View source for Transportation in Canada

{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is already sufficiently detailed; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Economy of Canada}}
Canada, the world's [[List of countries and dependencies by area|second-largest country in total area]], is dedicated to having efficient, high-capacity multimodal [[transportation]] spanning often vast distances between [[Geography of Canada|natural resource extraction sites]], [[Agriculture in Canada|agricultural]] and [[List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada|urban areas]]. Canada's transportation system includes more than {{convert|1400000|km}} of roads, 10 major international airports, 300 smaller airports, {{convert|72093|km|abbr=on}} of functioning railway track, and more than 300 commercial ports and harbours that provide access to the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]], [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] and [[Arctic Ocean|Arctic]] oceans as well as the [[Great Lakes]] and the [[St. Lawrence Seaway]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www41.statcan.ca/2007/4006/ceb4006_000_e.htm |title=Transportation in Canada |publisher=Statistics Canada |access-date=March 26, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410162502/http://www41.statcan.ca/2007/4006/ceb4006_000_e.htm |archive-date=April 10, 2008}}</ref> In 2005, the transportation sector made up 4.2% of Canada's GDP, compared to 3.7% for Canada's mining and oil and gas extraction industries.<ref name="Trans Sector 05">{{cite web |url=http://www.statcan.ca/english/research/11-621-MIE/11-621-MIE2006044.pdf |title= An Analysis of the Transportation Sector in 2005| publisher= Statistics Canada| access-date=March 27, 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080409105655/http://www.statcan.ca/english/research/11-621-MIE/11-621-MIE2006044.pdf |archive-date = April 9, 2008}}</ref>

[[Transport Canada]] oversees and regulates most aspects of transportation within federal jurisdiction, including interprovincial transport. This primarily includes rail, air and maritime transportation. Transport Canada is under the direction of the federal government's [[Minister of Transport (Canada)|Minister of Transport]]. The [[Transportation Safety Board of Canada]] is responsible for maintaining transportation safety in Canada by investigating accidents and making safety recommendations.

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;"
|+Gross domestic product, transport industries, 2005<ref name="Trans Sector 05"/>
|-  style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:bottom;"
!Industry||Share of transportation GDP (%)
|- style="vertical-align:bottom;"
|  style="height:13px; "| Air transportation
|  style="text-align:right; "| 9
|- style="vertical-align:bottom;"
|  style="height:13px; "| Rail transportation
|  style="text-align:right; "| 13
|- style="vertical-align:bottom;"
|  style="height:13px; "| Water transportation
|  style="text-align:right; "| 3
|- style="vertical-align:bottom;"
|  style="height:13px; "| Truck transportation
|  style="text-align:right; "| 35
|- style="vertical-align:bottom;"
|  style="height:13px; "| Transit and ground passenger transportation
|  style="text-align:right; "| 12
|- style="vertical-align:bottom;"
|  style="height:13px; "| Pipeline transportation
|  style="text-align:right; "| 11
|- style="vertical-align:bottom;"
|  style="height:26px; "| Scenic and sightseeing transport / Transport support
|  style="text-align:right; "| 17
|- style="vertical-align:bottom;"
|  style="height:13px; font-weight:bold; "| Total:
|  style="text-align:right; "| 100
|}

==History==
The standard history covers the French regime, fur traders, the canals, and early roads, and gives extensive attention to the railways.<ref>G.P. de T. Glazebrook, ''A history of transportation in Canada'' (1938; reprinted 1969)</ref>

===European contact===
Prior to the arrival of European settlers, [[Aboriginal peoples in Canada]] walked. They also used  [[canoe]]s, [[kayak]]s, [[umiak]]s and [[Bull Boat]]s, in addition to the [[snowshoe]], [[toboggan]] and [[sled]] in winter. They had no wheeled vehicles, and no animals larger than dogs.

Europeans adopted canoes as they pushed deeper into the continent's interior, and were thus able to travel via the waterways that fed from the [[St. Lawrence River]] and [[Hudson Bay]].<ref>[http://www.collectionscanada.ca/virtual-vault/ Virtual Vault], an online exhibition of Canadian historical art at Library and Archives Canada</ref>

In the 19th century and early 20th century transportation relied on harnessing oxen to ''[[Red River ox cart]]s'' or horse to wagon. Maritime transportation was via manual labour such as canoe or wind on sail. Water or land travel speeds was approximately {{convert|8|to|15|km/h|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="GeoOfTrans">{{cite web | last =Rodrigue | first = Dr. Jean-Paul | title = Historical Geography of Transportation - Part I | work = Dept. of Economics & Geography | publisher = Hofstra University | date = 1998–2008 | url =http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch1en/conc1en/ch1c3_1en.html | access-date = January 18, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080112113050/http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch1en/conc1en/ch1c3_1en.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = January 12, 2008}}</ref>

Settlement was along river routes. Agricultural commodities were perishable, and trade centres were within {{convert|50|km|0|abbr=on}}. Rural areas centred around villages, and they were approximately {{convert|10|km|0|abbr=on}} apart. The advent of [[Steam locomotive|steam railways]] and [[Steamboat|steamships]] connected resources and markets of vast distances in the late 19th century.<ref name="GeoOfTrans"/> Railways also connected city centres, in such a way that the traveller went by sleeper, railway hotel, to the cities. Crossing the country by train took four or five days, as it still does by car. People generally lived within {{convert|5|mi|0|abbr=on}} of the [[downtown]] core thus the train could be used for inter-city travel and the [[tram]] for commuting.

The advent of [[controlled-access highway]]s in Canada established [[ribbon development]], truck stops, and industrial corridors along throughways.

