref> 

Based on statistics for British Columbia, the average tree planter: lifts a cumulative weight of over {{Convert|1000|kg|lb}}, bends more than 200 times per hour, drives the shovel into the ground more than 200 times per hour and travels over {{Convert|16|km|mi}} with a heavy load, every day of the entire season. The reforestation industry has an average annual injury rate of approximately 22 claims per 100 workers, per year. It is often difficult and sometimes dangerous.<ref name="BC">{{cite web |title=Preventing Tree Planting Injuries |work=Work Safe BC |publisher=Workers' Compensation Board of British Columbia |year=2006 |url=http://www.worksafebc.com/publications/health_and_safety/by_topic/assets/pdf/treeplanting.pdf |access-date=December 13, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227072039/http://worksafebc.com/publications/health_and_safety/by_topic/assets/pdf/treeplanting.pdf |archive-date=February 27, 2013}}</ref>{{Obsolete source|date=October 2024}}

[[File:Traditional tree protectors in the Schwarzwald.jpg|thumb|upright|Traditional [[tree protector]]s in the [[Black Forest]], Germany]]

===Germany===

Tree planting is widely practiced in Germany.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

[[File:Plastic tree protectors in the Schwarzwald.jpg|thumb|Plastic [[tree shelter|tree protector]]s in the [[Black Forest]], Germany]]

===United Kingdom===
{{See also|Forestry in the United Kingdom}}
Planting in the UK is commonly referred to as ''restocking'', when it takes place on land that has recently been [[Logging|harvested]]. When occurring on previously unforested land it is known as ''new planting''.<ref>{{cite web | title =Forestry Statistics 2005 | work =Forestry Commission: Economics and Statistics | publisher =Forestry Commission | year =2005 | url =http://www.forestry.gov.uk/website/foreststats.nsf/byunique/index.html | access-date =December 13, 2013 | archive-date =October 4, 2012 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20121004141440/http://www.forestry.gov.uk/website/foreststats.nsf/byunique/index.html | url-status =live }}</ref>{{Better cite|reason=True in Wales and Scotland?|date=October 2024}}Under the British system, in order to acquire the necessary permissions to clearcut, the landowner must agree a management plan with the [[Forestry Commission]] (the regulatory body for all things forestry) which must include proposals for the re-establishment of tree cover on the land. Planting contractors will be engaged by the landowner/management company, a contract drawn up and work will typically take place from November to April when most of the transplants are [[dormancy|dormant]].{{cn|date=September 2024}}

Planting is part of the rotational nature of much British [[plantation]] forestry. Productive tree crops are planted and subsequently clearcut. Some form of soil [[Tillage|cultivation]] may take place and the ground is then restocked. Where the production of timber is a management priority, a prescribed [[Stocking (forestry)|stocking density]] must be achieved. For [[conifer]]ous species this will be a minimum of 2500 stems per hectare at year 5 (from planting). Planting at this density has been shown to favour the development of straighter knot-free [[sawlog|logs]].{{cn|date=September 2024}}

Planters are normally paid under [[piece work]] terms and an experienced worker will plant around 1600 trees a day under most conditions.

