View source for Transport in Indonesia

{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Use British English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
[[File:Pelni Einschiffung.jpg|thumb|upright|300px|The [[Pelni]] shipping line connects several Indonesian islands.]]

[[Indonesia]]'s transport system has been shaped over time by the economic resource base of an [[archipelago]] with thousands of islands, and the distribution of its more than 200 million people concentrated mainly on a single island, [[Java]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Legge |first1=John D. |title=Review: Indonesia's Diversity Revisited |journal=Indonesia |date=April 1990 |volume=49 |issue=49 |pages=127–131 |doi=10.2307/3351057 |url=https://cip.cornell.edu/seap.indo/1107012385 |jstor=3351057 |hdl=1813/53928 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

All [[Mode of transport|modes of transport]] play a role in the country's transport system and are generally complementary rather than competitive. Road transport is predominant, with a total system length of {{convert|548366 |km |abbr=off}} in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Panjang Jalan Menurut Tingkat Kewenangan (km), 2018–2020 |url=https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/17/50/1/panjang-jalan-menurut-tingkat-kewenangan.html |website=Central Agency on Statistics |access-date= 21 January 2022}}</ref> The [[Rail transport|railway]] system has five unconnected networks in [[Java]], [[Sumatra]] and [[Sulawesi]] primarily dedicated to transport bulk commodities and long-distance passenger traffic.

Sea transport is extremely important for [[economic integration]], as well as for domestic and foreign trade. It is well developed, with each of the major islands having at least one significant [[Port|port city]]. The role of inland waterways is relatively minor and is limited to certain areas of Eastern Sumatra and [[Kalimantan]].

The function of [[air transport]] is significant, particularly where land or water transport is deficient or non-existent. It is based on an extensive domestic airline network in which all major cities can be reached by passenger plane.

== Water transport==

===Merchant marine vessels===
[[File:Pinisi Sunda Kelapa.jpg |thumb |right |Traditional wooden [[Pinisi]] ships still used in inter-Indonesian islands freight service.]]
Because [[Indonesia]] encompasses a sprawling [[archipelago]], [[ship transport|maritime shipping]] provides essential links between different parts of the country.  Boats in common use include large [[container ship]]s, a variety of ferries, passenger ships, sailing ships, and smaller motorised vessels. The traditional wooden [[pinisi]] vessel is still widely used as the inter-island freight service within Indonesian archipelago. Main pinisi traditional harbours are [[Sunda Kelapa]] in [[Jakarta]] and [[:id:Paotere|Paotere]] harbour in [[Makassar]].

Frequent ferry services cross the straits between nearby islands, especially in the chain of islands stretching from [[Sumatra]] through [[Java]] to the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]]. On the busy crossings between Sumatra, Java, and [[Bali]], multiple car ferries run frequently twenty-four hours per day. There are also international ferry services between across the [[Straits of Malacca]] between Sumatra and [[Malaysia]], and between [[Singapore]] and nearby Indonesian islands, such as [[Batam]]. Ferry services are operated by state-owned [[ASDP Indonesia Ferry]] and several private operators.

[[File:Pelni Schifffahrtsnetz 2006.png|thumb|400px|[[Pelni]]'s shipping routes, 2006]]
A network of passenger ships makes longer connections to more remote islands, especially in the eastern part of the archipelago. The national shipping line, [[Pelni]], provides passenger service to [[port]]s throughout the country on a two to four week schedule.  These ships generally provide the least expensive way to cover long distances between islands.  Smaller privately run boats provide service between islands.

On some islands, major rivers provide a key transportation link in the absence of good roads. On [[Kalimantan]], [[longboat]]s running on the rivers are the only way to reach many inland areas.

===Waterways===
Indonesia has {{Cvt|21579|km}} of navigable waterways ({{As of|2005|lc=y}}), of which about one half are on Kalimantan, and a quarter each on Sumatra and [[Papua (Indonesian province)|Papua]]. Waterways are highly needed because the rivers on these islands are not wide enough to hold medium-sized ships. In addition to this, roads and railways are not good options since Kalimantan and Papua are not like Java, which is a highly developed island.<ref>{{cite web|last=Guerin|first=Bill|title=Politics and Business Mix in Indonesia|url=http://kerrycollison.net/index.php?/archives/2805-Politics-and-Business-Mix-in-Indonesia.html|publisher=Kerry B. Collison|date=21 July 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510232006/http://kerrycollison.net/index.php?%2Farchives%2F2805-Politics-and-Business-Mix-in-Indonesia.html|archive-date=10 May 2008}}</ref> With the current length of waterways, Indonesia ranked seventh on the countries with longest waterways.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rank Order – Waterways|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2093rank.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005421/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2093rank.html|archive-date=13 June 2007|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref>

=== Ports and harbours ===
{{main|List of Indonesian ports}}
[[File:Tanjung priok2.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Port of Tanjung Priok]], the busiest port in Indonesia]]
Major ports and harbours include [[Bitung]], [[Cilacap]], [[Cirebon]], [[Jakarta]], [[Kupang]], [[Palembang]], [[Semarang]], [[Surabaya]], and [[Makassar]]. Ports are managed by the various [[Indonesia Port Corporation]]s, of which there are four, numbered I through IV. Each has jurisdiction over various regions of the country, with I in the west and IV in the east. [[Port of Tanjung Priok]] in Jakarta is the Indonesia's busiest port, handling over 5.20 million [[Twenty-foot equivalent unit|TEUs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldshipping.org/about-the-industry/global-trade/top-50-world-container-ports|title=Top 50 World Container Ports|publisher=World Shipping Council|date=2015|access-date=15 November 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115163646/http://www.worldshipping.org/about-the-industry/global-trade/top-50-world-container-ports|archive-date=15 November 2017}}</ref>

A two-phase "New Tanjung Priok" extension project is currently underway, which will triple the existing annual capacity when fully operational in 2023. In 2015, ground breaking of the strategic North Sumatra's [[Kuala Tanjung Port]] has been completed. It is expected to accommodate 500,000 TEUs per year,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://maritimenews.id/pelindo-i-needs-idr-34-trillion-to-run-kuala-tanjung-port-project/|title=Pelindo I Needs IDR 34 Trillion to Run Kuala Tanjung Port Project|publisher=Nusantara Maritime News|date=28 May 2015|access-date=12 January 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514102209/https://maritimenews.id/pelindo-i-needs-idr-34-trillion-to-run-kuala-tanjung-port-project/|archive-date=14 May 2017}}</ref> overtaking [[Johor|Johor's]] [[Tanjung Pelepas Port]] and could even compete with the [[port of Singapore]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/01/22/pelindo-has-high-hopes-kuala-tanjung.html|title=Pelindo has high hopes for Kuala Tanjung|author=Amin, Khoirul|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|date=22 January 2015|access-date=20 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020050558/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/01/22/pelindo-has-high-hopes-kuala-tanjung.html|archive-date=20 October 2016}}</ref>

===List of ship accidents and incidents in Indonesia===

{{incomplete list|date=May 2025}}

This list is a list of [[ship]] accidents and incidents sorted by year, from most recent.

==== 2025 ====
* 5 May – The [[Ferry]] '''KM Muchlisa''' sank in the waters of Penajam Paser Utara Regency, [[East Kalimantan]] (Kaltim). A number of drowned passengers have been evacuated. The location of the sunken ship is only 200 meters from the mainland of [[Penajam Paser Utara Regency]] and the Muchlisa ferry is currently sinking. The cause of the sinking of the ship is suspected to be a leak and the engine died during the incident.<ref>{{cite news |work=Detik |title=Kapal Feri Muchlisa Tenggelam di PPU Kaltim, Sejumlah Penumpang Dievakuasi |url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-7900590/kapal-feri-muchlisa-tenggelam-di-ppu-kaltim-sejumlah-penumpang-dievakuasi |access-date=5 May 2025 |date=5 May 2025 |language=id |archive-date=5 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250505112451/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-7900590/kapal-feri-muchlisa-tenggelam-di-ppu-kaltim-sejumlah-penumpang-dievakuasi |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==== 2023 ====
* 19 August – '''KM Dewi Noor 1'''<ref>{{cite news |work=Sindo News |title=M Dewi Noor 1 Sinks in the Waters of the Seribu Islands, 3 Passengers Still Missing |url=https://video.sindonews.com/play/83115/m-dewi-noor-1-tenggelam-di-perairan-kepulauan-seribu-3-penumpang-masih-hilang |access-date=8 October 2023 |date=19 August 2023}}</ref> with 15 passengers was reported to have sunk in the Waters of the Seribu Islands, on Friday (8/19/2023). The ship loaded with building materials departed from Mutiara Beach to Sepa Island.
* 27 April – '''Speedboat Evelyn Calisca'''<ref>{{cite news |work=Tempo |title=Speedboat Evelyn Calisca Capsizes in Riau, Number of Victims Increases to 12 People |url=https://bisnis.tempo.co/read/1719592/kapal-speedboat-evelyn-calisca-terbalik-di-riau-jumlah-korban-bertambah-jadi-12-orang |access-date=8 October 2023 |date=28 April 2023}}</ref> capsized at around 13:40 WIB in the waters of Kateman District and Burung Island. The ship departed from Pelindo Tembilahan Port, Indragiri Hilir Regency, Riau, bound for Tanjung Pinang, Riau Islands Province.

==== 2021 ====

* 29 June – The '''MV Yunicee Passenger Motor Ship''' is one of the [[ferries]] of the [[Roll-on/roll-off|Ro-Ro]] type owned by PT. Surya Timur Line which serves the [[Gilimanuk Port|Gilimanuk]]-[[Ketapang Port|Ketapang]] crossing route which capsized and then sank when it was about to dock at a distance of 200–300 meters from Gilimanuk Port on 29 June 2021, at 19.20 WITA. This ship is 56.6 meters long and 8.6 meters wide.

==== 2018 ====
* 3 July – '''[[MV Lestari Maju|Motorboat KM Lestari Maju]]''' carrying passengers from [[Bulukumba]] to [[Selayar Islands|Selayar]], [[South Sulawesi]] ran aground in the waters of Pabeddilang Beach, causing at least 34 deaths.<ref>[https://nasional.tempo.co/read/1103515/jumlah-penumpang-km-lestari-maju-berbeda-dengan-manifest Number of Passengers on KM Lestari Maju Different from Manifest]</ref>
* 29 June – A speedboat carrying illegal Indonesian migrant workers from [[Tawau]], [[Malaysia]], collided with another speedboat in the waters of Sebatik, [[North Kalimantan]], causing at least 8 deaths and 2 others injured missing.<ref>[https://www.niaga.asia/polisi-tetapkan-3-orang-tersangka-kecelakaan-speedboat-di-sebatik/ Police Name 3 Suspects in Speedboat Accident in Sebatik]</ref>
* 18 June – Around 164 people are missing and 3 people died after the '''[[Sinking of MV Sinar Bangun|KM Sinar Bangun]]''' sank in [[Lake Toba]], [[North Sumatra]].<ref>[https://regional.kompas.com/read/2018/06/20/10594621/fakta-fakta-peristiwa-tenggelamnya-km-sinar-bangun-di-danau-toba Facts about the Sinking of KM Sinar Bangun in Lake Toba]</ref>
* 13 – 16 June people died after '''KM Arista''' capsized on its way from Paotere Port to Baranglompo Island, [[South Sulawesi]].<ref>[https://www.liputan6.com/regional/read/3561424/100-orang-dikerahkan-untuk-cari-2-korban-km-arista-tenggelam-di-perairan-makassar 100 People Deployed to Search for 2 Victims of KM Arista Sinking in Makassar Waters]</ref>
* 2 May – A speedboat carrying 12 passengers from Tabonji District to Merauke City capsized in Wamal waters, Tubang District, Merauke Regency, Papua, and caused 11 people to go missing.<ref>[https://www.inews.id/daerah/papua/112945/speedboat-terbalik-di-merauke-2-penumpang-hilang- termasuk-bidan Speedboat Capsizes in Merauke, 2 Passengers Missing Including Midwife] {{dead link|date=March 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
* 20 February – The ferry '''Kayong Utara''' carrying 31 passengers, eight trucks, one private car and two motorbikes from [[Muntok, West Bangka|Muntok]], [[Bangka Belitung]] capsized when entering the waters of [[Tanjung Api-api Port|Tanjung Api-api]], [[Banyuasin Regency|Banyuasin]], [[South Sumatra]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3876242/kapal-kayong-utara-tenggelam-di-sungai-musi-1-abk-hilang |title=Kayong Utara Ship Sinks in Musi River, 1 Crew Member Missing |access-date=5 May 2025 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008083158/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3876242/kapal-kayong-utara-tenggelam-di-sungai-musi-1-abk-hilang |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 1 – 8 January people died after the '''MV Anugrah Express''' fast boat capsized in the waters of the [[Tanjung Api-api]] river, [[Tanjung Selor]], [[North Kalimantan]].<ref>[http://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-42532061 Eight people killed in Tarakan boat accident]</ref>

==== 2017 ====
* 19 May – Five passengers died and 24 others went missing in '''[[KM Mutiara Sentosa I Fire|the burning of KM Mutiara Sentosa I]]''' disaster in the waters of [[Masalembu Islands|Masalembu]], [[Sumenep Regency|Sumenep]], [[East Java]] Province.
* 1 – 23 January passengers died in '''[[Zahro Express disaster|the burning of KM Zahro Express]]''' disaster in the waters of [[Kepulauan Seribu]], [[Jakarta]].

==== 2009 ====
* 22 November – '''[[Sinking of MV Dumai Express 10|Dumai Express 10 Ship Disaster]]''' in the waters of Tanjung Balai Karimun, Riau Islands caused by bad weather. The incident resulted in 28 deaths (details attached), 12 missing and 12 hospitalized at Tanjung Balai Karimun Regional Hospital and 2 at Balai Health Center.
* 28 August – '''[[KM Sari Mulia Ship Disaster|KM Sari Mulia Ship]]''' For the search for victims on the third day, two more bodies were found by SAR officers. With that, the total number of victims found has reached 21 passengers.{{fact|date=February 2026}}
* 27 July – '''[[Cahaya Abadi Utama Ship Disaster|Cahaya Abadi Utama]]''' sank in [[Makassar Strait]], A wooden ship loaded with 50 tons of corn and 3,000 bunches of bananas sailed from Budonbudon District, Mamuju Regency, South Sulawesi to Samarinda on Monday (7/27) morning. "All crew members are safe, there were no fatalities," said Assistant Police Commissioner Handoko{{fact|date=February 2026}}
* 11 January – '''[[MV Teratai Prima Motor Ship Disaster 0|KM Teratai Prima Motor Ship 0]]''' sank in [[Tanjung Baturoro]], [[Sendana]], [[Majene Regency|Majene]], [[West Sulawesi]]; of the approximately 300 victims, only 36 were rescued by fishermen.{{fact|date=February 2026}}

==== 2008 ====
* 31 August, The '''MV Belanak''' passenger motor ship (KMP) was a ferry type owned by PT Angkutan Sungai Danau and The crossing (ASDP) hit a speedboat belonging to a pamuge fisherman (fish buyer in the middle of the sea) in the waters of the West Coast, precisely 1.5 miles from Putri Island to the west, Sunday (31/8) morning at around 05.30 WIB.{{fact|date=February 2026}}
* 28 August, the '''Ro-ro Dharma Ferry 3''' ship departing from Makassar (South Sulawesi) to Balikpapan (East Kalimantan), caught fire when it was about to dock at the Semayang Port pier at around 11.00.{{fact|date=February 2026}}
* 18 May, the '''Ro-ro Dharma Kencana''' ship from Semarang to Sampit caught fire. At around 12.00 WIB the ill-fated ship caught fire. The location of the burning ship was around 20 miles from Sampit port. The evacuation of passengers was done by the self-help of the Ship's Crew (ABK).{{fact|date=February 2026}}

==== 2007 ====
* 18 October – '''KM Asita III''' sank at 11.00. 20.16 WITA in the waters of [[Kadatua Strait]], about 10 miles from [[Baubau City]], [[Buton Island]], [[Southeast Sulawesi]], 125 people survived, at least 31 people died, and 35 others were missing.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/10/19/2064249.htm | title=ABC News – Trusted Source of Latest News & Headlines | website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] }}</ref>
* 11 July – '''KM Sinar Madinah''' sank in the waters of the South Sea of Hu'u Village, [[Dompu Regency]], [[West Nusa Tenggara]] province. The ship sank after being hit by waves as high as five meters. Seven crew members were entangled in the net, but six managed to save themselves. A crew member was missing along with the net that entangled him.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.metrotvnews.com/berita.asp?id=42027 |title=Metro TV Online |access-date=5 May 2025 |archive-date=27 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027171630/http://www.metrotvnews.com/berita.asp?id=42027 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 11 July – '''[[KM Wahai Star Disaster|KM Wahai Star]]''' carrying around 100 passengers and thousands of tons of agricultural products from Leksula bound for [[Ambon City|Ambon]] sank in the waters between [[Buru Island]] and Ambon.
* 22 February – At least 25 people died after the '''[[MV Levina 1|KM Levina I]]''' en route [[Tanjung Priok Port|Tanjung Priok]]–[[Pangkal Balam Port|Pangkal Balam]], [[Bangka Island|Bangka]] carrying 291 passengers caught fire in the [[Sunda Strait]].<ref>Detik [http://www.detiknews.com/index.php/detik.read/tahun/2007/bulan/02/tgl/22/time/105812/idnews/745562/idkanal/10 Levina I Ship Burns 80 km from Priok, 350 People Trapped]</ref> 4 of them died while investigating the wreck on 25 February. They died when the wreck sank.<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/ Yahoo News] [http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20070223/wl_afp/indonesiaaccidentsea;_ylt=AubFt8WakTVKd3Zq9S9bIosBxg8F Huge search for 120 missing in Indonesia ferry blaze]</ref>

==== 2006 ====
* 30 December – Fishermen died when their boat was rolled by waves in the waters of Paciran, [[Lamongan Regency]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kompas.co.id/ver1/Nusantara/0612/30/195859.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 May 2025 |archive-date=29 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929090553/http://www.kompas.co.id/ver1/Nusantara/0612/30/195859.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 28 December – '''[[KM Tristar I disaster]]''' that sank in the Bangka Strait. Only 3 floating bodies were found.<ref>[http://www.detiknews.com/indexfr.php?url=http://www.detiknews.com/index.php/detik.read/tahun/2006/bulan/12/tgl/29/time/140938/idnews/725255/idkanal/10 Detik.com]</ref>

==== 2005 ====
* 8 July – '''[[KM Digoel accident]]''' in the [[Arafura Sea]]. It is estimated that 84 people were found dead and the fate of 100 passengers is still unknown.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0507/10/utama/1887767.htm |title=Kapal Motor Digoel Tenggelam |access-date=2006-12-29 |archive-date=2007-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312133815/http://kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0507/10/utama/1887767.htm |work=[[Kompas.com]] |language=id}}</ref>

==== 2004 ====
* 15 January – '''KM Sutra Alam 02''' hit by the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|2004 Aceh Tsunami]] in the waters [[Pulau We]]. Death toll reaches 176, ship dragged almost to shore.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/nusa/sulawesi/2004/01/17/brk,20040117-02,id.html |title=Dua Kapal Tabrakan di Perairan Sulawesi Tenggara |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040309021605/https://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/nusa/sulawesi/2004/01/17/brk,20040117-02,id.html |archive-date=2004-03-09 |access-date=2025-05-19}}</ref>

==== 2003 ====
* 7 September – Passenger Motor Ship '''MV Wimala Dharma''' crash in the waters of the Lombok Strait, about 4.5 nautical miles from Gili Tapekong, West Nusa Tenggara, Sunday (7/9) early morning at around 03.30. 5 passengers died.

