View source for Tomáš Masaryk

{{Short description|Founding father  of Czechoslovakia (1850–1937)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| birth_name          = Tomáš Masaryk
| image               = Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk 1925.PNG
| caption             = Masaryk in 1925
| office              = [[President of Czechoslovakia]]
| term_start          = 14 November 1918
| term_end            = 14 December 1935
| predecessor         = ''Office established''
| successor           = [[Edvard Beneš]]
| primeminister       = {{ubl|[[Karel Kramář]]|[[Vlastimil Tusar]]|[[Jan Černý]]|Edvard Beneš|[[Antonín Švehla]]|[[František Udržal]]|[[Jan Malypetr]]|[[Milan Hodža]]}}
| office1             = Member of the [[House of Deputies (Austria)|House of Deputies]]
| term_start1         = 17 June 1907
| term_end1           = 25 September 1917
| constituency1       = [[Margraviate of Moravia|Moravia]]
| term_start2         = 9 April 1891
| term_end2           = 25 September 1893
| constituency2       = [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]]
| birth_date          = {{Birth date|df=yes|1850|3|7}}
| birth_place         = [[Hodonín]], Moravia, [[Austrian&nbsp;Empire]]
| death_date          = {{death date and age|df=yes|1937|9|14|1850|3|7}}
| death_place         = [[Lány (Kladno District)|Lány]], [[First Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovakia]]
| spouse              = {{marriage|[[Charlotte Garrigue]]|15 March 1878|13 May 1923|end=died}}
| children            = 5, including [[Alice Masaryková|Alice]], [[Herbert Masaryk|Herbert]], [[Jan Masaryk|Jan]] and {{ill|v=ib|Olga Masaryková|lt=Olga|cs}}
| party               = {{ubl|[[Young Czech Party|Young Czech]] (1890–1893)|[[Czech Progressive Party]] (1900–1918)}}
| profession          = Philosopher
| education           = [[University of Vienna]] (PhD, 1876; [[Habilitation|Dr. habil.]], 1879)
| signature           = T. G. Masaryk Signature.svg
}}

'''Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|æ|s|ə|r|ɪ|k}};<ref>{{Cite Dictionary.com|Masaryk}}</ref> {{IPA|cs|ˈtomaːʒ ˈɡarɪk ˈmasarɪk|lang}}}} (7&nbsp;March 1850{{snd}}14&nbsp;September 1937) was a [[Czechoslovaks|Czechoslovak]] statesman, political activist and philosopher who served as the first [[List of presidents of Czechoslovakia|president of Czechoslovakia]] from 1918 to 1935. He is regarded as the [[Father of the Nation|founding father]] of [[Czechoslovakia]].

Born in [[Hodonín]], Moravia (then part of the [[Austrian Empire]]), Masaryk obtained a doctorate at the [[University of Vienna]] and was a professor of philosophy at the [[Charles University|Czech Charles-Ferdinand University]]. He began his political career as a deputy of the Austrian ''[[Imperial Council (Austria)|Reichsrat]]'', serving from 1891 to 1893 and from 1907 to 1914. He was an advocate of restructuring the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian Empire]] into a [[federal state]], but by the outbreak of the [[First World War]], he had become a supporter of Czech and Slovak independence. He went into exile, and travelled around Europe to organise and promote the Czechoslovak cause. He played a pivotal role in the establishment of the [[Czechoslovak Legion]], which fought against the [[Central Powers]] during the war. In 1918, Masaryk, along with his protégés [[Edvard Beneš]] and [[Milan Rastislav Štefánik]], travelled to the United States to obtain support from President [[Woodrow Wilson]] and Secretary of State [[Robert Lansing]]. Their negotiations resulted in the [[Czechoslovak declaration of independence|Washington Declaration]], which proclaimed the independence of a Czechoslovak state.

