View source for Travunia

{{Short description|Historical state}}
{{Infobox country
|native_name = Травунија<br/>''Travunija''
|conventional_long_name = Principality of Travunia
|common_name = 
|event_start = Established
|year_start  = 9th century
|date_start  = 
|year_end    = 11th century
|date_end    = 
|event_end   = [[Conquest (military)|Conquered]] by [[Duklja]]
|p1          = Principality of Serbia (early medieval){{!}}Principality of Serbia
|image_p1    = [[File:Seal of Strojimir.gif|20px]]
|p2          =
|image_p2    =
|s1          = Duklja
|flag_s1     = 
|s2          = 
|image_s2    = 
|image_coat  =
|symbol_type = 
|image_map   = Paganija, Zahumlje, Travunija, Duklja, Croatian view.png
|image_map_caption  = Travunia in 9th century
|capital     = 
|stat_area1  = 
|leader1          = [[Beloje]] <small>(first known)</small>
|year_leader1     = before 839
|leader2          = [[Domanek]] <small>(last independent)</small>
|year_leader2     = {{circa}} 1054
|title_leader     = Prince
|government_type  = [[Monarchy]]
|religion         = [[Christianity]]
|common_languages = 
|today = [[Croatia]]<br/> [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]<br/> [[Montenegro]]
|category=
}}
'''Travunia''' ({{lang-sh-Latn-Cyrl|separator=" / "|Travunija|Травунија}}; {{langx|el|Τερβουνία|Tervounía}}; {{langx|grc|Τερβουνία|Terbounía}}; {{langx|la|Tribunia}}) was a [[South Slavic people|South Slavic]] medieval principality that was part of [[Serbia in the Middle Ages|Medieval Serbia]] (850–1371), and later the [[Medieval Bosnia]] (1373–1482). The principality became hereditary in a number of noble houses, often kin to the ruling dynasty. The region came under [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rule in 1482. Its seat was in the city of [[Trebinje]].

In the 9th and 10th centuries, the ''[[Župa]]'' of Travunia was held by the [[Belojević noble family]], who were entitled the rule during the reign of [[Vlastimir of Serbia|Prince Vlastimir]] (r. 830–850), of the [[Vlastimirović dynasty]]. After the death of [[Časlav]], the last dynastic member, the [[Principality of Serbia (early medieval)|principality]] disintegrated, and the provinces were annexed by the Bulgars and Byzantines.  In 1034, [[Stefan Vojislav]] (the founder of the [[Vojislavljević]] dynasty) incited a rebellion and renounced Byzantine rule, becoming the ''Prince of Serbs'', ruling from the seat at [[Duklja]]. In the early 12th century, [[Desa of Serbia|Desa]] of the [[Vukanović dynasty]] wrestled the region, and it continued under the rule of the [[Nemanjić dynasty]] (1166–1371), either held by dynastic members or close associates (most often military commanders), of which was the notable [[Vojinović noble family]]. After [[Nikola Altomanović]], the holder of a large province during the [[fall of the Serbian Empire]], was defeated in 1373, his estates were divided between Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović of Serbia, Đurađ I Balšić of Zeta, and Ban Tvrtko I Kotromanić of Bosnia. Trebinje continued under the Bosnian crown in the hands of the [[House of Pavlović|Pavlović family]], and from 1435 under the [[House of Kosača|Kosača family]]. It was finally annexed in 1481 by the Ottomans and organized into the [[Sanjak of Herzegovina]].

==History==
===Early Middle Ages===
[[File:Balkans in the 9th century.png|thumb|left|Slavic principalities in ca. 814 AD.]]Tribulium was the original name for this settlement and the etymology of it may be analyzed as ''tri-bulium'', or the place of the 'three hills', from the numeral 'three' ('''*trei-''') and an appellative derived from the IE root *b(h)eu- 'to swell, puff'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Illyricum |url=http://www.asciatopo.altervista.org/illyria.html |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=www.asciatopo.altervista.org}}</ref>