===Evolution===
{{Blockquote|Different parts of the country are shut off from each other by [[Cabot Strait]], the [[Strait of Belle Isle]], by areas of rough, rocky forest terrain, such as the region lying between New Brunswick and Quebec, the areas north of Lakes [[Lake Huron|Huron]] and [[Lake Superior|Superior]], dividing the industrial region of Ontario and Quebec from the agricultural areas of the [[Canadian Prairies|prairies]], and the barriers interposed by the mountains of British Columbia|The Canada Year Book 1956<ref name="Year">{{Cite journal |last=Howe |first=C.D. |author-link=C. D. Howe |journal=Canada Year Book – Information Services Division – Dominion Bureau of Statistics | title=The Official Handbook of Present Conditions and Recent Progress |place=Ottawa, Ontario |publisher=Kings Printer and Controller of Stationery |year=1956 |pages=713 to 791}}</ref>}}

The Federal Department of Transport (established November 2, 1936) supervised railways, canals, harbours, marine and shipping, civil aviation, radio and meteorology. The Transportation Act of 1938 and the amended Railway Act, placed control and regulation of carriers in the hands of the Board of Transport commissioners for Canada. The Royal Commission on Transportation was formed December 29, 1948, to examine transportation services to all areas of Canada to eliminate economic or geographic disadvantages. The commission also reviewed the Railway Act to provide uniform yet competitive freight-rates.<ref name="Year"/>

==Roads==
{{See also|Roads in Canada|Numbered highways in Canada}}
[[Image:Transca chwk.jpg|right|thumb|The Trans-Canada highway in Chilliwack, BC]]

There is a total of {{convert|1042300|km|abbr=on}} of roads in Canada, of which {{convert|415600|km|abbr=on}} are paved, including {{convert|17000|km|abbr=on}} of expressways (the third-longest collection in the world, behind the [[Interstate Highway System]] of the United States and China's [[Expressways of China|National Trunk Highway System]]). As of 2008, {{convert|626700|km|abbr=on}} were unpaved.<ref name="CIA Factbook">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Canada|access-date=January 13, 2011 }}</ref> There are no regulations at a federal level that regulate Canada's road infrastructure, highway system, or traffic safety laws; it is left to the individual provinces and territories to regulate these elements. Regulations on a provincial level include [[Ontario]]'s [[Highway Traffic Act]],<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90h08 | title = Highway Traffic Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. H.8 | publisher = King's Printer of Ontario | date = July 1, 2024 | access-date = August 16, 2024}}</ref> [[Alberta]]'s Traffic Safety Act,<ref>{{Cite book | url = https://kings-printer.alberta.ca/documents/Acts/t06.pdf | title = Traffic Safety Act | publisher = Alberta King's Printer | date = May 16, 2024 | access-date = August 16, 2024}}</ref> and [[British Columbia]]'s Motor Vehicle Act,<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/96318_00 | title = Table of Contents - Motor Vehicle Act | publisher = King's Printer for British Columbia | date = August 4, 2024 | access-date = August 16, 2024}}</ref> for example. The only regulation at a federal level that relates to motor vehicles is the Motor Vehicle Safety Act, which deals with the manufacturing and importing of motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment within the country.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/M-10.01/FullText.html | title = Motor Vehicle Safety Act | website = Justice Laws Website | publisher = Government of Canada | date = June 19, 2024 | access-date = August 16, 2024}}</ref>

In 2009, there were 20,706,616 road vehicles registered in Canada, of which 96% were vehicles under {{convert|4.5|t|lk=on}}, 2.4% were vehicles between {{convert|4.5|and|15|t}} and 1.6% were {{convert|15|t}} or greater. These vehicles travelled a total of 333.29&nbsp;billion kilometres, of which 303.6&nbsp;billion was for vehicles under 4.5 tonnes, 8.3&nbsp;billion was for vehicles between 4.5 and 15 tonnes and 21.4&nbsp;billion was for vehicles over 15 tonnes. For the 4.5- to 15-tonne trucks, 88.9% of vehicle-kilometres were intra-province trips, 4.9% were inter-province, 2.8% were between Canada and the [[United States|US]] and 3.4% made outside of Canada. For the trucks over 15 tonnes, 59.1% of vehicle-kilometres were intra-province trips, 20% inter-province trips, 13.8% Canada-US trips and 7.1% trips made outside of Canada.<ref name="statcan">{{cite web |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/53-223-x/53-223-x2009000-eng.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820013415/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/53-223-x/53-223-x2009000-eng.pdf |archive-date=August 20, 2012 |url-status=live |title=Canadian Vehicle Survey: Annual |publisher=Statistics Canada |year=2009 |access-date=January 13, 2011}}</ref>
[[Image:Ambassador bridge evening.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ambassador Bridge]] between [[Windsor, Ontario]], and [[Detroit]], Michigan, has a quarter of [[Canada – United States trade relations|US-Canada trade]] cross over it.]]
Canada's vehicles consumed a total of {{convert|31.4|e6m3|Moilbbl|lk=out}} of [[gasoline]] and {{convert|9.91|e6m3|Moilbbl}} of [[Diesel fuel|diesel]].<ref name="statcan"/> Trucking generated 35% of the total [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] from transport, compared to 25% for rail, water and air combined (the remainder being generated by the industry's transit, pipeline, scenic and support activities).<ref name="Trans Sector 05"/> Hence roads are the dominant means of passenger and freight transport in Canada.

Roads and highways were managed by provincial and municipal authorities until construction of the Northwest Highway System (the [[Alaska Highway]]) and the [[Trans-Canada Highway]] project initiation. The Alaska Highway of 1942 was constructed during [[World War II]] for military purposes connecting [[Fort St. John, British Columbia]], with [[Fairbanks, Alaska]].<ref name="Year"/> The transcontinental highway, a joint national and provincial expenditure, was begun in 1949 under the initiation of the Trans Canada Highway Act on December 10, 1949. The {{convert|7821|km|adj=on}} highway was completed in 1962 at a total expenditure of $1.4&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Coneghan | first =Daria | title =Trans-Canada Highway | work =The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan | publisher =Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina | year =2006 | url =http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/trans-canada_highway.html | access-date =December 29, 2007 }}
</ref>

Internationally, Canada has road links with both the [[Contiguous United States|lower 48]] US states and [[Alaska]]. The [[Ministry of Transportation (Ontario)|Ministry of Transportation]] maintains the road network in [[Ontario]] and also employs Ministry of Transport Enforcement Officers for the purpose of administering the Canada Transportation Act and related regulations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cta-otc.gc.ca/contact/regional_e.html |title=Regional Enforcement Officers |access-date=October 1, 2007 |author=Canadian Transportation Agency |publisher=Canadian Transportation Agency}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ogov.newswire.ca/ontario/GPOE/2004/09/21/c2149.html?lmatch=&lang=_e.html |title=Enforcement blitz improves road safety |access-date=October 1, 2007 |author=Ministry of Transportation |publisher=Canada NewsWire |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051215145409/http://ogov.newswire.ca/ontario/GPOE/2004/09/21/c2149.html?lmatch=&lang=_e.html |archive-date=December 15, 2005 }}</ref> The [[Department of Transportation (New Brunswick)|Department of Transportation]] in [[New Brunswick]] performs a similar task in that province as well.

