View source for Trachypithecus

{{Short description|Genus of Old World monkeys}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Dusky Langurs at Penang National Park.jpg
| image_caption = [[Dusky leaf monkey]] (''Trachypithecus obscurus'')
| taxon = Trachypithecus
| authority = [[Ludwig Reichenbach|Reichenbach]], 1862
| display_parents = 2
| type_species = ''[[Javan Lutung|Semnopithecus pyrrhus]]''<ref>{{MSW3|id=12100703}}</ref>
| type_species_authority = [[Thomas Horsfield|Horsfield]], 1823<br />(= ''Cercopithecus auratus'' [[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|É. Geoffroy]], 1812)
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision =
16, see text
}}

'''''Trachypithecus''''' (derived from Greek {{lang|grc|τραχύς}}, {{transliteration|grc|trachýs}} meaning "rough" and {{lang|grc|πίθηκος}}, {{transliteration|grc|píthekos}} meaning "monkey") is a genus of [[Old World monkey]]s containing species known as '''lutungs''', '''langurs''', or '''leaf monkeys'''. Their range is much of [[Southeast Asia]] (northeast [[India]], [[Vietnam]], southern [[China]], [[Borneo]], [[Thailand]], [[Java]], and [[Bali]]).

The name "lutung" comes from the [[Sundanese language]] meaning "blackness", ultimately from [[Proto-Austronesian language|Proto-Austronesian]] *''luCuŋ'' (which originally referred to the [[Formosan rock macaque]]);<ref>{{cite web|url=https://acd.clld.org/cognatesets/30116#4/8.58/110.89|title=*luCuŋ: the Formosan rock monkey; Macaca cyclopis|last1=Blust|first1=Robert|author-link=Robert Blust|last2=Trussel|first2=Stephen|website=Austronesian Comparative Dictionary|date=2010|publisher=Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology|access-date=8 November 2022}}</ref> it is preferred in one paper because the authors wanted the name langurs to only refer to monkeys in the genus ''[[Semnopithecus]]'',<ref name=Harding2010/> although some "lutungs" are now "langurs" again.<ref name=handbook>{{cite book|title=Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Volume 3: Primates|chapter=Introduction|edition=1st|author=Wilson, Don E. |author2=Mittermeier, Russell A. |author3=Rylands, Anthony B.|chapter-url=https://www.lynxeds.com/hmw/introduction/introduction-hmw-volume-3-primates|access-date=2018-08-30|year=2012|publisher=Lynx Edicions|isbn= 978-84-96553-89-7 }}</ref><ref name=asian>{{cite journal |author=Roos, C. |author2=Boonratana, R. |author3=Supriatna, J. |author4=Fellowes, J.R. |author5=Groves, C.P. |author6=Nash, S.D. |author7=Rylands, A.B. |author8=Mittermeier, R.A. |year=2014 |title=An updated taxonomy and conservation status review of Asian primates |journal=Asian Primates Journal |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=2–38|url=http://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/1200343/25106535/1403670682630/2014June24_APJ_Vol4_1.pdf?token=EY6Cm%2BAdyf9lSBug8Jv%2BeF%2B%2BPDM%3D|access-date=2018-08-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of langurs and leaf monkeys of South Asia (Primates: Colobinae)|author=Karanth, K. Praveen|display-authors=etal|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=46|year=2008|issue=2|pages=683–694|url=http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/pubs/ces_pubs/pubs_2008/theme1_08.pdf|access-date=2018-08-30|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2007.11.026|pmid=18191589|bibcode=2008MolPE..46..683K }}</ref>

== Evolution ==
[[File:Trachypithecus cristatus robustus.jpg|thumb|''Trachypithecus cristatus robustus'' skull]]

Genetic analysis indicates that the ancestors of the modern species of lutung first differentiated from one another a little over 3 million years ago, during the late [[Pliocene]]. The various species alive today then diverged during the [[Pleistocene]], presumably driven by habitat changes during the [[Ice age|Ice Ages]].<ref name=Roos2008>{{cite journal | author = Roos, C.| year = 2008 | title = Mitochondrial phylogeny, taxonomy and biogeography of the silvered langur species group (''Trachypithecus cristatus'') | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 47 | issue = 2 | pages = 629–636 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.03.006 | pmid=18406631| bibcode = 2008MolPE..47..629R |display-authors=etal}}{{dead link|date=March 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The oldest fossils clearly identified as belonging to the genus date from the middle [[Pleistocene]] of [[Vietnam]] and [[Laos]]; later fossils are also known from Thailand, Java, and Sumatra. The closest living relatives of the lutungs are probably either the [[gray langur]]s or the surilis, although the exact relationships remain unclear, possibly due to hybridisation between these genera during the course of their recent evolutionary history.<ref name=Harding2010>{{cite journal | author = Harding, L.E. | year = 2010 | title = ''Trachypithecus cristatus'' (Primates: Cercopithecidae) | journal = Mammalian Species | volume = 42 | issue = 1 | pages = 149–165 | doi = 10.1644/862.1 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