===India===
[[File: Tree Plantation Drive.jpg|thumb|Tree Plantation Drive by Shree Aniruddha Upasana Foundation, Mumbai, India]]{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2022}}
Tree Plantation drives combat many environmental issues like deforestation, erosion of soil, [[desertification]] in semi-arid areas, global warming and hence enhancing the beauty and balance of the environment. Trees absorb harmful gases and emit oxygen resulting in an increase in oxygen supply.
On average, a single tree emits 260 pounds of oxygen annually. Similarly, a fully-grown tree is sufficient for 18 human beings in one acre of land in one year stressing the importance of tree plantation for mankind. [[Aniruddha's Academy of Disaster Management]] in [[Mumbai, India]] carries out numerous projects to plant trees on a huge scale. The foundation trains volunteer on this subject at [[Cattle#Environmental impact|Govidyapeetham (Cattle Conservation Institute)]] in the city of Karjat in Maharashtra, India. The trained volunteers then plant saplings, trees in groups on available land. Local government authorities also provide vacant plots, land on highways sides and on the hills for tree plantation.
Ek Kadam Sansthan<ref>[http://www.ekkadam.org Ek Kadam Sansthan]</ref> of [[Jaipur, India]] is involved in many plantation projects including ''one tree my duty to plant trees on the earth''. The Ek Kadam plant trees and hand them over to the individual at the village, who meets beneficiary criteria like they are financially challenged, physically challenged etc. After handing over the process Sansthan pays them 100 INR per tree for watering and safety from grazing cattle. Hence by this process Ek Kadam sansthan want to ensure 100% survivability of planted trees. Many volunteers are added to this campaign. The trained volunteers help Ek Kadam Sansthan to plant saplings, and managing all processes.  Ek Kadam Sansthan not taking any support from government agencies. The management committee is regularised and managed by retired bureaucrats to ensure transparency in funds and performance measures.

Ek Kadam Sansthan's campaign ''One Tree My Duty'' is working with technology-enabled tree plantation work.