The safety of Canada's roads is moderately good by international standards, and is improving both in terms of accidents per head of population and per billion [[vehicle kilometer]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iraptranstats.net/ca |title=Transport in Canada |access-date=October 6, 2008 |work=International Transport Statistics Database |publisher=[[International Road Assessment Program|iRAP]]}}</ref>

==Air transport==
{{Further|Category:Airports in Canada|Category:Lists of airports in Canada}}
[[Aviation|Air transportation]] made up 9% of the transport sector's GDP generation in 2005. Canada's largest [[airline|air carrier]] and its [[flag carrier]] is [[Air Canada]], which had 34{{nbsp}}million customers in 2006 and, as of June 2025, operates 322 [[aircraft]] (including [[Air Canada Jazz]]).<ref name="TCFleet">[http://wwwapps2.tc.gc.ca/Saf-Sec-Sur/2/ccarcs/aspscripts/en/quicksearch.asp Transport Canada listing of aircraft owned by Air Canada and Air Canada Jazz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718042755/http://wwwapps2.tc.gc.ca/Saf-Sec-Sur/2/ccarcs/aspscripts/en/quicksearch.asp |date=July 18, 2011 }} (enter Air Canada (226 aircraft), Jazz Air LP (137 aircraft), Canadian Helicopters or Westjet in the box titled "Owner Name")</ref> [[CHC Helicopter]], the largest commercial [[helicopter]] operator in the world, is second with 109 aircraft<ref name="TCFleet"/> and [[WestJet]], a [[low-cost carrier]] formed in 1996, is third with 155 aircraft.<ref name="TCFleet"/> Canada's airline industry saw significant change following the signing of the US-Canada [[open skies]] agreement in 1995, when the marketplace became less regulated and more competitive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.ca/english/preview/87-003-XIE/P0039987-003-XIE.pdf |title=Travelog - Volume 18, Number 3|access-date=March 27, 2008 |publisher=Statistics Canada |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080409105657/http://www.statcan.ca/english/preview/87-003-XIE/P0039987-003-XIE.pdf |archive-date = April 9, 2008}}</ref>

According to a 2016 report, Canada's air transportation was the most expensive for consumers globally;<ref>{{Cite web |title=International flights from Canada are the most expensive in the world: report {{!}} Globalnews.ca |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/2931748/international-flights-from-canada-are-the-most-expensive-in-the-world-report/ |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Global News |language=en-US}}</ref> however, this was prior to the emergence of [[Low-cost carrier|ultra-low-cost carriers]] such as [[Flair Airlines]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flair Airlines is now Canada’s lone low-cost carrier. Can it rise to the moment? {{!}} Globalnews.ca |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10387928/flair-airlines-lynx-air-low-cost-airlines/ |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Global News |language=en-US}}</ref> who operate 20 aircraft as of June 2025.

The [[Canadian Transportation Agency]] employs transportation enforcement officers to maintain aircraft safety standards, and conduct periodic aircraft inspections, of all air carriers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cta-otc.gc.ca/air-aerien/enforce/index_e.html |title=Enforcement |access-date=October 1, 2007 |author=Canadian Transportation Agency |publisher=Canadian Transportation Agency |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922160215/http://www.cta-otc.gc.ca/air-aerien/enforce/index_e.html |archive-date=September 22, 2007}}</ref> The [[Canadian Air Transport Security Authority]] is charged with the responsibility for the security of air traffic within Canada. In 1994 the [[National Airports Policy (Canada)|National Airports Policy]] was enacted<ref>{{cite web| title = National Airports Policy| url = http://www.tc.gc.ca/programs/Airports/policy/menu.htm| access-date = January 18, 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071121072354/http://www.tc.gc.ca/programs/Airports/policy/menu.htm| archive-date = November 21, 2007| url-status = dead}}</ref>

===Principal airports===
{{Further|National Airports System|List of the busiest airports in Canada|List of airports in Canada}}

Of over 1,800 registered Canadian [[Aerodrome#Australian/Canadian usage|aerodrome]]s, certified [[airport]]s, [[heliport]]s, and [[floatplane]] bases,<ref>{{CFS}}</ref> 26 are specially designated under Canada's [[National Airports System]]<ref name="NAS">{{cite web|url=http://www.tc.gc.ca/programs/airports/status/menu.htm |title=Airport Divestiture Status Report |publisher=Tc.gc.ca |date=January 12, 2011 |access-date=February 19, 2011}}</ref> (NAS): these include all airports that handle 200,000 or more passengers each year, as well as the principal airport serving each federal, provincial, and territorial capital. However, since the introduction of the policy only one, [[Iqaluit Airport]], has been added and no airports have been removed despite dropping below 200,000 passengers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/programs/airports-policy-nationallist-303.htm |title=Airports in the national airports category (Appendix A) |publisher=Tc.gc.ca |date=December 16, 2010 |access-date=February 19, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607171304/http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/programs/airports-policy-nationallist-303.htm |archive-date=June 7, 2011}}</ref> The [[Government of Canada]], with the exception of the three territorial capitals, retains ownership of these airports and leases them to local authorities. The next tier consists of 64 regional/local airports formerly owned by the federal government, most of which have now been transferred to other owners (most often to municipalities).<ref name="NAS"/>

Below is a table of [[List of the busiest airports in Canada|Canada's ten biggest airports]] by passenger traffic in 2019.