== Taxonomy ==
[[File:NILGIRI LANGUR (Trachypithecus johnii).jpg|thumb|400x400px|[[Nilgiri langur]], formerly classified within the genus ''Trachypithecus'' but since moved to the genus ''[[Semnopithecus]]'' ]]

As of 2005, the authors of ''[[Mammal Species of the World]]'' recognize the following ''Trachypithecus'' species:<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Groves|pages=|id=12100703|heading=Genus ''Trachypithecus''}}</ref>
* '''Genus ''[[Semnopithecus]]'' '''
** formerly ''T. vetulus'' group - moved into genus ''Semnopithecus'' in most recent classifications<ref name="OsterholzWalter2008">{{cite journal|last1=Osterholz|first1=Martin|last2=Walter|first2=Lutz|last3=Roos|first3=Christian|title=Phylogenetic position of the langur genera Semnopithecus and Trachypithecus among Asian colobines, and genus affiliations of their species groups|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=8|issue=1|year=2008|page=58|issn=1471-2148|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-8-58|pmid=18298809|pmc=2268674 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2008BMCEE...8...58O }}</ref>
*** Purple-faced langur, ''[[Semnopithecus vetulus]]''
*** Nilgiri langur, ''[[Semnopithecus johnii]]''
* '''Genus ''Trachypithecus'' '''
** ''T. cristatus'' group
*** [[Javan lutung]], ''Trachypithecus auratus''
*** "[[Silvery lutung]]", silvery langur, etc.: ''Trachypithecus cristatus'', but also used for ''T. germaini''
*** [[Indochinese lutung]] or Germain's langur, ''Trachypithecus germaini''
*** [[Tenasserim lutung]], ''Trachypithecus barbei''
** ''T. obscurus'' group
*** [[Dusky leaf monkey]], ''Trachypithecus obscurus''
*** [[Phayre's leaf monkey]], ''Trachypithecus phayrei''
** ''T. pileatus'' group
*** [[Capped langur]], ''Trachypithecus pileatus''
*** [[Shortridge's langur]], ''Trachypithecus shortridgei''
*** [[Gee's golden langur]], ''Trachypithecus geei''
** ''T. francoisi'' group
*** [[Francois' langur]], ''Trachypithecus francoisi''
*** [[Hatinh langur]], ''Trachypithecus hatinhensis''
*** "[[Trachypithecus poliocephalus|White-headed langur]]", ''Trachypithecus poliocephalus''
*** [[Laotian langur]], ''Trachypithecus laotum''
*** [[Delacour's langur]], ''Trachypithecus delacouri''
*** [[Indochinese black langur]], ''Trachypithecus ebenus''

Since then, the ''T. vetulus'' group (the purple-faced langur and the Nilgiri langur) have been moved the genus ''[[Semnopithecus]]'' based on DNA and other evidence.<ref name=handbook/><ref name=roos>{{cite journal |author=Roos, C. |author2=Boonratana, R. |author3=Supriatna, J. |author4=Fellowes, J.R. |author5=Groves, C.P. |author6=Nash, S.D. |author7=Rylands, A.B. |author8=Mittermeier, R.A. |year=2014 |title=An updated taxonomy and conservation status review of Asian primates |journal=Asian Primates Journal |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=2–38|access-date=2018-08-30|url=http://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/1200343/25106535/1403670682630/2014June24_APJ_Vol4_1.pdf?token=EY6Cm%2BAdyf9lSBug8Jv%2BeF%2B%2BPDM%3D}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Phylogenetic position of the langur genera Semnopithecus and Trachypithecus among Asian colobines, and genus affiliations of their species groups|author1=Osterholz, Martin |author2=Walter, Lutz |author3=Roos, Christian |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-8-58|pmid=18298809 |year=2008|volume=8|issue=58|page=58|pmc=2268674 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2008BMCEE...8...58O }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Asian Primate Classification|author=Brandon–Jones, D.|display-authors=etal|year=2004|journal=International Journal of Primatology|volume=25|issue=1|pages=97–164|citeseerx=10.1.1.694.7983|doi=10.1023/B:IJOP.0000014647.18720.32|s2cid=29045930}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Phylogenetic Relationships among the Colobine Monkeys Revisited: New Insights from Analyses of Complete mt Genomes and 44 Nuclear Non-Coding Markers|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=7|issue=4|pages=e36274|author=Xiao Ping Wang|display-authors=etal|publisher=plos.org|date=April 27, 2012|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0036274|pmid=22558416|pmc=3338693|bibcode=2012PLoSO...736274W |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of langurs and leaf monkeys of South Asia (Primates: Colobinae)|author=Karanth, K. Praveen|display-authors=etal|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=46|issue=2|year=2008|pages=683–694|url=http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/pubs/ces_pubs/pubs_2008/theme1_08.pdf|access-date=2018-08-30|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2007.11.026|pmid=18191589|bibcode=2008MolPE..46..683K }}</ref>