===Iran===
In early 2020s [[One billion trees planting program|Iran had a program for planting trees]].
===Israel===
: ''See: [[Jewish National Fund#Afforestation]]; [[List of forests in Israel]].''
Tree-planting is an ancient [[Jewish]] tradition. The [[Talmud]]ic rabbi [[Yohanan ben Zakai]] used to say that if a person planting a tree heard that the Messiah had arrived, he should finish planting before going to greet him.<ref>{{cite news|title=President of German States Council of Education Ministers Plants Tree at Kennedy Memorial|newspaper=Jerusalem Post|date=July 29, 2009|url=http://www.jpost.com/Green-Israel/People-and-The-Environment/President-of-German-States-Council-of-Education-Ministers-Plants-Tree-at-Kennedy-Memorial|access-date=December 13, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204002139/http://www.jpost.com/Green-Israel/People-and-The-Environment/President-of-German-States-Council-of-Education-Ministers-Plants-Tree-at-Kennedy-Memorial|archive-date=2013-12-04}}</ref> Due to massive afforestation efforts,<ref>{{cite web|title=Israel Forestry & Ecology|url=http://www.jnf.org/work-we-do/our-projects/forestry-ecology/|publisher=Jewish National Fund, East 69th Street, NY 10021 USA|access-date=29 October 2011|archive-date=7 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207064210/http://www.jnf.org/work-we-do/our-projects/forestry-ecology/|url-status=live}}</ref> this fact echoed in diverse campaigns.<ref>{{cite web|title=Trees from Israel |url=http://www.standwithus.com/pdfs/flyers/green-trees.pdf |publisher=standwithus.com |access-date=29 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117182000/http://www.standwithus.com/pdfs/flyers/green-trees.pdf |archive-date=November 17, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Five Widely-Read Bloggers Tour Israel and Plant Trees|url=http://www.standwithus.com/app/iNews/view_n.asp?ID=2045|publisher=standwithus.com|access-date=29 October 2011|archive-date=2 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102231610/http://standwithus.com/app/iNews/view_n.asp?ID=2045|url-status=dead}}</ref> Israeli forests are the product of a major afforestation campaign by the [[Jewish National Fund]] (JNF).<ref>{{cite web|title=JNF Tree Planting Center|url=http://www.jnf.org/support/tree-planting-center/|publisher=Jewish National Fund, East 69th Street, NY 10021, USA|access-date=29 October 2011|archive-date=25 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025065017/http://www.jnf.org/support/tree-planting-center/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The largest planted forest in Israel is [[Yatir Forest]], located on the southern slopes of [[Mount Hebron]], on the edge of the [[Negev]] Desert. It covers an area of 30,000 [[dunam]]s (30 square kilometers).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1258489197018&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110115142404/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1258489197018&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-01-15 |title=Planting of Yatir Forest |publisher=Fr.jpost.com |date=2013-12-17 |access-date=2013-12-21}}</ref> It is named after the ancient [[Levite]] city within its territory, [[Jattir|Yatir]], as written in the [[Torah]]: "And unto the children of Aaron the priest they gave [[Hebron]] with its suburbs, the city of refuge for the manslayer, and Libnah with its suburbs, and Jattir with its suburbs, and [[Eshtemoa]] with its suburbs" ([[Book of Joshua]] 21:13–14).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1176152801104 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708153954/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1176152801104 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-07-08 |title=JPost &#124; French-language news from Israel, the Middle East & the Jewish World |publisher=Fr.jpost.com |date=2013-12-17 |access-date=2013-12-21}}</ref> In 2006, the JNF signed a 49-year lease agreement with the State of Israel which gives it control over 30,000 hectares of Negev land for the development of forests.<ref name="unccd.int">Professor Alon Tal, The Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, The Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University of the Negev.[http://www.unccd.int/cop/reports/otheraffected/national/2006/israel-eng.pdf "NATIONAL REPORT OF ISRAEL, Years 2003–2005, TO THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION (UNCCD)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526081007/http://www.unccd.int/cop/reports/otheraffected/national/2006/israel-eng.pdf |date=2011-05-26}}; State of Israel, July 2006</ref> Research on [[climate change]] is being carried out in Yatir Forest.<ref name="SahneyBentonFalconLang 2010RainforestCollapse">{{cite journal|vauthors=Sahney S, Benton MJ, Falcon-Lang HJ|year=2010|title=Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica|journal=Geology|doi=10.1130/G31182.1|volume=38|pages=1079–1082|issue=12|bibcode=2010Geo....38.1079S}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bachelet|first1=D.|author-link1=Dominique Bachelet|title=Climate Change Effects on Vegetation Distribution and Carbon Budget in the United States|journal=[[Ecosystems]]|volume=4|pages=164–185|year=2001|url=http://www.usgcrp.gov/usgcrp/Library/nationalassessment/forests/Ecosystems2%20Bachelet.pdf|doi=10.1007/s10021-001-0002-7|first2=R.|last2=Neilson|first3=J. M.|last3=Lenihan|first4=R. J.|last4=Drapek|issue=3|bibcode=2001Ecosy...4..164B |s2cid=15526358|access-date=2011-10-29|archive-date=2003-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030620031759/http://www.usgcrp.gov/usgcrp/Library/nationalassessment/forests/Ecosystems2%20Bachelet.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Studies of the [[Weizmann Institute of Science]], in collaboration with the [[Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research|Desert Research Institute]] at [[Sde Boker]], have shown that the trees function as a trap for carbon in the air.<ref name="haaretz.com">{{cite web |last=Issar |first=Arie |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1131595.html |title=Benefits of planting trees in the desert |work=Haaretz |date=2009-11-30 |access-date=2013-12-21 |archive-date=2010-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315054505/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1131595.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kkl.org.il/eng/forestry-and-ecology/afforestation-in-israel/turning-the-desert-green/ |title=KKL-JNF cooperating on afforestation at Yatir forest |access-date=2015-09-22 |archive-date=2015-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906132345/http://www.kkl.org.il/eng/forestry-and-ecology/afforestation-in-israel/turning-the-desert-green/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Shade provided by trees planted in the desert also reduces evaporation of the sparse rainfall.<ref name="haaretz.com" /> Yatir Forest is a part of the [[NASA]] project [[FluxNet]], a global network of micrometeorological tower sites used to measure the exchanges of [[carbon dioxide]], [[water vapor]], and energy between terrestrial ecosystem and [[atmosphere]]. The [[Arava Institute for Environmental Studies]] conducts research that focuses on crops such as dates and grapes grown in the vicinity of Yatir forest.<ref>[http://programmes.france2.fr/vu-du-ciel/accueil.htm Vu du Ciel-documentary by Yann Arthus-Bertrand] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014101303/http://programmes.france2.fr/vu-du-ciel/accueil.htm |date=October 14, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.watsonblogs.org/meef/subjects/plants/ |title=2000 year old seed grows in the arava |publisher=Watsonblogs.org |access-date=2013-12-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220010831/http://www.watsonblogs.org/meef/subjects/plants/ |archive-date=2012-02-20}}</ref> The research is part of a project aimed at introducing new crops into arid and saline zones.<ref>[http://www.desertagriculture.org/index.html MERC Project M-20-0-18 project] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111173935/http://www.desertagriculture.org/index.html |date=2012-01-11}}</ref>