[[Image:Toronto-pearson aerial.JPG|thumb|Toronto Pearson, Canada's busiest airport]]
[[File:Vancouver_International_Airport_Aerial.JPG|thumb|Vancouver International Airport]]
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Rank||Airport||Location||style="width:100px"|Total passengers||Annual change
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 1 || [[Toronto Pearson International Airport]] || [[Toronto]] ||align="right"|50,499,431<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistics|url=https://tpprodcdnep.azureedge.net/-/media/project/pearson/content/corporate/partnering/pdfs/traffic-summary-dec-2019.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220052828/https://tpprodcdnep.azureedge.net/-/media/project/pearson/content/corporate/partnering/pdfs/traffic-summary-dec-2019.pdf |archive-date=February 20, 2020 |url-status=live|access-date=February 20, 2020|date=February 18, 2020}}</ref> ||align="right"|2.0%
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2 || [[Vancouver International Airport]]|| [[Vancouver]] ||align="right"|26,395,820<ref>{{cite web|title=YVR Passengers (Enplaned + Deplaned) 1992 - Present|url=https://www.yvr.ca/-/media/yvr/documents/facts-sheets/2019/12-december/december-passengers.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203223623/https://www.yvr.ca/-/media/yvr/documents/facts-sheets/2019/12-december/december-passengers.pdf |archive-date=February 3, 2020 |url-status=live|publisher=yvr.ca|access-date=February 3, 2020}}</ref> ||align="right"|1.8%
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 3 || [[Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport]] || [[Montreal]] ||align="right"|20,305,106<ref>{{cite web|title=2019 Passenger Traffic|url=https://www.admtl.com/sites/default/files/2019/ADM_Statsdet_2019_EN.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606014836/https://www.admtl.com/sites/default/files/2019/ADM_Statsdet_2019_EN.pdf |archive-date=June 6, 2019 |url-status=live|publisher=Aeroports de Montréal|access-date=February 17, 2020}}</ref> ||align="right"|4.5%
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 4 || [[Calgary International Airport]] || [[Calgary]] ||align="right"|17,957,780<ref>{{cite web|title=Calgary Airport passenger statistics|url=https://www.yyc.com/en-us/media/factsfigures/passengerstatistics.aspx|publisher= Calgary International Airport|access-date=January 31, 2020 }}</ref> ||align="right"|3.5%
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 5 || [[Edmonton International Airport]]|| [[Edmonton]] ||align="right"|8,151,532<ref>{{cite web|title=Edmonton International Airport Passenger Statistics|url=http://corporate.flyeia.com/business-at-the-airport/air-service-development/passenger-statistics|publisher=flyeia.com |access-date=January 31, 2020}}</ref>  ||align="right"| 1.2%
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 6 || [[Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport]] || [[Ottawa]] ||align="right"|5,106,487<ref>{{cite web|title=YOW Passenger Volume |url=https://yow.ca/en/corporate/airport-authority/passenger-volume |publisher=Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport Authority |access-date=January 31, 2020}}</ref>  ||align="right"|0.1%
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 7 || [[Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport]]  || [[Winnipeg]] ||align="right"|4,484,249<ref>{{cite web|title=Winnipeg Airports Authority - Passengers (Enplaned + Deplaned)|url=https://www.waa.ca/uploads/ck/files/Historical%20Passenger%20Statistics.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212222458/https://www.waa.ca/uploads/ck/files/Historical%20Passenger%20Statistics.pdf |archive-date=February 12, 2020 |url-status=live|publisher=waa.ca|access-date=February 12, 2020}}</ref>  ||align="right"|0.0%
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 8 ||  [[Halifax Stanfield International Airport]]|| [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax]]  ||align="right"| 4,188,443<ref>{{cite web |title=Halifax Stanfield Proudly Serves More Than Four Million Passengers for Third Consecutive Year|url=https://halifaxstanfield.ca/2020/02/halifax-stanfield-proudly-serves-four-million-passengers-third-consecutive-year/|website=Halifax Stanfield International Airport |publisher=Halifax International Airport Authority |access-date=February 4, 2020 |date=February 4, 2020}}</ref>||align="right"|3.0%
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 9 || [[Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport]] (Toronto Island) || [[Toronto]] ||align="right"| - ||align="right"| −
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 10 || [[Kelowna International Airport]] || [[Kelowna]] ||align="right"| 2,032,144<ref>{{cite web|title=YLW Facts & statistics|url=https://ylw.kelowna.ca/business/facts-statistics |publisher=ylw.kelowna.ca |access-date=January 31, 2020}}</ref>||align="right"| 1.3%
|-
|}

==Railways==
[[Image:Eastbound over SCB.jpg|thumb|right|A CPR freight train in [[Rogers Pass (British Columbia)|Rogers Pass]]]]{{See also|Canadian National Railway|Canadian Pacific Railway|Via Rail}}
{{Further|Rail transport in Canada|History of rail transport in Canada}}
<!--See the 1940 Canada year book page 635-638 for railway history, also Page 616-612 1922 to 1923 Yearbook, Pages 601 to 601 of the 1926 Yearbook and Pages 694 to 698 of the 1934 to 1935 Yearbook. -->In 2007, Canada had a total of {{convert|72212|km|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/trad47a.htm |title=Rail transportation, length of track operated for freight and passenger transportation, by province and territory |access-date=March 13, 2009 |author=Statistics Canada |work=statcan.ca |publisher=Statistics Canada |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004214148/http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/trad47a.htm |archive-date=October 4, 2008 }}</ref> of freight and passenger railway, of which {{convert|31|km|abbr=on}} is electrified.{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}} While intercity passenger transportation by rail is now very limited, freight transport by rail remains common. Total revenues of rail services in 2006 was $10.4&nbsp;billion, of which only 2.8% was from passenger services. In a year are usually earned about $11&nbsp;billion, of which 3.2% is from passengers and the rest from freight. The [[Canadian National Railway]] and [[Canadian Pacific Kansas City]] are Canada's two major freight railway companies, each having operations throughout North America. In 2007, 357&nbsp;billion tonne-kilometres of freight were transported by rail, and 4.33&nbsp;million passengers travelled 1.44&nbsp;billion passenger-kilometres (an almost negligible amount compared to the 491&nbsp;billion passenger-kilometres made in light road vehicles). 34,281 people were employed by the rail industry in the same year.<ref>{{cite web | title = Railway carriers, operating statistics | publisher = Statistics Canada | url = http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/trad46a.htm | access-date = March 26, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080223200711/http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/trad46a.htm |archive-date = February 23, 2008}}</ref>

