View source for Toynbee tiles

{{short description|Messages of unknown origin found embedded in asphalt of streets}}
{{use mdy dates|date=November 2019}}
[[File:Toynbee tile at franklin square 2002.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|{{ubl|Top: Large, colorful Toynbee tile found in downtown [[Washington, D.C.]]|Bottom: Closeup of its bottom tab, apparently mentioning the [[Soviet Union]], which had been gone for years by the time this photo was taken. ("As media U.S.S.R. and Fronts are against it.")}}]]

The '''Toynbee tiles''', also called '''Toynbee plaques''', are messages of unknown origin found embedded in [[Asphalt concrete|asphalt]] of streets in about two dozen major cities in the United States and three South American cities.<ref name=toynbee>{{cite web|url=http://www.toynbee.net/ |title=What Is It? |access-date=2010-10-11 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071218004343/http://www.toynbee.net/ |archive-date = 2007-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Correa|first1=Vanessa|last2=Spinelli|first2=Evandro|title=Placa misteriosa é cravada no asfalto da avenida Paulista|url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/cotidiano/801119-placa-misteriosa-e-cravada-no-asfalto-da-avenida-paulista.shtml|access-date=19 September 2010|newspaper=[[Folha de S. Paulo]]|date=19 September 2010|language=pt}}</ref> Since the 1980s, several hundred tiles have been discovered. They are generally about the size of an American [[license plate]] (roughly {{convert|30|by|15|cm|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}), but sometimes considerably larger. They contain some variation of the following inscription:

<blockquote><poem>
TOYNBEE IDEA
IN MOViE `2001
RESURRECT DEAD
ON PLANET JUPiTER
</poem></blockquote>

Some of the more elaborate tiles also feature cryptic political statements or exhort readers to create and install similar tiles. The material used for making the tiles was initially unknown, but evidence has emerged that they may be primarily made of layers of [[linoleum]] and asphalt crack-filling compound.<ref>{{cite book|title=Recipes for Disaster, an Anarchist Cookbook|date=2012|publisher=CrimethInc. Ex-workers Collective|page=48|url=http://www.crimethinc.com|author=CrimethInc. Ex-workers Collective|edition=2nd}}</ref> Articles about the tiles began appearing in the mid-1990s, though references may have started to appear in the mid-1980s.<ref name="citybeat">{{cite news |last=Stoehr |first=John |title=Out of This World |publisher=Cincinnati City Beat |date=2001-08-02 |url=http://www.citybeat.com/2001-08-02/news.shtml |access-date=2006-12-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205032234/http://citybeat.com/2001-08-02/news.shtml |archive-date=2006-12-05}}</ref>

== History ==
The first confirmed sighting of the Toynbee tiles was in Philadelphia in 1983,<ref name="resurrectdead.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.resurrectdead.com/mystery.htm |title=Resurrect Dead Mystery |publisher=Resurrectdead.com |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100130022739/http://www.resurrectdead.com/mystery.htm |archive-date= 2010-01-30}}</ref> and their first known reference in the media came in 1994 in ''[[The Baltimore Sun]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=The word on the street turns cryptic|last=Hiaasen|first=Rob|author-link=Rob Hiaasen |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1994/10/19/the-word-on-the-street-turns-cryptic/|date=October 19, 1994|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|access-date=February 7, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=By all signs, markers remain a mystery|last=Hiaasen|first=Rob|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1994/10/28/by-all-signs-markers-remain-a-mystery/|date=October 28, 1994|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|access-date=February 7, 2012}}</ref> A 1983 letter to ''[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]'' referenced a Philadelphia-based campaign with themes similar to those mentioned in the tiles (e.g., resurrecting the dead on [[Jupiter]], [[Stanley Kubrick]], and [[Arnold J. Toynbee]]) but did not refer to tiles.<ref name="deleon" />