The JNF has been criticized for planting non-native pine trees which are unsuited to the climate, rather than local species such as olive trees.<ref>Rabbi David Seidenberg."The Giving Tree: A Way to Honor Our Vision for Israel"; Neohasid, 2006</ref> Others say that JNF deserves credit for this decision, and the forests would not have survived otherwise.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1214726157819&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |title=JPost &#124; French-language news from Israel, the Middle East & the Jewish World |publisher=Fr.jpost.com |date=2013-12-17 |access-date=2013-12-21}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=December 2013}} According to JNF statistics, six out of every 10 saplings planted at a JNF site in Jerusalem do not survive, although the survival rate for planting sites outside Jerusalem is much higher – close to 95 percent.

===New Zealand===
[[File:Tree planting in India.jpg|thumb|Tree planting by a boy in India]]

[[Kaingaroa Forest]] in [[New Zealand]] is the second largest planted forest in the southern hemisphere after the Sabie/Graskop area in South Africa. It is one of the many plantation forests planted since European settlement. The [[Monterey Pine]] (''Pinus radiata'') is commonly used for plantations since a fast-growing cultivar suitable for a wide range of conditions has been developed.

Government agencies, environmental organisations and private trusts carry out tree planting for [[conservation (ethic)|conservation]] and [[climate change mitigation]]. While some work is carried out by private enterprise, there are also planting days organised for volunteers. [[Landcare Research]] use planted forests for their EBEX21 system for greenhouse gas emissions mitigations.<ref>[http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/resources/business/ebex21 EBEX21] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510025800/http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/resources/business/ebex21 |date=2015-05-10 }}, Carbon Credits System</ref>

===South Africa===
[[South Africa]]'s forests have been a heavily depleted mostly due to agriculture, traditional farming and urbanisation in the coastal regions. Various organizations are working on increasing the forest cover in parts of the country. Currently there is less than 0.5% forest cover in South Africa. Wildlands Conservation Trust and Food & Trees for Africa (FTFA) are some of the oldest NGOs working to plant trees throughout South Africa—both established in the early 1990s. Greenpop is a national [[Social Enterprise]] established in 2010 which focusses on tree planting in sustainable [[urban greening]] and [[forest restoration]] in [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]. There is a strong volunteer movement for conservation in South Africa. National Tree Day or [[Arbor Day]] is organised annually in September, and has gone on to become national Arbor Month.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

The largest planted forest in the Southern Hemisphere is located in the Sabie/Graskop area in South Africa and covers approximately 6,000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sabie.co.za/about/forestry/index.html |title=Forestry - Sabie |access-date=2018-11-22 |archive-date=2018-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109073510/http://sabie.co.za/about/forestry/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

===United States===
Hand planting is the most widely practiced planting method in the United States. Hand planting is possible on most terrain, in most soil conditions, and around obstacles. Equipment for hand planting is inexpensive, but hand planting is labor-intensive resulting in costs that are generally 20% to 50% greater than those of machine planting.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lowman |first1=Ben |title=Tree Planting Equipment |journal=Stocking Standards and Reforestation Methods for Alaska Proceedings of the Alaska Reforestation Council April 29, 1999 Workshop |date=1999 |volume=Misc Publication 99-8 |page=74}}</ref>{{Obsolete source|date=October 2024}} Hand planting is an attractive option for landowners and conservation organizations planting small acreages; especially if volunteer labor is available. Seedling survival rates will vary based on planters' experience levels. In the U.S., common hand planting tools include dibbles, mattocks, augers, and hoedads<ref>{{cite web |title=Forest Landowners Guide to Tree Planting Success |url=https://extension.psu.edu/forest-landowners-guide-to-tree-planting-success |website=PennState Extension |access-date=10 February 2021 |archive-date=12 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212220159/https://extension.psu.edu/forest-landowners-guide-to-tree-planting-success |url-status=live }}</ref> that are paired with a hip or shoulder harness style planting bag.