Nationwide passenger services are provided by the [[Crown corporations of Canada|federal crown corporation]] [[Via Rail]]. VIA Rail has faced criticism for frequent delays, and low speeds compared to peer countries and historical train travel times, such as the records set by the [[UAC TurboTrain|TurboTrain]] during the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Cunha |first=Patricia |date=2024-01-12 |title=Why are Canada's passenger trains so slow? |url=https://thebigstorypodcast.ca/2024/01/12/why-are-canadas-passenger-trains-so-slow/ |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=CityNews Toronto}}</ref>

Three Canadian cities have [[commuter rail]] services: in the [[Montreal]] area by [[Exo commuter rail|Exo]], in the [[Toronto]] area by [[GO Transit]], and in the [[Vancouver]] area by [[West Coast Express]]. Smaller railways such as [[Ontario Northland Railway|Ontario Northland]], [[Rocky Mountaineer]], and [[Algoma Central Railway|Algoma Central]] also run passenger trains to remote rural areas.

In Canada, railways are built to [[standard gauge]], {{RailGauge|ussg}}. See also [[track gauge in Canada]].

Canada has railway links with the lower 48 US States but no rail connection with Alaska, although a line has been proposed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alaskacanadarail.org |title=AlaskaCanadaRail.org |publisher=AlaskaCanadaRail.org |date=July 1, 2005 |access-date=February 19, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117104414/http://www.alaskacanadarail.org/ |archive-date=January 17, 2013}}</ref> There are no other international rail connections.

==Waterways==
[[Image:PortOVan.jpg|thumb|The [[Port of Vancouver]], Canada's busiest port]]
{{See also|Category:Water transport in Canada}}
In 2005, {{convert|139.2|e6t|e6LT e6ST|abbr=off}} of cargo was loaded and unloaded at Canadian ports.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/trad51a.htm |title=Domestic and international cargo, tonnage loaded and unloaded by water transport, by province and territory. |access-date=April 4, 2008 |publisher=Statistics Canada |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080329204334/http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/trad51a.htm |archive-date = March 29, 2008}}</ref> The [[Port of Vancouver]] is the busiest port in Canada, moving {{convert|68|e6t|e6LT e6ST|abbr=off}} or 15% of Canada's total in domestic and international shipping in 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www41.statcan.ca/2006/4006/ceb4006_001_e.htm |title=Vancouver: Canada's busiest port |access-date=April 9, 2008 |author=Statistics Canada |publisher=Statistics Canada |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706203734/http://www41.statcan.ca/2006/4006/ceb4006_001_e.htm |archive-date=July 6, 2011 }}</ref>

Transport Canada oversees most of the regulatory functions related to marine registration,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tc.gc.ca/marinesafety/CES/Small-Commercial-Vessels/SVMIP-upto15.htm |title=Small Vessel Monitoring & Inspection Program |access-date=October 1, 2007 |author=Transport Canada |publisher=Transport Canada |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070913212748/http://www.tc.gc.ca/marinesafety/CES/Small-Commercial-Vessels/SVMIP-upto15.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = September 13, 2007}}</ref> safety of large vessel,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tc.gc.ca/marinesafety/oep/inspection/psc/menu.htm |title=Port State Control |access-date=October 1, 2007 |author=Transport Canada |publisher=Transport Canada |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014024149/http://www.tc.gc.ca/marinesafety/oep/inspection/psc/menu.htm |archive-date=October 14, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and port [[Maritime pilot|pilotage]] duties.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tc.gc.ca/marinesafety/mpsp/menu.htm |title=Marine Personnel Standards and Pilotage |access-date=October 1, 2007 |author=Transport Canada |publisher=Transport Canada}}</ref> Many of Canada's port facilities are in the process of being divested from federal responsibility to other agencies or municipalities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tc.gc.ca/Programs/Ports/menu.htm |title=Airport and Port Programs |access-date=October 1, 2007 |author=Transport Canada |publisher=Transport Canada |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111084507/http://www.tc.gc.ca/programs/ports/menu.htm |archive-date=November 11, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Inland waterways comprise {{convert|3000|km|abbr=on}}, including the St. Lawrence Seaway. Transport Canada enforces acts and regulations governing water transportation and safety.<ref>{{cite web | title = Marine Acts and Regulations | work = Transport Canada | publisher = Government of Canada | url = http://www.tc.gc.ca/acts-regulations/marine/menu.htm | access-date = January 18, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080115201221/http://www.tc.gc.ca/acts-regulations/marine/menu.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = January 15, 2008}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|+Container traffic in Canadian ports, 2006<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/PDFs/2006_North_American_Container_Traffic.pdf |title=North American Port Container Traffic 2006 |access-date=March 23, 2009 |author=AAPA |author-link=American Association of Port Authorities |date=May 14, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219193825/http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/PDFs/2006%5FNorth%5FAmerican%5FContainer%5FTraffic.pdf |archive-date=December 19, 2008 }}</ref>
|-
!Rank||Port||Province||[[Twenty-foot equivalent unit|TEUs]]||Boxes||[[Containerization|Containerized cargo]] ([[tonne]]s)
|-
|1||[[Port of Vancouver|Vancouver]]||[[British Columbia]]||align="right"|2,207,730||align="right"|1,282,807||align="right"|17,640,024
|-
|2||[[Port of Montreal|Montreal]]||[[Quebec]]||align="right"|1,288,910||align="right"|794,735||align="right"|11,339316
|-
|3|| [[Port of Halifax|Halifax]]||[[Nova Scotia]]||align="right"|530,722||align="right"|311,065||align="right"|4,572,020
|-
|4|| [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]]||[[Newfoundland and Labrador]]||align="right"|118,008||align="right"|55,475||align="right"|512,787
|-
|5|| [[Fraser River]]||British Columbia|| align="right" |94,651||align="right"|''N/A''||align="right"|742,783
|-
|6|| [[Saint John, New Brunswick|Saint John]]||[[New Brunswick]]||align="right"|44,566||align="right"|24,982||align="right"|259,459
|-
|7|| [[Toronto Harbour|Toronto]]||[[Ontario]]||align="right"|24,585||align="right"|24,585||align="right"|292,834
|}
[[File:Spirit of vi 3.jpg|thumb|right|{{MV|Spirit of Vancouver Island}} en route to the [[Tsawwassen ferry terminal]] from the [[Swartz Bay ferry terminal]]]]