With the fall of Austria-Hungary in late 1918, the [[First Czechoslovak Republic]] received recognition from the [[Allies of World War I|Allied powers]] and Masaryk was recognised as head of its provisional government. He was formally elected president in November, and was reelected three times subsequently. Masaryk presided over a period of stability as Czechoslovakia emerged as a strong democratic state. He resigned from office in 1935 due to old age, and was succeeded by Beneš. He retired to the village of [[Lány (Kladno District)|Lány]] and [[Death and state funeral of Tomáš Masaryk|died two years later]] at the age of 87.

==Early life==
Masaryk was born to a poor, working-class family in the predominantly Catholic city of [[Hodonín]], Margraviate of Moravia, in [[Moravian Slovakia]] (in the present-day [[Czech Republic]], then part of the [[Austrian Empire]]). The nearby [[Slovakia|Slovak]] village of [[Kopčany]], the home of his father Jozef, also claims to be his birthplace.<ref>Michaláč, Jozef 2007 T.G. Masaryk a kopčianska legenda. Kde sa v skutočnosti narodil náš prvý prezident? Bratislava: Nestor.</ref> Masaryk grew up in the village of [[Čejkovice (Hodonín District)|Čejkovice]], in [[South Moravian Region|South Moravia]], before moving to [[Brno]] to study.<ref name=capek>Čapek, Karel. 1995 [1935–1938]. ''Talks with T.G. Masaryk'', tr. Michael Henry Heim. North Haven, CT: Catbird Press, p. 77.</ref>

His father, Jozef Masárik, was Slovak, born in [[Kopčany]], Slovakia. Masárik was a carter and, later, the steward and coachman at the imperial estate in the nearby town of Hodonín. Tomáš's mother, Teresie Masaryková (née Kropáčková), was a [[Moravians|Moravian]] who received a German education. A cook at the estate, she met Masárik and they married on 15 August 1849.

==Education==
After grammar school in [[Brno]] and [[Vienna]] from 1865<ref>{{Cite web |last=Macalkova |first=Marta |last2=Smutný |first2=Radek |date=2019-11-19 |title=Brno - Studium na gymnáziu, návštěvy města |url=http://tg-masaryk.cz/mapa/index.jsp?id=43&misto=Studium-na-gymnaziu,-navstevy-mesta |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109215929/http://tg-masaryk.cz/mapa/index.jsp?id=43&misto=Studium-na-gymnaziu,-navstevy-mesta |archive-date=2019-11-09 |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=tg-masaryk.cz |publisher=Akademie věd ČR}}</ref> to 1872, Masaryk attended the [[University of Vienna]] and was a student of [[Franz Brentano]].<ref name=routledge>Zumr, Joseph. 1998. "Masaryk, Tomáš Garrigue (1850–1937)". pp. 165–66 in the ''Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', ed. Edward Craig. London: Routledge.</ref> He received his Ph.D. from the university in 1876 and completed his [[habilitation]] thesis, ''Der Selbstmord als soziale Massenerscheinung der modernen Civilisation'' (''Suicide as a Social Mass Phenomenon of Modern Civilization''), there in 1879.<ref name=routledge /> From 1876 to 1879, Masaryk studied in [[Leipzig]] with [[Wilhelm Wundt]] and [[Edmund Husserl]].<ref>Čapek, Karel. 1995 [1935–1938]. Talks with T.G. Masaryk, tr. [[Michael Henry Heim]]. North Haven, CT: Catbird Press, p. 33</ref> He married [[Charlotte Garrigue]], whom he had met while a student in Leipzig, on 15 March 1878. They lived in Vienna until 1881, when they moved to [[Prague]].

Masaryk was appointed professor of philosophy at the Czech Charles-Ferdinand University, [[Charles University#Split into Czech and German universities|the Czech-language part]] of [[Charles University]], in 1882. He founded ''[[Athenaeum (Czech magazine)|Athenaeum]]'', a magazine devoted to Czech culture and science, the following year.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lepka |first=Karel |date=2015 |title=Mathematics in T. G. Masaryk journal Athenaeum |location=Copenhagen |publisher=Danish school of education |pages=749–59 |isbn=978-87-7684-737-1}}</ref> ''Athenaeum'', edited by Jan Otto, was first published on 15 October 1883.

