View source for Transport in Chennai

{{Short description|None}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}[[File:Chennai Kathipara bridge.jpg|thumb|273x273px|[[Kathipara Junction|Kathipara Flyover]], [[Chennai]] is the Largest Cloverleaf Interchange in Asia]]'''Transport in [[Chennai]]''' includes various modes of air, sea, road and rail transportation in the city and its suburbs.<ref name="Forbes ranking">{{cite news| url=https://www.forbes.com/2008/10/28/commute-cities-world-forbeslife-cx_mw_1028realestate_slide_9.html | work=Forbes | first=Matt | last=Woolsey | title=In Depth: World's 10 Best Commutes}}</ref> [[Chennai]]'s economic development has been closely tied to its port and transport infrastructure,<ref name="Forbes ranking"/> and it is considered one of the best infrastructure systems in India.

==History==
[[Image:Chennai transportation map.png|thumb|200px|right|Map of the road and rail transportation network in the Chennai Metropolitan area]]
The city of Chennai is the birthplace of the railway system in [[India]]. In 1831–33, Madras Parliament first came up with the idea. In 1832, the first proposal of railway under the British administration was made in Madras, 21 years before the first operational railway line in India. Later in 1836 A. P. Cotton, a civil engineer in Madras, advocated the construction of a railroad in India.

Meanwhile, in 1835, a short railway line intended to carry granite stones was laid at [[Chintadripet]] on an experimental basis, which later became to known as [[Red Hill Railroad line]]. Construction on this line began in 1836 and the line was opened in 1837. Despite a few troubles, the line became operational in the same year, with a written report of its functioning since January 1838, thus marking the first rail transport in the country 16 years prior to the running of the first commercial passenger service in India, the [[Bori Bunder]]–[[Thane]] train with 14 carriages hauled by three locomotives on 16 April 1853. Although the Chintadripet line was primarily intended for wagons hauled by animals, [[steam locomotives]] were also operated on the line, one of which is believed to be built in India.<ref name="IRFCA_FirstTrainsInIndia">{{cite web
 | title = The first trains in India
 | work = IR History: Early Days – I 
 | publisher = IRFCA.org
 | url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html
 | access-date = 7 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="IRFCA_IndiasFirstRailways">{{cite web
 | last = Darvill
 | first = Simon
 | title = India's First Railways
 | publisher = IRFCA.org
 | date = December 2011
 | url = http://www.irfca.org/docs/history/india-first-railways.html
 | access-date = 7 January 2013}}</ref>

In 1845, [[Madras Railway Company]] was mooted, and in 1852 Madras Guaranteed Railway Company was formed. In 1852, the work for laying the first track by Madras Guaranteed Railway Company between Madras and [[Arcot]] was started, and in 1856, the first train run between [[Royapuram]] and Arcot.<ref name="IR_BriefHistoryOfChennaiDivision"/> In 1895, the first electric trams became operational in the city.<ref name="IR_BriefHistoryOfChennaiDivision"/><ref name="Hindu_ThoroughfareOfGeorgeTown">{{cite news
  | last = Madhavan
  | first = T.
  | title = NSC Bose Road: Thoroughfare of George Town 
  | newspaper = The Hindu
  | location = Chennai
  | date = 12 May 2012
  | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3404384.ece
  | access-date = 14 January 2013}}</ref> The work for suburban train services started in 1928 and became operational in 1931 between [[Madras Beach]] and [[Tambaram]] with electric multiple units (EMUs). The tram services were withdrawn in 1953. With the operation of the mass rapid transit system (MRTS) between Chennai Beach and [[Chepauk]] in 1995, the city is the first to have an elevated track in India.<ref name="IR_BriefHistoryOfChennaiDivision">{{cite web
 | title = Brief History of the Division
 | work = Chennai Division
 | publisher = Indian Railways—Southern Railways
 | url = http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1325745996774-about.pdf
 | access-date = 26 October 2012}}</ref>

As of 1 April 2013, the total vehicle population of Chennai is 3,881,850, including 3,053,233 two wheelers.<ref>{{cite news
  | last = Sasidharan
  | first = S.
  | title = 1.4 cr 2-wheelers ply on TN roads
  | newspaper = Deccan Chronicle
  | location = Chennai
  | date = 10 April 2013
  | url = http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130410/news-current-affairs/article/14-cr-2-wheelers-ply-tn-roads
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231101045448/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/130410/news-current-affairs/article/14-cr-2-wheelers-ply-tn-roads
  | url-status = dead
  | archive-date = 1 November 2023
  | access-date = 13 April 2013}}</ref>