==== 2002 ====
* 20 November – '''KMP Adidas''' collided with KMP Sinar Akaba in the waters of [[Hari Island]], [[Kendari Regency]], [[Southeast Sulawesi]], about 25 miles southeast of Kendari port. KMP Sinar Akaba sank, one passenger died and others were seriously injured.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/nusa/sulawesi/2003/11/21/brk,20031121-06,id.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 May 2025 |archive-date=11 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311094445/http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/nusa/sulawesi/2003/11/21/brk,20031121-06,id.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==== 1981 ====
* 27 January – '''[[Tampomas II|KMP Tampomas II Disaster]]'''. The incident that began with the ship hitting the reef on 25, was the biggest tragedy at that time with 1162 people killed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://yulian.firdaus.or.id/2005/01/24/tragedi-karamnya-kmp-tampomas-ii/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 May 2025 |archive-date=7 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307120120/http://yulian.firdaus.or.id/2005/01/24/tragedi-karamnya-kmp-tampomas-ii |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Roads and highways==
A wide variety of vehicles are used for transportation on Indonesia's roads. [[Intercity bus|Bus]] services are available in most areas connected to the road network. Between major cities, especially on Sumatra, Java, and Bali, services are frequent and direct; many express services are available with no stops until the final destination.

===Intercity bus===
{{See also|List of bus operator companies in Indonesia}}
[[File:Rosalia Indah SH 108.jpg|thumb|right|An Indonesian intercity bus, P.O. Rosalia Indah [[Scania K series|Scania K360IB]] bus travelling across Java, connecting [[Surabaya]], [[Surakarta|Solo]] and [[Jakarta]]]]
The [[intercity bus service]] has become the major provider of land transportation service connecting Indonesian cities, either within an island or inter-island connected through [[Ferry|ferry crossings]]. The intercity bus operator companies are called P.O. ({{lang|id|perusahaan otobus}} in [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]) with several major companies operating mainly in Java and Sumatra. The longest intercity bus service in Indonesia is a route operated by [[Antar Lintas Sumatera|P.O. Antar Lintas Sumatera]] (ALS) connecting [[Medan]] in North Sumatra and [[Jember]] in [[East Java]]. It is a week long bus travel covering a distance of 2,920 kilometers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Daftar PO Bus yang Punya Trayek Terjauh di Indonesia|url=https://kumparan.com/kumparanoto/daftar-po-bus-yang-punya-trayek-terjauh-di-indonesia-1uRfUYoe01i|access-date=2021-07-16|website=kumparan|language=id-ID}}</ref>

The surge of intercity bus travel in Indonesia took place after the completion of [[Trans-Java Toll Road|Trans-Java highway]] section connecting Jakarta and Surabaya in 2018. During this time, some intercity bus services began operating fleet of [[Double-decker bus|double decker busses]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Radityasani|first=Muhammad Fathan|editor-last=Ferdian|editor-first=Azwar|location=[[Jakarta]]|publisher=Kompas Cyber Media|date=2020-10-13|title=Ini Daftar Bus AKAP Double Decker via Tol Trans Jawa |url=https://otomotif.kompas.com/read/2020/10/13/172500415/ini-daftar-bus-akap-double-decker-via-tol-trans-jawa|access-date=2021-07-15|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id}}</ref>

===City bus===
[[File:Transjakarta MYS 18116 at Gambir.jpg|thumb|Transjakarta [[bus rapid transit]]]]
{{see also|List of bus transit systems in Indonesia}}
Some major cities has urban [[transit bus]] service, or a more sophisticated form of [[bus rapid transit]] (BRT). There are usually also bus services of various kinds such as the [[Kopaja]] in Jakarta. The largest one, [[Transjakarta]] system in Jakarta, is the [[List of bus rapid transit systems|longest bus rapid transit system in the world]] that boasts some {{convert|230.9|km|abbr=off}} in 13 corridors and 10 cross-corridor routes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://transjakarta.co.id/produk-dan-layanan/infrastruktur/koridor/|title=Koridor|publisher=TransJakarta|access-date=15 August 2017}}</ref> and carrying 430,000 passengers daily in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beritasatu.com/aktualitas/411115-tahun-ini-transjakarta-targetkan-185-juta-penumpang.html|title=This Year, TransJakarta targets 185 million passengers|author=Tristia Tambun, Lenny|publisher=Berita Satu|language=id|date=25 January 2017|access-date=15 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815135830/http://www.beritasatu.com/aktualitas/411115-tahun-ini-transjakarta-targetkan-185-juta-penumpang.html|archive-date=15 August 2017}}</ref> Other cities such as [[Yogyakarta]] ([[Trans Jogja]]), [[Surabaya]] ([[Suroboyo Bus]] & [[Trans Semanggi Suroboyo]]), [[Palembang]], [[Bandung]] ([[Trans Metro Pasundan]]), [[Surakarta]] ([[Batik Solo Trans]]), [[Denpasar]], [[Pekanbaru]], [[Semarang]] ([[Trans Semarang]]), [[Makassar]], [[Bogor]], [[Padang]], and [[Batam]] also have BRT systems in place without segregated lanes.{{fact|date=February 2026}}

====City bus in Surabaya====
[[Surabaya]] has a number of [[public transportation]] services in the form of [[City bus|regular city bus]] by several [[List of bus companies in Indonesia|bus companies]], both owned by [[BUMN]] and [[Private enterprises|private]], which operate in accordance with the route permit from the Surabaya City Transportation Agency or the East Java Traffic and Road Transportation Agency (DLLAJ). The service has been operating since 20 July 1975, replacing the function of [[tram]] as the main public transportation at that time.
In the early 2010s, the population of regular city buses continued to decline along with the number of units that were no longer roadworthy and the emergence of various online transportation services in this city. The existence of regular city buses has also been eroded by the start of various road-based mass transportation (bus rapid transit) services in the city since mid-2015, such as [[:File:Several Trans Sidoarjo Bus units on the Porong - Purabaya Terminal route queuing for departure hours from the Porong Terminal public transportation shelter.jpg|Trans Gerbangkertosila]] (known as Trans Sidoarjo), [[Suroboyo Bus]], [[Trans Semanggi Suroboyo]] and [[Trans Jatim]]. Until 2017, the population of regular city buses with various chassis and bodies reached 274 units spread across twenty different route lines.
Early September 2022, the state-owned operator [[Perum DAMRI]] officially stopped all operations of its regular city buses, so that all remaining regular city bus services were only operated by several private bus companies. There are a total of 38 buses from several bus companies such as PO Estraa Mandiri, PO Ladju, PO Akas NR, PO Dua Putra, etc., which provide services on two economy routes, two express routes and one AC express route. These routes connect Purabaya or {{ill|Terminal Larangan|lt=Larangan|id}} in the south of the city with several public transportation infrastructures in the north of the city such as Bratang, {{ill|Terminal Joyoboyo|lt=Joyoboyo|id}} or Jembatan Merah Putih.{{fact|date=February 2026}}

==== History and development ====
===== Tram feeder buses =====
{{main|Trams in Surabaya}}
[[File:Deret bus milik perusahaan OJS terparkir rapi di depan bangunan stasiun trem Wonokromo sekitar tahun 1930-an.jpg|thumb|A row of tram feeder buses parked in front of Wonokromo Kota Station, 1936.]]
City bus services have been present in Surabaya as feeder buses or pick-up buses for [[tram]] passengers belonging to the [[Oost-Java Stoomtram Maatschappij|Oost-Java Stoomtram Maatschappij (OJS)]] company since 1889. Many bus units were placed at several tram stop infrastructure such as [[Wonokromo Kota Station]], [[Jembatan Merah|Willemplein]], and [[Kalimas Station|Ujung]]. As the golden age of trams faded, the Surabaya City Government began to stop all tram operations in 1969. As a result, tram feeder buses changed status to become the main mode of public transportation in the city.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Mahar Jalu Primadana|author2=Ikhsan Rosyid Mujahidul Anwari|year=2019|title=Joyoboyo Terminal Surabaya 1970–1991|url=http://repository.unair.ac.id/89785/|journal=Department of History, Faculty of Cultural Sciences, University of Surabaya Airlangga|access-date=2022-01-24|archive-date=2022-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124112726/http://repository.unair.ac.id/89785/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Afaf Nadiyah Rifa|date=24 April 2020|title=Looking back at the traces of trams in Indonesia|url=http://www.clapeyronmedia.com/look-back-at-the-trams-in-indonesia/|website=clapeyronmedia.com|access-date=18 February 2022|archive-date=2022-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122174543/http://www.clapeyronmedia.com/melirik-kembali-jejak-trem-di-indonesia/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Mokhamad Dofir|date=6 February 2021|title=History of Dutch heritage trams in Surabaya|url=https://faktualnews.co/2021/02/06/riwayat-trem-warisan-belanda-di-surabaya/253139/|publisher=faktualnews.co|access-date=18 February 2022|archive-date=2022-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124105907/https://faktualnews.co/2021/02/06/riwayat-trem-warisan-belanda-di-surabaya/253139/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=|date=26 May 2013|title=Trem Sejarahmu Dulu|url=https://majalah.tempo.co/read/jawa-timur/142621/trem-riwayatmu-dulu|work=[[Tempo.co]]|access-date=18 February 2022|url-access=subscription|archive-date=2022-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124043315/https://majalah.tempo.co/read/jawa-timur/142621/trem-riwayatmu-dulu|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Muhammad Firman|date=8 July 2013|title=The traces and figures behind the Surabaya tram|url=http://ayorek.org/2013/07/the-traces-and-figures-behind-the-surabaya-trams/#sthash.6PvDprYT.dpbs|website=ayorek.org|access-date=18 February 2022|archive-date=2018-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721073355/http://ayorek.org/2013/07/jejak-dan-sosok-di-balik-trem-surabaya/#sthash.6PvDprYT.dpbs|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=M.F. Mukthi|date=5 May 2015|title=A piece of tram history in Surabaya|url=https://historia.id/urban/articles/a-piece-of-tram-history-in-surabaya-Pew89/page/1|website=historia.id|language=id|access-date=18 February 2022|archive-date=2022-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812155328/https://historia.id/urban/articles/a-piece-of-tram-history-in-surabaya-Pew89/page/1|url-status=live}}</ref>

===== Pioneer city bus of Perum DAMRI =====
[[File:Antrian bus kota milik Perum DAMRI sasis Tata LP1210 trayek Joyoboyo – Jembatan Merah di peron Terminal Joyoboyo, 1991.jpg|thumb|A queue of regular city buses owned by Perum DAMRI with [[Tata Motors|Tata]] LP1210 chassis on the [[Joyoboyo Terminal|Joyoboyo]]–[[Jembatan Merah Stop|Jembatan Merah]] route at the [[Joyoboyo Terminal]] platform, 1991.]]
After the tram operation stopped, the Surabaya City Government began a project to establish and procure regular city bus services bound to fixed routes, in collaboration with the pioneer operator Perum DAMRI. The regular city bus service by Perum DAMRI was officially launched on 20 July 1975, with twenty large buses produced by [[Robur (truck)|Robur]]. Along with the increasing public interest, Perum DAMRI began to increase the number of buses by fifty units in 1976 and 92 units in 1978. Until 1982, the city bus routes increased to nine and were served by 168 buses.<ref name=AtmajaEtAl>{{cite journal|author1=Henrry Jaladara Eka Atmaja|author2=Masliyah|author3=Nugroho Utomo|year=2013|title=Operational analysis of city bus stops on the Purabaya Terminal-Tanjung Perak route (via Darmo highway) according to a review of feasibility standards and accessibility aspects Henrry|url=http://eprints.upnjatim.ac.id/5941/|journal=Civil Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Veteran National Development University of Java East|access-date=2022-01-14|archive-date=2021-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301184455/http://eprints.upnjatim.ac.id/5941/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DD">{{cite journal|author1=Hikmah Tri Susiloningtyas|author2=Nasution|year=2015|title=DAMRI Dynamics as a Means of Transportation in Surabaya in 1970–1982|url=https://ejournal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/avatara/article/view/10733/|journal=Avatara, e-Journal of Education History|volume=3|number=1|pages=127–134|doi=|access-date=2022-01-14|archive-date=2022-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106143754/https://ejournal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/avatara/article/view/10733/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="VE">{{cite journal|author1=Alin Wiyudha Permana|author2=Dewa Agung Gedhe Agung|author3=Yuliati|year=2017|title=The development of DAMRI city buses in Surabaya in 1975–1989 and the value of education|url=http://karya-ilmiah.um.ac.id/index.php/sejarah/article/view/54928|journal=Department of History, Faculty of Social Sciences, State University of Malang|access-date=2022-01-14|archive-date=2022-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106143751/http://karya-ilmiah.um.ac.id/index.php/sejarah/article/view/54928}}</ref><ref name="TS">{{Cite news|date=20 January 2017|title=Memories of DAMRI, City Buses, and Mass Transportation Surabaya|url=https://www.jawapos.com/features/20/01/2017/kenangan-damri-bus-kota-dan-transportasi-masal-surabaya/ |newspaper=[[Jawa Pos]] |access-date=18 February 2022|author=Taufiqurrahman|editor=Thomas Kukuh|archive-date=2022-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107033939/https://www.jawapos.com/features/20/01/2017/kenangan-damri-bus-kota-dan-transportasi-masal-surabaya/|url-status=live}}</ref> The nine newest city bus routes are:
* Joyoboyo–Red Bridge via Darmo
* Joyoboyo–Red Bridge via Diponegoro
* Joyoboyo–Tanjung Perak
* Kutisari–Demak Road
* Aloha–Red Bridge
* Kutisari–Karang Menjangan
* Demak Road–Karang Menjangan
* Aloha–Heroes Monument via Darmo
* Aloha–Heroes Monument via Diponegoro.