In 2008, Roos ''et al.'' described the Malay Peninsula form of the silvery lutung as a separate subspecies and subsequently it has been elevated to a separate species within the ''T. cristatus'' group as the [[Selangor silvered langur]], ''T. selangorensis''.<ref name=roos/><ref name=roos2>{{cite journal | author = Roos, C.| year = 2008 | title = Mitochondrial phylogeny, taxonomy and biogeography of the silvered langur species group (''Trachypithecus cristatus'') | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 47 | issue = 2 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5445311 | pages = 629–636 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.03.006 | pmid=18406631| bibcode = 2008MolPE..47..629R |display-authors=etal}}</ref>  Roos ''et al.'' also elevated the [[West Javan Langur]], ''Trachypithecus mauritius'', and  [[Annamese Langur]], ''Trachypithecus margarita'', to species status (formerly subspecies of ''T. auratus'' and ''T. germaini'', respectively).<ref name=roos/><ref name=roos2/> In 2020, Roos ''et al.'' discovered a new species, [[Popa langur]] (''T. popa''), which is found only in Myanmar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Roos |first1=Christian|last2=Helgen|first2=Kristofer M.|last3=Miguez|first3=Roberto Portela|last4=Thant |first4=Naw May Lay |last5=Lwin |first5=Ngwe |last6=Lin |first6=Aung Ko|last7=Lin|first7=Aung|last8=Yi|first8=Khin Mar|last9=Soe|first9=Paing|last10=Hein|first10=Zin Mar |last11=Myint|first11=Margaret Nyein Nyein|date=2020 |title=Mitogenomic phylogeny of the Asian colobine genus ''Trachypithecus'' with special focus on ''Trachypithecus phayrei'' (Blyth, 1847) and description of a new species |journal=Zoological Research |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=656–669 |doi=10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.254|pmid=33171548|pmc=7671912|issn=2095-8137|doi-access=free}}</ref> Lastly, the [[White-headed langur]] (''T. leucocephalus''), previously thought to be a subspecies of the [[Francois langur]] (''T. Francois'') or [[Cat Ba langur]] (''T. poliocephalus''), is currently recognized as a distinct species by [[IUCN Red List]] assessors and the [[American Society of Mammalogists]], based on a 2007 paper by Groves.<ref name="IUCNWhite-headedlangur"/><ref>{{Cite journal |author=Groves, C. |date=2007 |title=Speciation and biogeography of Vietnam's primates |journal=Vietnamese Journal of Primatology |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=27–40 |url=http://www.primate-sg.org/vpj11/}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{BioRef|asm|genus=Trachypithecus |species=leucocephalus |id=1000707 |version=1.10|access-date=2023-12-29}}</ref>