Growth trend of motor vehicles in the city is listed below:<ref>{{cite web
 | last = Jalihal
 | first = Santhosh A.
 |author2=Kayitha Ravinder |author3=T. S. Reddy
  | title = Traffic Characteristics of India
 | work = Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol. 5, pp. 1009–1024
 | year = 2005
 | url = http://www.easts.info/on-line/proceedings_05/1009.pdf
 | access-date = 13 November 2012}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Transport in Chennai 
|-
!style="background:gold"|No.
!style="background:gold"|Year of growth 
!style="background:gold"|Total registered vehicles
|-
!style="background:pink"|1.
!style="background:pink"|1981
!style="background:pink"|120,000
|-
!style="background:green"|2.
!style="background:green"|1986
!style="background:green"|228,000
|-
!style="background:orange"|3.
!style="background:orange"|1991
!style="background:orange"|544,000
|-
!style="background:lightblue"|4.
!style="background:lightblue"|1996
!style="background:lightblue"|812,000
|-
!style="background:red"|5.
!style="background:red"|1998
!style="background:red"|975,000
|-
!style="background:yellow"|6.
!style="background:yellow"|2012
!style="background:yellow"|3,760,000
|-
!style="background:grey"|7.
!style="background:grey"|2016
!style="background:grey"|4,757,822
|-
!style="background:violet"|8.
!style="background:violet"|2017
!style="background:violet"|5,309,906
|-
!style="background:lightgreen"|9.
!style="background:lightgreen"|2020
!style="background:lightgreen"|6,016,717
|-
|}

==Transportation in the past==
;Trams
{{See also|Trams in India}}
{{See also|List of town tramway systems in Asia}}
[[File:Madras-Tramway-Network.jpg|thumb|The now-defunct Tram network [[Chennai]] operated by The [[Madras Tramways|Madras Electric Tramway Company]] from 1892 to 1953.]]
[[Madras Tramways|Trams]] were existent in the city for about 67 years starting from the end of the 19th century. The city was home to the first electric trams in India. Trams became a necessary one as the area of the city was widely dispersed with broad avenues radiating from the fort area.<ref name="Tramz.com"/> The first electric trams became operational in the city on 7 May 1895.<ref name="IR_BriefHistoryOfChennaiDivision"/><ref name="Hindu_ThoroughfareOfGeorgeTown"/> Trams were operated between the docks and the inland areas, carrying goods and passengers. The route encompassed Mount Road, [[George Town, Chennai|Parry's Corner]], Poonamallee Road and the [[Ripon Building]]. Run by the Madras Electricity System (MES), trams on rails dominated Chennai roads and remained a convenient mode of transport for thousands of riders as it could carry heavy loads. They moved at a maximum speed of just 7&nbsp;km/h. Two types of trams were in operations—the bigger type measuring about 50&nbsp;ft in length and the smaller type measuring about 35&nbsp;ft. A total of 200 commuters could conveniently travel in trams, which had wooden seats to seat 60 passengers. The trams ran on electricity.<ref name="Hindu_WhenTramsDominated">{{cite news
 | last = Kolappan
 | first = B.
 | title = When trams on rails dominated Chennai roads
 | newspaper = The Hindu
 | location = Chennai
 | date = 25 August 2013
 | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/when-trams-on-rails-dominated-chennai-roads/article5056386.ece
 | access-date = 25 August 2013}}</ref> The original conduit system was replaced by an conventional overhead wire system after a series of destructive monsoons. By 1921, when the tram system was at its peak, there were 24&nbsp;km of track and 97 cars.<ref name="Tramz.com">{{cite web
  | title = India 
  | work = Tram Views of Asia 
  | publisher = tramz.com 
  | date = n.d.
  | url = http://www.tramz.com/tva/in.html
  | access-date = 2 March 2014}}</ref>

A strike by workers demanding wage revision resulted in a lock-out of the tram company by about 1950. Subsequently, the then Chief Minister [[C. Rajagopalachari]] favoured the idea of ending the service, and the tram service came to an end on 12 April 1953. The rails of the tram embedded on roads continued to remain for several years after the withdrawal of the service, since their removal would cost the government a fortune.<ref name="Hindu_WhenTramsDominated"/> The contract to remove the tracks and overhead cables was given to Narainsingh Ghanshamsingh.