===== Double-decker buses =====
In 1981, Perum DAMRI began operating five [[double-decker bus]] routes using buses produced by [[Leyland Motors]]. A year later, Perum DAMRI added two new routes, along with the inauguration of the patas class city bus service. By 1983, the number of double-decker bus routes had increased to ten different routes. After operating for eight years, all double-decker bus operations were stopped since 1989. One of the contributing factors was the infrastructure on arterial roads that still did not support the operation and affordability of double-decker bus transportation. All bus units belonging to the double-decker bus were finally replaced with regular buses.<ref name=AtmajaEtAl /><ref name="DD" /><ref name="VE" /><ref name="TS" />

===== RMB Bus =====
[[File:Bus RMB Perum DAMRI, 2017.jpg|300px|Former regular RMB city bus units with Hino RKT chassis and Tugasanda bodies parked in the Perum DAMRI garage, 2017.]]
One form of improving regular city bus services from the Perum DAMRI operator in the early 2000s was the operation of new method route buses (RMB). The fundamental difference between RMB buses and other buses is that there are various improvements and improvements in service quality such as the addition of interior facilities, security systems, passenger capacity, departure schedules, distances between departures (''headway''), stopping points (stops), payment methods, crew competence, and payroll systems. The RMB bus was designed as a pilot project to improve the quality of other routes. This RMB bus is the beginning of the development of city buses with air conditioning (AC) facilities, so that later these bus units are better known as AC patas city buses.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=James Paul|author2=RA Dewi Iswari P.|year=2002|title=Efforts to improve RMB city bus services in terms of travel time|url=http://repository.petra.ac.id/7144/|journal=Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Petra Christian University|access-date=2022-03-07|archive-date=2022-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307062904/http://repository.petra.ac.id/7144/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Rudy Setiawan|year=2004|title=Efforts to improve RMB city bus services in terms of travel time|url=|journal=National Planning Engineering Seminar II 2004 Postgraduate Program of East Java Veteran National Development University}}</ref>

===== AC patas bus =====
[[File:20 Bangkai Bekas Unit Bus Kota Nonaktif Trayek E1 dan P1 Terparkir Rapi di Pool Perum DAMRI Surabaya.jpg|thumb|A row of used frames of regular AC patas city buses with [[Mercedes-Benz]] OH1521 chassis and [[Rahayu Sentosa (bus body company)|Rahayu Sentosa]] Celcius bodies are being parked in the garage of Perum DAMRI Surabaya, 2022.]]
As of 5 July 2007, Perum DAMRI has begun to gradually rejuvenate regular patas class city buses using patas class units with facilities [[Air conditioning|air conditioning (AC)]] and automatic doors. The initial stage was carried out by replacing twenty regular city buses on route P1 with city buses on route PAC1. Following on 3 April 2012, ten regular city buses on route P8 were also replaced with city buses on route PAC8.<ref>{{cite news|author=Marmorittarieta Stiltaurantia|date=5 April 2007|title=20 units launched: New DAMRI buses, air-conditioned and pickpocket-free|url=https://www.suarasurabaya.net/kelanakota/2007/Bus-Damri-Baru-Ber-AC-dan-Bebas-Copet/|publisher=suarasurabaya.net|access-date=18 February 2022|archive-date=2022-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116031519/https://www.suarasurabaya.net/kelanakota/2007/Bus-Damri-Baru-Ber-AC-dan-Bebas-Copet/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Purna Budi Nugraha|date=30 April 2012|title=DAMRI launches 10 units of AC patas buses|url=https://kabarbisnis.com/photo/283700/damri-luncurkan-10-unit-bus-patas-ac|publisher=kabarbisnis.com|access-date=18 February 2022|archive-date=2022-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116030137/https://kabarbisnis.com/photo/283700/damri-luncurkan-10-unit-bus-patas-ac|url-status=live}}</ref>

===== Women's bus =====
[[File:Bus wanita Perum DAMRI trayek PAC1, 2015.jpg|thumb|A special bus unit for women with a Mercedes-Benz OF1113 chassis and a Trisakti Mini Titan GX body parked in the Perum DAMRI Surabaya garage, 19 March 2015.]]
As of 30 April 2012, the Surabaya City Government in collaboration with Perum DAMRI began operating a special regular city bus service for [[women]] or called a women's bus. The service aims to minimize cases of [[sexual harassment]] and criminal acts against women in public transportation. The number of units provided by Perum DAMRI for the service is thirteen large buses. As of 2 July 2012, the women's bus began operating using six buses on the PAC1 route. Low passenger occupancy has resulted in the number of buses operating continuing to be reduced. Until 13 July 2012, only four women's buses were operating. Ineffective operations and the absence of feedback in the form of evaluations and long-term plans from the Surabaya City Government caused this service to slowly stop operating. The women's bus units began to function again as regular city buses by transporting passengers of various genders.<ref>{{cite news|author=Moch. Andriansyah|date=30 April 2012|title=Special buses for women in Surabaya to avoid harassment|url=https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/bus-khusus-perempuan-di-surabaya-untuk-hindari-pelecehan.html|publisher=merdeka.com|access-date=18 February 2022|editor=Moch. Andriansyah|work=[[Merdeka.com]]|archive-date=2022-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119050055/https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/bus-khusus-perempuan-di-surabaya-untuk-hindari-pelecehan.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Moch. Andriansyah|date=30 April 2012|title=10 buses specifically for women launched in Surabaya|url=https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/10-bus-khusus-kaum-hawa-diluncurkan-di-surabaya.html|publisher=merdeka.com|access-date=18 February 2022|work=[[Merdeka.com]]|archive-date=2022-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119050049/https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/10-bus-khusus-kaum-hawa-diluncurkan-di-surabaya.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=M. Said Sutomo|date=19 June 2012|title=Launching of Surabaya city bus specifically for women: Just a figment of the imagination|url=https://ylpkjatim.or.id/launching-bus-kota-surabaya-khusus-perempuan-hanya-isapan-jempol/|website=ylpkjatim.or.id|access-date=18 February 2022|archive-date=2022-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119050056/https://ylpkjatim.or.id/launching-bus-kota-surabaya-khusus-perempuan-hanya-isapan-jempol/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Dinny Octaviane Wasistya|author2=Lukman Arif|year=2013|title=Public transportation services DAMRI bus for women only in Surabaya City (Case study at Purabaya Terminal, Surabaya City)|url=https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS2763.4924/TOC|journal=State Administration Study Program, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, East Java Veteran National Development University|access-date=2022-01-19|archive-date=2022-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119051557/https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS2763.4924/TOC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Cocos Nusi Vera|author2=Tukiman|year=2013|title=Public interest in using DAMRI city buses for women only in Surabaya|url=https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS2763.4921|journal=State Administration Study Program, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, East Java Veteran National Development University|access-date=2022-01-19|archive-date=2022-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119053056/https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS2763.4921|url-status=live}}</ref>

===== BRT Trans Sidoarjo =====
[[File:19 Deret Bekas Unit Bus Trans Sidoarjo Rute Purabaya - Porong Terparkir Rapi di Pool Perum DAMRI Surabaya.jpg|thumb|Former Trans Sidoarjo bus units with Hino RK8 R260 chassis and Laksana Discovery bodies parked in the Perum DAMRI Surabaya garage, 2022.]]
Perum DAMRI in collaboration with the [[Sidoarjo Regency]] Government inaugurated the Trans Sidoarjo service (as part of the development of the Trans Gerbang Kertasusila agglomeration transportation) with a total of thirty large buses with a high deck design (''highdeck'') assisted by the Ministry of Transportation of the Republic of Indonesia on 21 September 2015.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Yudha Friyanka|year=2017|title=Transportation politics in urban areas: A study of the relationship between government and operators in bus rapid transit in Sidoarjo Regency|url=https://repository.unair.ac.id/68191/|journal=Jurnal Politik Muda|volume=6|number=3|pages=252–261|doi=|access-date=2022-08-30|archive-date=2022-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830035851/https://repository.unair.ac.id/68191/|url-status=live}}</ref> Trans Sidoarjo is a transportation system based on [[Bus Rapid Transit]] (BRT) using fast, cheap and air-conditioned (AC) buses in the area around Sidoarjo. The Trans Sidoarjo route connects Purabaya Terminal with Porong Terminal via Toll Road, Terminal Larangan and Tanggulangin. Low passenger occupancy has caused Perum DAMRI to suffer losses, so it has gradually reduced the number of operating buses to ten units. Since the PPKM due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], Trans Sidoarjo has stopped operating. In 2020, all Trans Sidoarjo bus units were converted to regular city bus routes PAC4 and PAC8.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nur Hadi|date=21 September 2015|title=Trans Sidoarjo Bus Officially Operates Today|url=https://bisnis.tempo.co/read/702394/bus-trans-sidoarjo-resmi-beroperasi-hari-ini|publisher=bisnis.tempo.co|access-date=18 February 2022|work=[[Tempo.co]]|editor-first=Endri|editor-last=Kurniawati|archive-date=2022-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115062823/https://bisnis.tempo.co/read/702394/bus-trans-sidoarjo-resmi-beroperasi-hari-ini|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis|author1=Bintang Iman Prakoso|author2=Wahju Herijanto|year=2016|title=Evaluation of the performance and service of the Trans Sidoarjo bus|url=http://repository.its.ac.id/1893|journal=Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember November|access-date=2022-01-14|archive-date=2022-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217214731/https://repository.its.ac.id/1893/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author2=Titis Jati Permata|date=18 January 2018|title=Not Interested, Trans Sidoarjo Buses Diverted to Transport Passengers to Tanjung Perak Surabaya|url=https://surabaya.tribunnews.com/2018/01/18/not-interested-trans-sidoarjo-buses-dialihkan-angkut-penumpang-ke-tanjung-perak-surabaya|publisher=surabaya.tribunnews.com|access-date=18 February 2022|author=Nuraini Faiq|editor=Titis Jati Permata|work=[[Tribunnews|Tribunnews.com]]|archive-date=2022-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217210736/https://surabaya.tribunnews.com/2018/01/18/tak-diminati-bus-trans-sidoarjo-dialihkan-angkut-penumpang-ke-tanjung-perak-surabaya|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author2=Parmin|date=10 December 2018|title=Trans Sidoarjo Bus Departure Complained About, Passengers Choose to Sleep Inside Bus|url=https://surabaya.tribunnews.com/2018/12/10/trans-sidoarjo-bus-departure-passengers-choose-to-sleep-in-the-bus|publisher=surabaya.tribunnews.com|access-date=18 February 2022|author=Nuraini Faiq|editor=Parmin|work=[[Tribunnews|Tribunnews.com]]|archive-date=2022-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217205923/https://surabaya.tribunnews.com/2018/12/10/trans-sidoarjo-bus-departure-passengers-choose-to-sleep-in-the-bus|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=M. Sholahuddin|date=9 October 2021|title=Trans Sidoarjo Bus Not Operating, Bus Stops Are Stalled|url=https://www.jawapos.com/surabaya/09/10/2021/bus-trans-sidoarjo-tidak-beroperasi-halte-halte-pun-mangkrak/ |access-date=18 February 2022 |newspaper=[[Jawa Pos]] |archive-date=2022-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217201309/https://www.jawapos.com/surabaya/09/10/2021/bus-trans-sidoarjo-tidak-beroperasi-halte-halte-pun-mangkrak/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== End of Perum DAMRI operations ====
[[File:Spanduk pemberhentian operasional bus kota Perum DAMRI di Surabaya (2022).jpg|thumb|A notification banner regarding the termination of regular city bus operations by Perum DAMRI is displayed on the Purabaya Terminal platform, 2022.]]

Based on a copy of the letter from the Land Transportation Observation Center (BPTD), as of 1 September 2022, Perum DAMRI has officially stopped all UABK or regular city bus services in Surabaya on the three routes it owns.<ref>{{cite news|author2=Cak Sur|date=5 September 2022|title=Damri Bus Operations Stopped, Here's the Explanation from the Terminal Purabaya|url=https://surabaya.tribunnews.com/2022/09/05/operational-bus-damri-dihentikan-begini-penjelasan-dari-bagian-terminal-purabaya|publisher=surabaya.tribunnews.com|access-date=20 September 2022|author=Febrianto Ramadani|editor=Cak Sur|work=[[Tribunnews|Tribunnews.com]]|archive-date=2022-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922031619/https://surabaya.tribunnews.com/2022/09/05/operational-bus-damri-dihentikan-begini-penjelasan-dari-bagian-terminal-purabaya|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Febrianto Ramadani|author2=Ndaru Wijayanto|date=5 September 2022|title=DAMRI buses at Purabaya Terminal stop operating starting September 1, 2022|url=https://jatim.tribunnews.com/2022/09/05/damri-bus-di-terminal-purabaya-berhenti-beroperasi-mulai-1-september-2022|publisher=jatim.tribunnews.com|access-date=20 September 2022|work=[[Tribunnews|Tribunnews.com]]|archive-date=2022-09-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929005345/https://jatim.tribunnews.com/2022/09/05/bus-damri-di-terminal-purabaya-berhenti-beroperasi-mulai-1-september-2022|url-status=live}}</ref> This operational cessation moment is twelve days after the inauguration of [[Trans Jatim]] on 19 August 2022, and two days before the fuel price increase on 3 August 2022.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Anitana Widya Puspa|author2=Rio Sandy Pradana|date=20 August 2022|title=DAMRI operates Trans Jatim transportation, fares starting from Rp2,500|url=https://bisnis.com/amp/read/20220820/98/1568761/damri-operates-trans-jatim-transportation-tariff-starting-rp2500|publisher=bisnis.com|access-date=20 September 2022}} {{dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Ardito Ramadhan|author2=Sabrina Asril|date=3 September 2022|title=The price of Pertalite, Solar, and Pertamax fuel has officially increased starting today this|url=https://kompas.com/nasional/read/2022/09/03/13372151/harga-bbm-pertalite-solar-hingga-pertamax-resmi-naik-mulai-hari-ini|publisher=kompas.com|access-date=20 September 2022|archive-date=2022-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172920/https://www.kompas.com/nasional/read/2022/09/03/13372151/harga-bbm-pertalite-solar-hingga-pertamax-resmi-naik-mulai-hari-ini|url-status=live}}</ref> Previously, Perum DAMRI was the sole operator on two regular city bus routes from the Purabaya Terminal such as the P4/PAC4 and P8/PAC8 routes. In addition, Perum DAMRI is one of the regular city bus operators for the P3/PAC3 route from Terminal Larangan, together with PO Estraa Mandiri, PO Akas NR and PO Ladju.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Febrianto Ramadhani|author2=Zainuddin|date=5 September 2022|title=List of DAMRI buses that have stopped operating at Bungurasih Terminal, Sidoarjo|url=https://suryamalang.tribunnews.com/2022/09/05/daftar-bus-damri-yang-berhenti-berpoperasi-di-terminal-bungurasi-sidoarjo|publisher=suryamalang.tribunnews.com|access-date=20 September 2022|work=[[Tribunnews|Tribunnews.com]]|archive-date=2022-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921214728/https://suryamalang.tribunnews.com/2022/09/05/daftar-bus-damri-yang-berhenti-berpoperasi-di-terminal-bungurasi-sidoarjo|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=7 September 2022|title=Three DAMRI Bus Routes in Surabaya Closed|url=https://www.jawapos.com/surabaya/07/09/2022/tiga-trayek-bus-damri-di-surabaya-ditutup/?amp |access-date=20 September 2022 |author=Dhimas Ginanjar |newspaper=[[Jawa Pos]] |archive-date=2022-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172938/https://www.jawapos.com/surabaya/07/09/2022/three-damri-bus-routes-in-surabaya-closed/?amp|url-status=live}}</ref>
Several news reports from the mass media stated that Perum DAMRI will reactivate regular city bus services on the P4/PAC4 route on the Purabaya-Tanjung Perak route via the Toll Road which still has passenger occupancy. The route of the route is planned to be extended (extension) to [[Bangkalan Terminal]].<ref>{{cite news|author=M. Sholahuddin|date=9 September 2022|title=Until Bangkalan, There is a Plan for the DAMRI Bus Route to be Reactivated|url=https://www.jawapos.com/surabaya/09/09/2022/sampai-bangkalan-ada-rencana-trayek-bus-damri-dihidupkan-lagi/ |access-date=20 September 2022 |newspaper=[[Jawa Pos]] |archive-date=2022-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173643/https://www.jawapos.com/surabaya/09/09/2022/sampai-bangkalan-ada-rencana-trayek-bus-damri-dihidupkan-lagi/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=12 September 2022|title=DAMRI Bus Crew Asks for Immediate Realization of Route to Bangkalan|url=https://www.jawapos.com/surabaya/12/09/2022/awak-bus-damri-minta-segera-realalisasi-rute-ke-bangkalan/ |access-date=20 September 2022 |author=Dhimas Ginanjar |newspaper=[[Jawa Pos]] |archive-date=2022-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172818/https://www.jawapos.com/surabaya/12/09/2022/awak-bus-damri-minta-segera-realalisasi-rute-ke-bangkalan/|url-status=live}}</ref> The discourse on extending the route had previously surfaced in 2009, but had not been realized.<ref>{{cite news|date=8 April 2009|title=Damri Layani Bangkalan|url=https://surabaya.tribunnews.com/2009/04/08/damri-layani-bangkalan|publisher=surabaya.tribunnews.com|access-date=20 September 2022|work=[[Tribunnews|Tribunnews.com]]|archive-date=2022-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922084727/https://surabaya.tribunnews.com/2009/04/08/damri-layani-bangkalan|url-status=live}}</ref> The discourse will be implemented at the end of 2022, when Perum DAMRI has received a grant in the form of 34 [[electric bus]] units produced by [[Railway Industry (company)|PT INKA]] after the [[G20 Bali Summit 2022|G20 Summit]] in [[Bali]] ends.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Lutfi|author2=Lutfiyu Handi|date=14 September 2022|title=Dozens of electric buses will be on the road in Surabaya|url=https://lenteratoday.com/puluhan-bus-listrik-akan-mengaspal-di-surabaya/|publisher=lenteratoday.com|access-date=20 September 2022|archive-date=2023-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327123724/https://lenteratoday.com/puluhan-bus-listrik-akan-mengaspal-di-surabaya/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=15 September 2022|title=More Friendly Environment, Electric Buses Ready to Operate in Surabaya City|url=https://www.jawapos.com/surabaya/15/09/2022/lebih-ramah-lingkungan-bus-listrik-siap-beroperasi-di-kota-surabaya/?amp |access-date=20 September 2022 |author=Dhimas Ginanjar |newspaper=[[Jawa Pos]] |archive-date=2022-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172445/https://www.jawapos.com/surabaya/15/09/2022/lebih-ramah-lingkungan-bus-listrik-siap-beroperasi-di-kota-surabaya/?amp|url-status=live}}</ref>