The Slavs invaded the Balkans during the reign of [[Justinian I]] (r. 527–565), when eventually up to 100,000 Slavs raided [[Thessalonica]]. The Western Balkans was settled with ''[[Sclaveni]]'' (Sklavenoi), the east with [[Antes people|Antes]].<ref>Hupchick, Dennis P. ''The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism.'' Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. {{ISBN|1-4039-6417-3}}</ref> The Sklavenoi plundered Thrace in 545, and again the next year. In 551, the Slavs crossed [[Niš]] initially headed for Thessalonica, but ended up in [[Dalmatia]]. In 577 some 100,000 Slavs poured into [[Thrace]] and [[Illyricum (Roman province)|Illyricum]], pillaging cities and then settling down.<ref>J B Bury, ''History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene'', Vol 2 [https://books.google.com/books?id=wDIJNvWb48YC L]</ref> [[Charlemagne]], [[King of the Franks]] from 768 until his death in 814, expanded the Frankish kingdom into an [[Frankish Empire|empire]] that incorporated much of western and central Europe.<ref name="Bruce Ross">Ross 1945, pp. 212–235</ref> Dalmatia which was southeast of the Frankish empire, was in the hands of the Croats and Serbs.<ref name="EMB257">''The early medieval Balkans'', p. 257</ref> [[Radoslav of Serbia]] or [[Prosigoj of Serbia|his son]] was the ruler of Serbia during the uprisings (819–822) of [[Ljudevit Posavski]] against the Franks. According to the [[Royal Frankish Annals]], in 822, Ljudevit went from his seat in [[Sisak]] to the [[Serbs]] who controlled a great part of [[Dalmatia (Roman province)|Dalmatia]] ("''ad Sorabos, quae natio magnam Dalmatiae partem obtinere dicitur''") but according to [[John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.|John (Jr.) Fine]], it was hard to find Serbs in this area since the Byzantine sources were limited to the southern coast, also it is possible that among other tribes exists tribe of group of small tribes of Serbs.<ref>''Nachrichten von der Georg-Augusts Universität und der Königliches Gesellschaft der Wisenschaften zu Göttingen'', Vol 11, 1865, [https://books.google.com/books?id=XGcTAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA59 p. 59]</ref><ref name="EB35">''When ethnicity did not matter in the Balkans'', p. 35</ref> The mentioning of "Dalmatia" in 822 and 833 as an old geographical term by the authors of Frankish Annals was [[Pars pro toto]] with a vague perception of what this geographical term actually referred to.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ančić |first1=Mladen |title=Od karolinškoga dužnosnika do hrvatskoga vladara. Hrvati i Karolinško Carstvo u prvoj polovici IX. stoljeća |journal=Zavod Za Povijesne Znanosti HAZU U Zadru |date=1998 |volume=40 |page=32 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=143872}}</ref> In late 870s, the [[Theme of Dalmatia]] ("[[Theme (Byzantine district)|thema]] Dalmatias") was established, with the strategos seated at [[Dubrovnik]] (Ragusa, Ragusion). These small cities in the region (also [[Dyrrachium]]) did not stretch into the hinterlands, and had no military capacity, thus Basil I paid a tax of '72 gold coins' to the princes of Zahumlje and Travunia.{{sfn|Ćirković|2004|p=24}} <ref name="EMB258">''The early medieval Balkans'', p. 258</ref>