==Road transportation==
{{for-multi|the planned 2-tier urban transit|Chennai HSCTC|the elevated expressways|Chennai Elevated Expressways}}
[[File:Anna Salai seen from Chennai MRTS near Willingdon Bridge.JPG|right|thumb|Anna Salai]]
[[Image:Chennai Madras.jpg|thumb|[[Rajiv Gandhi Salai|IT Corridor]] in Chennai]]
The city and metropolitan area are served by major arterial roads that run either in an east–west or north–south direction. [[Anna Salai]] – or [[Mount Road]] as it is more popularly called – is the city's most famous road. It traverses most of central and south Chennai and leads on to the [[Grand Southern Trunk Road]] ([[National Highway 45 (India)|National Highway 45]]) to [[Thiruchirapalli|Tiruchirapalli]]. The road runs in a northeast–southwest direction. Other arterials include Kamaraj Salai, Poonamalee High Road ([[National Highway 48 (India)|National Highway 48]]), Radhakrishnan Salai, and Sardar Patel Road. The East Coast Road starts from [[Thiruvanmiyur]] and connects [[Mahabalipuram]], [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]] and extends beyond.

=== Buses ===
The first motor bus service in the city was organised by the Madras Tramway Corporation between 1925 and 1928.<ref name="madrasrediscoveredp323">[[#Muthiah|Muthiah]], Pg 323</ref> Most motor bus service providers in the city were nationalised as per the 1939 Motor Vehicles Act. The Pallavan Transport Corporation was created on 1 January 1972 to serve Madras city. It had a fleet of 1030 buses. In 1994, Pallavan Transport Corporation was bifurcated into Dr. Ambedkar Transport Corporation Limited for northern Madras and Pallavan Transport Corporation Limited for southern Madras. The two were reunited in 2001 to form the [[Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai)|Metropolitan Transport Corporation]]. The bus service, currently, plies about 4,000 buses on 622 routes, moves an estimated 5.038 million passengers each day.<ref name=mtc_details09>{{cite web|title=The Growth|publisher=Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai) Ltd|url=http://www.mtcbus.org/|date=18 August 2009|access-date=18 August 2009}}</ref>

[[Image:Chennai.cmbt1.jpg|thumb|247x247px|Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G.R Bus Terminus in Koyambedu is the terminus for all intercity bus services from Chennai. It is one of the largest bus stations in Asia]]
The ''[[Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G.R Bus Terminus]]'', opened in 2001, is one of the largest bus station in [[Asia]], and serves as the terminus for all intercity buses from [[Chennai]].<ref name="thehindu20051228">{{cite news | last = Dorairaj | first = S | url = http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/28/stories/2005122816740400.htm  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060705012703/http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/28/stories/2005122816740400.htm  | url-status = dead  | archive-date = 5 July 2006  | title = Koyambedu bus terminus gets ISO certification | date = 28 December 2005 | access-date = 13 September 2007 | work = [[The Hindu]] | location=Chennai, India}}</ref> The CMBT is located on the Inner Ring Road at [[Koyambedu]] in the western part of Chennai, replacing the older terminus on the Esplanade in the city centre. State transport and private bus services to all major cities and towns in [[Tamil Nadu]] and neighbouring states start from here.

===Other road vehicles===
In addition to the bus service, private metered [[taxicab|call taxis]] and fixed-rate tourist taxis are available at all entry points to the city like airport, mofussil bus terminus and central railway station. Unmetered [[auto rickshaw|autos]] ply across the city charging flat rates. Economical alternative to the auto rickshaws are the share autos, in which passengers pay a shared fee to their destination. In 2012, according to estimates, 66,679 auto rickshaws and over 2,000 share autos were running in the city.<ref>{{cite news
 | last = Kabirdoss
 | first = Yogesh
 | title = Auto rickshaws take the 'share' route to counter competition
 | newspaper = The New Indian Express
 | location = Chennai
 | publisher = Express Publication
 | date = 4 July 2012
 | url = http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article557685.ece
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120709084552/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article557685.ece
 | url-status = dead
 | archive-date = 9 July 2012
 | access-date = 6 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="AutosSwitchOffLPG">{{cite news
 | last = Hemalatha
 | first = Karthikeyan
 | title = Autos switch off LPG, revert to petrol, diesel
 | location = Chennai
 | date = 9 October 2012
 | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-09/chennai/34341608_1_lpg-stations-lpg-or-cng-cylinders
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130710160822/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-09/chennai/34341608_1_lpg-stations-lpg-or-cng-cylinders
 | url-status = dead
 | archive-date = 10 July 2013
 | newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
 | access-date = 11 October 2012}}</ref> Of these, about 10,000 are operated using [[Diesel engine|diesel]].<ref>{{cite news
 | title = Autos, share autos set to hike fares
 | newspaper = The New Indian Express
 | location = Chennai
 | publisher = Express Publication
 | date = 14 September 2012
 | url = http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article606301.ece
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304134814/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article606301.ece
 | url-status = dead
 | archive-date = 4 March 2016
 | access-date = 15 September 2012}}</ref> About 41,700 auto rickshaws run on [[Liquified petroleum gas|LPG]].<ref name="AutosSwitchOffLPG" /> Vans which are run like bus services and popularly called "Maxi Cabs" also ply on many routes in the city. The outlying suburban areas of the city are also served by private mini bus company services as well as government bus transport corporations of neighbouring districts.