===== Differences with modern city buses =====
<!-- {{see also|City buses in Jabodetabek|Teman Bus}} -->
[[File:11 Tampak Belakang Shelter Bus Kota Terminal Purabaya (2).jpg|thumb|The appearance of regular city bus units from several different bus companies and modern city bus units Suroboyo Bus owned by the Purabaya City Government parked on the Purabaya Terminal platform, 2021.]]
Before [[Bus Rapid Transit|bus rapid transit (BRT)]] was present in Indonesia, all city bus services generally still adopted a conventional (regular) management system and were similar to [[intercity bus]] services.<ref>{{cite news|author=Rindi Nuris Velarosdela|date=7 December 2021|title=A Flashback of 17 Years of Transjakarta, the New Face of Public Transportation that is Now Often Involved Accident|url=https://www.kompas.com/megapolitan/read/2021/12/07/07595141/kilas-balik-17-tahun-transjakarta-wajah-baru-transportasi-publik-yang|publisher=kompas.com|access-date=21 September 2022|editor=Rindi Nuris Velarosdela|work=[[Kompas.com]]|archive-date=2023-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327123718/https://www.kompas.com/megapolitan/read/2021/12/07/07595141/kilas-balik-17-tahun-transjakarta-wajah-baru-transportasi-publik-yang|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2004, it was only [[Transjakarta]] is present in [[Special Capital Region of Jakarta|Jakarta City]] as the first modern city bus service based on [[Bus Rapid Transit|road-based mass transportation]] and implementing [[BRT standards]] on an integrated [[Transport corridor|corridor]] network.<ref>{{cite web|author=PT Transportasi Jakarta|date=6 January 2019|title=Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) Transjakarta Services|url=https://transjakarta.co.id/faq-transjakarta/|website=transjakarta.co.id|access-date=21 September 2022|archive-date=2022-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921064754/https://transjakarta.co.id/faq-transjakarta/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Natisha Andarningtyas|author2=Jafar M. Sidik|date=4 December 2012|title=Regular buses and TransJakarta will be integrated|url=https://antaranews.com/amp/berita/346747/bus-reguler-dan-transjakarta-akan-diintegrasikan|publisher=antaranews.com|access-date=21 September 2022}} {{dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> The implementation of these standards is a differentiator between [[Transjakarta]] as a modern city bus with several services such as [[Kopaja]], [[MetroMini]], [[Koantas Bima]], [[Kopami]], [[Miniarta]], [[Kowanbisata]], etc. as regular city buses or non-corridor city buses that already existed.<ref>{{cite news|author2=Burhan Sholihin|date=8 January 2013|title=The Average Age of Jakarta City Buses is Over 22 Years|url=https://metro.tempo.co/read/452804/usia-bus-kota-jakarta-rata-rata-di-atas-22-tahun|publisher=metro.tempo.co|access-date=21 September 2022|work=[[Tempo.co]]|author=Marifka Wahyu Hidayat|editor-first=Burhan Sholihin Koran – Red.|editor-last=Ut|archive-date=2022-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922102149/https://metro.tempo.co/read/452804/age-of-jakarta-city-buses-is-above-22-years|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author2=Immanuel Antonius|date=8 October 2021|title=Conventional Transportation Must Change If It Doesn't Want to Become Extinct|url=https://www.liputan6.com/bisnis/read/4679157/transportasi-konvensional-harus-berubah-jika-tak-ingin-punah|publisher=Liputan6.com|access-date=21 September 2022|author=Sulaeman|editor-first=Ilyas Istianur|editor-last=Praditya|work=[[Liputan6.com]]|archive-date=2022-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922082151/https://www.liputan6.com/bisnis/read/4679157/transportasi-konvensional-harus-berubah-jika-tak-ingin-punah|url-status=live}}</ref> The success of the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government in organizing public transportation with the Transjakarta service has become a pilot model for several local governments in implementing modern city buses in other big cities such as [[Trans Jogja]] (2008), [[Trans Semarang]] (2009), [[Batik Solo Trans]] (2010), [[Trans Musi]] (2010), [[Trans Sarbagita]] (2011), etc. The local government has started implementing a modern city bus operational scheme by converting regular city buses into modern city buses, or maintaining the existence of regular city buses.<ref>{{Cite news|author2=Hilda B. Alexander|date=20 September 2020|title=Misunderstanding the Bus Rapid Transit System|url=https://www.kompas.com/properti/read/2020/09/20/151903721/mimisunderstanding-the-bus-rapid-transit-system|work=[[Kompas.com]]|access-date=21 September 2022|author=Deddy Herlambang|editor-first=Hilda B|editor-last=Alexander|archive-date=2023-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327123726/https://www.kompas.com/properti/read/2020/09/20/151903721/pemahaman-keliru-sistem-bus-rapid-transit|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Anitana Widya Puspa|author2=Eusebio Chrysnamurti|date=22 September 2020|title=The concept of bus rapid transit (BRT) outside Jakarta is still not right|url=https://bisnis.com/amp/read/20200922/98/1295123/konsep-bus-rapid-transit-brt-outside-jakarta-still-not-right|website=bisnis.com|access-date=21 September 2022}} {{dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
In comparison with other big cities in Indonesia, the development of urban bus modes in Surabaya is relatively static and slower.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Dipo Wahjoeono Hariyono|author2=Wahyu Prawesthi|year=2015|title=Provision of public transportation in Surabaya|url=https://journal.itltrisakti.ac.id/index.php/jmtranslog/article/view/120|journal=Journal of Transportation & Logistics Management (JMTransLog)|volume=2|number=2|pages=177–190|access-date=2022-09-21|archive-date=2022-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921123508/https://journal.itltrisakti.ac.id/index.php/jmtranslog/article/view/120|url-status=live}}</ref> However, Surabaya is the only city in East Java that still maintains regular city bus services, after similar services in [[Jember (city)|Jember City]] were deactivated in 2007–2008.<ref>{{cite web|author=RZ Hakim|date=1 October 2012|title=Remembering DAMRI city bus transportation in Jember|url=https://www.kompasiana.com/acacicu/55181a6aa333117e07b6637c/mengenang-angkutan-kota-bus-damri-di-jember|website=kompasiana.com|access-date=21 September 2022|archive-date=2022-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920181739/https://www.kompasiana.com/amp/acacicu/55181a6aa333117e07b6637c/mengenang-angkutan-kota-bus-damri-di-jember|url-status=live}}</ref> In the period between 1975 and 2015, regular city buses were still one of the main modes of public transportation within the city (besides [[transportation city]] and [[public passenger cars]]) that are able to survive and dominate the route network connecting strategic points in the city such as Purabaya Terminal, Larangan Terminal (Sidoarjo), Joyoboyo Terminal, Bratang Terminal, Jembatan Merah Plaza (JMP), [[Surabaya City Station|Semut Station]], [[Tanjung Perak Port]] ([[Ujung Baru Halte|Ujung Baru]]) and [[Tambak Osowilangon Terminal]].<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Ari Widayanti|author2=Soeparno|author3=Bhertin Karunia|year=2014|title=Problems and development of public transportation in Surabaya City|url=https://journal.unpar.ac.id/index.php/journaltransportasi/article/view/1374|journal=Jurnal Transportation|volume=14|number=1|pages=53–60|access-date=2022-09-21|archive-date=2022-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921123508/https://journal.unpar.ac.id/index.php/journaltransportasi/article/view/1374|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the era of the glory of regular city buses began to decline and degrade since the 2010s, along with the start of the operation of [[Online motorcycle taxi|online transportation]] services and several modern city bus services or BRT in this city such as [[:File:Several Trans Sidoarjo Bus units on the Porong - Purabaya Terminal route queuing for departure hours from the Porong Terminal public transportation shelter.jpg|Trans Sidoarjo]] (2015), [[Suroboyo Bus]] (2018), [[Trans Semanggi Suroboyo]] (2021) and [[Trans Jatim]] (2022).<ref>{{cite web|author1=Aisyah Salma Izzatunnisa|author2=Panji Prayitno|date=11 August 2022|title=List of public transportation in Surabaya complete with routes|url=https://liputan6.com/regional/read/5036528/daftar-transportasi-umum-di-surabaya-lengkap-dengan-rutenya|website=liputan6.com|access-date=21 September 2022|archive-date=2022-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925220741/https://www.liputan6.com/regional/read/5036528/daftar-transportasi-umum-di-surabaya-lengkap-dengan-rutenya|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=M. Sholahuddin|date=27 April 2022|title=This is Expert Advice for Regulating Public Transportation in Surabaya City|url=https://www.jawapos.com/surabaya/04/27/2022/ini-saran-pakar-untuk-mengatur-transportasi-publik-di-kota-surabaya/?amp |newspaper=[[Jawa Pos]] |access-date=21 September 2022 |archive-date=2022-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921123507/https://www.jawapos.com/surabaya/27/04/2022/ini-saran-pakar-untuk-mengatur-transportasi-publik-di-kota-surabaya/?amp|url-status=live}}</ref> As of September 2022, the population of regular city buses has shrunk to less than fifty units, spread across only four routes such as routes D, F, P3/PAC3 and P5.<ref>{{cite web|author=Djoko Setijowarno|date=28 August 2020|title=Efforts to revitalize public transportation in Surabaya|url=https://kumparan.com/amp/djoko-setijowarno/upaya-merevitilasasi-angkutan-umum-di-surabaya-1u5VAiBle8x|website=kumparan.com|access-date=21 September 2022|archive-date=2022-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921123506/https://kumparan.com/amp/djoko-setijowarno/upaya-merevitilasasi-angkutan-umum-di-surabaya-1u5VAiBle8x|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Route lines and service operators ====
===== Service classes =====
[[File:Perbedaan warna bumper pada unit bus kota di Surabaya.jpg|thumb|The bumper color on each regular city bus unit in Surabaya indicates the travel class identity on the bus. Dark blue bumpers are used by economy bus units, while red-orange bumpers are used by patas bus units. However, AC patas bus units do not use this identity, but instead maintain the original bumpers produced by the bodywork company.]]
Regular city bus services in Surabaya are divided into three levels of [[travel class]] based on differences in accommodation quality. The order of service classes from the lowest is [[Economy class|economy]], [[Business class|patas]], and AC patas. Economy buses only have routes on [[arterial roads]] in the city, the fare is cheaper than the class above it, and can accommodate standing passengers (if the seat capacity is full). The express bus (an acronym for fast–limited) has a route on arterial roads and [[toll roads]] in the city, travel time is faster than economy buses, and carries limited passengers according to the maximum seat capacity. While the AC express bus is an express bus with additional facilities in the form of [[Air conditioning|Air conditioning (AC)]]. Most of the AC express bus units in Surabaya are units owned by Perum DAMRI. Express bus units that are no longer roadworthy and are more than fifteen years old will be replaced with AC express bus units gradually.<ref>{{cite web|author=Handhika Eko|date=10 July 2019|title=Don't know what classes are on the bus? check first so you don't miss out|url=https://www.mobilkomersial.com/read/1400/Don%27t-Know-What-Classes-Are-On-the-Bus-Check-First-So-You-Don%27t-Miss-It|website=mobilkomersial.com|access-date=14 September 2022|archive-date=29 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329132857/https://www.mobilkomersial.com/read/1400/Don%27t-Know-What-Classes-Are-On-the-Bus-Check-First-So-You-Don%27t-Miss-It|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Anton Hari Wirawan|date=16 November 2017|title=For those who don't know what a patas bus means, read it quickly! rather than being called nerdy|url=https://www.gridoto.com/read/221004130/for-those-who-don%27t-know-the-meaning-of-fast-bus-read-than-being-called-nerdy|website=gridoto.com|access-date=14 September 2022|archive-date=29 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329142357/https://www.gridoto.com/read/221004130/for-those-who-don%27t-know-the-meaning-of-fast-bus-read-than-being-called-nerdy|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Arif Nugrahadi|author2=Aditya Maulana|date=20 April 2021|title=Listen, these are the fares for the Patas bus route Surabaya-Yogyakarta|url=https://kompas.com/otomotif/read/2021/04/20/063900915/simak-ini-tarif-bus-patas-jurusan-surabaya-yogyakarta|website=kompas.com|access-date=14 September 2022|archive-date=2022-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329084810/https://www.kompas.com/otomotif/read/2021/04/20/063900915/simak-ini-tarif-bus-patas-jurusan-surabaya-yogyakarta|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Route list ====
The Surabaya City Government began adding and adjusting regular city bus routes in the period 1991–1993. The route adjustments were made after several public infrastructures in the city were operated, such as the Purabaya Terminal, Tambak Osowilangon Terminal, Jalan Raya Ahmad Yani and [[Surabaya–Gresik Toll Road]].<ref>{{cite web|author=East Java Provincial Government|date=2005|title=East Java Governor Regulation Number 9 of 2005 Concerning Basic Fares for Economy Class City Bus Passenger Transportation Using Public Buses in East Java Province|url=http://jdih.mkri.id/mg58ufsc89hrsg/PERGUB_9_2005_PERGUB_88_2002%5BC%5D.pdf|website=jdih.mkri.id|access-date=14 September 2022|archive-date=2022-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115064800/https://jdih.mkri.id/mg58ufsc89hrsg/PERGUB_9_2005_PERGUB_88_2002%5BC%5D.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Surabaya City Government|date=2008|title=Surabaya Mayor Regulation Number 26 of 2008 Concerning Determination of Public Passenger Transportation Fares (Mikrolet), City Bus Transportation Fares (Border Transportation) and Metered Taxi Transportation Fares within the City Area Surabaya|url=https://jdihn.go.id/files/772/PERWALI_60.pdf|website=jdihn.go.id|access-date=14 September 2022|archive-date=2022-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106143434/https://jdihn.go.id/files/772/PERWALI_60.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis|author1=Peggy Laoh|author2=Moedjio Slamet|year=1985|title=Improving city transportation services, especially bemo through the provision of bemo bases, A case study in Manukan Kulon|url=https://repository.unair.ac.id/2972/|journal=Department of Development Studies, Faculty of Economics, University of Airlangga|access-date=2022-01-13|archive-date=2022-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113101856/https://repository.unair.ac.id/2972/|url-status=live}}</ref> Based on data from the Surabaya City Transportation Agency, there was a decrease in the number of regular city bus route permits in the period 2009–2017. The total number of city bus route permits in 2009 was 426 units spread across 22 active routes, while the total number of regular city bus route permits in 2017 decreased by 36%, with details of 274 units spread across twenty active routes.<ref name="WP" /><ref>{{cite web|author=Surabaya City Transportation Agency|date=2017|title=Data on the number of microlets in Surabaya City in 2017|url=http://dpm-ptsp.surabaya.go.id/v3/po-content/po-upload/Dinas_PERHUBUNGAN.pdf|website=dpm-ptsp.surabaya.go.id|access-date=14 September 2022|archive-date=2021-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220031356/http://dpm-ptsp.surabaya.go.id/v3/po-content/po-upload/Dinas_PERHUBUNGAN.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{:Statistics of regular city buses in Surabaya}}

===== Operator =====
[[File:Logo bus kota di Surabaya.jpg|300px|View of several logos of bus companies that are regular city bus operators in Surabaya, 2021. Logo stickers are usually attached to the side body of the city bus unit.]]
Until 2021, regular city bus service providers in Surabaya are divided into two types of operators, namely [[State-owned enterprise|BUMN]] operators and private operators. BUMN operators refer to the city bus transportation units (UABK) by Perum DAMRI Surabaya Branch.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Ridani Suwito|author2=Supriyanto|year=2014|title=Improving the quality of DAMRI bus transportation services in Surabaya City (Case study at Tambak Osowilangun Terminal – West Surabaya)|url=http://eprints.uwp.ac.id/id/eprint/1352/|journal=State Administration Study Program, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Wijaya Putra University|access-date=2022-02-22|archive-date=2022-03-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312184755/http://eprints.uwp.ac.id/id/eprint/1352/|url-status=live}}</ref> While private operators refers to the [[Operational cooperation|operational cooperation (KSO)]] unit of several private bus companies in [[East Java]], whose units are employed for the regular city bus division.<ref name="WP">{{cite book |author=Operational Control Division of the Surabaya City Transportation Agency|year=2015|title=Academic manuscript of the Surabaya City Regional Regulation draft concerning general motor vehicle workshop permits|publisher=Surabaya City Transportation Agency}}</ref> Since 2015, all regular city bus operators have begun to form legal entities in the form of [[Limited liability company|limited liability company (PT)]] to facilitate operational arrangements in the field.<ref>{{cite news|author=|date=26 February 2015|title=Passenger transport owners must be incorporated law|url=http://kominfo.jatimprov.go.id/read/umum/43743|publisher=kominfo.jatimprov.go.id|access-date=14 September 2022|archive-date=2022-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818192050/https://kominfo.jatimprov.go.id/read/umum/43743|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=|date=29 November 2014|title=Issuance of passenger transport permits|url=https://dephub.go.id/post/read/pemberian-izin-angkutan-penumpang|website=dephub.go.id|access-date=14 September 2022|archive-date=2022-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701035833/http://dephub.go.id/post/read/pemberian-izin-angkutan-penumpang|url-status=live}}</ref> Early September 2022, all regular city bus services will be operated by only ten private bus companies. There are a total of 39 buses from the bus company, which provide services on two economy routes, two express routes and one AC express route.<ref>{{cite web|author=Surabaya City Statistics Agency|date=2022|title=Surabaya City Transportation Census Data|url=https://surabayakota.bps.go.id/subject/17/transportasi.html|website=surabayakota.bps.go.id|access-date=14 September 2022|archive-date=2022-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408150758/https://surabayakota.bps.go.id/subject/17/transportasi.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=|date=2022|title=Check companies and vehicles with types of goods transportation services, passenger transportation on the route and passenger transport not on the route|url=https://spionam.dephub.go.id/|website=spionam.dephub.go.id|access-date=14 September 2022|archive-date=2022-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412182306/https://spionam.dephub.go.id/|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{:List of regular city bus operators in Surabaya}}
Perum DAMRI is the only regular city bus operator that implements a fixed [[Salary|salary system]] for bus crews, both [[Bus drivers|drivers]] and [[Bus conductor|conductors]].<ref>{{cite web|author1=Perum DAMRI Board of Directors|author2=DAMRI Employee Union|date=15 November 2018|title=Joint commitment between management, skarda and SPD for collective work agreement (PKB) negotiations for the 2018–2020 period|url=https://ppid.damri.co.id/assets/images/PKB%2520DAMRI%25202018-2020.pdf|website=ppid.damri.co.id|access-date=14 September 2022|archive-date=2021-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017023349/https://ppid.damri.co.id/assets/images/PKB%20DAMRI%202018-2020.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=17 July 2021|title=Discussing How the AKAP Bus Driver Salary System Works|url=https://www.kompas.com/otomotif/read/2021/07/17/112200215/bahas-bagaimana-sistem-gaji-pengemudi-bus-akap|work=[[Kompas.com]]|access-date=14 September 2022|author=Muhammad Fathan Radityasani|editor=Agung Kurniawan|archive-date=2022-02-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206042118/https://www.kompas.com/otomotif/read/2021/07/17/112200215/bahas-bagaimana-sistem-gaji-pengemudi-bus-akap|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to Perum DAMRI, other operators implement a [[deposit system]] and profit sharing for bus crews. The crew gets their income based on the amount of money they have to deposit with the company. After the amount of money earned is reduced by the deposit, the remainder is divided among the crew.<ref>{{cite thesis|author1=Cholis Aunurrohman|author2=Henry Feriadi|author3=Perminas Pangeran|year=2013|title=Personality, attitudes, and income systems of city bus drivers in Yogyakarta: A model of conflict management in the transportation sector|url=https://katalog.ukdw.ac.id/3589/|journal=Peace and Conflict Transformation Study Program, Faculty of Theology, Duta Wacana Christian University|access-date=2022-02-06|archive-date=2022-02-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206042118/https://katalog.ukdw.ac.id/3589/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Suwardi|year=2007|title=Analysis of city bus fare determination with integrated management in Surakarta city|url=https://publikasiilmiah.ums.ac.id/handle/11617/127?show=full|journal=Scientific Publication of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta|volume=7|number=2|pages=198–202|access-date=2022-02-06|archive-date=2023-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327123723/https://publikasiilmiah.ums.ac.id/handle/11617/127?show=full|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Hendaru Tri Hanggoro|date=12 Apr 2019|title=Failure of city bus without conductor|url=https://historia.id/urban/articles/kegagalan-bus-kota-tanpa-kondektur-6k40m|website=historia.id|access-date=14 September 2022|archive-date=2022-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218125243/https://historia.id/amp/urban/articles/kegagalan-bus-kota-tanpa-kondektur-6k40m|url-status=live}}</ref>