Masaryk's students included [[Edvard Beneš]] and Emanuel Chalupny.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Skola |first=J. |date=1922 |title=Czech Sociology |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2764647 |journal=American Journal of Sociology |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=76–78 |doi=10.1086/213427 |jstor=2764647 |issn=0002-9602|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
[[File:Alte universitaet cossa.jpg|thumb|[[Portico]] of the [[University of Vienna]]'s [[w:de:Neue Aula (Wien)|New Aula]], where Masaryk studied philosophy.|225px]]
Masaryk challenged the validity of the epic poems ''[[Manuscripts of Dvůr Králové and Zelená Hora|Rukopisy královedvorský a zelenohorský]]'', supposedly dating to the early [[Middle Ages]] and presenting a false, nationalistic Czech [[chauvinism]] to which he was strongly opposed. He also contested the Jewish [[blood libel]] during the 1899 [[Hilsner Affair|Hilsner trial]].<ref>Wein, Martin. 2015. History of the Jews in the Bohemian Lands. Leiden: Brill, pp. 40-43, including Hilsner's biography [https://books.google.com/books?id=wai8CgAAQBAJ&q=brill+wein+bohemian+lands Table of Contents]</ref>

Masaryk was greatly influenced by the 19th-century cult of science.{{sfn|Orzoff|2009|p=30}} The 19th century was an age of tremendous scientific and technological advances, and as such scientists enjoyed immense prestige. Masaryk believed that social problems and political conflicts were the results of ignorance, and that provided that one undertook a proper "scientific" approach to studying the underlying causes it would be possible to devise the correct solutions.{{sfn|Orzoff|2009|p=30}} As such, Masaryk saw his role as an educator who would enlighten the public from its ignorance and apathy.{{sfn|Orzoff|2009|p=30}}

==Politician==
Masaryk served in the [[Imperial Council (Austria)|Reichsrat]] from 1891 to 1893 with the [[Young Czech Party]] and from 1907 to 1914 in the [[Czech Progressive Party]], which he had founded in 1900. At that time, he was not yet campaigning for Czech and Slovak independence from Austria-Hungary. Masaryk helped [[Hinko Hinković]] defend the [[Croat-Serb Coalition]] during their 1909 Vienna [[political trial]]; its members were sentenced to a total of over 150 years in prison, with a number of death sentences.

When [[World War I]] broke out in 1914, Masaryk concluded that the best course was to seek independence for Czechs and Slovaks from Austria-Hungary. He went into exile in December 1914 with his daughter, Olga, staying in several places in Western Europe, the [[Russian Empire]], the [[United States]] and [[Japan]]. Masaryk began organizing Czechs and Slovaks outside Austria-Hungary during his exile, establishing contacts which would be crucial to Czechoslovak independence. He delivered lectures and wrote several articles and memoranda supporting the Czechoslovak cause. Masaryk was pivotal in establishing the [[Czechoslovak Legion]] in Russia as an effective fighting force on the Allied side during World War I, when he held a Serbian passport.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.novosti.rs/%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8/%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0/%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5.409.html:494171-Srbija-nekada-mamila-kao-Amerika|title=Србија некада мамила као Америка|website=www.novosti.rs}}</ref> In 1915 he was one of the first staff members of the [[School of Slavonic and East European Studies]] (now part of [[University College London]]), where the student society and senior common room are named after him. Masaryk became professor of Slavic Research at [[King's College London]], lecturing on the problem of small nations. In January 1917, supported by [[Norman Hapgood]], T. G. Masaryk wrote the first memorandum to president [[Woodrow Wilson|Wilson]], concerning the need for the creation of an independent Czechoslovak state.<ref>{{cite book |last=Preclík|first=Vratislav|title=Masaryk a legie|pages=12–70, 101–102, 124–125, 128–129, 132, 140–148, 184–190|publisher=Paris Karviná in association with the Masaryk Democratic Movement, Prague|year=2019|language=cs|isbn=978-80-87173-47-3}}</ref>