Despite a sharp increase in the number of four-wheelers in the city, [[motorscooter]]s are still very prevalent and are preferred to [[automobile|car]]s due to their affordability, [[fuel efficiency]], manoeuvrability, and ease of [[parking]].

In February 2014, [[bicycle-sharing system]] was conceived by the corporation to encourage bicycle transportation. Around 3,000 cycles was planned to be stationed at 200 places, which can be accessed with smart card system. The neighbourhoods of [[Thousand Lights]], [[Egmore]], [[Mylapore]], [[Royapettah]], [[Kamarajar Salai]], government offices and Fort complex will be covered by the network in the first phase.<ref>{{cite news
 | last = Xavier Lopez 
 | first = Aloysius 
 | title = Bicycle sharing system likely in nine months
 | newspaper = The Hindu
 | location = Chennai
 | date = 27 February 2014 
 | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/bicycle-sharing-system-likely-in-nine-months/article5730192.ece
 | access-date = 1 March 2014}}</ref>

There are 31 auto LPG dispensing stations (ALDS) in the city, of which 11 are owned by [[Indian Oil Corporation Limited]] (IOCL). They have a capacity to supply 604,000 litres a day but an average of only 150,000 is sold daily. The demand is around 600,000 litres a day.<ref name="AutosSwitchOffLPG"/>

The city has a total of 372 junctions.<ref name="DC_ImplementingITMS"/>

== Rail ==
{{Main|Chennai suburban railway}}

[[Image:Chennai suburban rail and bus interconnectivity map.png|thumb|200px| A map of the Chennai suburban train system and interconnecting bus routes]]

[[File:Chennai Intracity Train System.png|thumb|alt=A graphical representation of the different public transit railway lines inside city limits in Chennai (including the Chennai Suburban Railway and the Chennai Metro) and their connections.|A graphical representation of the different public transit railway lines inside city limits in Chennai (including the Chennai Suburban Railway and the Chennai Metro) and their connections.]]

The first railway station in Madras city was opened at [[Royapuram]] in 1853.<ref name="madrasrediscoveredp321" /> The first to be constructed in South India, the Royapuram station served as the headquarters of the Madras Railway Company. On 1 July 1856, the first railway service in South India was commenced between Madras and Arcot.<ref name="madrasrediscoveredp321">[[#Muthiah|Muthiah]], Pg 321</ref> [[Madras Central|Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central Railway Station]] was opened in 1873 followed by the [[Chennai Egmore|Egmore Railway Station]] in 1908. Egmore served as the headquarters of the [[Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway]] from 1908 to 1951 while M.G.R Chennai Central served as the headquarters of the [[South Indian Railway Company]] from 1927 to 1951. Both the companies were liquidated when India's railway network was nationalised in the 1950s. M.G.R Chennai Central is currently the headquarters of the [[Southern Railway Zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]].

Chennai's first suburban electric train service was inaugurated between Chennai Beach and Tambaram on 2 April 1931.<ref name="thehindu_20100816">{{cite news|title=How electric suburban railway service began|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article572847.ece|first=A.|last=Srivathsan|work=The Hindu|date=16 August 2010|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> The Chennai suburban railway system currently has 6 lines with a total system length of about {{convert|1211.81|km|0|abbr=on}} (non-redundant track length) of which {{convert|509.71|km|0|abbr=on}} are true suburban and {{convert|702.1|km|0|abbr=on}} MEMU service].