===== Routes =====
{{hatnote|For travel routes per route, please refer to the page of each route line}}

===== Active routes =====
[[File:02 Peta Jaringan Transportasi Umum Metropolitan Surabaya.jpg|thumb|Surabaya metropolitan public transportation network map by FDTS version 2.0.0 (accurate as of 10 February 2021).]]
As of September 2022, there are four different travel routes on five active regular city bus routes in Surabaya. The seven routes consist of two economy bus routes, two express bus routes and three AC express bus routes. The five routes connect the southern end of the city such as Purabaya Terminal or Larangan Terminal with public transportation infrastructure in the north of the city such as Bratang Terminal and Jembatan Merah Plaza (JMP). The bus unit has an effective operational schedule between 05.00 and 17.00 WIB with a [[Time between|waiting time (''headway'')]] of at least 25 minutes from each terminal and stopping point.<ref>{{cite web|author=Media Center of the Surabaya City Government Communication and Information Service|date=14 September 2015|title=Surabaya City Transportation|url=https://www.surabaya.go.id/page/0/8263/transportasi|website=surabaya.go.id|access-date=18 February 2022|archive-date=2022-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317141355/https://www.surabaya.go.id/page/0/8263/transportasi|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Adriansyah Yasin|author2=Fagra Hanif|date=21 May 2018|title=Public transport network map of Surabaya Metropolitan area, consisting of Suroboyo Bus service, DAMRI city buses, and the infrequent commuter rail network|url=https://www.transportforjakarta.com/_files/ugd/3e64af_eb06aff1510b4a44879742b7c9ffe1bf.pdf|website=transportforjakarta.com|access-date=18 February 2022|archive-date=2022-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218124759/https://www.transportforjakarta.com/_files/ugd/3e64af_eb06aff1510b4a44879742b7c9ffe1bf.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{rint|surabaya|d}} Purabaya–Bratang
* {{rint|surabaya|f}} Purabaya–JMP via Diponegoro
* {{rint|surabaya|p3}} {{rint|surabaya|pac3}} Sidoarjo–JMP via Toll
* {{rint|surabaya|p5}} Purabaya–JMP via Toll

===== Inactive route =====
Regular city bus units in Surabaya have their own platforms or departure lanes at the Purabaya Terminal since the revitalization of the terminal building in March 2013. The number of platforms provided is ten lanes, adjusting to the number of regular city bus lanes with high passenger occupancy. The ten route lanes are still operating routinely in the period 2013–2020.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Dadang Supriyatno|author2=Ari Widayanti|year=2010|title=Performance of city bus services in Surabaya City|url=https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/144649-ID-kinerja-layanan-bis-kota-di-kota-surabay.pdf|journal=Jurnal Transportation|volume=10|number=1|pages=43–52|doi=10.26593/jtrans.v10i1.374.%p|doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |access-date=2022-01-06|archive-date=2022-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106143434/https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/144649-ID-kinerja-layanan-bis-kota-di-kota-surabay.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> However, all regular city bus units on all routes have stopped operating since the Surabaya City Government implemented [[Large-scale social restrictions in Indonesia|large-scale social restrictions (PSBB)]] and [[Enforcement of restrictions on community activities in Indonesia|enforcement of restrictions on community activities (PPKM)]] due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia|COVID-19 pandemic]] in this city. Several routes have started to operate again since the Surabaya City Government began to lower the PPKM level and the Purabaya Terminal has started to be visited by intercity bus units. However, there are several routes that are experiencing an empty bus unit, so that several of these routes are no longer operated (inactive).<ref>{{cite web|author=Disaster Management and Community Protection Agency|date=1 April 2020|title=Mayor's Decree Number 188.45/101/436.1.2/2020 of 2020 concerning the Determination of the Status of a Disaster Emergency Due to the Corona Virus Disease 2O19 (Covid-19) in the City of Surabaya|url=https://jdih.surabaya.go.id/t_detail?prokum=3689|website=jdih.surabaya.go.id|access-date=27 March 2022|archive-date=2022-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327065758/https://jdih.surabaya.go.id/t_detail?prokum=3689|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Bakesbangpol Linmas|date=24 April 2020|title=Mayor Regulation Number 16 of 2020 concerning Guidelines for Large-Scale Social Restrictions in Handling Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) in the City of Surabaya|url=https://jdih.surabaya.go.id/t_detail?prokum=3692|website=jdih.surabaya.go.id|access-date=27 March 2022|archive-date=2022-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327065753/https://jdih.surabaya.go.id/t_detail?prokum=3692|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Bakesbangpol Linmas|date=13 July 2020|title=Mayoral Regulation Number 33 of 2020 concerning Amendments to Surabaya Mayoral Regulation Number 28 of 2020 concerning Guidelines for New Normal Orders in the Condition of the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) Pandemic in the City of Surabaya|url=https://jdih.surabaya.go.id/t_detail?prokum=3718|website=jdih.surabaya.go.id|access-date=27 March 2022|archive-date=2022-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327065755/https://jdih.surabaya.go.id/t_detail?prokum=3718|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Disaster Management and Community Protection Agency|date=22 December 2020|title=Mayor Regulation Number 67 of 2020 concerning the Implementation of Health Protocols in the Framework of Prevention and Breaking the Chain of Spread of Covid-19 in the City of Surabaya|url=https://jdih.surabaya.go.id/t_detail?prokum=3773|website=jdih.surabaya.go.id|access-date=27 March 2022|archive-date=2022-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331094321/https://jdih.surabaya.go.id/t_detail?prokum=3773|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{rint|surabaya|a2}} Purabaya–Ngagel–Semut
* {{rint|surabaya|e1}} Purabaya–Joyoboyo
* {{rint|surabaya|p1}} {{rint|surabaya|pac1}} Purabaya–Tanjung Perak via Darmo
* {{rint|surabaya|p4}} {{rint|surabaya|pac4}} Purabaya–Tanjung Perak via Toll Road
* {{rint|surabaya|p6}} Purabaya–Osowilangon Pond via Diponegoro
* {{rint|surabaya|p8}} {{rint|surabaya|pac8}} Purabaya–Osowilangon via Toll Road

=== Bus unit specifications ===
[[File:Kenampakan bus kota milik PO Rodta trayek D dengan bodi ditutupi sebuah produk komersial, 2013 (foto diambil pada 25 Mei 2013).jpg|300px|The appearance of a regular city bus owned by PO Rodta route D with a body covered with an advertising sticker for a furniture product, 25 May 2013.]]
In general, almost all regular city buses in Surabaya (except for AC patas buses) have a similar uniform pattern (''[[livery]]'') on the bus body. The uniform on the bus body uses a white base color and a special colored [[Bumper (car)|bumper]] according to the service class level. Some units even add large, eye-catching stickers of [[Consumer advertisements|commercial product advertisements]] such as [[soft drinks]], [[Paracetamol|headache medicine]], bird feed, [[footwear]], [[furniture]], [[beds]], and so on.<ref>{{cite web|author=Surabaya City Transportation Agency|date=19 May 2009|title=Mayor Regulation Number 026 of 2009 concerning the Implementation of Surabaya City Regional Regulation Number 7 of 2006 concerning the Implementation of Public Transportation of People on the Road|url=https://jdih.surabaya.go.id/t_detail?prokum=2151|website=jdih.surabaya.go.id|access-date=24 March 2022|archive-date=2022-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329124603/https://jdih.surabaya.go.id/t_detail?prokum=2151|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=23 December 2016|title="Enjoying" Surabaya with Old Mercy, Even "Om Telolet Om" Can't Do It|url=https://www.jawapos.com/metro/metropolis/12/23/2016/menikmati-surabaya-dengan-si-mercy-tua-om-telolet-om-pun-tak-sanggup/?amp |newspaper=[[Jawa Pos]] |access-date=24 March 2022|author=Taufiqurrahman|editor=Thomas Kukuh|archive-date=2022-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218135347/https://www.jawapos.com/metro/metropolis/23/12/2016/menikmati-surabaya-dengan-si-mercy-tua-om-telolet-om-pun-tak-sanggup/?amp|url-status=live}}</ref>
Since 2009, some of the regular city bus units owned by Perum DAMRI that are not roadworthy (over fifteen years old) have begun to be rejuvenated and replaced with AC patas buses.{{efn|Before 2007, almost all regular city bus units owned by Perum DAMRI were dominated by buses with [[Mercedes-Benz]] O325 chassis and body [[Volgren]] or [[Starion (bus body company)|Starion]]. Since July 2007, these bus units have been replaced with air-conditioned (AC) buses dominated by [[Mercedes-Benz]] OH1521 chassis buses and [[Rahayu Sentosa (bus body company)|Rahayu Sentosa]] Celcius bodies.}} Since mid-2018, Perum DAMRI has replaced some of the bus units on its routes with buses provided by the Ministry of Transportation of the Republic of Indonesia for the 2014 budget year. The [[Hino Motors|Hino]] RK8 R260 chassis buses and [[Laksana (bus body company)|Laksana]] Discovery bodies are former Trans Sidoarjo units.<ref>{{cite news|date=25 July 2009|title=Rotten City Buses Replaced|url=https://surabaya.tribunnews.com/2009/07/25/bus-kota-bobrok-diganti|publisher=surabaya.tribunnews.com|access-date=24 March 2022|work=[[Tribunnews|Tribunnews.com]]|archive-date=2022-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513053242/https://surabaya.tribunnews.com/2009/07/25/bus-kota-bobrok-diganti|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=|date=9 March 2015|title=Bandung Becomes Pilot City for Using DAMRI Buses New|url=https://news.detik.com/berita-jawa-barat/d-2853420/bandung-jadi-kota-percontohan-penggunaan-bus-damri-baru|access-date=24 March 2022|work=[[Detik.com|detikcom]]|archive-date=2022-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324084759/https://news.detik.com/berita-jawa-barat/d-2853420/bandung-jadi-kota-percontohan-penggunaan-bus-damri-baru|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Rizqi Wahyu Pratama|author2=Hanny Hafiar|author3=Centurion Chendy Priyatna|year=2018|title=Implementation of the program "Let's Ride the Bus" by Perum DAMRI Bandung|url=https://journal.budiluhur.ac.id/index.php/avantgarde/article/download/764/pdf_7|journal=Jurnal Avant Garde|volume=6|number=2|pages=116–139|doi=10.36080/avg.v6i2.764 |access-date=2022-03-24|archive-date=2022-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329075114/https://journal.budiluhur.ac.id/index.php/avantgarde/article/download/764/pdf_7|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref>
Unlike Perum DAMRI, most of the regular city bus units owned by private operators use used buses with various specifications.{{efn|Some of the chassis that are widely used by city bus units owned by private operators include [[Nissan]] CB, [[Mitsubishi]] BM and [[Hino Motors|Hino]] (AK3HR/AK174/RK174/FG235 series). While some of the bodies that are widely used include Malindo Kapsul, [[Laksana (bus body company)|Laksana]] Sprinter, [[New Armada]] Travego/Panorama 2, [[Tugas Anda]], [[Tentrem]] Old Inspiro and [[Trijaya Union]].}} Generally, bus units are obtained by utilizing used or rebuilt buses owned by operators, or buying used buses from other bus companies. This causes the fleets owned by private operators have a higher level of chassis and body type diversity than regular city bus units owned by Perum DAMRI which tend to be uniform.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Adi Suprayitno|author2=Siti Afifiyah|date=20 September 2019|title=Remembering old public transportation in Surabaya|url=https://www.tagar.id/mengenang-angkutan-umum-tempo-dulu-di-surabaya/|website=tagar.id|access-date=24 March 2022|archive-date=2022-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218135345/https://www.tagar.id/mengenang-angkutan-umum-tempo-dulu-di-surabaya/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Service payment system ====
[[File:Kenampakan karcis bus kota Surabaya trayek PAC4 dan Trans Sidoarjo milik Perum DAMRI sebagai alat bukti pembayaran, 2018.jpg|300px|The appearance of several models of city bus tickets owned by Perum DAMRI as proof of payment, 2018.]]
The payment system for city bus services in Surabaya mostly still uses a conventional system, namely payment with [[Money|cash]] directly to the [[Bus conductor|conductor]] on the bus.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Esa Wahyu Endarti|author2=Miftah Thoha|year=2006|title=Interaction between government, private sector, and community in urban public transportation services: Study on city bus transportation services in Surabaya|url=http://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/index.php?mod=penelitian_detail&sub=PenelitianDetail&act=view&typ=html&buku_id=36418|journal=Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies, Universitas Gajah Mada|access-date=2022-02-18|archive-date=2023-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327123721/http://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/home/detail_pencarian/36418|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Inanta Indra P.|date=29 January 2020|title=Fulfillment of the right to humane transportation services in the city of Surabaya Surabaya|url=https://transportologi.org/laporan-transportologi/pemenuhan-atas-hak-pelayanan-transportasi-manusiawi-di-kota-surabaya/|website=transportologi.org|access-date=18 February 2022|archive-date=2022-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218125542/https://transportologi.org/laporan-transportologi/pemenuhan-atas-hak-pelayanan-transportasi-manusiawi-di-kota-surabaya/|url-status=live}}</ref> Perum DAMRI has also implemented a ticket system, namely payment is made by paying cash to the conductor which is then exchanged for a [[Integrated intermodal ticket|ticket]] as proof of payment.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Moch. Ihsan Hidayatullah|author2=Misbahuddin Azzuhri|year=2013|title=Formulation of strategy of Perum DAMRI Surabaya city bus unit, in order to maintain business continuity and increase competitive advantage|url=https://jimfeb.ub.ac.id/index.php/jimfeb/article/download/1349/1244|journal=Management Department, Faculty of Economics and Business, Brawijaya University|access-date=2022-02-18|archive-date=2022-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218124803/https://jimfeb.ub.ac.id/index.php/jimfeb/article/download/1349/1244|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Purwo Mahardi|author2=Tri Sudibyo|author3=Fitri Rohmah Widayanti|year=2019|title=Analysis of Surabaya city bus service quality based on user perception using importance performance analysis (IPA) method|url=https://journal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/proteksi/article/view/4080|journal=Civil Engineering Orientation Research Publication (PROTEKSI)|volume=1|number=1|pages=22–29|doi=10.26740/proteksi.v1n1.p22-29|access-date=2022-01-25|archive-date=2022-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125062047/https://journal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/proteksi/article/view/4080|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Adhi Muhtadi|author2=Sapto Budi Wasono|author3=I Putu Artaya|author4=Sri Wiwoho Mudjanarko|year=2012|title=Evaluation of bus services and MPU in Surabaya City to support the transportation system sustainable|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320585569|journal=Proceedings of the National Conference of Postgraduate Civil Engineering (KNPTS) 2012|access-date=2022-01-06|archive-date=2022-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106143436/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320585569_EVALUATION_OF_BUS_SERVICES_AND_MPU_OF_SURABAYA_TO_SUPPORT_SUSTAINABLE_TRANSPORTATION_SYSTEM|url-status=live}}</ref>
The type of service tariff applied is a [[fixed tariff]], which means that the tariff is the same for both short and long distances. The amount of city bus service tariffs on all routes is further regulated in Surabaya Mayor Regulation Number 76 of 2014.<ref>{{cite news|author=Thomas Pulungan|date=1 October 2021|title=3 nostalgic city buses in Jakarta, have you tried them in which era|url=https://metro.sindonews.com/newsread/556346/171/3-nostalgia-bus-kota-di-jakarta-kamu-pernah-coba-di-era-mana-1633072217|publisher=metro.sindonews.com|access-date=18 February 2022|work=[[Sindonews.com]]|archive-date=2022-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123121308/https://metro.sindonews.com/newsread/556346/171/3-nostalgia-bus-kota-di-jakarta-kamu-pernah-coba-di-era-mana-1633072217|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Pemerintah Kota Surabaya|date=2014|title=Regulation of the Mayor of Surabaya Number 76 of 2014 concerning the Second Amendment to the Regulation of the Mayor of Surabaya Number 41 of 2013 concerning the Determination of Economy Class Passenger Fares for Transportation of People on Routes and the Granting of Approval of Passenger Fares for Transportation of People Not on Routes Using Taxis Within the Region Surabaya City|url=https://jdihn.go.id/search/daerah/detail/986140|website=jdihn.go.id|access-date=18 February 2022}}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Constraints from several factors such as the rise of online transportation, rising fuel prices, decreasing number of daily passengers, and the effects of the implementation of PSBB and PPKM have made all operators start to adjust the amount of service rates several times.{{efn|Until 2021, all operators will simultaneously increase their service rates to Rp10,000.00. All bus units are required to attach a fare change sticker on the bus window as a form of publication.}}<ref>{{cite news|author=|date=18 July 2021|title=DAMRI bus fares soar at GSN port PT Pelindo 3 Surabaya|url=https://tabloidsuksesinasional.com/tarif-bus-damri-melonjak-naik-di-pelabuhan-gsn-pt-pelindo-3-surabaya/|publisher=tabloidsuksesinasional.com|access-date=18 February 2022|archive-date=2023-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327123729/https://tabloidsuksesinasional.com/tarif-bus-damri-melonjak-naik-di-pelabuhan-gsn-pt-pelindo-3-surabaya/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===== Other services =====
====== Integrated bus ======
[[File:Antrian bus bandara milik Perum DAMRI menggunakan unit medium bus sasis Mercedes Benz OF 917 L dan bodi rakitan karoseri Piala Mas di Terminal Purabaya, 11 Maret 2022.jpg|300px|Queue of integrated bus modes (airport–bus terminal) owned by Perum DAMRI using medium bus units with Mercedes-Benz OF 917 L chassis and Piala Mas body assembly at Purabaya Terminal, 11 March 2022.]]
In order to implement the Decree of the Minister of Transportation Number 35 of 2003, Perum DAMRI began opening city bus services as integrated buses in Surabaya since 2004. The integrated bus modes support intermodal connectivity (land, water and air transportation) with seamless, efficient and sustainable service characteristics (''sustainable'').<ref>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Transportation of the Republic of Indonesia|date=2003|title=Decree of the Minister of Transportation Number KM 35 of 2003 concerning the Implementation of Transportation of People on the Road with Public Vehicles|url=http://jdih.dephub.go.id/produk_hukum/view/UzAwZ016VWdWR0ZvZFc0Z01qQXdNdz09|website=jdih.dephub.go.id|access-date=25 March 2022|archive-date=2022-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217072452/http://jdih.dephub.go.id/produk_hukum/view/UzAwZ016VWdWR0ZvZFc0Z01qQXdNdz09|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Hernawan Nugroho|date=31 December 2015|title=Modal integration services as an effort to support regional connectivity between Wonosari – Yogyakarta|url=http://bappeda.jogjaprov.go.id/karya_perencanaan/detail/70-layanan-pemadu-moda-sebagai-upaya-dukungan-konektivitas-kawasan-antara-wonosari-yogyakarta|website=bappeda.jogjaprov.go.id|access-date=25 March 2022|archive-date=2022-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812121812/http://bappeda.jogjaprov.go.id/karya_perencanaan/detail/70-layanan-pemadu-moda-sebagai-upaya-dukungan-konektivitas-kawasan-antara-wonosari-yogyakarta|url-status=live}}</ref> Perum DAMRI in collaboration with [[Angkasa Pura I|PT Angkasa Pura I]] provides a bus service for connecting integrated modes infrastructure [[:File:Airport Bus Shelter Terminal Purabaya.jpg|airport–bus terminal]] from Terminal 1 Domestic (T1) and Terminal 2 International (T2) [[Juanda International Airport]] using a special airport transportation unit (UAKB). In 2022, there are three travel routes on three integrated bus routes from Juanda Airport.{{efn|Perum DAMRI has operated several integrated routes as below, which connect airport infrastructure–bus terminals in the Gerbang Kertasusila urban agglomeration area. However, the routes were deactivated due to low passenger occupancy. Juanda (T1) routes to [[Ujung Baru Halt|Tanjung Perak]], [[Joyoboyo Terminal|Joyoboyo]], [[DTC Wonokromo Bus Stop|DTC Wonokromo]], [[Bangkalan Terminal|Bangkalan]], [[Paciran Terminal|Paciran]]. The Juanda (T2) route to [[Purabaya Terminal|Purabaya]], and a free Juanda Airport shuttle bus between the terminals}}{{efn|As of 14 April 2021, Perum DAMRI in collaboration with [[Pelayaran Nasional Indonesia|PT Pelayaran Nasional Indonesia (Pelni)]] and [[Pelabuhan Indonesia III|PT Pelabuhan Indonesia III (Pelindo III)]] operates a connecting mode integration service for infrastructure [[:File:21 Special Buses for Ship Passengers Owned by Perum DAMRI on the Tanjung Perak - Purabaya route parked in front of the Gapura Surya Nusantara Passenger Terminal, Tanjung Perak Port.jpg|port–bus terminal]] from Gapura Surya Nusantara (GSN) [[Pelabuhan Tanjung Perak]]. This service facilitates intermodal connectivity for ship passengers without having to walk to the [[Ujung Baru Bus Stop]]. There are two different travel routes connecting GSN Tanjung Perak with Purabaya Terminal or Tambak Osowilangon Terminal via the Toll Road. The bus departure schedule is adjusted to the ship's docking schedule.}}<ref>{{cite web|author=Humas Angkasa Pura I|date=2017|title=Juanda International Airport Profile|url=http://dpm-ptsp.surabaya.go.id/v3/po-content/po-upload/Angkasa-Pura.pdf|website=dpm-ptsp.surabaya.go.id|access-date=18 February 2022|archive-date=2022-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217071004/http://dpm-ptsp.surabaya.go.id/v3/po-content/po-upload/Angkasa-Pura.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Ardhani Indra J.|year=2014|title=Index public satisfaction with DAMRI bus services specifically for Juanda airport|url=http://journal.unair.ac.id/download-fullpapers-kmpa6f87e116bfull.pdf|journal=Public Policy and Management|volume=2|number=1|pages=1–9|access-date=2022-02-17|archive-date=2022-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706180418/http://journal.unair.ac.id/download-fullpapers-kmpa6f87e116bfull.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{rint|surabaya|juanda–sby}} Juanda (T1)–Purabaya via [[Sawotratap, Gedangan, Sidoarjo|Aloha]]
* {{rint|surabaya|juanda–gsk}} Juanda (T1)–[[Terminal Bunder|Gresik]] via toll road
* {{rint|surabaya|juanda–mjk}} Juanda (T1)–[[Kertajaya Terminal|Mojokerto]] via the toll road