{| class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:55em; max-width: 60%;" cellspacing="0"
| style="text-align: left;" |
: "From the city of Decatera begins the domain of Terbounia and stretches along as far as Ragusa, and on the side of its mountain country it is neighbour to Serbia."
: "Travunia (Terbounia) and Konavli are united. Its inhabitants originate from the unbaptized Serbs, who lived there since the [[Unknown Archont|archont]] that fled from [[White Serbia]] to Emperor [[Heraclius]] until the time of [[Vlastimir|Vlastimer]] archon of Serbia."
: "The archonts of Travunia have always been subject to the archont of Serbia"
: "Populated cities in Travunia and Konavli are: [[Trebinje|Travunia]] (η Τερβουνια), Vrm (το Ορμος), [[Risan]] (τα Ρισενα), Lukavete (το Λουκαβεται), Zetlivi (του Ζετλεβε)''."
| style="text-align: right;" | - taken from <br>''[[s:De Administrando Imperio|De Administrando Imperio]]'',<br> by [[Constantine VII]] (905–959)
|}
[[Trebinje]] is first attested in ''DAI'' by [[Constantine VII]] (905–959), when describing the migration and geography of the Serbs in 7th century,<ref name="Ćirković2008">{{cite book|last=Ćirković|first=Sima|author-link=Sima Ćirković|year=2008|orig-year=2004|title=Srbi među europskim narodima|trans-title=The Serbs|url=http://www.mo-vrebac-pavlovac.hr/attachments/article/451/Sima%20%C4%86irkovi%C4%87%20SRBI%20ME%C4%90U%20EVROPSKIM%20NARODIMA.pdf|language=sh|location=Zagreb|publisher=Golden marketing / Tehnička knjiga|isbn=9789532123388|pages=26–27}}</ref> but the population's 7th Century identity remains a matter of dispute as it rather indicates Serbian political and ethnic connection <ref>{{Cite book|last=Budak|first=Neven|author-link=Neven Budak|title=Prva stoljeća Hrvatske|year=1994|location=Zagreb|publisher=Hrvatska sveučilišna naklada|url=http://inet1.ffst.hr/_download/repository/Budak_1994.pdf|pages=58–61|quote=Glavnu poteškoću uočavanju etničke raznolikosti Slavena duž jadranske obale činilo je tumačenje Konstantina Porfirogeneta, po kojemu su Neretvani (Pagani), Zahumljani, Travunjani i Konavljani porijeklom Srbi. Pri tome je car dosljedno izostavljao Dukljane iz ove srpske zajednice naroda. Čini se, međutim, očitim da car ne želi govoriti ο stvarnoj etničkoj povezanosti, već da su mu pred očima politički odnosi u trenutku kada je pisao djelo, odnosno iz vremena kada su za nj prikupljani podaci u Dalmaciji. Opis se svakako odnosi na vrijeme kada je srpski knez Časlav proširio svoju vlast i na susjedne sklavinije, pored navedenih još i na Bosnu. Zajedno sa širenjem političke prevlasti, širilo se i etničko ime, što u potpunosti odgovara našim predodžbama ο podudarnosti etničkog i političkog nazivlja. Upravo zbog toga car ne ubraja Dukljane u Srbe, niti se srpsko ime u Duklji/Zeti udomaćilo prije 12. stoljeća. |isbn=953-169-032-4}}</ref>  during the time of [[Časlav]] in 10th Century.{{sfn|De Administrando Imperio: Volume II|1962|p=139, 142|ps=: C.’s general claim that the Zachlumians were Serbs is, therefore, inaccurate; and indeed his later statements that the Terbouniotes (34/4—5), and even the Narentans (36/5-7), were Serbs and came with the Serbs, seem to conflict with what he has said earlier (32/18-20) on the Serb migration, which reached the new Serbia from the direction of Belgrade. He probably saw that in his time all these tribes were in the Serb sphere of influence, and therefore called them Serbs, thus ante-dating by three centuries the state of affairs in his own day ... For C.’s statement that the Pagani are ‘descended from the unbaptized Serbs’ (36/5-6), see on 33/18-19. It is obvious that the small retinue of the Serbian prince could not have populated Serbia, Zachlumia, Terbounia and Narenta.}}{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=210|ps=: According to Constantine Porphyrogenitus, the Slavs of the Dalmatian zhupanias of Pagania, Zahumlje, Travounia, and Konavli all "descended from the unbaptized Serbs."51 This has been rightly interpreted as an indication that in the mid-tenth century the coastal zhupanias were under the control of the Serbian zhupan Časlav, who ruled over the regions in the interior and extended his power westwards across the mountains to the coast.}}<ref>{{citation |last=Gračanin |first=Hrvoje |date=2008 |title=Od Hrvata pak koji su stigli u Dalmaciju odvojio se jedan dio i zavladao Ilirikom i Panonijom: Razmatranja uz DAI c. 30, 75-78 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/36767?lang=hr |journal=Povijest U Nastavi |volume=VI |issue=11 |pages=67–76 |language=hr |quote=Kraniometrijske analize provedene na kosturnim ostacima iz grobišta od jadranskog priobalja do duboko u unutrašnjost upućuju na zaključak da su se populacije koje se smatraju starohrvatskima postupno širile u zaleđe sve do južne Panonije tek u vrijeme od 10. do 13. stoljeća.. Izneseni nalazi navode na zaključak da se Hrvati nisu uopće naselili u južnoj Panoniji tijekom izvorne seobe sa sjevera na jug, iako je moguće da su pojedine manje skupine zaostale na tom području utopivši se naposljetku u premoćnoj množini ostalih doseljenih slavenskih populacija.. Širenje starohrvatskih populacija s juga na sjever pripada vremenu od 10. stoljeća nadalje i povezano je s izmijenjenim političkim prilikama, jačanjem i širenjem rane hrvatske države. Na temelju svega ovoga mnogo je vjerojatnije da etnonim "Hrvati" i doseoba skrivaju činjenicu o prijenosu političke vlasti, što znači da je car političko vrhovništvo poistovjetio s etničkom nazočnošću. Točno takav pristup je primijenio pretvarajući Zahumljane, Travunjane i Neretljane u Srbe (DAI, c. 33, 8-9, 34, 4-7, 36, 5-7).}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Bilogrivić|first=Goran|editor=Zrinka Nikolić Jakus|title=Nova zraka u europskom svjetlu: Hrvatske zemlje u ranome srednjem vijeku (oko 550 − oko 1150)|trans-title=Croatian lands in the Early Middle Ages (o. 550. – o. 1150.)|year=2015|publisher=[[Matica hrvatska]]|location=Zagreb|language=hr|isbn=978-953-150-942-8|pages=486|chapter=Bosnia i Hum/Hercegovina|trans-chapter=Bosnia and Hum/Herzegovina|quote=Porfirogenet piše kako stanovnici svih triju sklavinija vuku podrijetlo od Srba, no vjerojatnije je tumačenje toga navoda u smislu njihove podložnosti Srbiji, pod čiju su vlast potpali najvjerojatnije tijekom prve polovice 10. stoljeća, u vrijeme srpskoga kneza Petra ili pak Časlava. U prilog odvojenoj etničkoj pripadnosti govori i podatak prema kojemu bi Travunjani bili Srbi samo od vremena bizantskoga cara Heraklija do srpskoga kneza Vlastimira, kada su stekli određenu neovisnost pod županom Krajinom, kao i navođenje jasne i odvojene lokalne tradicije vladajućeg roda Zahumljana o podrijetlu njihovih predaka s područja Visle.}}</ref><ref>{{citation |first=Neven |last=Budak |author-link=Neven Budak |year=2018 |title=Hrvatska povijest od 550. do 1100. |trans-title=Croatian history from 550 until 1100 |url=http://www.leykam-international.hr/publikacija.php?id=167 |publisher=Leykam international |isbn=978-953-340-061-7 |pages=51, 177 |quote=Sporovi hrvatske i srpske historiografije oko etničkoga karaktera sklavinija između Cetine i Drača bespredmetni su, jer transponiraju suvremene kategorije etniciteta u rani srednji vijek u kojem se identitet shvaćao drukčije. Osim toga, opstojnost većine sklavinija, a pogotovo Duklje (Zete) govori i u prilog ustrajanju na vlastitom identitetu kojim su se njihove elite razlikovale od onih susjednih ... Međutim, nakon nekog vremena (možda poslije unutarnjih sukoba u Hrvatskoj) promijenio je svoj položaj i prihvatio vrhovništvo srpskog vladara jer Konstantin tvrdi da su Zahumljani (kao i Neretvani i Travunjani) bili Srbi od vremena onog arhonta koji je Srbe, za vrijeme Heraklija, doveo u njihovu novu domovinu. Ta tvrdnja, naravno, nema veze sa stvarnošću 7. st., ali govori o političkim odnosima u Konstantinovo vrijeme.}}</ref> ''Travunia'' (Τερβουνια) was a province subservient to [[Serbian Principality (early medieval)|Serbian Principality]] under the [[Vlastimirović Dynasty]]. The first known office holder was [[Beloje of Trebinje|Beloje]], a count, who ruled under [[Vlastimir of Serbia|Prince Vlastimir]] (also possibly under [[Radoslav of Serbia|Radoslav]] or [[Prosigoj]], fl. 819). In the mid 9th century, Vlastimir marries his daughter to [[Krajina Belojević|Krajina]], the son of Beloje, and gives him the ''[[Župa]]'' of Trebinje to govern under his suzerainty. The [[Belojević noble family]] is entitled the rule of Travunia; [[Hvalimir Belojević|Hvalimir]], and his son [[Čučimir Belojević|Čučimir]] continue the office under the Serbian crown.