In the United States, tiles have officially been sighted as far west as [[Kansas City, Missouri]],<ref name=toynbee /> as far north as [[Boston|Boston, Massachusetts]],<ref name=toynbee /> and as far south as [[Richmond, Virginia]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Guthrie|first=Bruce|title=VA -- Richmond -- Public Art: Toynbee tiles/Stikman Robots|url=http://www.bguthriephotos.com/graphlib.nsf/keys/2020_01_02D4_Richmond_Toynbee|access-date=2020-08-20|website=BGuthrie Photos}}</ref> Since 2002, very few new tiles considered to be the work of the original artist have appeared outside of the immediate [[Philadelphia|Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]] area, although one notable sighting appeared in suburban [[Connecticut]] in 2006,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.steveweinik.com/blog/?p=214 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716140419/http://www.steveweinik.com/blog/?p=214 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-07-16 |title=Huge Tile News – dovate |publisher=Steveweinik.com |date=2006-08-24 |access-date=2010-10-11}}</ref> and one appeared in [[Edison, New Jersey]] in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://photos.steveweinik.com/Galleries/ResurrectDead/Toynbee-Tiles/i-BzF2ssD/A|title=Toynee Tiles – Steve Weinik Photography|publisher=Steve Weinik|access-date=July 22, 2015}}</ref> Presumed copycat tiles have been spotted in [[Noblesville, Indiana]]; [[Buffalo, New York]]; [[Syracuse, New York]]; [[San Francisco|San Francisco, California]]; [[Portland, Oregon]]; and [[Roswell, New Mexico]] as well as a 1997 sighting in [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]] and a 2013 sighting in [[Tulsa, Oklahoma]].<ref name="toynee.net snapshot"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newson6.com/story/5e362f212f69d76f6204f148/toynbee-tile-mystery-comes-to-tulsa|title=Toynbee Tile Mystery Comes To Tulsa|publisher=News on 6|date=7 July 2014}}</ref> Many older tiles considered to be the work of the original tiler have been eroded by traffic, but {{as of|2011|lc=on}} older tiles remain in [[Pittsburgh|Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]]; [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]]; [[Cincinnati|Cincinnati Ohio]], [[Cleveland|Cleveland, Ohio]]; and [[South America]], among other locations.

[[File:Toynbeetilenyc.jpg|thumb|alt=A Toynbee tile in New York City, 2013|A Toynbee tile in New York City, 2013]]

On June 19, 2013, tiles resembling the Toynbee tiles appeared on a street in [[Topeka, Kansas]]. They were removed by the evening of the next day.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hrenchir |first=Tim |url=http://cjonline.com/news/2013-06-20/tile-embedded-downtown-street-bears-mystery-message |title=Tile embedded in downtown street bears mystery message |publisher=CJOnline.com |date=2013-06-20 |access-date=2013-11-12}}</ref> Less than a month later, on July 17, 2013, a tile resembling the Toynbee tiles appeared on a street in [[Salt Lake City|Salt Lake City, Utah]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fox13now.com/2013/07/17/mysterious-message-pops-up-in-salt-lake-city-street |title=Mysterious message appears in Salt Lake City street |publisher=FOX13Now.com |date=2013-07-17 |access-date=2013-11-12}}</ref>

Newer tiles have been embedded on several major highways in Pennsylvania, including [[Interstate 476]] in [[Delaware County, Pennsylvania|Delaware County]], and on [[Interstate 95 in Pennsylvania|Interstate 95]]. About six more were found on [[U.S. Route 1 in Pennsylvania|U.S. 1]] northbound starting in [[Drexel Hill, Pennsylvania|Drexel Hill]] in [[Delaware County, Pennsylvania]] in 2007 and 2008. The plates are much larger than the originals and have red italic writing on them. In 2016, some tiles started re-appearing in Philadelphia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.phillyvoice.com/new-toynbee-tiles-appear-streets-philadelphia/|title=New Toynbee Tiles appear on the streets of Philadelphia|date=15 August 2016}}</ref>

== Interpretations ==
=== People and things referred to ===
[[File:Toynbee tile near white house 2002.jpg|thumb|Commonly, a city will have a couple of large and colorful tiles along with numerous small and simple tiles like this one, just a block from the [[White House]].]]