===== Intercity Bus =====
====== Gerbangkertosusila Agglomeration ======
[[File:13 Shelter Bus Antarkota di Terminal Joyoboyo.jpg|300px|Queue of intercity buses on the Mojokerto–Joyoboyo route in the northern parking area of the Joyoboyo Intermodal Terminal building, 18 May 2021.]]
Since two type A passenger terminals were built in the Surabaya border area such as [[Bungurasih, Waru, Sidoarjo|Bungurasih]] and [[Tambak Osowilangun, Benowo, Surabaya|Tambak Osowilangon]] in the 1990s, all [[intercity bus]] route permits began to be transferred to the two terminals. However, there are several intercity bus services in the [[Gerbangkertosusila]] agglomeration area that have route permits that cover the inner city area. This causes the intercity bus units to be able to pick up and drop off passengers at the same stops or stopping points as the overlapping regular city bus routes. The following are intercity bus routes in Surabaya that have crossing points in the inner city area.<ref>{{Cite web|last=East Java Provincial Government|date=2016|title=East Java Provincial Governor Regulation Number 27 of 2016 Concerning Basic Tariffs, Upper and Lower Limit Distance Tariffs for Intercity Passenger Transportation in Economy Class Province Using Public Buses in East Java Province|url=https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/26286|website=peraturan.bpk.go.id|access-date=23 March 2022|archive-date=2022-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319054346/https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/26286|url-status=live}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:1em auto; font-size:80%;" style="float:center;" state="expanded"
|+{{center|List of Gerbangkertosusila agglomeration bus routes that cross which have route points in the inner city of Surabaya.}}
|-
!style="background-color:#ffdab9;"|No!!style="background-color:#ffdab9;"|Moda!!style="background-color:#ffdab9;"|Travel code!!style="background-color:#ffdab9;"|Travel route!!style="background-color:#ffdab9;"|City route section
|-
|align="center"|1||align="center"|city bus||align="center"|{{rint|surabaya|p3}} {{rint|surabaya|pac3}}||Sidoarjo–JMP via Toll Road||JMP–Flea Market
|-
|align="center"|2||align="center"|AKDP bus||align="center"|{{rint|surabaya|mjk}}||[[Terminal Kertajaya|Mojokerto]]–Joyoboyo||Joyoboyo–[[Menanggal, Gayungan, Surabaya|Menanggal]]
|-
|align="center"|3||align="center"|AKDP bus||align="center"|{{rint|surabaya|lmg}}||Surabaya–[[Paciran Terminal|Paciran]]||Tambak Osowilangon–[[Romokalisari, Benowo, Surabaya|Romokalisari]]
|-
|align="center"|4||align="center"|Trans Sidoarjo||align="center"|{{rint|surabaya|sda}}||Porong–Purabaya via Toll Road||Purabaya
|-
|align="center"|5||align="center"|Trans East Java||align="center"|{{rint|jatim|jtm1}}||Porong–Purabaya–[[Terminal Round|Bunder]]||Purabaya & Romokalisari
|}

====== Across Java–Madura ======
<!-- {{see also|Arya Wiraraja Terminal#Intercity bus routes (economy class)}} -->
[[File:23 Moda Transportasi Bus Antarkota Trayek Surabaya - Madura di Halte Ujung Baru.jpg|300px|An intercity bus unit across Java–Madura via Suramadu owned by PO Akas IV is waiting for its departure schedule from in front of Ujung Port, 30 May 2021.]]

Since the [[Suramadu Bridge]] began operating in 2010, several intercity bus routes within the province (AKDP) across [[Java]]–[[Madura Island|Madura]] have begun adjusting their routes and passenger stops in the northern area of Surabaya City. According to a circular from the East Java Provincial Transportation Agency, intercity buses are permitted to cross the Suramadu Bridge without having to cross the Ujung–Kamal crossing. Referring to the results of the agreement between the bus companies (PO) related to the local land transportation organization (organda), intercity buses are permitted to transport passengers on a limited basis and outside the operational schedule of city transportation (bemo) and regular city buses. Intercity buses can only pick up and drop off passengers from points such as Ujung Baru, Barunawati Park and Kedinding Lor.<ref>{{cite news|date=15 June 2009|title=Suramadu Bus Route Changed, Directly Via Bridge|url=https://surabaya.tribunnews.com/2009/06/15/trayek-bus-suramadu-diubah-langsung-lewat-jembatan|publisher=surabaya.tribunnews.com|access-date=16 April 2022|work=[[Tribunnews|Tribunnews.com]]|archive-date=2022-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422212849/https://surabaya.tribunnews.com/2009/06/15/trayek-bus-suramadu-diubah-langsung-lewat-jembatan|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Rohman Taufiq|date=8 April 2010|title=Passenger Buses Not Prohibited from Passing Suramadu Bridge|url=https://nasional.tempo.co/read/238817/bus-penumpang-tidak-dilarang-melewati-jembatan-suramadu|publisher=nasional.tempo.co|access-date=16 April 2022|work=[[Tempo.co]]|archive-date=2022-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422203631/https://nasional.tempo.co/read/238817/bus-penumpang-tidak-dilarang-melewati-jembatan-suramadu|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Siwi Tri Puji B|date=5 November 2010|title=AKDP buses are allowed to pass through the Suramadu Bridge|url=https://republika.co.id/berita/breaking-news/nusantara/10/11/05/144713-bus-akdp-diizinkan-lewat-jembatan-suramadu|publisher=republika.co.id|access-date=16 April 2022|archive-date=2022-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415143704/https://www.republika.co.id/amp/144713|url-status=live}}</ref>

===== Incident =====
A series of traffic accidents due to a bus experiencing brake failure occurred on 14 September 2022, at the Taman Mayangkara red light, [[Wonokromo]]. This incident involved a regular city bus unit belonging to PO Indrapura 88 on route F on the Purabaya-JMP route via Diponegoro, which hit six motorbikes and one car.<ref>{{cite news|date=14 September 2022|title=Bus Hits 4 Motorbikes and 1 Pregnant Woman in Surabaya|url=https://www.jawapos.com/surabaya/14/09/2022/bus-tabrak-4-motorbikes-dan-1-perempuan-hamil-di-surabaya/?amp |access-date=21 September 2022|author=Rafika Rachma Maulidini|editor=Latu Ratri Mubyarsah |newspaper=[[Jawa Pos]] |archive-date=2022-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921142957/https://www.jawapos.com/surabaya/14/09/2022/bus-hits-4-motor-and-1-pregnant-woman-in-surabaya/?amp|url-status=live}}</ref> This incident claimed the lives of four men and a pregnant woman. All victims have been rushed and treated at the Islamic Hospital (RSI) [[Jemursari railway station|Jemursari]].<ref>{{cite news|author1=Luhur Pambudi|author2=Ndaru Wijayanto|date=14 September 2022|title=A city bus in Surabaya rammed into 4 motorbikes stopped at a red light in Wonokromo, a pregnant woman became a victim|url=https://jatim.tribunnews.com/2022/09/14/city-bus-in-surabaya-seruduk-4-motor-yang-berhenti-di-lampu-merah-wonokromo-ibu-hamil-jadi-korban|publisher=jatim.tribunnews.com|access-date=21 September 2022|work=[[Tribunnews|Tribunnews.com]]|archive-date=2022-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004024149/https://jatim.tribunnews.com/2022/09/14/city-bus-in-surabaya-seruduk-4-motor-that-stopped-at-the-red-lampu-wonokromo-pregnant-mother-became-victim|url-status=live}}</ref> Based on findings in the field, the active period of roadworthiness test of the bus unit has apparently expired since April 2022, even though the bus still has an active route permit from the Surabaya Transportation Agency.<ref>{{cite news|author=Dhafintya Noorca|date=14 September 2022|title=KIR test of the city bus that had an accident consecutive accidents in Wonokromo have died since April|url=https://www.suarasurabaya.net/kelanakota/2022/uji-kir-bus-kota-yang-kecelakaan-beruntun-di-wonokromo-mati-sejak-bulan-april/?amp|publisher=suarasurabaya.net|access-date=21 September 2022|archive-date=2022-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921142957/https://www.suarasurabaya.net/kelanakota/2022/uji-kir-bus-kota-yang-kecelakaan-beruntun-di-wonokromo-mati-sejak-bulan-april/?amp|url-status=live}}</ref> The temporary suspicion of the Surabaya Police Traffic Unit is that this incident was caused by the bus driver being less careful in maintaining a safe distance. In addition, there are indications that the bus unit's braking mechanism is not functioning optimally (failed) which causes a collision.<ref>{{cite news|author=Mohammad Ridwan|date=16 September 2022|title=City bus hits 6 motorbikes and 1 car at traffic light, Surabaya DPRD highlights transportation agency's performance|url=https://www.lensaindonesia.com/2022/09/16/city-bus-hits-6-motorcycles-and-1-car-at-traffick-light-dprd-surabaya-soroti-kinerja-dishub.html?amp=1|publisher=lensaindonesia.com|access-date=21 September 2022|archive-date=2023-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327123739/https://www.lensaindonesia.com/2022/09/16/city-bus-hits-6-motorcycles-and-1-car-at-dprd-surabaya-traffick-light-highlight-dishub-performance.html?amp=1|url-status=live}}</ref>

=====Gallery=====
{{Photomontage
|photo1a=Shelter Bus Kota di Terminal Purabaya (4).jpg
|photo1b=12 Suasana Belakang Shelter Bus Kota Terminal Purabaya.jpg
|photo2a=Shelter Bus Kota di Terminal Purabaya (3).jpg
|photo3a=13 Deret Bus Kota Surabaya Trayek P5 Terparkir Rapi di Area Parkir Bus Kota Terminal Purabaya.jpg
|photo3b=14 Tampak Belakang Halte Bus Kota di Halte JMP.jpg
|photo3c=Antrian Bus Menunggu Jadwal Keberangkatan di Terminal Larangan.jpg
|photo4a=17 Bus Kota Surabaya PO Mandala Trayek Trayek D Tujuan Bratang & PO Dua Putra Trayek F Tujuan JMP Mengantre Jam Pemberangkatan di Shelter Bus Kota Terminal Purabaya.jpg
|photo4b=14 Bus Kota Surabaya PO Akas NR Trayek D Tujuan Bratang Mengantre Jam Pemberangkatan di Shelter Bus Kota Terminal Purabaya.jpg
|photo5a=15 Bus Kota Surabaya PO Mandiri Trayek F Tujuan JMP Terparkir di Area Parkir Bus Kota Terminal Purabaya.jpg
|photo5b=16 Bus Kota Surabaya PO DME & PO Indrapura 88 Trayek F Tujuan JMP Terparkir di Area Parkir Bus Kota Terminal Purabaya.jpg
|photo6a=18 Bus Kota Surabaya PO Estraa Mandiri Trayek P3 Tujuan JMP Terparkir di Area Parkir Bus Kota Terminal Larangan Sidoarjo.jpg
|photo6b=01 Perum DAMRI Trayek P3 Rute JMP - Sidoarjo Melintas di Jalan Rajawali.jpg
|photo5c=18 Perum DAMRI Trayek P4 Rute Purabaya - Tanjung Perak via Tol Parkir di Halte Ujung Baru.jpg
|photo7a=04 Halte Bus Kota JMP (1).jpg
|photo7b=02 Perum DAMRI Trayek P8 Rute Bungurasih - Osowilangon Parkir di Terminal Tambak Osowilangon.jpg
|size=325
|position=center
|spacing=3
|color=#FFFFFF
|border=3
|color_border=red
|text={{center|City bus gallery in Surabaya, 2020–2022.}}
|text_background=#FFDEAD
|foot_montage=
}}

===List of bus accidents in Indonesia===
{{incomplete list|date=May 2025}}
Below is a list of [[bus]] accidents that occurred in Indonesia that resulted in fatalities.