*'''North Line:''' [[Moore Market|M.G.R Chennai Central MMC]] – [[Ennore]] – [[Gummidipoondi]] – [[Sullurpeta]] <small>(— [[Gudur]] – [[Nellore]] – [[Bitragunta]])</small>
*'''South Line:''' [[Chennai Beach]] – [[Tambaram]] – [[Chingleput|Chengalpattu]] <small>(— [[Melmaruvathur]] – [[Tindivanam]] – [[Villupuram]] – [[Puducherry (union territory)]])</small>
*'''South West Line:''' [[Chennai Beach]] – [[Tambaram]] – [[Chingleput|Chengalpattu]] <small>(— [[Kanchipuram]] – [[Tirumalpur]] – [[Arakkonam]])</small>
*'''West Line:''' [[Moore Market|Chennai Central MMC]] – [[Ambattur]] – [[Avadi]] – [[Tiruvallur]] – [[Arakkonam]] <small>(— [[Katpadi]] – [[Jolarpet]])</small>
* '''North West Line:''' [[Moore Market|M.G.R Chennai Central MMC]] –   [[Ambattur]] –  [[Avadi]] – [[Tiruvallur]] – [[Arakkonam]] – [[Tiruttani]] <small>(— [[Renigunta]] – [[Tirupati (city)|Tirupati]])</small>
* '''South West Frontier Line:''' [[Chennai Beach]] – [[Royapuram]] – [[Washermanpet]] – [[Perambur]] – [[Ambattur]] – [[Arakkonam]] <small>(— [[Katpadi]] – [[Vellore]])</small>

The system uses [[broad gauge]]. The section from Washermanpet to Beach handles predominantly freight traffic from Chennai Port, and is not geared well to serve passengers.

===MRTS System===
{{Main|Mass Rapid Transit System (Chennai)}}

The MRTS system opened in the early 1990s and consists of the following sections:

*[[Chennai Beach]] – [[Velachery]]
*[[Velachery]] – [[St. Thomas Mount]] (under construction)
*[[Thiruvanmiyur]] – [[Mamallapuram]] (proposed)

The [[Mass Rapid Transit System (Chennai)|MRTS]] system is planned to meet with the Tambaram branch of the existing suburban network at St. Thomas Mount. The plan envisages the MRTS line to proceed north from St. Thomas Mount, forming a ring around the city and ending at the northbound M.G.R Central-Gummidipoondi line. However, extending MRTS beyond St. Thomas Mount is not very certain in light of the State Government deciding to develop the [[Chennai Metro]] rail system.<ref name="oldermetrorail">{{cite news
 |title = Metro rail for Chennai?
 | date = 21 August 2003
 | url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/08/22/stories/2003082206110400.htm
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070223114545/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/08/22/stories/2003082206110400.htm
 | url-status = usurped
 | archive-date = 23 February 2007
 | work = The Hindu
 | access-date = 26 February 2009 }}</ref><ref name="hindumetrorail">{{cite news
 | first = Gaurav Vivek
 | last = Bhatnagar
 | title = Chennai metro back on track
 | date = 22 August 2006
 | url = http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/22/stories/2006082206160500.htm
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071011212717/http://hindu.com/2006/08/22/stories/2006082206160500.htm
 | url-status = dead
 | archive-date = 11 October 2007
 | access-date = 4 October 2007
 | work = [[The Hindu]]
 | location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
A new MRTS line has been proposed between Thiruvanmiyur and Mamallapuram.
[[File:Chennai Transit Map.jpg|thumb|The map of entire rail network consisting of [[Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System|Chennai MRTS]], [[Chennai Suburban Railway|Chennai Suburban]] and [[Chennai Metro]].]]

=== Metro Railway ===
{{Main|Chennai Metro}}

[[Image:Chennai metro during trail run during night.JPG|thumb|400px|A view of the [[Chennai Metro]] at night.]]
A metro system is under construction to meet the future urban transport requirements.<ref name="hindumetrorail"/> It opened its doors to the public on 29 June 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/infrastructure/chennais-koyambedu-alandur-metro-closer-to-opening/slideshow/46846177.cms?intenttarget=no|title = Chennai's Koyambedu-Alandur metro closer to opening}}</ref> Totally 5 corridors have been proposed. In first phase, two corridors are running . Three corridors has been proposed in the second phase. Corridor 1 is being extended till Wimco Nagar.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/will-tiruvottiyur-fall-on-the-metro-rail-map/article2670671.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=Ajai | last=Sreevatsan | title=Will Tiruvottiyur fall on the Metro Rail map? | date=29 November 2011}}</ref> Corridor 1 will be extended from [[Chennai International Airport|Airport]] to [[Kilambakkam bus terminus|Kilambakkam Mofussil Bus Terminus]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-metro-to-connect-airport-with-kilambakkam/article29948180.ece|title=Chennai Metro to connect Airport with Kilambakkam|last=Sekar|first=Sunitha|date=2019-11-12|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-12-05|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