From 927 to 960, [[Časlav Klonimirović]], the last of the [[Vlastimirović]] dynasty, held supreme rule of Travunia which at the time bordered [[Zahumlje]] to the west, the city of Ragusa or [[Dubrovnik]] to the southwest, [[Duklja]] to the south and ''Serbia'' (crownland, see [[Raška (region)|Rascia]]) to the north. Its coastline spanned from Dubrovnik to [[Boka Kotorska]]. With the death of Časlav, Serbia disintegrated and Duklja absorbed most of Rascia along with Zahumlje and Trebinje.<ref>''The early medieval Balkans'', p. 193</ref> The [[Catepanate of Ras]] was established during the rule of [[John Tzimiskes]] (r. 969–976).<ref>GK, Abstract: ''"the establishment of catepanate in Ras between 971 and 976"''</ref> A seal of a ''[[strategos]]'' of Ras has been dated to Tzimiskes' reign, making it possible for Tzimiskes' predecessor [[Nikephoros II Phokas]] to have enjoyed recognition in Rascia.<ref name="Stephenson">{{cite book | last = Stephenson | first = Paul | title = The Legend of Basil the Bulgar-slayer | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0PmrXKnczUC&pg=PA42 | page=42| isbn = 9780521815307 | date = 2003-08-07 | publisher = Cambridge University Press }}</ref><ref>Paul Magdalino, [https://books.google.com/books?id=CSZQ-VPFKoMC&pg=PA122 Byzantium in the year 1000], p. 122</ref>