* In 1981, the '''PO Flores''' bus accident from [[Mojokerto]], [[East Java]], experienced a fatal accident in [[Surakarta]], [[Central Java]] that killed a group of junior high school students. The bloody tragedy occurred when PO Flores was hit by a fast train from Pasar Senen-Solo Balapan
* In 1994, there was a deadly Metromini tragedy that caused a fantastic number of victims. According to various national media records at that time, the deadly '''Metromini''' tragedy in 1994 caused 33 passengers to die. The victims died because the [[MetroMini]] was reckless and fell into the Sunter River, which at that time had a rising water level. As a result, the passengers died tragically. Most likely the victims died because they ran out of breath and drowned in the [[Sunter River]], [[Jakarta]].
* On 8 October 2003, a tour bus owned by '''AO Transport''' carrying mostly schoolchildren collided with two trucks near [[Situbondo]], [[East Java]], killing 54 people. The crash was also called '''[[2003 East Java bus crash|Paiton bus crash]]''' or Paiton tragedy due to its location near [[Paiton Power Station|Paiton thermal power station]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=54 Dead In Indonesia Bus Crash |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/54-dead-in-indonesia-bus-crash/ |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=www.cbsnews.com |date=9 October 2003 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indonesian crash claims over 50 lives |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2003/10/9/indonesian-crash-claims-over-50-lives |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref>
* On 7 February 2011, a '''PO. Tri Sakti''' bus accident was a traffic accident in Temanggung on 7 February 2011. The Tri Sakti bus on the Semarang-Yogyakarta route had an accident because it failed to overtake the vehicle in front of it and hit a truck, the bus then plunged into a ravine. The accident that occurred in Pingit, [[Pringsurat]], [[Temanggung Regency]] caused 11 people to die and 37 people to be injured.
* On 10 February 2018, the '''Premium Passion bus''' accident was a traffic accident incident that occurred at Tanjakan Emen, [[Subang, Subang|Subang]], [[West Java]]. The tourist bus was carrying a tour group from the Permata Savings and Loans Cooperative, and resulted in 26 fatalities.
* On 17 June 2014, the Desiana bus accident was a tragic incident that befell the '''PO. Desiana tourist bus''' with license plate number B 7529 YB carrying a group of Al-Huda High School students from [[Cengkareng]], [[East Jakarta]]. The bus experienced brake failure and hit a Kijang Kapsul car on the Emen Hill, [[Subang, Subang|Subang]], [[West Java]]. This accident resulted in 8 people dying and left deep trauma for the study tour group.
* On 17 June 2019, A bus accident '''PO. Safari Lux''' occurred on the [[Cikopo–Palimanan Toll Road]] (Cipali Toll Road), [[Majalengka Regency|Majalengka]], [[West Java]] Province. The bus accident also involved three other vehicles, including a Mitsubishi Xpander, a Toyota Innova, and a Mitsubishi truck.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2019/06/17/16151931/warga-bekasi-dan-tegal-majority-of-victims-of-death-accident-on-the-cipali-toll|title=Residents of Bekasi and Tegal, Majority of Victims Killed in Fatal Cipali Toll Accident|work=[[Kompas.com]]|language=id|access-date=13 April 2020|editor-last=Damanik|editor-first=Caroline}}</ref> A total of 12 people were declared dead in this incident.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2019/06/17/11083061/kronologi-kecelakaan-maut-yang-menewaskan-12-orang-di-tol-cipali|title=Chronology of the Fatal Accident that Killed 12 People on the Cipali Toll Road|last=Romdhon|first=Muhamad Syahri|work=[[Kompas.com]]|language=id|access-date=13 April 2020|editor-last=Assifa|editor-first=Farid}}</ref> Initially, the police suspected that the accident was caused by a sleepy bus driver. Later, examination of several witnesses indicated that an incident occurred in the bus cockpit as the basis for the fatal accident.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://kumparan.com/kumparannews/malam-maut-di-tol-cipali-1rJOZ4vliQz|title=Malam Maut di Tol Cipali|work=[[Kumparan (website)|Kumparan]]|language=id-ID|access-date=13 April 2020|last=Saragih|first=Soejono Eben Ezer}}</ref>
* On 10 March 2021, A [[tourist bus]] '''PO. Sri Padma Kencana''' accident occurred on at Tanjakan Cae, [[Sukajadi, Wado, Sumedang|Sukajadi Village]], [[Wado, Sumedang|Wado District]], [[Sumedang Regency]], [[West Java]]. The Sri Padma Kencana tourist bus carrying a group of SMP IT Al Muawwanah, Subang, study tour and pilgrimage plunged into a [[ravine]] and resulted in a total of 29 deaths.<ref name=korban29>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20210311222957-20-616509/korban-meninggal-kecelakaan-bus-di-sumedang-jadi-29-orang|title=Korban Meninggal Kecelakaan Bus di Sumedang Jadi 29 Orang|date=11 March 2021|access-date=16 March 2021|website=[[CNN Indonesia]]}}</ref>
* On 6 February 2022, the '''PO Gandhos Abadi''' bus accident was a single accident that occurred on 6 February 2022, in Bukit Bego, [[Imogiri]], [[Bantul]], [[Yogyakarta]]. This accident killed 13 passengers and several others were injured. The initial suspicion of the cause of the accident was brake failure, causing the bus to hit a cliff
* On 11 May 2024, a fatal [[traffic accident]] occurred in [[Subang Regency]], [[West Java|West Java Province]], Indonesia, when a [[tour bus]] '''PO. Putera Fajar''' carrying a group of students and teachers from a [[vocational high school]] experienced brake failure, causing the bus to crash into 1 car and 3 motorbikes. The accident resulted in 11 fatalities and 53 injuries, 13 of whom were seriously injured.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Puspitasari|first=Devi|title=Total Victims of Bus Accident in Subang 64 People: 11 Dead-53 Injured|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-7335660/total-korban-kecelakaan-bus-di-subang-64-orang-11-meninggal-53-terluka|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|access-date=2024-07-28|archive-date=28 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728181459/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-7335660/total-korban-kecelakaan-bus-di-subang-64-orang-11-meninggal-53-terluka|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Alhamidi|first=Rifat|title=Fatal Accident Kills 11 People in Subang Involves Five Vehicle|url=https://www.detik.com/jabar/berita/d-7335466/kecelakaan-maut-tewaskan-11-orang-di-subang-libikatan-lima-kendaraan|website=detikjabar|language=en-ID|access-date=2024-12-30}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* On 6 May 2025, An intercity b bus '''PT. Antar Lintas Sumatera''' carrying 34 passengers from [[Medan]] to [[Bekasi]] sped out of control on a downhill road and overturned in [[West Sumatra]] province on Tuesday, killing at least 12 people and leaving others injured, police said.

===Taxis and autorickshaws===
[[File:2019 Toyota Avanza 1.3 Transmover F653RM (20200227).jpg|thumb|right|A [[Blue Bird Group|Bluebird]] taxi in Jakarta]]
Many cities and towns have some form of transportation for hire available as well such as [[Taxicab|taxi]]s. Many cities also have motorised [[autorickshaw]]s (''[[Bajaj Auto|bajaj]]'') of various kinds. [[Cycle rickshaw]]s, called ''becak'' in Indonesia, are a regular sight on city roads and provide inexpensive transportation. They have been blamed for causing [[traffic congestion]] and, consequently, banned from most parts of [[Jakarta]] in 1972.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Purba|first1=David Oliver|title=Penghapusan Operasional Becak di Jakarta, dari 1936 hingga Kini...|url=https://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2018/01/15/11212121/penghapusan-operasional-becak-di-jakarta-dari-1936-hingga-kini|access-date=1 April 2018|work=Kompas|date=15 January 2018|language=id}}</ref> [[Horse]]-drawn carts are found in some cities and towns.

[[Ridesharing company|Ridesharing companies]] have become serious competition to both taxicabs and [[motorcycle taxi]]s (''ojek''), with the four providers being [[Gojek]], Maxim, Anterin, [[Grab (company)|Grab]] and others.<ref>{{cite news| last1=Sugianto |first1=Danang|title=Perusahaan Taksi di Jakarta Berguguran, Organda: dari 32 Sisa 4|url=https://finance.detik.com/berita-ekonomi-bisnis/d-3675159/perusahaan-taksi-di-jakarta-berguguran-organda-dari-32-sisa-4|access-date=19 May 2018|work=Detikfinance|date=8 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Kristo|first1=Fino Yurio|title=Awal Mula Transportasi Online Menjamur di Indonesia|url=https://inet.detik.com/cyberlife/d-3609781/awal-mula-transportasi-online-menjamur-di-indonesia|access-date=28 May 2018|work=detikinet|date=22 August 2017|language=id|archive-date=7 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207141114/https://inet.detik.com/cyberlife/d-3609781/awal-mula-transportasi-online-menjamur-di-indonesia|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Minibus===
In more remote areas, and between smaller towns, most services are provided with [[minibus]]es or [[minivans]] (''angkot''). Buses and vans are also the primary form of transportation within cities. Often, these are operated as [[share taxis]], running semi-fixed routes.

===Private cars===
Due to the increasing purchasing power of Indonesians, private [[automobile|car]]s are becoming more common especially in major cities. However the growth of the number of cars increasingly outpaces the construction of new roads, resulting in frequently crippling traffic jams in large parts in major cities especially in Jakarta, which often also happen on highways. Jakarta also has one of the worst traffic jams in the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jakarta – Urban Challenges Overview – Human Cities Coalition|url=https://www.humancities.co/2017/01/jakarta-urban-challenges-overview/|publisher=Human Cities Coalition|access-date=1 April 2018|date=25 January 2017|archive-date=3 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203224641/https://www.humancities.co/2017/01/jakarta-urban-challenges-overview/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Indonesia has been gradually introducing an [[Intelligent Transportation System]] (ITS) since 2012. ITS Indonesia was formed on 26 April 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/74080/ri-to-adopt-its-gradually-starting-in-2012|title=RI to adopt ITS gradually starting in 2012|agency=[[Antara (news agency)|Antara]]|date=25 July 2011|access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref>

===Other road transports===

* [[Becak]]
* [[:id:Bentor|Bentor]]
* [[:id:Delman|Delman]]

===National routes===
Indonesia has about {{convert|283102|km}} of paved highways and {{convert|213505|km}} of unpaved highways ({{As of|2011}} estimate).<ref name="WorldFactbook">{{cite web|title=Indonesia|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/indonesia/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110162630/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/indonesia|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 January 2021|access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref> Four of Indonesia's main highways are classified as parts of [[Asian Highway Network]]: [[AH2]] section in Java and Bali, [[AH25]] and [[AH151]] in Sumatra, [[AH152]] in Java and [[AH150]] section in Kalimantan. Some of them has been numbered, currently only in Java and (partially) Sumatera.

National routes of Indonesia pass through the hearts of most main cities, and are designed to connect between city centres. They act as main inter-city route outside the tollways. A national route has to be passable by logistic trucks, while simultaneously handling the common traffic. National routes in Java are numbered, while those outside Java aren't. In some cities, even in crowded districts, national routes often form [[Bypass (road)|bypasses]] or [[ring road]]s (Indonesian: ''jalan lingkar'') around the city to prevent inter-city traffic entering the city center.

[[Ministry of Public Works and Housing (Indonesia)|Ministry of Public Works and People's Housing]] is responsible to these networks, except [[DKI Jakarta]] part from [[Jakarta Inner Ring Road]] to [[Jakarta Outer Ring Road]]. A national route can be revised if it serves unable to handle the traffic. It would usually be handled by the province/regional government.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

Below were lists of some national routes in Indonesia:
* '''Sumatra:''' [[Trans-Sumatra Highway]]
* '''Java:''' [[North Coast Road (Java)|North Coast]], [[South Coast Road|South Coast]]
* '''Kalimantan:''' [[Trans Kalimantan Highway|Trans-Kalimantan Highway]] ([[Trans-Kalimantan Highway Northern Route|Northern]], [[Trans-Kalimantan Highway Central Route|Central]], [[Trans-Kalimantan Highway Southern Route|Southern]])
* '''Sulawesi:''' [[Trans-Sulawesi Highway]]
* '''Papua:''' [[Trans-Papua Highway]]

===Toll roads===
{{See also|Indonesian Toll Road System}}
All [[controlled-access highway|expressway]]s in Indonesia are [[toll road]]s, known locally as {{lang|id|jalan tol}} (lit. toll road). The first expressway in Indonesia is the [[Jagorawi Toll Road]], opened in 1978.<ref name="Damayanti2018">{{cite news|last1=Damayanti|first1=Annisa Ulva|title=Potret Pembangunan Tol di Indonesia, dari Soeharto hingga Jokowi|url=https://news.okezone.com/read/2018/03/04/337/1867747/potret-pembangunan-tol-di-indonesia-dari-soeharto-hingga-jokowi|access-date=24 April 2018|work=Okezone News|date=4 March 2018|language=id}}</ref> 2,386 kilometers of expressways are operating as of 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=antaranews.com |title=Indonesia's toll roads likely to stretch 5,103 km by 2024: minister |url=https://en.antaranews.com/news/179102/indonesias-toll-roads-likely-to-stretch-5103-km-by-2024-minister |access-date=2023-06-17 |website=Antara News|date=13 July 2021}}</ref> Over {{convert|568|km|mi}} of expressways opened during the [[Working Cabinet (2014–2019)|first term of President Joko Widodo]],<ref name="Damayanti2018"/> surpassing previous administrations. Since 2018, all expressways do not accept any cash tolls; all tolls must be paid with certain contactless money cards.

The high cost of building and maintaining a national highway system means that Indonesia has to outsource the construction and maintenance to private and state-owned companies. Indonesia has an extensive system of highways consisting of:[[File:Java Transportation Network.svg|thumb|right|300px|Java's transportation networks]]
[[File:Cipularang76.JPG|thumb|right|Cipularang Toll Road, part of Trans-Java Toll Road]]

==== Java ====
{{main|Trans-Java Toll Road}}

====Sumatra====
{{further|Trans-Sumatra Toll Road}}

====Sulawesi====
* Makassar-[[Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport]] Toll Road
* [[Manado-Bitung Toll Road]]<ref name="BPJT">{{cite web|url=http://www.bpjt.net/index.php?id=54|title=Profil Rencana Jalan Tol|publisher=Badan Pengatur Jalan Tol|language=id|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525224955/http://www.bpjt.net/index.php?id=54|archive-date=25 May 2009}}</ref>

====Lesser Sunda Islands====
[[Bali Mandara Toll Road|Serangan-Tanjung Benoa Toll Road]]: The toll road between [[Tanjung Benoa]] to Airport and from Airport to Serangan, all in direct line (not curve) is 12.7 kilometres and is equipped also with motorcycle lanes. The toll road is formally opened on 23 September 2013, about a week before [[APEC]] Summit in Bali is opened.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.baliupdate.com/messages/message.asp?Id=9816 |title=Awaiting an Opening |work=Bali Update |date=22 September 2013 |access-date=2 April 2018 |archive-date=3 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403051604/http://www.baliupdate.com/messages/message.asp?Id=9816 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Kalimantan====
* [[Samarinda-Balikpapan Toll Road]]

== Railways ==
{{main|Rail transport in Indonesia}}

[[File:Gambir Station Platform 2.jpg|thumb|An inter-city and a commuter train at [[Gambir railway station]].]]
[[File:KCIC400AF at Kopo, Bound for Halim (cropped).jpg|thumb|An Indonesian inter-city high speed train at [[Bandung]].]]
Indonesia's main railways, operated by [[Kereta Api Indonesia]] and its subsidiaries, is used for both passenger and freight transport.