* '''Corridor 1:''' [[Wimco Nagar metro station|Wimco Nagar]] – [[Chennai International Airport]]
* '''Corridor 2:''' [[Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central Railway Station|M.G.R Chennai Central]] – [[St. Thomas Mount]]
* '''Corridor 3:''' [[Madhavaram, Chennai|Madhavaram]] – [[SIPCOT]]
* '''Corridor 4:''' [[Lighthouse, Chennai]] – [[Poonamallee]]
* '''Corridor 5:''' [[Madhavaram, Chennai|Madhavaram]] – [[Sholinganallur]]

==== Smart Card ====

[[File:Chennai Underground metrostation with India's first Platform Screen Doors.jpg|thumb|Chennai Underground metro station with India's first Platform Screen Doors]]

The Smart Card looks similar to a debit card, issued by CMRL at ticket counters for Rs. 100 currently. This Rs. 100 includes Rs. 50 refundable deposit, and Rs. 50 travel value. The travel value can be used to purchase platform and travel tickets for the Chennai metro trains. The smart card is valid for 6 months from the date of purchase and the extra amounts of travel value can be recharged whenever needed. It is found that very few people are using this smart card and many ticket vending machines which work on Smart cards do not function properly.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/when-wait-is-longer-than-the-journey/article3875056.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=Vasudha | last=Venugopal | title=When wait is longer than the journey | date=9 September 2012}}</ref>

== Airport ==
[[File:Chennai airport view 4.jpeg|thumbnail|right|Front view of a part of Chennai Airport.|319x319px]]

{{Main|Chennai International Airport}}
The [[Chennai International Airport]] serves as the city's airport for both domestic and international flights. The airport consists of the Anna International terminal and the Kamaraj Domestic terminal, and handles domestic as well as international flights. It is the sixth busiest airport in India, it handled a staggering 12 million passengers in 2007–08 with international passenger traffic alone growing at 20 percent – higher than any other metro airport in the country .<ref>{{cite web
 |url         = http://aai.aero/traffic_news/jun2k7annex3.pdf
 |publisher   = [[Airports Authority of India]]
 |title       = Traffic statistics – Passengers (Intl+Domestic), Annexure IIIC
 |access-date  = 13 September 2007
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20070926044903/http://aai.aero/traffic_news/jun2k7annex3.pdf
 |archive-date = 26 September 2007
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
 | url = http://aai.aero/traffic_news/jun2k7annex2.pdf
 | publisher = Airports Authority of India
 | title = Traffic statistics – Aircraft movements (Intl+Domestic), Annexure IIC
 | access-date = 13 September 2007}}</ref> The city is connected to major hubs in South Asia, [[Southeast Asia]], the Middle East, and Europe through over fifteen international carriers. The airport is also the fourth busiest cargo terminus in the country with its large integrated [[cargo terminal]]. The Airport lies around 25&nbsp;km from the city centre and is accessible by road and rail transport services.

This airport is undergoing modernisation and expansion, including the construction of an additional terminal. Furthermore, a new [[Greenfield project|greenfield]] airport is to be constructed at an estimated cost of Rs 20&nbsp;billion in [[Chennai greenfield airport, Parandur|Parandur]] (Near Sriperumbudur) to serve the city's burgeoning air traffic.<ref name=New_Airport>{{cite news
 |title=New greenfield airport to be set up near Chennai 
 |work=The Hindu 
 |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200705221441.htm 
 |date=22 May 2007 
 |access-date=22 May 2007 
 |location=Chennai, India 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026105518/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200705221441.htm 
 |archive-date=26 October 2012 
}}</ref>

Other airports in the metropolitan area include the [[Indian Air Force]] base at [[Tambaram]] and the [[Indian Navy|Indian Naval]] air base at [[Arakkonam]].

== Ports ==
The city is served by two major ports namely [[Chennai Port]] – which is one of the largest artificial ports – and [[Ennore Port]]. Chennai port is India's second busiest container hub, handling general industrial cargo, automobiles, etc.<ref>{{cite news
 | url = http://app.mfa.gov.sg/pr/read_content.asp?View,4753, 
 | work = Business Times
 | title = Gateway to India for Singapore firms
 | date = 6 July 2006
 | access-date = 13 September 2007}}</ref> An additional container terminal is being constructed, as well. Chennai Port has 21 alongside berths in three distinct zones of the Chennai port namely the Ambedkar Dock (inner harbor to handle passenger, general cargo and containers), Jawahar Dock (to handle coal, fertiliser, other bulk and break bulk cargo) and Bharathi Dock (outer harbor accommodates ore and oil handling system and a modern container terminal).
The Ennore port currently handles cargo such as coal, ore and bulk and break bulk cargo. A new container terminal is also planned for the Ennore port. A smaller harbour at [[Royapuram]] is used by local fishing boats and trawlers.