During World War I and afterwards, Masaryk supported the unification of the [[Kingdom of Serbia]] with the [[Kingdom of Montenegro]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sistek|first=Frantisek|title=Czech-Montenegrin Relations, In: Ladislav Hladký et al., Czech Relations with the Nations and Countries of Southeastern Europe, Zagreb: Srednja Evropa 2019|date=January 2019|url=https://www.academia.edu/41731034|language=en}}</ref>

Masaryk championed [[Feminism|feminist]] causes, being influenced by his wife [[Charlotte Garrigue]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mujrozhlas.cz/their-own-words/feminist-legacy-charlotte-and-tomas-garrigue-masaryk | title=The feminist legacy of Charlotte and Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk • mujRozhlas | date=30 August 2021 }}</ref> Masaryk's progressive ideas strongly influenced the [[Czechoslovak Declaration of Independence|Washington Declaration]] of Czechoslovak Independence.

==<span class="anchor" id="Creation of Czechoslovak Legion"></span>Czechoslovak Legion and US visit==
[[File:Hustopece 20210903 143544 TGM.jpg|thumb|[[Hustopeče]]: Grave of parents of Masaryk]]
[[File:Masaryk Štefánik Beneš.jpeg|thumb|right|[[Triumvirate#Czechoslovakia|Triumvirate]] of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, [[Milan Rastislav Štefánik]], and [[Edvard Beneš]].]]

On 5 August 1914, the Russian High Command authorized the formation of a battalion recruited from Czechs and Slovaks in Russia. The unit went to the front in October 1914 and was attached to the Russian Third Army.

From its start, Masaryk wanted to develop the legion from a battalion to a formidable military formation. To do so, however, he realized that he would need to recruit Czech and Slovak prisoners of war (POWs) in Russian camps. In late 1914, Russian military authorities permitted the legion to enlist Czech and Slovak POWs from the Austro-Hungarian army; the order was rescinded in a few weeks, however, because of opposition from other areas of the Russian government. Despite continuing efforts to persuade the Russian authorities to change their minds, the Czechs and Slovaks were officially barred from recruiting POWs until the summer of 1917.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}} Under these conditions, the Czechoslovak armed unit in Russia grew slowly from 1914 to 1917. Masaryk preferred to concentrate on elites rather than public opinion.{{sfn|Orzoff|2009|p=44}} On 19 October 1915, Masaryk gave the inaugural address at the newly opened School of Slavonic Studies at [[King's College London]] on "The Problem of Small Nations in the European Crisis", arguing that on both moral and practical grounds that the United Kingdom should support the independence efforts of "small" nations such as the Czechs.{{sfn|Orzoff|2009|p=44}} Shortly afterwards, Masaryk crossed the English Channel to go to Paris, where he delivered a speech in French at the ''Institut d'études slaves'' of the Sorbonne on "Les Slaves parmi les nations" ("The Slavs Among the Nations"), receiving what was described as a "vigorous applause".{{sfn|Orzoff|2009|p=44}}