In the 990s, Bulgarian Tsar Samuel made client states out of most of the Balkans, including Duklja and Zahumlje.<ref>''The early medieval Balkans'', p. 274</ref> In 998, Samuel launched a major campaign against [[Jovan Vladimir]] to prevent a Byzantine-Serbian alliance. When his troops reached Duklja, Vladimir withdrew to the mountains, Samuel left part of the army at the foot of the mountains and led the remaining soldiers to besiege the coastal fortress of [[Ulcinj]]. In an effort to prevent bloodshed, he asked Jovan Vladimir to surrender, but Jovan refused, some Serb nobles offered their services to the Bulgarians and, when it became clear that further resistance was fruitless, the Serbs surrendered. Jovan Vladimir was exiled to Samuel's palaces in [[Prespa]].<ref name=sisc331>Šišić, p. 331.</ref> The Bulgarian troops proceeded to pass through [[Dalmatia]], taking control of [[Kotor]] and journeying to [[Dubrovnik]]. Although they failed to take Dubrovnik, they devastated the surrounding villages. The Bulgarian army then attacked [[Croatia]] in support of the rebel princes [[Krešimir III of Croatia|Krešimir III]] and [[Gojslav of Croatia|Gojslav]] and advanced northwest as far as [[Split (city)|Split]], [[Trogir]] and [[Zadar]], then northeast through [[Bosnia (region)|Bosnia]] and [[Raška (region)|Raška]] and returned to Bulgaria.<ref name=sisc331/>