The majority of railways is located on [[Java]]. There are four separate railway networks on [[Sumatra]]: one in [[Aceh]], one in [[North Sumatra]] (Aceh connection proposed to be finished in the 2020s), another in [[West Sumatra]], and the final one in [[South Sumatra]] and [[Lampung]]. [[South Sulawesi]] has railway network in Barru [[Regency]] as the impact of [[Trans-Sulawesi Railway]] construction, the first phase includes 146 kilometers route from [[Makassar]] to [[Parepare]], which was completed in November 2022 and has been operating ever since.<ref name=Pernah2023>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-10 |title=Pernah Direncanakan Tahun 1915, Kereta Api Pertama di Sulawesi Akhirnya Beroperasi |url=https://www.merdeka.com/uang/pernah-direncanakan-tahun-1915-kereta-api-pertama-di-sulawesi-akhirnya-beroperasi.html |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=merdeka.com |language=en}}</ref> There are no railways in other parts of Indonesia, although new networks are being developed on islands such as [[Kalimantan]]<ref>[http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/11/14/central-kalimantan-s-28b-coal-railway-kick-early-next-year.html New railway on Kalimantan]</ref> and Papua.

The [[inter-city rail]] network is complemented by local [[commuter rail]] services, particularly in Jakarta metropolitan area and [[Surabaya]]. In Jakarta, the [[KRL Commuterline]] service carries more than a million passengers a day.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://jakartaglobe.id/business/commuter-line-passes-milestone-of-1m-daily-passengers|title=Commuter Line Passes Milestone of 1m Daily Passengers|newspaper=Jakarta Globe|access-date=21 November 2019}}</ref> Urban rail networks are also exists in few cities. [[Palembang LRT]] began operations in 2018, the first of such kind. The [[Jakarta MRT]] and [[Jakarta LRT]] began operations in 2019, with the [[Greater Jakarta LRT]] system being constructed<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indoindians.com/mrt-and-lrt-jakartas-new-rapid-transportation-coming-soon/|title=MRT and LRT, Jakarta's New Rapid Transportation: Coming Soon|publisher=Indo Indians|date=25 September 2017|access-date=17 January 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117032821/https://www.indoindians.com/mrt-and-lrt-jakartas-new-rapid-transportation-coming-soon/|archive-date=17 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://properti.kompas.com/read/2016/10/22/162355221/lrt.palembang.beroperasi.juni.2018|title=Palembang LRT to begin operation in June 2018|author=Alexander, Hilda B.|newspaper=Kompas|language=id|date=22 October 2016|access-date=29 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029175950/http://properti.kompas.com/read/2016/10/22/162355221/lrt.palembang.beroperasi.juni.2018|archive-date=29 October 2016}}</ref> and it commenced official commercial operations on 28 August 2023, after 11 days of [[Proclamation of Indonesian Independence|Indonesian Independence Day]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2023 |title=LRT Jabodebek Akan Diresmikan 28 Agustus |url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/ekonomi/20230822094037-92-988833/lrt-jabodebek-akan-diresmikan-28-agustus |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=cnnindonesia.com |language=id}}</ref>

The government's plan to build a [[High-speed rail in Indonesia|high-speed rail]] (HSR) was announced in 2015, the first in Indonesia and Southeast Asia. It is expected to connect the capital [[Jakarta]] with [[Bandung]], covering a distance of around {{convert|140|km |abbr=off}}. Plans were also mentioned for its possible extension to [[Surabaya]], the country's second largest city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bisnis.liputan6.com/read/3106873/proyek-kereta-cepat-jakarta-surabaya-akan-dimulai-2018 |title= Jakarta-Surabaya High-Speed Rail Project to begin in 2018 |author= Istianur Praditya, Ilyas |work= Liputan6.com |language=id |date=25 September 2017 |access-date= 27 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170927113858/http://bisnis.liputan6.com/read/3106873/proyek-kereta-cepat-jakarta-surabaya-akan-dimulai-2018 |archive-date=27 September 2017}}</ref> In 2023, the Jakarta-Bandung High-Speed Rail construction partially finished and is set to start commercial operation starting October 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indonesia set to open Southeast Asia's 1st high-speed rail in October |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Transportation/Indonesia-set-to-open-Southeast-Asia-s-1st-high-speed-rail-in-October |access-date=2023-09-09 |website=Nikkei Asia |language=en-GB}}</ref> The Jakarta-Bandung HSR began trial operation with passengers on 7 September 2023 and commercial operations on 2 October 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/business/2023/08/08/high-speed-railway-delayed-again-but-its-for-the-better-experts-say.html |title=High-speed railway delayed again, but it's for the better, experts say – Regulations}}</ref>

== Pipelines ==
As of 2013, Indonesia has pipelines for condensate {{cvt|1,064|km}}, condensate/gas {{cvt|150|km}}, gas {{cvt|11,702|km}}, liquid petroleum gas {{cvt|119|km}}, oil {{cvt|7,767|km}}, oil/gas/water {{cvt|77|km}}, refined products {{cvt|728|km}}, and water {{cvt|44|km}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2117.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005557/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2117.html|archive-date=13 June 2007|title=The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency|website=cia.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-10-02}}</ref>

== Air transport ==
{{main|Aviation in Indonesia}}

[[File:Lion Air Boeing 737s and Garuda Indonesia Boeing 737-800 at DPS.jpg |right |thumb |[[Garuda Indonesia]] and [[Lion Air]] aeroplanes at [[Ngurah Rai International Airport]], [[Bali]] in 2014]]
Air transport in Indonesia serves as a critical means of connecting the thousands of islands throughout the archipelago.  [[Indonesia]] is the largest archipelagic country in the world, extending {{cvt|5,120|km|0}} from east to west and {{cvt|1,760|km|0}} from north to south,<ref>Kuoni – Far East, A world of difference. Page 88. Published 1999 by Kuoni Travel & JPM Publications</ref> comprising 13,466 islands,<ref name="NG-Indonesia-Island">{{cite news |title= Hanya ada 13.466 Pulau di Indonesia |date= 8 February 2012 |work= National Geographic Indonesia |url= http://nationalgeographic.co.id/read/13281675/hanya-ada-13466-pulau-di-indonesia |language= id}}</ref> with 922 of those permanently inhabited.{{efn|Based on "''Seminar Nasional Penetapan Nama Pulau-pulau Kecil Dalam Perspektif Sejarah'' or "National Seminar on naming smaller islands regarded from historical perspective", 16 to 18 July 2008 at [[Palembang]], South Sumatra, Indonesia}} With an estimated population of over 255 million people – making it the world's fourth-[[List of countries and dependencies by population|most-populous]] country – and also due to the growth of the [[middle-class]], the boom of [[low-cost carrier]]s in the recent decade, and overall economic growth, many domestic travellers shifted from land and sea transport to faster and more comfortable air travel.<ref name="Aerotime-Indonesia">{{Cite web |url= http://aerotime.aero/special/can-indonesia-and-air-safety-become-synonymous-by-2019/ |title= Can Indonesia and air safety become synonymous by 2019? |website= aerotime.aero |language= en |access-date= 2018-02-27 |archive-date= 23 September 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210923084718/https://aerotime.aero/special/can-indonesia-and-air-safety-become-synonymous-by-2019/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> Indonesia is widely regarded as an emerging market for air travel in the region. Between 2009 and 2014, the number of Indonesian air passengers increased from 27,421,235<ref>{{cite web |title= Air transport, passengers carried, Indonesia 2009 |work= The World Bank |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IS.AIR.PSGR?page=1}}</ref> to 94,504,086,<ref name="TWB-ATPC">{{cite web | title = Data: Air transport, passengers carried | work=The World Bank | url = http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IS.AIR.PSGR}}</ref> an increase of over threefold.<ref name="TWB-ATPC"/>

However, safety issues continue to be a persistent problem in Indonesian aviation.<ref name="Aerotime-Indonesia"/> Several accidents have given Indonesia's air transport system the reputation of the least safe in the world.<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/safety-woeful-admits-air-chief/2007/11/02/1193619119848.html | title = Safety woeful, admits air chief | newspaper =The Sydney Morning Herald | date = 2 November 2007 |access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref> Indonesian aviation faces numerous challenges, including poorly maintained, outdated, and often overwhelmed infrastructure, the factor of [[human error]], bad weather, [[Southeast Asian haze|haze problems]] caused by plantation fires, and [[volcanic ash]] spewed by numerous [[List of volcanoes in Indonesia|volcanoes]] that disrupts air transportation.<ref name="Tempo-1">{{cite news|newspaper=Tempo|author=Maria Yuniar| title= Deregulasi Penerbangan Picu Kepadatan Bandara |date=18 September 2013|url=http://bisnis.tempo.co/read/news/2013/09/18/090514430/deregulasi-penerbangan-picu-kepadatan-bandara|language=id}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Indonesia's costly haze problem | first=Karishma |last=Vaswani |date = 12 October 2015 | publisher = BBC News| url =https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34507457 |access-date = 6 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Indonesia volcanic ash causes new Bali airport closure | date = 12 July 2015 | publisher = BBC News| url =https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33473679 |access-date = 26 October 2015}}</ref>

The [[Indonesian Air Force]] has 34,930 personnel equipped with 224 aircraft, among them 110 combat aircraft. The Indonesian Air Force possesses and operates numerous military air bases and military airstrips across the archipelago.<ref name="Flightglobal">{{cite web|url=https://d1fmezig7cekam.cloudfront.net/VPP/Global/Flight/Airline%20Business/AB%20home/Edit/WorldAirForces2015.pdf | title=World Air Forces 2015 | type=pdf | work=[[Flightglobal.com]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219164437/https://d1fmezig7cekam.cloudfront.net/VPP/Global/Flight/Airline%20Business/AB%20home/Edit/WorldAirForces2015.pdf | archive-date=19 December 2014 | url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[International Air Transport Association]] (IATA) has predicted that Indonesia will become the world's sixth largest air travel market by 2034.<ref name="IATA"/> Around 270 million passengers are predicted to fly from and within Indonesia by 2034.<ref name="IATA">{{cite web |title=Developing the Potential of Indonesia's Aviation Sector |issue=Press Release No.: 11 |date=12 March 2015 |first=Tony |last=Tyler |work=[[International Air Transport Association]] (IATA) |url=http://www.iata.org/pressroom/pr/Pages/2015-03-12-01.aspx |access-date=6 November 2015 |archive-date=26 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826163409/https://www.iata.org/pressroom/pr/Pages/2015-03-12-01.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Airports===
{{main|List of airports in Indonesia}}

[[File:Soekarno-Hatta Airport aerial view.jpg|thumb|right|[[Soekarno–Hatta International Airport]], the busiest in Indonesia and Southeast Asia]]
As of 2013, there are 673 airports in Indonesia, 186 of those have paved runways, and 487 have unpaved runways.<ref name="WorldFactbook"/> As of 2013, there are 76 heliports in Indonesia.<ref name="WorldFactbook"/> Jakarta's [[Soekarno–Hatta International Airport]] serves as the country's main air transportation hub as well as the nation's busiest. Since 2010, it has become the [[List of the busiest airports in Asia|busiest airport in Southeast Asia]], surpassing [[Suvarnabhumi International Airport|Suvarnabhumi]] and [[Changi International Airport|Changi]] airports. In 2017, it became the 17th busiest airport in the world with 62.1 million passengers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/04/11/soekarno-hatta-worlds-17th-busiest-airport.html|title=Soekarno-Hatta world's 17th busiest airport|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|access-date=11 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411120328/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/04/11/soekarno-hatta-worlds-17th-busiest-airport.html|archive-date=11 April 2018}}</ref>

===Airlines===
{{Main|List of airlines of Indonesia}}

In Indonesia, there are 22 commercial scheduled airlines that carry more than 30 passengers, and 32 commercial scheduled airlines that transport 30 or less passengers, as well as chartered airlines.<ref name="List AOC 121 & 135 2">{{cite web |title=Daftar Maskapai |work=Direktorat Jenderal Perhubungan Udara, Kementerian Perhubungan Republik Indonesia |url=http://hubud.dephub.go.id/?id/aoc/index/filter:tahun,0;bulan,0;code,0;category,1;remark,0 |language=id |access-date=1 April 2018 |archive-date=21 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521124930/http://hubud.dephub.go.id/?id/aoc/index/filter:tahun,0;bulan,0;code,0;category,1;remark,0 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="AOC 121 & 135">{{in lang|id}} [http://niasonline.net/2007/06/29/pemeringkatan-pesawat-kategori-kepatuhan-aoc-121/ AOC 121 & 135 definition]</ref> Some notable Indonesian airlines, among others, include [[Garuda Indonesia]], the government-owned [[flag carrier]] of Indonesia, [[Lion Air]], currently the largest private low-cost carrier airline in Indonesia, [[Sriwijaya Air]], currently the largest medium service regional carrier in Indonesia, also the country's third largest carrier, and [[Indonesia AirAsia]], the Indonesian branch of Malaysian-based [[AirAsia]].<ref>{{cite web| title= Daftar Nama Maskapai Penerbangan yang Beroperasi di Indonesia | date=18 February 2015
 | work=Bandara Soekarno-Hatta |url=http://bandarasoekarnohatta.com/daftar-nama-maskapai-penerbangan-yang-beroperasi-di-indonesia.info |language=id |access-date=8 December 2015}}</ref>

== Mudik ==
{{Main|Mudik}}

[[File:Mudik.jpg|thumb|right|Thousands of motorcyclist families waiting for the ferry at the [[Port of Merak]] during mudik]]
''[[Mudik]]'', or ''Pulang Kampung'', is an [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] term for the activity where migrants or migrant workers return to their hometown or village during or before major holidays, especially [[Lebaran]] ([[Eid al-Fitr]]).<ref name="JPMudik">{{cite news |title = Lebaran and local pride in the annual 'mudik' custom | author = Donny Syofyan | date = 13 July 2015 | newspaper =The Jakarta Post| url =http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/07/13/lebaran-and-local-pride-annual-mudik-custom.html}}</ref> Although the mudik homecoming travel before Lebaran takes place in most Indonesian urban centers, the highlight is on the nation's largest urban agglomeration; [[Greater Jakarta]], as millions of Jakartans exit the city by various means of transportation, overwhelming train stations and airports and also clogging highways, especially the [[Trans-Java toll road]] and Java's [[North Coast Road (Java)|Northern Coast Road]].<ref>{{cite news | title = Mass exodus to begin in Jakarta this weekend | author = Callistasia Anggun Wijaya | newspaper = The Jakarta Post | location = Jakarta | date = 1 July 2016 | url = http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/07/01/mass-exodus-to-begin-in-jakarta-this-weekend.html}}</ref>

In 2023 it was estimated that the people that took annual ''mudik'' travel reached 123 million people.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-6687815/mudik-2023-tertinggi-sepanjang-sejarah-ini-datanya-7-tahun-terakhir|title=Mudik 2023 Tertinggi Sepanjang Sejarah, Ini Datanya 7 Tahun Terakhir|author=Yogi Ernes|work=detik.com|language=id|access-date=2023-05-26|archive-date=26 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526091756/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-6687815/mudik-2023-tertinggi-sepanjang-sejarah-ini-datanya-7-tahun-terakhir|url-status=dead}}</ref> 
The demand for [[Rail transport in Indonesia|train]] and [[#Air transport|airplane]] tickets usually spikes a month or two prior to Lebaran, prompting an unusually higher cost for tickets for highly sought days of departure. Some airlines might add extra flights or operate larger airplanes to deal with the surge in demand.<ref>{{cite news |title=Airlines Ajukan 90 Extra Flight untuk Lebaran |url=https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20180425191505-4-12506/airlines-ajukan-90-extra-flight-untuk-lebaran |access-date=9 June 2018 |work=CNBC Indonesia |date=25 April 2018 |language=id}}</ref>

Indonesian train operator [[Kereta Api Indonesia]] usually offers additional train trips or introduces longer trains with more cars in order to meet the demand.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bempah |first1=Ramdhan Triyadi |title=PT KAI Siapkan 16 Kereta Tambahan untuk Antisipasi Lonjakan Pemudik |url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2018/05/04/10122711/pt-kai-siapkan-16-kereta-tambahan-untuk-antisipasi-lonjakan-pemudik. |access-date=9 June 2018 |work=Kompas |date=4 May 2018 |language=id}}</ref> The private operators of intercity and interprovince buses usually charge higher ticket costs during this period. The impact is indeed tremendous as millions of buses, cars and motorcycles jam the roads and highways, causing kilometres of traffic jams each year.<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/09/01/govt-says-roads-ready-lebaran-exodus.html | title =Govt says roads ready for Lebaran exodus |newspaper = [[The Jakarta Post]] |date = 1 September 2010 | access-date = 2 September 2010}}</ref><ref name="BBC-1">{{cite news | title = Mudik gratis 'tak berhasil' kurangi jumlah pengendara sepeda motor | author = Sri Lestari | publisher = BBC Indonesia | date = 7 July 2016 | url = http://www.bbc.com/indonesia/berita_indonesia/2016/07/160706_indonesia_mudik_motor | language = id}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{portal|Indonesia}}
* [[List of bus operator companies in Indonesia#City bus in Surabaya|City bus in Surabaya]]
* [[List of bus operator companies in Indonesia|Bus transport in Indonesia]]
* [[Transport in Jakarta]]
* [[Ministry of Transportation (Indonesia)|Ministry of Transportation]]
* [[Pengangkutan Penumpang Djakarta]]
* [[Suroboyo Bus]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.balifundiving.com/ Scuba Diving in Bali]

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{{Economy of Indonesia}}
{{Indonesia topics}}
{{Asia topic|Transport in}}
{{Oceania in topic|Transport in}}

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[[Category:Transport in Indonesia| ]]
[[Category:Infrastructure in Indonesia]]