During the war, Masaryk's intelligence network of Czech revolutionaries provided critical intelligence to the allies. His European network worked with an American counterespionage network of nearly 80 members, headed by [[Emanuel Viktor Voska]] (including [[George Washington Williams (naval officer)|G. W. Williams]]). Voska and his network, who (as [[Habsburg]] subjects) were presumed to be German supporters, spied on German and Austrian diplomats. Among other achievements, the intelligence from these networks was critical in uncovering the [[Hindu–German Conspiracy]] in [[San Francisco]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=237}}</ref><ref name=Masaryk50>{{Harvnb|Masaryk|1970|pp=50, 221, 242}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Voska|Irwin|1940|pp=98, 108, 120, 122–23}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Bose|1971|p=233}}</ref> Masaryk began teaching at London University in October 1915. He published "Racial Problems in Hungary", with ideas about Czechoslovak independence. In 1916, Masaryk went to [[France]] to convince the French government of the necessity of dismantling Austria-Hungary. He consulted with his friend professor [[Pavel Miliukov]], a leading Russian historian and one of the leaders of the Kadet Party, to introduce him to various members of Russian high society.{{sfn|Orzoff|2009|p=44}}

In early 1916, the Czechs and Slovaks in Russian service were reorganized as the First Czecho-Slovak Rifle Regiment.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}} In a rare attempt to influence public opinion, Masaryk opened up an office on Piccadilly Circus in London whose exterior was covered with pro-Czechoslovak slogans and maps with the intention of attracting the interest of those walking by.{{sfn|Orzoff|2009|p=44}} One of Masaryk's most important British friends was the journalist [[Wickham Steed]] who wrote articles in the newspapers urging British support for Czechoslovakia.{{sfn|Orzoff|2009|p=41}} Another important British contract for Masaryk was the historian [[Robert Seton-Watson]], who also wrote widely in the British press urging British support for the "submerged" nations of the Austrian empire.{{sfn|Orzoff|2009|p=43}} After the 1917 [[February Revolution]] he proceeded to Russia to help organize the [[Czechoslovak Legion]], a group dedicated to Slavic resistance to the Austrians. Miliukov became the new Russian foreign minister in the Provisional government, and proved very sympathetic towards the idea of creating Czechoslovakia. After the Czechoslovak troops' performance in July 1917 at the [[Battle of Zborov (1917)|Battle of Zborov]] (when they overran Austrian trenches), the Russian provisional government granted Masaryk and the Czechoslovak National Council permission to recruit and mobilize Czech and Slovak volunteers from the POW camps. Later that summer a fourth regiment was added to the brigade, which was renamed the First Division of the Czechoslovak Corps in Russia (Československý sbor na Rusi, also known as the Czechoslovak Legion – Československá legie). A second division of four regiments was added to the legion in October 1917, raising its strength to about 40,000 by 1918.

Masaryk formed a good connection with Russian supreme commanders, [[Mikhail Alekseyev]], [[Aleksei Brusilov]], [[Nikolay Dukhonin]] and [[Mikhail Diterikhs]], in [[Mogilev]], from May 1917.

Masaryk travelled to the United States in 1918, where he convinced President [[Woodrow Wilson]] of the righteousness of his cause. On 5&nbsp;May 1918, over 150,000 [[Chicago]]ans filled the streets to welcome him; Chicago was the centre of Czechoslovak immigration to the United States, and the city's reception echoed his earlier visits to the city and his visiting professorship at the [[University of Chicago]] in 1902 (Masaryk had lectured at the university in 1902 and 1907). He also had strong links to the United States, with his marriage to an American citizen and his friendship with Chicago industrialist [[Charles R. Crane]], who had Masaryk invited to the University of Chicago and introduced to the highest political circles, including Wilson. Besides Wilson and the secretary of the state [[Robert Lansing]] this was [[Ray Stannard Baker]], W. Phillips, Polk, Long, Lane, D. F. Houston, [[Sir William Wiseman, 10th Baronet|William Wiseman]], [[Harry Pratt Judson]] and the French ambassador [[Jean Jules Jusserand]]. It also included [[Bernard Baruch]], Vance McCormick, [[Edward N. Hurley]], Samuel M. Vauclain and [[Colonel House]]. At the Chicago meeting on 8 October 1918, Chicago industrialist [[Samuel Insull]] introduced him as the president of the future Czechoslovak Republic de facto and mentioned his legions.<ref>{{cite book |last=Preclík|first=Vratislav|title=Masaryk a legie|pages=87–89, 124–128, 140–148, 184–190|publisher=Paris Karviná in association with the Masaryk Democratic Movement, Prague|year=2019|language=cs|isbn=978-80-87173-47-3}}</ref> On 18 October 1918 he submitted to president Wilson the "Washington Declaration" ([[Czechoslovak declaration of independence]]) created with the help of his American friends ([[Louis Brandeis]], Ira Bennett, [[Gutzon Borglum]], [[Franklin K. Lane]], Edward House, [[Herbert Adolphus Miller]], [[Charles W. Nichols]], [[Robert M. Calfee]], [[Frank E. J. Warrick]], [[George W. Stearn]] and Czech [[Jaroslav Císař]]) as the basic document for the foundation of a new independent Czechoslovak state. Speaking on 26 October 1918 as head of the [[Mid-European Union]] in Philadelphia, Masaryk called for the independence of Czechoslovaks and the other oppressed peoples of central Europe.