[[File:Boka Kotorska zupe u srednjem vijeku.jpg|thumb|Border area of [[Duklja]] and Travunija in the [[Bay of Kotor]] and churches from the 9th (red) and 10th–11th centuries (white)]]
The dawn of the 10th century brought a short-lived Bulgarian occupation after the fall of the Rascian lands, but prince Caslav restored a Principality of Serbia by 931 and ruled Travunia as well. Travunia flourished under the greatest Serbian early medieval ruler – Saint [[Jovan Vladimir]] of Duklja and Travunia in the late 10th and early 11th century. With the trickery of Jovan Vladimir in 1016, Byzantine domination was restored under old Prince Dragomir. Dragomir was assassinated in Kotor in 1018 which brought upon Byzantine military occupation. [[Stefan Vojislav]] raised a rebellion in the 1030s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pranke |first1=Piotr |last2=Žečević |first2=Milos |title=Medieval Trade in Central Europe, Scandinavia, and the Balkans (10th-12th Centuries): A Comparative Study |date=2020 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-9-00443-164-5 |page=104 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RV75DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA104}}</ref> Prince of [[Zachlumia]] Ljutovid exerted his influence over Travunia, even though Stefan Vojislav claimed it. After inflicting a sound defeat to the Byzantines at [[Bar, Montenegro|Bar]], Vojislav dispatched 50 captured Greeks to demoralize Liudevit's army that was awaiting at Klobuk. Vojislav's son Gojislav led the Dioclean forces and easily defeated Liutovid's forces, killing Liutovid himself with the help of two bodyguards. Travunia was fully incorporated into Doclea. When Gojslav became the ruler, he elected Trebinje as the new Serbian capital. He was assassinated by Travunian Prince Ljutovid who raised a rebellion in 1047–1050 and [[Mihailo I Vojislavljević]] had to depose Domanec, Liutovid's son, and move the capital from Travunia, placing his brother Saganek as Prince of Travunia. Saganek was overthrown in 1055, and it took Radoslav, Mihailo's faithful brother to finally kill Domanec and seize control over Travunia. In 1077 a Slavic Kingdom of Doclea and Dalmatia was proclaimed. It commanded the road from [[Dubrovnik|Ragusa]] to [[Constantinople]], traversed, in 1096, by [[Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse|Raymond of Toulouse]] and his [[First Crusade|crusaders]].
With the coming of the 12th century, Travunia was fully incorporated into the unified [[History of Serbia|Serbian state]]. Later, the [[Nemanjić dynasty]] took over since 1166/68. In 1217, the Serbian Kingdom was proclaimed.

With the death of Stefan Vojislav, the rule was divided between the five sons.<ref name=EB212>''The early medieval Balkans'', p. 212</ref> Gojislav had received Travunia (Trebinje), and briefly ruled until he was killed by local nobles, who set up [[Domanek]] as Prince.<ref name=EB212/> Mihailo pursued and attacked Domanek, who fled, in his place Saganek was put to govern Travunia.<ref name=EB212/> Domanek then returned, and drove out Saganek.<ref name=EB212/> Mihailo offered the office to Radoslav, who declined, afraid of losing [[Luška župa]] (future ''Zeta'').<ref name=EB212/> Radoslav perhaps distrusted his brother, thinking he would seize Zeta, but Mihailo seems to have offered him a deal.<ref name=EB212/>  The [[Byzantine Empire]], wanting to take advantage of the death of Stefan Vojislav, prepared an offensive against unstable Duklja.<ref name=EB212/> At this time, the four remaining brothers made peace and made an alliance.<ref name=EB212/> The treaty concluded is the oldest in Serbian history.<ref name=EB212/> After the agreement, Radoslav attacked [[Trebinje]], killing Domanek.<ref name=EB212/> After this event, their mother (who had acted as an stability in the relations between the brothers) died.<ref name=EB212/>  While in no imminent danger from that side, Mihailo found it favorable to further strengthen ties with Byzantium around 1052, gaining the title of ''[[protospatharios]]'', also marrying a niece of [[Constantine IX Monomachos]]. This might have implied titular recognition of Constantinople's authority, but no real concessions on his part. It corresponded to the then-current balance of forces, and bought some 20 years of peace and prosperity to his land.

===Late Middle Ages===
Under the name of ''Tribunia'' or ''Travunja'' (the Trebigne of the Ragusans), it belonged to the [[Serbian Empire]] until 1355.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} Trebinje became a part of the expanded [[Medieval Bosnian state]] under [[Tvrtko I]] in 1373.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zlatar |first1=Zdenko |title=Our Kingdom Come: The Counter-Reformation, the Republic of Dubrovnik, and the Liberation of the Balkan Slavs |date=1992 |publisher=East European Monographs |isbn=978-0-88033-239-2 |page=407}}</ref> There is a medieval tower in Gornje Police whose construction is often attributed to [[Vuk Branković]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tomašević |first1=Nebojša |title=Treasures of Yugoslavia: An Encyclopedic Touring Guide |date=1983 |publisher=Yugoslaviapublic |page=329}}</ref> The old [[Tvrdoš]] Monastery dates back to the 15th century.