In a documentary film about the tiles, [[Justin Duerr]] assumes that "Toynbee" refers to the 20th century British historian [[Arnold J. Toynbee]], and that "Kubrick's 2001" is a reference to the 1968 film ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]'', a film co-written and directed by filmmaker [[Stanley Kubrick]], about a crewed mission to [[Jupiter]].<ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://www.filmjournal.com/content/film-review-resurrect-dead-mystery-toynbee-tiles | title=Film Review: Resurrect Dead: The Mystery of the Toynbee Tiles | magazine=Film Journal International | date=29 August 2011 | access-date=20 March 2015 | author=The Hollywood Reporter|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402122331/http://www.filmjournal.com/content/film-review-resurrect-dead-mystery-toynbee-tiles|archive-date=April 2, 2015}}</ref> The former speculation site toynbee.net<ref name="toynee.net snapshot">{{cite web |title=What Is It? (archive of former website) |url=http://toynbee.net/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615044500/http://toynbee.net/ |access-date=25 November 2020|archive-date=June 15, 2006 }}</ref> theorized that 'Toynbee' referred to [[Ray Bradbury]]'s short story "[[The Toynbee Convector]]".<ref name=upi>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Odd_News/2006/06/19/Odd-Toynbee-plaques-just-litter-in-Chicago/UPI-31311150735443/|title=Odd Toynbee plaques just litter in Chicago|date=2011|access-date=22 May 2012}}</ref>

The majority of tiles contain text similar to that above, although a second set is often found nearby. Several of these allude to a mass [[conspiracy theory|conspiracy]] between the press (including newspaper magnate [[John S. Knight]] of [[Knight-Ridder]]), the U.S. government, the USSR (including tiles seemingly made years after the Soviet Union's dissolution), and "hellion [[Jew]]s".<ref name="worgul" />

A tile that used to be located in [[Santiago de Chile]] mentions a street address: 2624 S. 7th [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]]. In 2006, the occupants of the house stated that they knew nothing about the tiles and were annoyed by people who asked,<ref name="abclocal">{{cite news
| first = Matt
| last = O'Donnell
| title = Special Report: Matt Investigates the Mystery of Philadelphia's "Toynbee Tiles"
| publisher = WPVI-TV/DT Action News
| date = 2006-07-17
| url=http://abclocal.go.com/wpvi/story?section=local&id=4306927
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070313163220/http://abclocal.go.com/wpvi/story?section=local&id=4306927
| archive-date = 2007-03-13
| access-date = 2006-12-29}}</ref> although the house was the former residence of a named recluse and alleged tile-maker, as shown in the 2011 documentary film ''[[Resurrect Dead: The Mystery of the Toynbee Tiles]]''. Toynbee-tile enthusiasts believe that a native Philadelphian created the Toynbee tiles because of the large number that appear in the city, their apparent age, the variety of carving styles, the presence of the "tile creator's screed," and the Philadelphia address on the Santiago tile.

=== Possible subjects ===
==== Arnold J. Toynbee's "The Idea" ====
According to letters written by the tiler, allegedly uncovered by Toynbee tile researchers in Philadelphia in 2006,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://resurrectdead.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=general&action=display&thread=92 |title=Resurrect Dead Message Board – Toynbees ideas – here they are, folks! |publisher=Resurrectdead.proboards.com |access-date=2010-10-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826024214/http://resurrectdead.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=general |archive-date=August 26, 2011 }}</ref>{{unreliable-source-inline|date=March 2015}} "Toynbee's idea" stems from a passage in Arnold Toynbee's book ''Experiences'':

{{quote|Human nature presents human minds with a puzzle which they have not yet solved and may never succeed in solving, for all that we can tell. The dichotomy of a human being into 'soul' and 'body' is not a datum of experience. No one has ever been, or ever met, a living human soul without a body... Someone who accepts—as I myself do, taking it on trust—the present-day scientific account of the Universe may find it impossible to believe that a living creature, once dead, can come to life again; but, if he did entertain this belief, he would be thinking more 'scientifically' if he thought in the Christian terms of a psychosomatic resurrection than if he thought in the shamanistic terms of a disembodied spirit.<ref>{{cite book|first=Arnold|last=Toynbee|title=Experiences|pages=[https://archive.org/details/experiences0000toyn/page/140 140–1]|url=https://archive.org/details/experiences0000toyn/|chapter=Religion: What I Believe and What I Disbelieve|year=1969|publisher=Oxford University Press|lccn=74-75754}}</ref>}}

==== Ray Bradbury's "The Toynbee Convector" ====
Another possible interpretation is that the Toynbee reference comes from the [[science fiction]] writer [[Ray Bradbury]]'s [[short story]] "[[The Toynbee Convector]]",<ref name=upi /> which alludes to Toynbee's idea that in order to survive, humankind must always rush to meet the future and believe in a better world, and must always aim far beyond what is practically possible, in order to achieve something barely within reach. Thus the message might be that humanity ought to strive to colonize [[Jupiter]]—as in Clarke's work—or something greater, to survive.