Masaryk's book ''{{ill|Světová revoluce|cs}}'' was paradigmatic of central European thought as he identified the Western powers as the "bearers of higher humanitarian principles and democracy" without regard to non-European peoples enduring colonialism or [[segregation in the United States]]. Czech historian {{ill|Pavel Barša|cs}} writes that "he implicitly identified humanity with the peoples of European stock".<ref>[https://cjir.iir.cz/index.php/cjir/article/view/1717/1568 Book Forum on Hans Kundnani's Eurowhiteness: Culture, Empire and Race in the European Project]</ref>

Masaryk believed that [[Jews controlled the press]] and helped the nascent state of [[Czechoslovakia]] during its struggle for independence. Czech historian [[Jan Láníček]] comments that "The great philosopher and humanist Masaryk was still using the same anti-Semitic trope found at the bottom of all anti-Jewish accusations."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Láníček |first1=Jan|author-link=Jan Lanicek |title=Czechs, Slovaks and the Jews, 1938–48: Beyond Idealisation and Condemnation |date=2013 |publisher=[[Springer (publisher)|Springer]] |location=New York |isbn=978-1-137-31747-6 |language=en|title-link=Czechs, Slovaks and the Jews, 1938–48: Beyond Idealisation and Condemnation |pages=4, 10|quote=Later on, Masaryk repeated the same story, only instead of using ‘partly managed’ he used the phrase ‘a great influence on newspapers in all the Allied countries'. The great philosopher and humanist Masaryk was still using the same anti-Semitic trope found at the bottom of all anti-Jewish accusations.}}</ref>

==Leader of Czechoslovakia==
{{Expand section|small=no|date=June 2012}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2019}}
[[File:TGM Tabor 21.12.1918 3462a.jpg|thumb|alt=A serious-looking Masaryk and his daughter getting off a train, surrounded by people|Masaryk and his daughter, Olga, returning from exile on 21 December 1918]]
[[File:Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk 1919.png|Portrait of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, 1919.|thumb]]
[[File:Masaryk Beth Alfa1.jpg|thumb|Visiting [[kibbutz]] [[Beit Alfa]], [[Mandatory Palestine]], 1924]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-13623, Tomá- Garrigue Masaryk.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Masaryk, seated with his legs crossed and saluting the photographer|Masaryk at Prague Old Town Square in 1932]]

With the fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918, the Allies recognized Masaryk as head of the {{ill|Provisional Czechoslovak government|cs|Prozatímní česko-slovenská vláda|lt=provisional Czechoslovak government}}. On 14 November of that year, he was [[1918 Czechoslovak presidential election|elected]] [[List of presidents of Czechoslovakia|president of Czechoslovakia]] by the National Assembly in Prague while he was in New York. On 22 December, Masaryk publicly denounced the Germans in Czechoslovakia as settlers and colonists.{{sfn|Orzoff|2009|p=140}}

Masaryk was re-elected three times: in May [[1920 Czechoslovak presidential election|1920]], [[1927 Czechoslovak presidential election|1927]], and [[1934 Czechoslovak presidential election|1934]]. Normally, a president was limited to two consecutive terms by the [[Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920|1920 constitution]], but a one-time provision allowed the first president–Masaryk–to run for an unlimited number of terms.