Machine planting is another common planting method in the United States. Equipment and transportation costs are such that machine planting is generally used for larger acreages where reduced labor cost and high planting productivity are desired. Machine planting is generally restricted to reasonably level terrain with good soil and limited obstacles. While machine planting is most often associated with plantation silviculture in the Southeast and Upper Midwest, it has been used in [[ecological restoration]]. Machine planting was used for forest restoration on Alaska's Kenai Peninsula following a large scale Spruce Bark Beetle outbreak in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Peterson |first1=Al |last2=Charton |first2=Jason |title=Advantages and Disadvantages of Machine Planting in South-Central Alaska |journal=Stocking Standards and Reforestation Methods for Alaska Proceedings of the Alaska Reforestation Council April 29, 1999 Workshop |date=1999 |volume=Misc Publication 99-8 |page=68}}</ref> 

[[Trees for the Future]] and [[Plant With Purpose]] are non-profit organizations based in the U.S. that plant trees in developing countries to improve land management.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.plant-trees.org/ |title=Trees for the Future |publisher=Plant-trees.org |access-date=2013-12-21 |archive-date=2010-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707051700/http://www.plant-trees.org/resources/data.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.plantwithpurpose.org/ |title=Plant With Purpose |publisher=Plant With Purpose |access-date=2013-12-21 |archive-date=2013-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122125948/http://www.plantwithpurpose.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Other organizations that plant trees in the United States include:
* [[American Forests]]
* Planting Shade: Student run non-profit based in Virginia Beach. Gives citizens the resources to plant trees in their own backyard and other residential areas.{{Cn|date=October 2024}}
* [[Arbor Day Foundation]]<ref>[http://www.arborday.org/replanting/ "Replanting,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619034128/http://www.arborday.org/replanting/ |date=2012-06-19 }} Arbor Day Foundation.</ref>
* [[Nature Conservancy]]
* Plant-it 2020<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.plantit2020.org/index.html/ |title=Plant-it 2020 |access-date=2012-07-07 |archive-date=2012-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609055655/http://plantit2020.org/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[USDA Forest Service]] "Plant-A-Tree" program in which a person can donate to plant trees in the National Forests.<ref>[http://www.fs.fed.us/faq/#question9/ "Plant-A-Tree" program] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717061456/http://www.fs.fed.us/faq/#question9/ |date=2012-07-17 }}, USDA Forest Service</ref>
* Our City Forest<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ourcityforest.org/ |title=Our City Forest |access-date=2013-12-12 |archive-date=2013-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204113550/http://www.ourcityforest.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [http://www.treefolks.org TreeFolks] empowers central Texans to build stronger communities through planting and caring for trees. Since 1989, TreeFolks has planted over 1.5 million trees in parks, neighborhoods, and natural areas throughout central Texas.{{Cn|date=October 2024}}

==History==
Trees have been selectively planted by mankind for thousands of years the world over to provide food, shelter, timber, and other tree products as well as for ornamental and ceremonial purposes. The first woody species planted was probably [[Olea europea|olive]] in southeast Europe in 4000BC. There are also many biblical references to tree planting, such as in the [[Old Testament]] record of [[Abraham]] planting a [[Tamarix aphylla|tamarisk]] to commemorate the treaty of [[Beersheba]] (Gen. 21:33).<ref name="Evans">Evans J. 2009. "The history of tree planting and planted forests." ''Planted Forests: Uses, Impacts and Sustainability''. Published jointly by FAO and CAB International, pp. 5–22. [9781845935641.pdf (slu.se)]</ref>