This leaves the current understanding of the genus ''Trachypithecus'' to be:
{{Species table |no-note=y |genus=Trachypithecus |authority-name=[[Ludwig Reichenbach|Reichenbach]] |authority-year=1862 |species-count=twenty-one|narrow-percent=75}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Annamese langur]] |binomial=T. margarita
|image=File:SAIGON ZOO VIETNAM JAN 2012 (7009538995).jpg |image-alt=Gray monkey
|authority-name=[[Daniel Giraud Elliot|Elliot]] |authority-year=1909 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=Southeastern Asia |range-image=File:Range Trachypithecus margarita.png |range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|40|–|76|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus {{convert|57|–|110|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="MamWorld602"/><!-- Genus info -->
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCNAnnameselangur"/>
|hunting=Leaves, flowers, and fruit<ref name="MamWorld602"/><!-- Genus info -->
|iucn-status=EN |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNAnnameselangur"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Capped langur]] |binomial=T. pileatus
|image=File:%27tenebricus%27_Capped_Langur_from_Manas.jpg |image-alt=Gray monkey
|authority-name=[[Edward Blyth|Blyth]] |authority-year=1843 |authority-not-original=yes
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Three subspecies |bullets=on
| ''T. p. brahma''
| ''T. p. pileatus''
| ''T. p. tenebricus''
}}
|range=Southern Asia |range-image=File:Capped_Langur_area.png |range-image-size=161px
|size={{convert|40|–|76|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus {{convert|57|–|110|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="MamWorld602"/><!-- Genus info -->
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCNCappedlangur"/>
|hunting=Leaves, seeds, and fruit, as well as flowers, buds, bark, and caterpillars<ref name="IUCNCappedlangur"/>
|iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNCappedlangur"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Cat Ba langur]] |binomial=T. poliocephalus
|image=File:Cat_Ba_Langur_9.jpg |image-alt=Gray monkey
|authority-name=[[Eugène de Pousargues|Pousargues]] |authority-year=1898 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=[[Cát Bà Island]], Vietnam (in purple) |range-image=File:Distribution francoisi-Group with highlighting.jpg |range-image-size=92px
|size={{convert|40|–|76|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus {{convert|57|–|110|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="MamWorld602"/><!-- Genus info -->
|habitat=Forests and caves<ref name="IUCNCatBalangur"/>
|hunting=Leaves, flowers, and fruit<ref name="MamWorld602"/><!-- Genus info -->
|iucn-status=CR |population=30–35
|direction={{increase|Population increasing}}<ref name="IUCNCatBalangur"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Delacour's langur]] |binomial=T. delacouri
|image=File:Langur_de_Delacour.jpg |image-alt=Gray monkey
|authority-name=[[Wilfred Hudson Osgood|Osgood]] |authority-year=1911 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=Northern Vietnam |range-image=File:Delacour%27s_Langur_area.png |range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|40|–|76|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus {{convert|57|–|110|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="MamWorld602"/><!-- Genus info -->
|habitat=Forest, rocky areas, and caves<ref name="IUCNDelacourslangur"/>
|hunting=Leaves, flowers, and fruit<ref name="MamWorld602"/><!-- Genus info -->
|iucn-status=CR |population=240–250
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNDelacourslangur"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Dusky leaf monkey]] |binomial=T. obscurus
|image=File:Dusky_leaf_monkey_(8050982300).jpg |image-alt=Brown monkey
|authority-name=Reid |authority-year=1837 |authority-not-original=yes
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand= |title=Seven subspecies |bullets=on
| ''T. o. carbo''
| ''T. o. flavicauda''
| ''T. o. halonifer''
| ''T. o. obscurus''
| ''T. o. sanctorum''
| ''T. o. seimundi''
| ''T. o. styx''
}}
|range=Southeastern Asia |range-image=File:Dusky_Leaf_Monkey_area.png |range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|42|–|61|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus {{convert|50|–|85|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="ADWDuskyleafmonkey"/>
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCNDuskyleafmonkey"/>
|hunting=Leaves, shoots, fruit, and seedlings<ref name="ADWDuskyleafmonkey"/>
|iucn-status=EN |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNDuskyleafmonkey"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[East Javan langur]] |binomial=T. auratus
|image=File:Ebony_Langur_Javan_Lutung_Trachypithecus_auratus_at_Bronx_Zoo_3.jpg |image-alt=Brown monkeys
|authority-name=[[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|É. Geoffroy]] |authority-not-original=yes|authority-year=1812
|range=Java and nearby islands in Indonesia |range-image=File:Javan_Lutung_area.png |range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|44|–|65|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus {{convert|61|–|87|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="ADWEastJavanlangur"/>
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCNEastJavanlangur"/>
|hunting=Leaves and flowers, as well as fruit and insect larvae<ref name="ADWEastJavanlangur"/>
|iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNEastJavanlangur"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[François' langur]] |binomial=T. francoisi
|image=File:FrancoisLangur2_CincinnatiZoo.jpg |image-alt=Gray monkeys
|authority-name=[[Eugène de Pousargues|Pousargues]] |authority-year=1898 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=Southern Asia |range-image=File:Trachypithecus_francoisi_distribution.svg |range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|40|–|76|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus {{convert|57|–|110|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="MamWorld602"/><!-- Genus info -->