==Developments==
From September 2012, the city traffic police has planned to shift to a {{INR}} 1,170-million integrated traffic management system (ITMS), which is a first of its kind in the country, through which 100 arterial traffic junctions in the city will be integrated and brought under CCTV surveillance with facilities to ensure smooth traffic flow and streamline the traffic violations as well. The system comprises traffic junction surveillance system and automatic number plate reading system (ANPRS) through which vehicle numbers of traffic offenders would be identified and challans sent to them with visuals of the offence. ITMS would also provide a seamless passageway to the ambulances and VVIP vehicles by giving green signals at the three consecutive junctions ahead and help nabbing the criminals by signalling red lights. A total of 700 cameras (ANPRS and pan-tilt-zoom) would be installed at 100 junctions.<ref name="DC_ImplementingITMS">{{cite news
 | last = Sasidharan
 | first = S.
 | title = Sea change to Chennai traffic
 | newspaper = Deccan Chronicle
 | location = Chennai
 | date = 14 July 2012
 | url = http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/sea-change-chennai-traffic-417
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120719052404/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/sea-change-chennai-traffic-417
 | url-status = dead
 | archive-date = 19 July 2012
 | access-date = 14 July 2012}}</ref>

As part of the ITMS, a green corridor for emergency services, including ambulances and fire tenders, will also be implemented.<ref name="GreenCorridorForAmbulance">{{cite news
 | last = Jagannath
 | first = G.
 | title = Green corridor for ambulances
 | newspaper = Deccan Chronicle
 | location = Chennai
 | date = 14 July 2012
 | url = http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/green-corridor-ambulances-414
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231101045447/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/green-corridor-ambulances-414
 | url-status = dead
 | archive-date = 1 November 2023
 | access-date = 14 July 2012}}</ref>

==Growth in vehicle population==
Chennai's vehicle population has been accelerating steadily from 600,000 in 1992, to 1.3 million in 2001 and 3.64 million in 2012. Daily, about 1,500 new vehicles hit the roads, with two-wheelers constituting more than 75 percent of them. However, registration of new cars is also on the rise. Chennai vehicles constitute one-fourth of the 17.5 million vehicles across the state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The state has more two-wheelers (13 million) than [[Maharashtra]], which has more vehicles overall. Two-wheelers account for 78 percent of all vehicles in the state, while cars add up to 14 percent. According to a survey conducted by the city traffic police in 2012, there is a vehicle on the road for every two Chennaiites. Given the growth rate, it is predicted that Chennai will soon have twice as many vehicles as [[Mumbai]].<ref name="EveryOtherChennaiiteHasAVehicle">{{cite news
 | last = Selvaraj
 | first = A.
 | title = On the fast-track: Now, every other Chennaiite has a vehicle 
 | location = Chennai
 | date = 12 October 2012
 | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-12/chennai/34411811_1_public-transport-road-space-chennai-roads
 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130126124657/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-12/chennai/34411811_1_public-transport-road-space-chennai-roads
 | url-status = dead
 | archive-date = 26 January 2013
 | newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
 | access-date = 12 October 2012}}</ref>

Owing to the high traffic density, the average bus speed in the city as of 2014 is 17-18 kilometres per hour. Over the next five years it is expected to come down to 12&nbsp;km per hour, whereas the maximum allowable operating speed of the vehicles shall be 80&nbsp;km/h with a maximum design speed of 90&nbsp;km/h. The Chennai Metro Rail project is expected to reduce the commuting time by 75 percent from one end of the city to another.<ref name="BS_PhaseIIToCost36000Cr">{{cite news
 | title = Phase-II Chennai metro project to cost Rs 36,000 cr 
 | newspaper = Business Standard 
 | location = Chennai
 | date = 2 March 2014 
 | url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/phase-ii-chennai-metro-project-to-cost-rs-36-000-cr-114022800932_1.html
 | access-date = 9 March 2014}}</ref>