===Ferry services===
{{See also|Category:Ferries of Canada}}
*Passenger ferry service
**[[Vancouver Island]] and surrounding islands and peninsulas to the [[British Columbia]] mainland<ref>{{Cite web|title=Discover Our Routes {{!}} BC Ferries|url=https://www.bcferries.com/routes-fares/discover-route-map|access-date=August 19, 2021|website=www.bcferries.com|language=en}}</ref>
**Several [[Sunshine Coast, British Columbia|Sunshine Coast]] communities to the British Columbia mainland and to Alaska
**Internationally to [[Transportation in Saint Pierre and Miquelon|St. Pierre and Miquelon]]
*[[Roll-on/roll-off|Automobile ferry]] service
**[[Nova Scotia]] to [[Newfoundland and Labrador]]
**[[Quebec]] to Newfoundland across the [[Strait of Belle Isle]]
**Labrador to Newfoundland
**Chandler to the Magdalen Islands, Quebec
**Prince Edward Island to the Magdalen Islands, Quebec
**Prince Edward Island to Nova Scotia
**Digby, Nova Scotia, to Saint John, New Brunswick
[[Image:Welland Canal Lock 1 Port Weller 1.jpg|thumb|Welland Canal, Port Weller, lock #1]]

===Canals===
{{See also|List of canals of Canada}}
The main route canals of Canada are those of the [[St. Lawrence River]] and the [[Great Lakes]]. The others are subsidiary canals.
* [[St. Lawrence Seaway]]
* [[Welland Canal]]
* [[Soo Locks]]
* [[Trent-Severn Waterway]]
* [[Rideau Canal]]

===Ports and harbours===
{{See also|Category:Port settlements in Canada}}
The [[National Harbours Board]] administered Halifax, Saint John, Chicoutimi, Trois-Rivières, Churchill, and Vancouver until 1983. At one time, over 300 harbours across Canada were supervised by the Department of Transport.<ref name="Year"/>  A program of divestiture was implemented around the turn of the millennium, and as of 2014, 493 of the 549 sites identified for divestiture in 1995 have been sold or otherwise transferred,<ref name="actionplan">{{cite web|url=http://actionplan.gc.ca/en/initiative/strengthening-canadas-port-system|website=actionplan.gc.ca|title=actionplan.gc.ca: "Strengthening Canada's Port System|access-date=2021-01-11}}</ref> as indicated by a DoT list.<ref>[http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/programs/ports-deproclamationnotice2%281%29-1111.htm tc.gc.ca: "Deproclamation Notice Subsection 2(1)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815161623/http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/programs/ports-deproclamationnotice2%281%29-1111.htm |date=August 15, 2016 }}</ref> The government maintains an active divestiture programme,<ref name="tc">{{cite web|url=http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/programs/ports-menu-1127.htm|website=tc.gc.ca|title=tc.gc.ca: "Port Programs|access-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> and, after divestiture, [[Transport Canada]] oversees only 17 Canada Port Authorities for the 17 largest shipping ports.<ref name="tc_ports">{{cite web|url=http://www.tc.gc.ca/programs/ports/index.htm|title=Ports|publisher=[[Transport Canada]]|access-date=February 2, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303202248/http://www.tc.gc.ca/programs/ports/index.htm|archive-date=March 3, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090303202248/http://www.tc.gc.ca/programs/ports/index.htm tc.gc.ca: "Ports"], archive.org March 3, 2009</ref>
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}

====Pacific coast====
*[[Victoria Harbour (British Columbia)|Victoria]], British Columbia
*[[Vancouver Fraser Port Authority|Vancouver]], British Columbia
*[[Prince Rupert Port Authority|Prince Rupert]], British Columbia

====Atlantic coast====
*[[Port of Halifax|Halifax]], Nova Scotia
*[[Port of Saint John|Saint John]], New Brunswick
*[[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador]]
*[[Sept-Îles, Quebec]]
*[[Sydney, Nova Scotia]]
*[[Botwood]], Newfoundland and Labrador
{{col-break}}

====Arctic coast====
*[[Port of Churchill|Churchill]], Manitoba
[[Image:Churchill Seaport 1996-08-12.jpg|thumb|[[Churchill, Manitoba]] Seaport]]

====Great Lakes and St Lawrence River====
*[[Bécancour, Quebec]]
*[[Hamilton-Oshawa Port Authority|Hamilton]], Ontario
*[[Port of Montreal|Montreal]], Quebec
*[[Port of Quebec|Quebec City]], Quebec
*[[Trois-Rivières]], Quebec
*[[Thunder Bay Port Authority|Thunder Bay]], Ontario
*[[PortsToronto|Toronto]], Ontario
*[[Windsor, Ontario]]
{{col-end}}

===Merchant marine===
{{Further|Canadian Merchant Navy}}
<!--see the 1934 to 1935 Canada Yearbook-->
Canada's merchant marine comprised a ''total'' of 173 ships ({{GT|1000|metric|disp=long}} or over) {{GT|2,129,243|metric}} or {{DWT|716,340|metric|disp=long}} at the end of 2007.<ref name="CIA Factbook"/>