|habitat=Forest, rocky areas, and caves<ref name="IUCNFrançoislangur"/>
|hunting=Leaves, fruit, and seeds, as well as insects<ref name="ADWFrançoislangur"/>
|iucn-status=EN |population=2,000–2,100
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNFrançoislangur"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Gee's golden langur]] |binomial=T. geei
|image=File:Golden_langur.jpg |image-alt=Brown monkey
|authority-name=[[H. Khajuria|Khajuria]] |authority-year=1956 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=Southern Asia |range-image=File:Trachypithecus_geei_distribution.svg |range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|50|–|75|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus {{convert|70|–|100|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="ADWGeesgoldenlangur"/>
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCNGeesgoldenlangur"/>
|hunting=Fruit, leaves, flowers, seeds, and twigs<ref name="ADWGeesgoldenlangur"/>
|iucn-status=EN |population=6,000–6,500
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNGeesgoldenlangur"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Germain's langur]] |binomial=T. germaini
|image=File:Trachypithecus_germaini_99590349.jpg |image-alt=Gray monkey
|authority-name=[[Alphonse Milne-Edwards|A. Milne-Edwards]] |authority-year=1876 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=Southeastern Asia |range-image=File:Indochinese_Lutung_area.png |range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|40|–|76|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus {{convert|57|–|110|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="MamWorld602"/><!-- Genus info -->
|habitat=Forest and rocky areas<ref name="IUCNGermainslangur"/>
|hunting=Leaves, fruit, and flowers<ref name="IUCNGermainslangur"/>
|iucn-status=EN |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNGermainslangur"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Hatinh langur]] |binomial=T. hatinhensis
|image=File:Trachypithecus hatinhensis 64485672.jpg |image-alt=Black monkey
|authority-name=[[Dao van Tien|Dao]] |authority-year=1970 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=Vietnam |range-image=File:Hatinh_Langur_area.png |range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|40|–|76|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus {{convert|57|–|110|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="MamWorld602"/><!-- Genus info -->
|habitat=Forest, rocky areas, and caves<ref name="IUCNIndochineseblacklangur"/>
|hunting=Leaves, as well as fruit, vines, and flowers<ref name="IUCNIndochineseblacklangur"/>
|iucn-status=EN |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNIndochineseblacklangur"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Indochinese black langur]] |binomial=T. ebenus
|image= |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Douglas Brandon-Jones|Brandon-Jones]]|authority-not-original=yes |authority-year=1995
|range=Southeastern Asia |range-image= |range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|40|–|76|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus {{convert|57|–|110|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="MamWorld602"/><!-- Genus info -->
|habitat=Forest, rocky areas, and caves<ref name="IUCNIndochineseblacklangur"/>
|hunting=Leaves, as well as fruit, vines, and flowers<ref name="IUCNIndochineseblacklangur"/>
|iucn-status=EN |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNIndochineseblacklangur"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Indochinese grey langur]] |binomial=T. crepuscula
|image=File:Trachypithecus crepusculus, Indochinese grey langur - Loei Province (31109170388).jpg |image-alt=Gray monkey
|authority-name=[[Daniel Giraud Elliot|Elliot]] |authority-year=1909 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=Southeast Asia (in red) |range-image=File:Trachypithecus crepusculus T phayrei area.png |range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|40|–|76|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus {{convert|57|–|110|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="MamWorld602"/><!-- Genus info -->
|habitat=Forest, inland wetlands, and rocky areas<ref name="IUCNIndochinesegreylangur"/>
|hunting=Leaves, flowers, and fruit<ref name="MamWorld602"/><!-- Genus info -->
|iucn-status=EN |population=2,400–2,500
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNIndochinesegreylangur"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Laotian langur]] |binomial=T. laotum
|image=File:Trachypithecus laotum.jpg |image-alt=Black and yellow monkey
|authority-name=[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]] |authority-year=1911 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=[[Laos]] |range-image=File:Laotian_Langur_area.png |range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|40|–|76|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus {{convert|57|–|110|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="MamWorld602"/><!-- Genus info -->
|habitat=Forest and rocky areas<ref name="IUCNLaotianlangur"/>
|hunting=Leaves, flowers, and fruit<ref name="MamWorld602"/><!-- Genus info -->
|iucn-status=EN |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNLaotianlangur"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Phayre's leaf monkey]] |binomial=T. phayrei
|image=File:%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_-_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_02.jpg |image-alt=Gray monkey
|authority-name=[[Edward Blyth|Blyth]] |authority-year=1847 |authority-not-original=yes
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Two subspecies |bullets=on
| ''T. p. phayrei''
| ''T. p. shanicus''
}}
|range=Southeast Asia (in green) |range-image=File:Trachypithecus_crepusculus_T_phayrei_area.png |range-image-size=172px
|size={{convert|40|–|76|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus {{convert|57|–|110|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="MamWorld602"/><!-- Genus info -->