The Area of [[Trebinje]], has produced the [[House of Mrnjavčević]] and was at times ruled by members of the Serbian royal family, like Queen Hellen of Anjou in the 13th century.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} Travunia got a neighbour by 1326, as the Bosnians conquered Zachlumia. In 1345, the [[Serbian Empire]] was created. After the collapse of the Serbian Empire in 1371, the area of Trebinje became ruled by the [[House of Vojinović]] Serbian dynasty from [[Zahumlje|Hum]]. With [[Nikola Altomanović]]'s defeat, the Bosnian King Tvrtko took the area in 1377{{sfn|Ćirković|2004|p=80}} and it has been a component of Herzegovina ever since.

==List of Rulers==
This lists only the rulers who had Travunia as their appanage or fief and will not house the rulers of the region of Travunia. Travunia was merged into neighbouring states and lost its importance several times in history (amalgamation).

* [[Beloje]] (before 839), ''župan'' of Travunija{{sfn|Živković|2008|p=336}}
* [[Krajina Belojević]] (fl. 847/848), ''župan'' of Travunija, son of Beloje and son-in-law of [[Vlastimir]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goršič |first1=Fr. |title=Zupani in knezi v jugoslovanski pravni zgodovini |journal=Časopis za zgodovino in narodopisje |date=1929 |volume=24 |page=37 |publisher=Založba obzorja}}</ref>
* [[Hvalimir Belojević|Hvalimir]] (late 9th century), ''župan'' of Travunija, son of Krajina<ref name="Serbs in Europe">{{cite book |last1=Samardžić |first1=Radovan |last2=Duškov |first2=Milan |title=Serbs in European Civilization |date=1993 |publisher=Nova |isbn=978-8-67583-015-3 |page=23 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3MtAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA23}}</ref>
* [[Čučimir Belojević|Čučimir]] (first half of 10th century), ''župan'' of Travunija, son of Hvalimir<ref name="Serbs in Europe" />
* [[Dragimir of Travunia and Zachlumia|Dragimir]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gopčević |first1=Spiridion |title=Geschichte von Montenegro und Albanien. |date=1914 |publisher=F.A. Perthens |page=12 |quote=Dragomir, Župan von Travunija war und zwar vermählt mit einer Tochter des 980 — 1019 regierenden..}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Tăpkova-Zaimova |first1=Vasilka |title=Bulgarians by Birth: The Comitopuls, Emperor Samuel and their Successors According to Historical Sources and the Historiographic Tradition |date=2018 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-9-00435-299-5 |page=133 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGZjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA133 |quote=Then the emperor sent a note to Vladimir's uncle Dragimir, so that he might come and receive the land of Tribunia, where he might gather his people and strengthen his country, and this was done.}}</ref> (before 1000–1018), Prince of Travunija and Zachlumia
* [[Domanek]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stephenson |first1=Paul |title=Byzantium's Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900-1204 |date=2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-52177-017-0 |page=139 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ILiOI0UgxHoC&pg=PA139}}</ref> (fl. 1054), Prince of Travunija
* [[Desa (monarch)|Desa]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sbutega |first1=Antun |last2=Serio |first2=Maurizio |title=Storia del Montenegro: dalle origini ai giorni nostri |date=2006 |publisher=Rubbettino |isbn=978-8-84981-489-7 |page=53 |quote=Desa, si trovò a governare una parte della Zeta e della Travunija..}}</ref> (1149–1162),  Prince of Duklja, Travunija and Zahumlje
* [[Grdeša]] (fl. 1150–51), ''župan'' of Travunija

==See also==
* [[Kanalites]]
* [[Pagania]]
* [[Zachumlia]]
* [[Duklja]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Sources==
{{commons category|Travunija}}
;Primary sources
* {{Cite book|editor-last=Moravcsik|editor-first=Gyula|editor-link=Gyula Moravcsik|title=Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio|year=1967|orig-year=1949|edition=2nd revised|location=Washington D.C.|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3al15wpFWiMC|isbn=9780884020219}}
* {{Cite book|editor-last=Pertz|editor-first=Georg Heinrich|editor-link=Georg Heinrich Pertz|title=Einhardi Annales|year=1845|location=Hanover|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yBhKAAAAcAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|editor-last=Scholz|editor-first=Bernhard Walter|title=Carolingian Chronicles: Royal Frankish Annals and Nithard's Histories|year=1970|publisher=University of Michigan Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTzl6wFjehMC|isbn=0472061860}}
* {{Cite book|editor-last=Шишић|editor-first=Фердо|editor-link=Ferdo Šišić|title=Летопис Попа Дукљанина (Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja)|year=1928|location=Београд-Загреб|publisher=Српска краљевска академија|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HXwCSCgxTlcC}}
* {{Cite book|last=Кунчер|first=Драгана|year=2009|title=Gesta Regum Sclavorum|volume=1|location=Београд-Никшић|publisher=Историјски институт, Манастир Острог}}
* {{Cite book|last=Живковић|first=Тибор|author-link=Tibor Živković|year=2009|title=Gesta Regum Sclavorum|volume=2|location=Београд-Никшић|publisher=Историјски институт, Манастир Острог}}

