View source for Transmission Electron Aberration-corrected Microscope Project

{{Short description|Aberration-correction microscopes in the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory}}{{About|the TEAM 0.5 and TEAM I microscopes|all aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopes|Aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy}}[[File:MicroscopyResolution.png|thumb|Evolution of spatial resolution achieved with optical, transmission (TEM) and aberration-corrected electron microscopes (ACTEM).<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1557/mrs2006.4|url=http://web.pdx.edu/~pmoeck/pennycooks%20aberration%20corrected%20microscopes.pdf|title=Materials Advances through Aberration-Corrected Electron Microscopy|journal=MRS Bulletin|volume=31|pages=36–43|year=2011|last1=Pennycook|first1=S.J.|last2=Varela|first2=M.|last3=Hetherington|first3=C.J.D.|last4=Kirkland|first4=A.I.|s2cid=41889433 }}</ref>]]
The '''Transmission Electron Aberration-corrected Microscope (TEAM) Project''' is a collaborative research project between four US laboratories and two companies. The project's main activity is design and application of a [[transmission electron microscope]] (TEM) with a spatial resolution below 0.05 [[nanometer]]s, which is roughly half the size of an atom of [[hydrogen]].<ref name=graph/>

The project is based at the [[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]] in [[Berkeley, California]] and involves [[Argonne National Laboratory]], [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]] and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory at the [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]], as well as [[FEI Company|FEI]] and CEOS companies, and is supported by the [[U.S. Department of Energy]]. The project was started in 2004; the operational microscope was built in 2008 and achieved the 0.05&nbsp;nm resolution target in 2009. The microscope is a shared facility available to external users.<ref>{{cite news |title=The TEM project timeline |url=http://ncem.lbl.gov/TEAM-project/files/when_where.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110716075805/ncem.lbl.gov/TEAM-project/files/when_where.html |archive-date=2011-07-16 |publisher=lbl.gov}}</ref>

==Scientific background==
It has long been known that the best achievable spatial resolution of an optical microscope, that is the smallest feature it can observe, is of the order of the wavelength of the light λ, which is about 550&nbsp;nm for green light. One route to improve this resolution is to use particles with smaller λ, such as high-energy electrons. Practical limitations set a convenient electron energy to 100–300 [[electron volt|keV]] that corresponds to ''λ''&nbsp;=&nbsp;3.7–2.0 [[picometer|pm]]. The resolution of electron microscopes is limited not by the electron wavelength, but by intrinsic imperfections of electron lenses. These are referred to as [[Spherical aberration|spherical]] and [[chromatic aberration]]s because of their similarity to aberrations in optical lenses. Those aberrations are reduced by installing in a microscope a set of specially designed auxiliary "lenses" which are called aberration correctors.<ref name=rose>{{cite journal| doi= 10.1088/0031-8949/9/1/014107|pmid=27877933|title=Optics of high-performance electron Microscopes|volume= 9|issue=1|year= 2008| author= H. H. Rose| journal= Science and Technology of Advanced Materials| pages= 014107| bibcode=2008STAdM...9a4107R|pmc=5099802}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Present status and future prospects of spherical aberration corrected TEM/STEM for study of nanomaterials|doi=10.1088/1468-6996/9/1/014111|journal=Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. |volume=9|issue=1|year=2008|page=014111|author=N. Tanaka|bibcode=2008STAdM...9a4111T|pmc=5099806|pmid=27877937}}</ref>

==Hardware==
The TEAM is based on a commercial FEI Titan 80–300 electron microscope, which can be operated at voltages between 80 and 300 keV, both in TEM and [[scanning transmission electron microscopy]] (STEM) modes. To minimize the mechanical vibrations, the microscope is located in a separate room within a sound-proof enclosure and is operated remotely. The electron source is a [[Thermionic emission#Schottky emission|Schottky type]] [[field emission gun]] with a relatively low energy spread of 0.8 eV at 300 keV. In order to reduce chromatic aberrations, this spread is further lowered to 0.13 eV at 300 keV and 0.08 eV at 80 keV using a [[Wien filter|Wien-filter]] type [[monochromator]].<ref name=rose/> Both the illumination lens, which is located above the sample and is conventionally called the [[Condenser (microscope)|condenser lens]], and the collection lens (called the [[Objective (optics)|objective lens]]) are equipped with fifth-order spherical aberration correctors. The electrons are further energy filtered by a GIF filter and detected by a [[Charge-coupled device|CCD]] camera. The filter makes it possible to select electrons scattered by specific chemical elements and so identify individual atoms in the sample being studied.<ref name=mm>{{cite journal|url=http://ncem.lbl.gov/team/TEAM%20pubs/MAM14-5_Kisielowski_et_al-Author.pdf|journal=Microscopy and Microanalysis|volume=14|issue=5|pages=469–477|year=2008|doi=10.1017/S1431927608080902|pmid=18793491|title=Detection of Single Atoms and Buried Defects in Three Dimensions by Aberration-Corrected Electron Microscope with 0.5-Å Information Limit|author=C. Kisielowski|display-authors=etal|bibcode=2008MiMic..14..469K|s2cid=12689183 }}</ref>

==Applications==
The TEAM has been tested on various crystalline solids, resolving individual atoms in GaN ([[miller index|[211] orientation]]), [[germanium]] ([114]), [[gold]] ([111]) and others, and reaching the spatial resolution below 0.05&nbsp;nm (about 0.045&nbsp;nm). In the images of [[graphene]]—a single sheet of [[graphite]]—not only the atoms, but also the chemical bonds could be observed. A movie has been recorded inside the microscope showing hopping of individual carbon atoms around a hole punched in a graphene sheet.<ref name=graph>{{cite news|url=http://newscenter.lbl.gov/press-releases/2009/03/26/atoms-in-action/|title=Berkeley Scientists Produce First Live Action Movie of Individual Carbon Atoms in Action|date=March 26, 2009}}</ref><ref name=erni>{{cite journal|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.096101|pmid=19392535|title=Atomic-Resolution Imaging with a Sub-50-pm Electron Probe|year=2009|author=R. Erni|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=102|issue=9|pages=096101|bibcode=2009PhRvL.102i6101E|display-authors=etal|url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc927376/m2/1/high_res_d/960283.pdf|type=Submitted manuscript}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1126/science.1166999|journal=Science|date= 27 March 2009|volume=323|pages=1705–8|title=Graphene at the Edge: Stability and Dynamics|author=C. O. Girit|pmid=19325110|bibcode = 2009Sci...323.1705G|issue=5922|s2cid=24762146 |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1021/nl801386m|author=J. C. Meyer|journal=Nano Lett.|year=2008|volume=8|pages=3582–6|title=Direct Imaging of Lattice Atoms and Topological Defects in Graphene Membranes|pmid=18563938|bibcode = 2008NanoL...8.3582M|issue=11|display-authors=etal}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://ncem.lbl.gov/team/TEAMpage/TEAMpage.html TEAM Project main site]
{{Electron microscopy}}
[[Category:Electron microscopy]]
[[Category:Research projects]]