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCNPhayresleafmonkey"/>
|hunting=Leaves, as well as bamboo shoots<ref name="ADWPhayresleafmonkey"/>
|iucn-status=EN |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNPhayresleafmonkey"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Popa langur]] |binomial=T. popa
|image= |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Christian Roos (biologist)|Roos]] et al. |authority-year=2020 |authority-not-original=
|range=Myanmar |range-image=File:Range Trachypithecus popa.png |range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|40|–|76|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus {{convert|57|–|110|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="MamWorld602"/><!-- Genus info -->
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCNPopalangur"/>
|hunting=Leaves, flowers, and fruit<ref name="MamWorld602"/><!-- Genus info -->
|iucn-status=CR |population=130–180
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNPopalangur"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Shortridge's langur]] |binomial=T. shortridgei
|image=File:Trachypithecus_shortridgei_-_Kunming_Natural_History_Museum_of_Zoology_-_DSC02508.JPG |image-alt=Gray monkey
|authority-name=[[Robert Charles Wroughton|Wroughton]] |authority-year=1915|authority-not-original=yes
|range=Southern Asia |range-image=File:Shortridge%27s_Langur_area.png |range-image-size=161px
|size={{convert|40|–|76|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus {{convert|57|–|110|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="MamWorld602"/><!-- Genus info -->
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCNShortridgeslangur"/>
|hunting=Leaves, flowers, and fruit<ref name="MamWorld602"/><!-- Genus info -->
|iucn-status=EN |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNShortridgeslangur"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Selangor silvered langur]] |binomial=T. selangorensis
|image=File:Silver langur with baby.jpg |image-alt=Gray monkey and baby
|authority-name=[[Christian Roos (biologist)|Roos]], [[Tito Nadler|Nadler]], [[Lutz Walter|Walter]] |authority-year=2008
|range=Peninsular Malaysia |range-image= |range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|40|–|76|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus {{convert|57|–|110|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="MamWorld602"/><!-- Genus info -->
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCNSelangorsilveredlangur"/>
|hunting=Leaves, flowers, and fruit<ref name="MamWorld602"/><!-- Genus info -->
|iucn-status=NT |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNSelangorsilveredlangur"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Silvery lutung]] |binomial=T. cristatus
|image=File:Silvered_Leaf_Monkey_(Trachypithecus_cristatus)_(8125672881).jpg |image-alt=Gray monkey
|authority-name=[[Stamford Raffles|Raffles]]|authority-not-original=yes |authority-year=1821
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Two subspecies |bullets=on
| ''T. c. cristatus''
| ''T. c. vigilans''
}}
|range=Southeastern Asia |range-image=File:Silvery_Lutung_area.png |range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|46|–|56|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus {{convert|63|–|84|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="ADWSilverylutung"/>
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCNSilverylutung"/>
|hunting=Leaves, as well as fruit, seeds, shoots, flowers, and buds<ref name="ADWSilverylutung"/>
|iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNSilverylutung"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Tenasserim lutung]] |binomial=T. barbei
|image= |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Edward Blyth|Blyth]] |authority-year=1847 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=Southeastern Asia |range-image=File:Tenasserim_Lutung_area.png |range-image-size=161px
|size={{convert|40|–|76|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus {{convert|57|–|110|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="MamWorld602"/><!-- Genus info -->
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCNTenasserimlutung"/>
|hunting=Leaves, flowers, and fruit<ref name="MamWorld602"/><!-- Genus info -->
|iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNTenasserimlutung"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[West Javan langur]] |binomial=T. mauritius
|image=File:Trachypithecus mauritius 101639 (cropped).jpg |image-alt=Gray monkeys
|authority-name=[[Edward Griffith (zoologist)|Griffith]] |authority-year=1821 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=Island of Java |range-image= |range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|40|–|76|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus {{convert|57|–|110|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="MamWorld602"/><!-- Genus info -->
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCNWestJavanlangur"/>
|hunting=Leaves, flowers, and fruit<ref name="MamWorld602"/><!-- Genus info -->
|iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNWestJavanlangur"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[White-headed langur]] |binomial=T. leucocephalus
|image=File:Trachypithecus francoisi leucocephalus - Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology - DSC02504.JPG |image-alt=Gray monkey
|authority-name=[[B. Tan|Tan]] |authority-year=1957 |authority-not-original=
|range=Southern China |range-image= |range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|40|–|76|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus {{convert|57|–|110|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="MamWorld602"/><!-- Genus info -->
|habitat=Rocky areas<ref name="IUCNWhite-headedlangur"/>
|hunting=Leaves, flowers, and fruit<ref name="MamWorld602"/><!-- Genus info -->
|iucn-status=CR |population=230–250
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNWhite-headedlangur"/>
}}
{{Species table/end}}