==Pipelines==
[[Image:TransCanada pipeline.png|thumb|300px|The TransCanada pipeline route]]{{See also|Category:Natural gas pipelines in Canada|Lakehead Pipeline|TransCanada pipeline}}
Pipelines are part of the energy [[Petroleum production in Canada|extraction]] and transportation network of Canada and are used to transport [[natural gas]], [[Natural gas processing|natural gas liquids]], [[Petroleum|crude oil]], [[synthetic crude]] and other [[Petroleum product|petroleum based products]]. Canada has {{convert|23564|km|abbr=on}} of pipeline for transportation of crude and refined oil, and {{convert|74980|km|abbr=on}} for [[liquefied petroleum gas]].<ref name="CIA Factbook"/>

==Public transit==
{{main|Public transport in Canada}}
[[Image:NorthAmericanPublicTransport.png|thumb|300px|Canadian cities tend to have higher public transit use rates than comparable US cities their size but lower rates than their Mexican counterparts.]]
[[File:McGillMetro-RushHour.JPG|thumb|200px|[[Montreal Metro]]'s McGill station during rush hour]]
Most Canadian cities have [[public transport]], if only a bus system. Three Canadian cities have [[rapid transit]] systems, four have [[light rail]] systems, and three have [[commuter rail]] systems (see below). In 2016, 12.4% of Canadians used public transportation to get to work. This compares to 79.5% that got to work using a car (67.4% driving alone, 12.1% as part of a carpool), 5.5% that walked and 1.4% that rode a bike.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/171129/dq171129c-eng.htm|title=Journey to work: Key results from the 2016 Census|date=November 29, 2017|publisher=Statistics Canada}}</ref>

Government organizations across Canada owned 17,852 buses of various types in 2016. Organizations in Ontario (38.8%) and Quebec (21.9%) accounted for just over three-fifths of the country's total bus fleet. Urban municipalities owned more than 85% of all buses.<ref>https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/181127/dq181127c-eng.htm</ref>

in 2016, diesel buses were the leading bus type in Canada (65.9%), followed by bio-diesel (18.1%) and hybrid (9.4%) buses. Electric, natural gas and other buses collectively accounted for the remaining 6.6%.<ref>https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/181127/dq181127c-eng.htm</ref>

===Rapid transit systems===
{{Main|Rapid transit in Canada}}
There are three rapid transit systems operating in Canada: the [[Montreal Metro]], the [[Toronto subway]], and the [[SkyTrain (Vancouver)|Vancouver SkyTrain]].

{|class="wikitable" style="margin-left:20px;"
|+Rapid transit in Canada
!align=left|Location
!align=left|Transit
!align=left|Weekday daily ridership
!align=left|Length/stations
|- comparison
| [[Montreal]], Quebec
|[[Montreal Metro]]
|1,254,700 (Q4 2016)<ref name="APTA2016ridership" />
| {{convert|69.2|km|abbr=on}} / 68
|-
| [[Toronto]], Ontario
|[[Toronto subway]]
|1,207,300 (Q4 2016)<ref name="APTA2016ridership">{{cite web |url=http://www.apta.com/resources/statistics/Documents/Ridership/2016-q4-ridership-APTA.pdf |publisher=[[American Public Transportation Association]] |title=Public Transportation Ridership Report - Fourth Quarter, 2016 |date=March 3, 2017 |access-date=May 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320233013/http://www.apta.com/resources/statistics/Documents/Ridership/2016-q4-ridership-APTA.pdf |archive-date=March 20, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| {{convert|76.9|km|abbr=on}} / 75
|-
| [[Vancouver]], British Columbia
|[[SkyTrain (Vancouver)|SkyTrain]]
|454,600 (December 2016)<ref name="TransLink-2016">{{cite web |url=https://www.translink.ca/-/media/Documents/plans_and_projects/managing_the_transit_network/2016-TSPR/2016-TSPR-Appendix-E-Rail-Line-Summaries.pdf |title=2016 Transit Service Performance Review - Appendix E – SkyTrain and West Coast Express Line Summaries |publisher=TransLink |pages=4–8 |date=2016 |access-date=July 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727020732/https://www.translink.ca/-/media/Documents/plans_and_projects/managing_the_transit_network/2016-TSPR/2016-TSPR-Appendix-E-Rail-Line-Summaries.pdf |url-status=live |archive-date=July 27, 2017}}</ref>
| {{convert|79.6|km|abbr=on}} / 53
|-
|}

There is also an [[List of airport people mover systems|airport circulator]], the [[Link Train]], at [[Toronto Pearson International Airport]]. It operates 24 hours a day, 7 days a week and is wheelchair-accessible. It is free of cost.