==Pollution==
Chennai ranks fifth in carbon emissions from the transport sector among 54 South Asian cities, according to a study done by the [[ICLEI|International Council for Local Environmental Initiative]] (ICLEI). The city's emission levels in transport is much higher than [[Kolkata]] and [[Delhi]]. According to the study, Chennai has a per capita emission rate of 0.91 tonnes of carbon dioxide, while its total emissions for the year is 3.82 metric tonnes. This is mostly due to the significant increase of motor vehicles used for commuting and carrying goods in the past few years. As against 1.25 million registered vehicles in the city in 2001, there are approximately 3.5 million registered vehicles in 2012.<ref>{{Cite news
  | title = Chennai transport sector is fifth largest polluter, says study
  | newspaper = The New Indian Express
  | location = Chennai
  | date = 7 June 2012
  | url = http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article537602.ece
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120609035518/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article537602.ece
  | url-status = dead
  | archive-date = 9 June 2012
  | access-date = 20 June 2012}}</ref>

==Safety==
According to statistics in the report Accidental Death and Suicides in India (ADSI) 2011, prepared by the National Crime Records Bureau, Chennai has recorded the highest number of road accidents in India, with a staggering 9,845 cases in the year 2011, the highest among 53 cities in the country. This is almost twice as that of 2010, when 5,123 road accidents were recorded. This is much higher than the Delhi's 6,065 road accidents, the city ranking second. However, only 1,399 people died in road mishaps in Chennai, while Delhi recorded 1,679 fatalities. Accidents on the Chennai's roads resulted in 7,898 persons getting injured, including 6,280 males and 1,618 females. Of these, two-wheelers involved in as many as 341 cases of accidents, followed by private lorries at 266, cars at 159, private tempos and vans at 133, government vehicles at 112, bicycle at 1, with no pedestrian accidents. The largest number of accidents occurred between 9 p.m. and midnight with 1,626 cases, while the period between 3 p.m. and 6 p.m. comes close at 1,614 cases. Accidents were also highest in the seven-month period between March and September.<ref>{{Cite news
  | title = Chennai roads most dangerous in India: NCRB report 
  | newspaper = IBN Live South
  | location = Chennai
  | publisher = IBN Live
  | date = 5 July 2012
  | url = http://ibnlive.in.com/news/chennai-roads-most-dangerous-in-india-ncrb/269555-62-130.html
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120708203207/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/chennai-roads-most-dangerous-in-india-ncrb/269555-62-130.html
  | url-status = dead
  | archive-date = 8 July 2012
  | access-date = 28 July 2012}}</ref> Of all the fatal accident in the city between 2007 and 2012, the percentage of hit-and-run cases have been 15 to 18 percent.<ref>{{Cite news
  | last = Hemalatha
  | first = Karthikeyan
  | title = 17% of all fatal accidents in Chennai are hit and run
  | location = Chennai
  | date = 26 October 2012
  | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-26/chennai/34749274_1_fatal-accidents-traffic-police-sanjay-arora
  | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130126143719/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-26/chennai/34749274_1_fatal-accidents-traffic-police-sanjay-arora
  | url-status = dead
  | archive-date = 26 January 2013
  | newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
  | access-date = 26 October 2012}}</ref>

==The future==
In August 2018, the 162-km-long Chennai Peripheral Road (CPR) connecting [[Kattupalli]] in [[Tiruvallur]] district (in the northern periphery of the city) with the Pooncheri near [[Mamallapuram]] (in the southern periphery of the city), connecting industrial hubs of Tatchur, [[Sriperumbudur]], [[Oragadam]], and [[Singaperumal Koil]], was accorded environmental clearance. Estimated to cost {{INR}} 125,000 million, the project envisions a 100-metre-wide six-lane road with two service lanes on either side, with space for a utilities corridor to carry oil and gas pipelines. This includes strengthening and widening of 78.6&nbsp;km of existing roads. The project will be completed in 6 years.<ref>{{Cite news
  | last = Ramakrishnan 
  | first = Deepa H. 
  | title = Peripheral Road gets environmental clearance 
  | newspaper = The Hindu
  | location = Chennai
  | date = 30 August 2018
  | publisher = Kasturi & Sons
  | url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/peripheral-road-gets-environmental-clearance/article24814288.ece
  | access-date = 2 September 2018}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|India|Transport|Engineering}}
* [[Railway stations in Chennai]]
* [[Transport in India]]

== Notes and references==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080220093017/http://www.tn.gov.in/transport/routes/routes_mtc.htm Metropolitan Transport Corporation, Chennai]
*[http://www.southernrailway.org/ Southern Railway]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150407235136/http://www.chennaimetrorail.gov.in/ Chennai Metro]
*[http://metrocommute.in/ Bus Routes using Google Map]

{{Chennai Topics|left}}
{{Rapid Transit in Chennai}}
{{Transport in Chennai}}
{{Transport in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Transport in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Transport in Chennai}}
[[Category:Transport in Chennai| ]]