== Physical description ==
[[Image:Trachypithecus francoisi 3398.jpg|thumb|[[Francois' langur]] (''Trachypithecus francoisi'')]]
Lutungs have a rather slim build with a long tail. The fur color varies, depending on the species, from black and grey to orange yellow. Many species have skin designs and a brighter lower surface, the hair on the head is often compared to a hood. Their arms are very short in comparison to the feet and their thumbs are also somewhat shorter. The inner surfaces of the hands and feet are hairless so that their fur does not get caught when reaching into branches. These animals reach a length of 40 to 80&nbsp;cm and a weight of 5 to 15&nbsp;kg, with males generally larger than females. A bulge over the eyes and other details, primarily in the head, differentiate it from the [[surili]]s.

== Habitat and distribution ==

Lutungs live in the forests, often preferring rain forests, although occasionally they are also found in secluded mountain forests. Lutungs are found in South-east Asia and parts of South Asia from India in the west to China in the east.<ref name="Fleagle2013">{{Cite book |title=Primate adaptation and evolution |chapter=Asian Colobines |last=Fleagle |first=John G. |date=2013 |publisher=Elsevier/Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-378632-6 |edition=3rd |location=Amsterdam |pages=139–144 |oclc=820107187}}</ref>

== Behaviour ==

They spend the largest part of the day in the trees, where they crawl along the branches on all fours, although they can also jump well from tree to tree. They are [[diurnal animal|diurnal]], although more active in the early mornings and the afternoon.