===Light rail systems===
{{Main|Light rail in Canada}}
There are [[light rail]] systems in four cities – the Calgary [[CTrain]], the [[Edmonton LRT]], the Ottawa [[O-Train]], and [[Waterloo Region]]'s [[Ion rapid transit|Ion]] – while Toronto has an extensive [[Toronto streetcar system|streetcar system]].
{|class="wikitable" style="margin-left:20px;"
|+Light rail transit in Canada
!align=left|Location
!align=left|Transit
!align=left|Weekday daily ridership
!align=left|Length/stations
|- comparison
|-
| [[Toronto]], Ontario
|[[Toronto streetcar system]]
|530,600 (Q4 2019)<ref name="APTAQ42019">{{cite web |url=http://www.apta.com/wp-content/uploads/2019-Q4-Ridership-APTA.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510115556/http://www.apta.com/wp-content/uploads/2019-Q4-Ridership-APTA.pdf |archive-date=May 10, 2020 |url-status=live |title=APTA Public Transportation Ridership Report |publisher=[[American Public Transportation Association]] |date=2019 |access-date=August 27, 2020}}</ref>
| {{convert|82|km|abbr=on}} / 685<ref>Represents number of stops, per [https://www.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Operating_Statistics/2013.jsp TTC website 2013 operating statistics].</ref>
|-
| [[Calgary]], Alberta
|[[CTrain]]
|313,800 (Q4 2019)<ref name="APTAQ42019"/>
| {{convert|59.9|km|abbr=on}} / 45<ref name="Calgary-figs">{{cite web |url=http://www.calgarytransit.com/about-us/facts-and-figures/statistics |title=About Calgary Transit / Facts and Figures / Statistics |work=Calgary Transit |publisher=City of Calgary |year=2015 |access-date=July 17, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[Edmonton]], Alberta
|[[Edmonton LRT]]
|113,804 (2019)<ref name="lrt2019">{{cite web |url=http://www.edmonton.ca/transportation/PDF/2019-LRT-Passenger-Count-Report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114082556/http://www.edmonton.ca/transportation/PDF/2019-LRT-Passenger-Count-Report.pdf |archive-date=November 14, 2020 |url-status=live |title=2019 LRT Passenger Count Report |date=April 2020 |publisher=City of Edmonton |access-date=August 27, 2020}}</ref>
| {{convert|37.4|km|abbr=on}} / 29
|-
| [[Ottawa]], Ontario
|[[O-Train]]
|159,000 (Q4 2019)<ref>{{Cite AV media | people=Manconi, John (General Manager, Transportation Services) | minutes = 13 | date=January 23, 2020 | url = http://www.otrainfans.ca/news/special-transit-commission-meeting-january-23-2020|access-date=May 9, 2020|type=Audio Recording|title=Special Transit Commission meeting - January 23, 2020}}</ref>
| {{convert|20.5|km|abbr=on}} / 18
|-
| [[Waterloo Region]], Ontario
| [[Ion rapid transit]]
| N/A
| {{convert|19|km|abbr=on}} / 19
|}
The 2016 Canada's Core Public Infrastructure Survey from [[Statistics Canada]] found that all of Canada's 247 streetcars were owned by the [[City of Toronto government|City of Toronto]]. The vast majority (87.9%) of these streetcars were purchased from 1970 to 1999, while 12.1% were purchased in 2016. Reflecting the age of the streetcars, 88.0% were reported to be in very poor condition, while 12.0% were reported to be in good condition.<ref>https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/181127/dq181127c-eng.htm</ref>

===Commuter train systems===
Commuter trains serve the cities and surrounding areas of Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver:
{|class="wikitable" style="margin-left:20px;"
|+Commuter train systems in Canada
!align=left|Location
!align=left|Transit
!align=left|Daily ridership
!align=left|System length
|-
| [[Toronto]], Ontario
|[[GO Transit]]
|187,000 (2013)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gotransit.com/public/en/docs/publications/quickfacts/Quick_Facts_Info_to_GO_EN.pdf |title=Quick Facts: Info to GO |date=January 2014 |publisher=GO Transit |access-date=February 21, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714214807/http://www.gotransit.com/public/en/docs/publications/quickfacts/quick_facts_info_to_go_en.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2014}}</ref>
| {{convert|390|km|abbr=on}}<ref>[http://www.gotransit.com/PUBLIC/en/aboutgo/whatisgo.htm#GObythenumbers GO by the numbers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105163929/http://www.gotransit.com/PUBLIC/en/aboutgo/whatisgo.htm#GObythenumbers |date=January 5, 2009 }} Retrieved on January 17, 2009.</ref>
|-
| [[Montreal]], Quebec
|[[Agence métropolitaine de transport]]
|83,100 (Q2 2013)<ref name="APTAQ22013">{{cite web |url=http://www.apta.com/resources/statistics/Documents/Ridership/2013-q2-ridership-APTA.pdf#32 |title=APTA Transit Ridership Report |publisher=[[American Public Transportation Association]] |date=2013 |format=PDF |access-date=February 21, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054438/http://www.apta.com/resources/statistics/Documents/Ridership/2013-q2-ridership-APTA.pdf#32 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| {{convert|214|km|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Vancouver]], British Columbia
|[[West Coast Express]]
|11,100 (Q2 2013)<ref name="APTAQ22013"/>
| {{convert|69|km|abbr=on}}<ref>West Coast Express: [http://www.westcoastexpress.com/stations.asp?PageID=STATIONTRAIN Stations and Parking Information] Retrieved December 9, 2009.</ref>
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Canada}}
{{Commons category|Transport in Canada}}
* [[Royal Commission on Railways]]
*''[[The Romance of Transportation in Canada]]'', a [[National Film Board of Canada]] [[animated short]]
* [[Taxicabs of Canada]]
* [[Plug-in electric vehicles in Canada]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Brown, Ron. ''Rails Across the Prairies: The Railway Heritage of Canada's Prairie Provinces'' (Dundurn, 2012)
* Currie, Archibald William. ''Economics of Canadian transportation'' (U of Toronto Press, 1954.)
* Daniels, Rudolph L. ''Trains across the continent: North American railroad history'' (Indiana University Press, 2000)
* Glazebrook, G.P. de T. ''A history of transportation in Canada'' (1938; reprinted 1969), The standard scholarly history
* McCalla, Robert J. ''Water Transportation in Canada'' (1994)
* McIlwraith, Thomas F. "Transportation in Old Ontario." ''American Review of Canadian Studies'' 14.2 (1984): 177–192.
* Pigott, Peter. ''Canada: The History'' (2014); Pigott has numerous books on aviation in Canada
* Schreiner, John. ''Transportation: The evolution of Canada's networks'' (McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1972)
* Stagg, Ronald. ''The Golden Dream: A History of the St. Lawrence Seaway'' (Dundurn, 2010)
* Willoughby, William R. ''The St. Lawrence waterway: a study in politics and diplomacy'' (University of Wisconsin Press, 1961)

== External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150503235850/http://www.transportationindustry.ca/ Directory of Canada Transportation Companies] www.transportationindustry.ca
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071001050359/http://www.collectionscanada.ca/virtual-vault/026018-119.01-e.php?q1=Transportation+and+Maps&PHPSESSID=4nel0brdl9jig2875u4atpbmc4 "Transportation and Maps" in ''Virtual Vault''], an online exhibition of Canadian historical art at Library and Archives Canada
* [http://nats.sct.gob.mx/ North American transportation statistics]

{{Canada topic|Transport in}}
{{Canada topics}}
{{Economy of Canada footer}}
{{Americas topic|Transport in}}

[[Category:Transport in Canada|*]]