==== Arthur C. Clarke's "Jupiter V" ====
[[Arthur C. Clarke]]'s short story "[[Jupiter Five|Jupiter V]]" involves a space ship named the ''[[Arnold J. Toynbee|Arnold Toynbee]]'' on a mission to Jupiter. It contains many ideas and concepts Clarke would later reuse when writing ''2001''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weirdretro.org.uk/the-mystery-of-the-toynbee-tiles.html|title=World: The Mystery of the Toynbee Tiles|work=Weird Retro|access-date=July 19, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/AnthonyPerattPhysicsOfThePlasmaUniverse_201901/|title=Physics of the Plasma Universe|first=Anthony L.|last=Peratt|date=1992|publisher=Springer-Verlag|location=New York|isbn=0-387-97575-6|via=archive.org}}</ref>

==== David Mamet's "4 A.M." ====
Playwright [[David Mamet]] has spoken of his belief that the tiles are an homage to one of his plays, and has described it as "the weirdest thing that ever happened". In his 1983 work "4 A.M." (published in the collection ''Goldberg Street: Short Plays and Monologues'' in 1985), a radio host based on [[Larry King]] impatiently listens to a caller who contends that the movie ''2001'', based on the writings of Arnold Toynbee, speaks of the plan to reconstitute life on Jupiter. The radio show host quickly points out the factual errors in the caller's assertion and the logical fallacies of his plan.<ref name="mamet">{{cite news
| last = Epstein
| first = Daniel Robert
| title = David Mamet
| publisher = SuicideGirls.com
| date = 2007-12-02
| url=http://suicidegirls.com/interviews/David%20Mamet/
| access-date = 2007-02-13 }}</ref>

Researchers for the 2011 documentary ''Resurrect Dead: The Mystery of the Toynbee Tiles'' claim to have uncovered several pieces of evidence that predate Mamet's play, including a 1980 call by the tiler to Larry King's radio show.<ref name="resurrectdead">{{cite AV media | title=Resurrect Dead: The Mystery of the Toynbee Tiles | publisher=Land of Missing Parts Productions | date=2011| people=Foy, Jon (Director)| medium=Documentary}}</ref> They cite a 1983 article in ''The Philadelphia Inquirer'' which mentions a local man "contacting talk shows and newspapers to spread the message" about bringing the dead to life on Jupiter, as depicted in the film ''2001''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Deleon|first=Clark|title=Pennsylvania Curiosities: Quirky Characters, Roadside Oddities & Other Offbeat Stuff|date=2008|publisher=Morris Book Publishing, LLC|location=Guilford, Connecticut|isbn=978-0-7627-4588-3}}</ref>

== Creator ==
{{multiple image
|direction = vertical
|align=left
|width=125
|image1=Toynbee-1.jpg
|image2=Toynbee-2.jpg
|image3=Toynbee-3.jpg
|footer=Three tiles placed on the [[Avenue of the Arts (Philadelphia)|Avenue of the Arts]] section of [[Broad Street (Philadelphia)|Broad Street in Philadelphia]]. The tiles are made of linoleum cemented onto normal-sized paving bricks.
}}
In 1983, a man identifying himself as a social worker named James Morasco contacted talk shows and newspapers with his theory of colonizing Jupiter with the dead inhabitants of Earth, claiming to have come across the idea while reading a book by historian Arnold Toynbee.<ref name="deleon">{{cite news | url=http://www.kansascity.com/mld/kansascitystar/living/special_packages/starmagazine/6702715.htm | title=Theories: Wanna Run That One By Me Again? | newspaper=The Philadelphia Inquirer | date=8 March 1983 | access-date=20 March 2015 | last=DeLeon|first=Clark |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040405211334/http://www.kansascity.com/mld/kansascitystar/living/special_packages/starmagazine/6702715.htm|archive-date=5 April 2004}}</ref> In a conversation with ''[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]'', Morasco discussed how Toynbee's book contained a theory on bringing dead molecules back to life and that this was later depicted in the movie ''2001: A Space Odyssey''.<ref name="deleon" /> The caller had founded what the ''Inquirer'' called a "Jupiter colonization organization", known as the Minority Association.<ref name="deleon" />