The concept of planting multiple trees together on a large scale to replenish material supplies first developed in Europe during the [[Middle Ages]], and gradually gave rise to forestry plantations.<ref name="Evans" /> The earliest records of conifer plantations come from [[Nuremberg]] in 1368,<ref>Rubner K. 1925. ''Die pflanzengeographischen Grundlagen des Waldbaus''. J. Neumann.</ref> although the planting of trees on a large scale may have taken place as early as the 13th century in this region to reafforest exploited areas.<ref>Ortloff W. 1999. "Sustainability issues in Switzerland's forests." ''New Forests'' 18: 59–73.</ref>

As [[Neolithic]] humans assumed a more settled way of life, and with the technological development of agriculture and consequent growth of civilization, more trees would need to be felled and gathered as a source of timber and other forest products and to make way for cultivation of crops. Given the finiteness of tree products in the absence of sufficient replanting, it was realized that clearance of forest and woodland must be controlled, and forests had to be managed and conserved for the natural resources they provided as demand grew. In England for example, this is evident from early laws that were passed in 1457 to encourage tree planting.<ref>Harris E, Harris J. 2003. ''Wildlife Conservation in Trees and Forests''. Second Edition, pg. 29. Research Studies Press Ltd. {{ISBN|0863802060}}</ref> However, despite these laws, persistent destruction of woodlands since the [[Anglo-Saxon]] period had by the seventeenth century led to a so-called "timber famine".<ref>Hoskins WG. 1967. ''The Making of the English Landscape''. Hodder and Stoughton Ltd.</ref> Because of this shortfall, timber was at a premium and thus became very expensive, which was especially problematic for shipbuilding and naval enterprises. Following an appeal by the [[Navy Board]] to the [[Royal Society]] for a solution,<ref>Albion RG. 1926. ''Forests and Sea Power: The Timber Problem of the Royal Navy, 1652–1862'' (Vol. 29). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.</ref> one member of the Society, [[John Evelyn]], wrote and published his seminal 1664 work ''[[Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber]]''. This conveyed a successful plea for reafforestation by persuading landowners to plant millions of trees on their private estates to make good the severe shortage of timber and repair the "wooden walls" of England.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

In the tropics, there is a long history of planting [[teak]] for timber, dating back to the 15th century in [[Java]]. The demand for sustainable teak for general construction and shipbuilding purposes intensified with the arrival of the Portuguese in the 15th century and the Dutch in the 17th century. The teak growing industry thereafter became controlled and monopolized by the [[Dutch East India Company]].<ref name="Evans" />

In North America, tree planting on the western prairies was practiced by immigrants from the east during the 19th century. This was to satisfy the demand for wood and other tree products as well as to establish [[shelterbelts]] for agriculture, since naturally growing trees were very scarce on the [[Great Plains]].<ref>Droze WH. 1977. ''Trees, Prairies, and People: A History of Tree Planting in the Plains States'' (Vol. 10). Texas Woman's University.</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Environment|Trees}}
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Agroforestry]]
* [[Arbor Day]]
* [[Arboretum]]
* [[Billion Tree Campaign]]
* [[Ecosia]]
* [[Farmer-managed natural regeneration]]
* [[Forest restoration]]
* [[Great Green Wall (Africa)]]
* [[Hoedad (tool)]]
* [[Hoedads Reforestation Cooperative]]
* [[Johnny Appleseed]]
* [[Lists of trees]]
* [[Mattock]]
* [[Million Tree Initiative]]
* [[Multipurpose tree]]
* [[Planet Ark]]
* [[Plant-for-the-Planet]]
* [[Pottiputki]]
* [[Propagation of Christmas trees]]
* [[Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation]]
* [[Tree care]]
* [[Tree planting bar]]
* [[Trillion Tree Campaign]]
* [[Tu Bishvat]]
* [[Tubestock]]
* [[Urban forest]]
* [[Urban forestry]]
* [[Urban reforestation]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Tree planting}}

{{Forestry}}
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[[Category:Habitat management equipment and methods]]
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