They live in groups of five to 20 animals, mostly in [[Harem (zoology)|harem]]s, i.e. a single male with several females. Young males must leave their birth group when fully mature, often forming bachelor groups. If a new male takes over a harem, defeating and scaring off the harem leader, he often kills the children of the group. Lutungs are territorial, with loud shouting to defend their territories from other lutung interlopers, resorting to force if the outsiders are not scared off. They have a common repertoire of sounds with which they warn group members. Also, mutual grooming plays an important role.

Lutungs are [[herbivore]]s, primarily eating leaves, fruits, and buds. To digest the tough leaves, they developed a multichambered stomach.

=== Reproduction ===

Rarely twins, a typical single birth comes after a seven-month gestation period. Newborns usually have a golden-yellow fur. The mother shares responsibilities of rearing the young with the other females ("aunties") of the harem. They hand the young around, play with it, carry it, and cuddle it, while the mother searches for food. If the mother dies, another female adopts the young animal. Lutungs are weaned in the latter half of their first year, and reach full maturity at 4 to 5 years. The life expectancy is estimated at 20 years.

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="MamWorld602">[[#CITEREF MamWorld|Nowak 1999]], p. 602</ref>
<ref name="IUCNEastJavanlangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Nijman |first1=V. |title=''Trachypithecus auratus'' |volume=2021 |page=e.T39848A17988500 |date=2021 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T39848A17988500.en}}</ref>
<ref name="ADWEastJavanlangur">{{cite web |first1=William |last1=Cannon |first2=Abby |last2=Vos |title=''Trachypithecus auratus'' |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Trachypithecus_auratus/ |date=2009 |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |access-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724210736/https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Trachypithecus_auratus/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNTenasserimlutung">{{cite iucn |last1=Nadler |first1=T. |title=''Trachypithecus barbei'' |volume=2021 |page=e.T41554A17960144 |date=2021 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T41554A17960144.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNWestJavanlangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Setiawan |first1=A. |last2=Traeholt |first2=C. |last3=Nijman |first3=V. |last4=Supriatna |first4=J. |title=''Trachypithecus mauritius'' |amends=2020 |volume=2021 |page=e.T39849A196325582 |date=2021 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T39849A196325582.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNSelangorsilveredlangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Ang |first1=A. |last2=Nijman |first2=V. |last3=Traeholt |first3=C. |title=''Trachypithecus selangorensis'' |volume=2021 |page=e.T205911038A205911065 |date=2021 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T205911038A205911065.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNSilverylutung">{{cite iucn |last1=Meijaard |first1=E. |last2=Nijman |first2=V. |title=''Trachypithecus cristatus'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T22035A17959977 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T22035A17959977.en}}</ref>
<ref name="ADWSilverylutung">{{cite web |first1=Christine |last1=Bedore |title=''Trachypithecus cristatus'' |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Trachypithecus_cristatus/ |date=2005 |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |access-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-date=August 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812151146/https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Trachypithecus_cristatus/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNDelacourslangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Nadler |first1=T. |last2=Quyet |first2=L. K. |last3=Rawson |first3=B. M. |last4=Coudrat |first4=C. N. Z. |title=''Trachypithecus delacouri'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T22043A17958988 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T22043A17958988.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNIndochineseblacklangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Quyet |first1=L. K. |last2=Coudrat |first2=C. N. Z. |last3=Phiaphalath |first3=P. |last4=Nadler |first4=T. |last5=Covert |first5=H. |title=''Trachypithecus hatinhensis'' |amends=2020 |volume=2021 |page=e.T40789A196139355 |date=2021 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T40789A196139355.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNIndochinesegreylangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Yongcheng |first1=L. |last2=Nadler |first2=T. |last3=Quyet |first3=L. K. |title=''Trachypithecus crepusculus'' |amends=2020 |volume=2021 |page=e.T136920A204397334 |date=2021 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T136920A204397334.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNFrançoislangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Nadler |first1=T. |last2=Quyet |first2=L. K. |last3=Covert |first3=H. |last4=Long |first4=Y. |title=''Trachypithecus francoisi'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T39853A17958817 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T39853A17958817.en}}</ref>
<ref name="ADWFrançoislangur">{{cite web |first1=Lauren |last1=Ris |title=''Trachypithecus francoisi'' |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Trachypithecus_francoisi/ |date=2004 |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |access-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-date=August 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812152253/https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Trachypithecus_francoisi/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNGeesgoldenlangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Das |first1=J. |last2=Chetry |first2=D. |last3=Medhi |first3=R. |last4=Choudhury |first4=A. |title=''Trachypithecus geei'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T22037A17960997 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22037A17960997.en}}</ref>
<ref name="ADWGeesgoldenlangur">{{cite web |first1=Shivani |last1=Raval |title=''Trachypithecus geei'' |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Trachypithecus_geei/ |date=2004 |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |access-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-date=April 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407190734/https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Trachypithecus_geei/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNGermainslangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Duc |first1=H. |last2=Covert |first2=H. |last3=Ang |first3=A. |last4=Moody |first4=J. |title=''Trachypithecus germaini'' |amends=2021 |volume=2022 |page=e.T39874A217754957 |date=2022 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T39874A217754957.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNLaotianlangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Coudrat |first1=C. N. Z. |last2=Nadler |first2=T. |last3=Phiaphalath |first3=P. |last4=Duckworth |first4=J. W. |title=''Trachypithecus laotum'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T22044A17959133 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22044A17959133.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNDuskyleafmonkey">{{cite iucn |last1=Boonratana |first1=R. |last2=Ang |first2=A. |last3=Traeholt |first3=C. |last4=Thant |first4=N. M. L. |title=''Trachypithecus obscurus'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T22039A17960562 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T22039A17960562.en}}</ref>
<ref name="ADWDuskyleafmonkey">{{cite web |first1=Lata |last1=Viswanathan |title=''Trachypithecus obscurus'' |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Trachypithecus_obscurus/ |date=2002 |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |access-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709130441/https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Trachypithecus_obscurus/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNPhayresleafmonkey">{{cite iucn |last1=Chetry |first1=D. |last2=Ahmed |first2=T. |title=''Trachypithecus phayrei'' |volume=2021 |page=e.T175862145A175862149 |date=2021 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T175862145A175862149.en}}</ref>
<ref name="ADWPhayresleafmonkey">{{cite web |first1=wayne |last1=cantwell |title=''Trachypithecus phayrei'' |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Trachypithecus_phayrei/ |date=2011 |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |access-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-date=August 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812172749/https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Trachypithecus_phayrei/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNAnnameselangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Hoang Minh Duc |first1=Nadler |last2=T. |first2=Coudrat |last3=C. N. Z. |first3=Rawson |last4=B. M. |first4=Covert |last5=H. |first5=Moody |last6=J. |first6=Ang |last7=A. |title=''Trachypithecus margarita'' |amends=2021 |volume=2022 |page=e.T39875A210372003 |date=2022 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T39875A210372003.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNCappedlangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Das |first1=J. |last2=Chetry |first2=D. |last3=Choudhury |first3=A. |last4=Bleisch |first4=W. |title=''Trachypithecus pileatus'' |errata=2021 |volume=2020 |page=e.T22041A196580469 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22041A196580469.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNCatBalangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Rawson |first1=B. M. |last2=Leonard |first2=N. |last3=Covert |first3=H. |last4=Nadler |first4=T. |title=''Trachypithecus poliocephalus'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T39871A17959804 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39871A17959804.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNShortridgeslangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Long |first1=Y. |last2=Htun |first2=S. |title=''Trachypithecus shortridgei'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T39869A17961202 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39869A17961202.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNPopalangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Matauschek |first1=C. |last2=Meyer |first2=D. |last3=Lwin |first3=N. |last4=Ko Lin |first4=A. |last5=Lin |first5=A. |last6=Momberg |first6=F. |last7=Roos |first7=C. |title=''Trachypithecus popa'' |volume=2022 |page=e.T196344474A196344962 |date=2022 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T196344474A196344962.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNWhite-headedlangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Bleisch |first1=B. |last2=Long |first2=Y. |title=''Trachypithecus leucocephalus'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T39872A17988378 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39872A17988378.en}}</ref>
}}

==Sources==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |title=Walker's Mammals of the World |volume=1 |last=Nowak |first=Ronald M. |date=1999 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8018-5789-8 |ref=CITEREF_MamWorld}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Wikispecies|Trachypithecus|Lutung}}
* [http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/links/trachypithecus Primate Info Net ''Trachypithecus'' factsheets]

{{C.Colobinae nav}}
{{Haplorhini|C.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1071167}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Trachypithecus| ]]
[[Category:Primates of Asia| ]]
[[Category:Primate genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Ludwig Reichenbach]]
[[Category:Taxa described in 1862]]