In 1996, the ''[[Kansas City Star]]'' editor [[Doug Worgul]] discovered a "Toynbee Tile" at the corner of 13th and Grand in downtown Kansas City. Investigating the story seven years later, he found that the tile was still there, and he determined that the street had last been resurfaced in 1996. Comparing the tile to those in other cities, a local police detective felt that "clearly it was created by the same hand" and concluded that despite referring to a "movement", the creator was acting alone.<ref name="worgul">{{cite web | url=http://www.kansascity.com/mld/kansascitystar/living/special_packages/starmagazine/6693767.htm | title=A Space Oddity? Strange Kansas City marker part of world-wide mystery | work=Kansas City Star | date=6 September 2003 | access-date=20 March 2015 | last=Worgul|first=Doug |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040405064604/http://www.kansascity.com/mld/kansascitystar/living/special_packages/starmagazine/6693767.htm|archive-date=5 April 2004}}</ref>

In 2003, Worgul called the only James Morasco in the Philadelphia telephone book and was told by the man's wife that her husband had died in March that year, aged 88. When asked about the tiles, Morasco's widow said that her husband "didn't know anything about it."<ref name="worgul" /> Worgul doubted that this was the tile maker.<ref name="worgul" /> [[Action News Philadelphia]] spoke to the widow of a man named James Joseph Morasco and identified him as a Philadelphia carpenter who had died in 2003, aged 87. His wife did not recognise the tiles and said her husband had had no interest in Jupiter.<ref name="abclocal" /> If Morasco had died at either age in 2003, he would have been in his seventies when most of the tiles were laid.<ref name="abclocal" />

In the 2011 documentary ''[[Resurrect Dead: The Mystery of the Toynbee Tiles]]'', artist and Toynbee Tile enthusiast [[Justin Duerr]] said that he considered the tiles to be the work of a single person and attributed them to the reclusive Philadelphia resident Severino "Sevy" Verna.<ref name="duerr">{{cite AV media | title=Resurrect Dead: The Mystery of the Toynbee Tiles | people=Duerr, Justin}}</ref> Duerr believed Verna used the name "James Morasco" as an alias.<ref name="duerr" /> The streets surrounding Verna's residence were littered with small "proto-tiles" that Duerr believed were tests, and [[ham radio]] enthusiasts reported Verna might have broadcast a message via [[short wave radio]] about his theories.<ref name="duerr" /> Based on comments from Verna's neighbors about him driving a car without a passenger seat, Duerr suspected Verna placed the tiles through a hole in the floor of his car.

New tiles have been seen in Philadelphia since 2003. Between 2002 and 2007, many such tiles displayed a different font and styling than the older tiles and tended to leave out words that were found on the originals: "raise" is often substituted for "resurrect," and prepositions are frequently omitted. Beginning in 2007, tiles were discovered in Philadelphia that are quite similar to the original tiles, leading some to believe that everything has been the work of the same person throughout the life of the tile phenomenon. The font and message are the same as the old ones, and the subtext is a return to some of the older ideas as well. These tiles were glued with a thicker layer of asphalt glue or sealant than older ones.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}}

== Usage ==
=== Deployment ===
Toynbee-tile enthusiast [[Justin Duerr]] claims to have once found and examined a newly installed tile. This new tile was wrapped in [[tar paper]] and placed on a busy street early in the morning. From this find and other evidence, Duerr believes that the pressure exerted by cars driving over the tile for weeks on end pushes the tile into the road surface. Eventually, the tar paper wears away, exposing the message.

=== Destruction, conservation, and public acknowledgment ===
Tiles that are located in the middle of busy streets and highway on- and off-ramps tend to wear away quickly and also can become victims of resurfacing; smaller tiles and those located close to pedestrian crosswalks tend to be in better condition.

Hundreds of tiles have been destroyed during the course of regular road maintenance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://weirdus.com/states/pennsylvania/roadside_oddities/toynbee_tiles/index.php|title=Weird Pennsylvania|work=weirdus.com}}</ref> The city of [[Chicago]] has declared the tiles "vandalism" and removes any tiles that it finds, considering them to be "no different than graffiti."<ref name=upi />

A large tile complex, the tile maker's apparent rant against his enemies, was destroyed when Chestnut Street in Philadelphia was repaved.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rexht.com/sites/default/files/January2014.pdf|title=The Mysterious Toynbee Tiles|publisher=The Rex Files|access-date=July 19, 2015|date=January 2014}}</ref> One tile has been damaged and unreadable since 1996. It is located at the corners of Talcahuano and Santa Fé streets in [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]].