;Secondary sources
{{div col}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ćirković|first=Sima|author-link=Sima Ćirković|year=2004|title=The Serbs|location=Malden|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wc-DWRzoeIC|isbn=9781405142915}}
* {{Cite book|last=Curta|first=Florin|author-link=Florin Curta|title=Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250|year=2006|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt|url-access=registration|isbn=9780521815390}}
* {{Cite book|author1=Dvornik, F.|author2=Jenkins, R. J. H.|author3=Lewis, B.|author4=Moravcsik, Gy.|author5=Obolensky, D.|author6=Runciman, S.|editor=P. J. H. Jenkins|title=De Administrando Imperio: Volume II. Commentary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DWVxvgAACAAJ|year=1962|publisher=University of London: The Athlone Press |ref={{sfnref|De Administrando Imperio: Volume II|1962}} }}
* {{The Early Medieval Balkans}}
* {{The Late Medieval Balkans}}
* {{cite book | last=Stoianovich | first=Traian | title=Balkan worlds: the first and last Europe | publisher=M.E. Sharpe | year=1994 | isbn=9781563240331}}
* [[Vladimir Ćorović|Ćorović, Vladimir]], ''Istorija srpskog naroda'', Book I, (In Serbian) [http://www.rastko.rs/rastko-bl/istorija/corovic/istorija/index_l.html Electric Book, Rastko]
* {{cite journal | last=Ross | first=James Bruce | title=Two Neglected Paladins of Charlemagne: Erich of Friuli and Gerold of Bavaria | journal=[[Speculum (journal)|Speculum]] | publisher=[[Medieval Academy of America]] | location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |date=April 1945 | volume=20 | issue=2 | pages=212–235 | issn=0038-7134 | doi=10.2307/2854596| jstor=2854596 | s2cid=163300685 }}
* {{Cite book|last=Runciman|first=Steven|author-link=Steven Runciman|title=The Emperor Romanus Lecapenus and His Reign: A Study of Tenth-Century Byzantium|year=1988|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XHVzWN6gqxQC|isbn=9780521357227}}
* {{Cite book|first=A. P. |last=Vlasto|title=The Entry of the Slavs into Christendom: An Introduction to the Medieval History of the Slavs  |year=1970 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521074599}}
* {{cite book | first=Zdenko | last=Zlatar | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ltRWy32dG7oC | title=The poetics of Slavdom: the mythopoeic foundations of Yugoslavia | publisher=Peter Lang | year=2007 | isbn=9780820481357}}
* {{Cite book|last=Živković|first=Tibor|author-link=Tibor Živković|title=Forging unity: The South Slavs between East and West 550-1150|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JlIsAQAAIAAJ|year=2008|location=Belgrade|publisher=The Institute of History, Čigoja štampa|isbn=9788675585732}}
*[https://openlibrary.org/b/OL13507258M/early_history_of_the_Slavonic_settlements_in_Dalmatia_Croatia_Serbia The early history of the Slavonic settlements in Dalmatia, Croatia, & Serbia (1920)]
{{div col end}}

{{Slavic ethnic groups (VII-XII century)}}
{{coord|42.7172547|18.3694839|region:BA_type:adm2nd|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Travunija}}
[[Category:Historical regions]]
[[Category:Medieval Bosnian state]]
[[Category:Medieval history of Serbia]]
[[Category:Medieval Herzegovina]]
[[Category:History of Dalmatia]]
[[Category:Former countries in the Balkans]]