There is no public or private agency dedicated to conserving Toynbee tiles. Many tiles now exist only as photographs taken before their destruction. The tiles have enjoyed attention from American and European media outlets, including from ''[[The New York Times]]'', ''[[The Chicago Sun-Times]]'', ''[[Spiegel Online]]'', and [[NPR]]. In 2011, Philadelphia-based filmmakers [[Justin Duerr]], Jon Foy, Colin Smith, and Steve Weinik released ''Resurrect Dead: The Mystery of the Toynbee Tiles'', an independent [[documentary film]] about the tiles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.resurrectdead.com |title=Resurrect Dead |publisher=Resurrect Dead |access-date=2011-03-16}}</ref> The film was selected for the 2011 [[Sundance Film Festival]] in the U.S. Documentary category, and Foy won the category's Directing Award.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sundance.org/festival/article/2011-competition-film-announcement/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203120752/http://www.sundance.org/festival/article/2011-competition-film-announcement/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-12-03 |title=2011 Sundance Film Festival Announces Films in Competition|website=Sundance Film Festival |publisher=Sundance.org |date=2010-12-01 |access-date=2011-03-16 }}</ref>

{{As of|October 2015}}, the Streets Department of Philadelphia recognizes Toynbee Tiles as street art, and "will save one or two of the Toynbee Tiles only if there is a fast and affordable method for removing them."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Saksa|first1=Jim|url=http://www.philly.com/philly/news/As_Toynbee_Tiles_dwindle_Streets_Department_surfaces_as_a_hope_for_preservation.html |title=As Toynbee Tiles dwindle, Streets Department surfaces as unlikely hope for preservation |publisher=philly.com |date=2015-10-02 |access-date=2015-10-03}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Culture jamming]]
* [[Graffiti]]
* [[Sticker art]]
* [[Schuylkill notes]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* [https://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/99/04/biztech/articles/25onli.html "An Asphalt Mystery Examined"], April 25, 1999, ''The New York Times''
* [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6112129 'Toynbee Tiles' Mystery Resurrected in Philly], September 23, 2006, NPR Weekend Edition
* [http://kansascityspaceoddity.blogspot.com/ "Space Oddity"], ''[[Kansas City Star]]'', September 6, 2003
* [https://archive.today/20130119163144/http://convozine.com/1883-inside-the-hotdog-fa/c/5905 Complete text of ''4 A.M.'' by David Mamet]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090707000926/http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/news/stories.nsf/stlouiscitycounty/story/5510FD71BC8928BE862575E90007D1AC?OpenDocument "Mystery tiles in St. Louis covered in asphalt"], July 4, 2009, the [[St. Louis Post-Dispatch]] (via stltoday.com)
* [http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/cotidiano/801119-placa-misteriosa-e-cravada-no-asfalto-da-avenida-paulista.shtml 2010 Folha.com article]
* [http://einestages.spiegel.de/s/tb/25242/toynbee-kacheln-musiker-sucht-nach-phaenomen-von-philadelphia.html Spiegel Online (SPON) article about the Toynbee Tiles (German)]

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.toynbeeidea.com/ Toynbee Tile Map] Interactive and searchable map of all known Toynbee tiles. Released April 2014.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070501110310/http://www.toynbee.net/ Master site for Toynbee tiles] (archived on [[Digital time capsule|Wayback Machine]]), includes list of all known tiles, by city, as of 2003
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030810131049/http://www.tiagoteixeira.com.br/toynbee/ Archived copy of the site about the Brazilian tiles]
* {{Flickr-inline|toynbee}}
* {{cite web|url=http://resurrectdead.proboards59.com/index.cgi |title=Home |website=Resurrect Dead Message Board |access-date=2010-10-11}} - deadlink, also connected to http://resurrectdead.proboards.com/ which is also dead

[[Category:20th-century inscriptions]]
[[Category:Culture of Philadelphia]]
[[Category:Graffiti and unauthorised signage]]
[[Category:Inscriptions of disputed origin]]
[[Category:Outsider art]]
[[Category:Space Odyssey]]
[[Category:Street art]]