On paper, Masaryk had a somewhat limited role; the framers of the constitution intended to create a parliamentary system in which the [[Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia|prime minister]] and cabinet held actual power. However, a complex system of [[proportional representation]] made it all but impossible for one party to win a majority. Usually, ten or more parties received the 2.6 per cent of votes needed for seats in the National Assembly. With so many parties represented, no party even approached the 151 seats needed for a majority; indeed, no party ever won more than 25 per cent of the vote. These factors resulted in frequent changes of government; Masaryk's tenure saw ten cabinets headed by nine statesmen. Under the circumstances, Masaryk's presence gave Czechoslovakia a large measure of stability. This stability, combined with his domestic and international prestige, gave Masaryk's presidency more power and influence than the framers of the constitution intended.

He used his authority in Czechoslovakia to create the [[Hrad (politics)|Hrad]] (the Castle), an extensive, informal political network. Under Masaryk's watch, Czechoslovakia became the strongest democracy in Central Europe. Masaryk's status as a Protestant leading a mainly Catholic nation led to criticism, as did his promotion of the 15th-century proto-Protestant [[Jan Hus]] as a symbol of Czech nationalism.{{sfn|Orzoff|2009|p=123}}

There were founded "The Masaryk Academy of Labour", for the scientific study of scientific management too, with the Masaryk's supporting in [[Prague]] in [[1918]] and Masaryk University in [[Brno]].<ref>Preclík, Vratislav: K stému výročí vzniku Masarykovy akademie práce (One hundred years of the Masaryk Academy of Labour), in Strojař (The Machinist): Journal of MA, časopis Masarykovy akademie práce, January–June 2020, year XXIX., issue 1, 2., ISSN 1213-0591, registrace Ministerstva kultury ČR E13559, pp. 2–20</ref>

Masaryk visited France, Belgium, England, Egypt and the [[Mandatory Palestine|Mandate for Palestine]] in 1923 and 1927. With [[Herbert Hoover]], he sponsored the first Prague International Management Congress, a July 1924 gathering of 120 global labour experts (of which 60 were from the [[United States]]), organized with Masaryk Academy of Labour.<ref>Proceedings from 1.PIMCO "Encyclopedy of Performance", 2500 pages (3 volumes "Man", "Production", "Business") Masaryk Academy of Labour, Prague 1924 - 1926</ref> After the rise of [[Adolf Hitler]], Masaryk was one of the first political figures in Europe to voice concern. 

Masaryk resigned from office on 14 December 1935, because of old age and poor health, and was succeeded by [[Edvard Beneš]].

==Death and legacy==
{{main|Death and state funeral of Tomáš Masaryk}}

Masaryk died less than two years after leaving office, at the age of 87, in [[Lány (Kladno District)|Lány]] on 14 September 1937. He was buried next to his wife in a plot at Lány cemetery, where later the remains of [[Jan Masaryk]] and [[Alice Masaryková]] were laid to rest.

Masaryk did not live to see the [[Munich Agreement]] or the Nazi occupation of his country, and was known as the Grand (Great) Old Man of Europe.

{| style="margin:auto"
| [[File:Hrob TGM v Lánech - 2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Grave of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk and his family in [[Lány (Kladno District)|Lány]] cemetery]]
| [[File:Statue of Masaryk in Prague, Apr 2012.jpeg|thumb|upright=1.1|alt=Urban statue of Masaryk|[[Statue of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, Prague|Statue]] of Masaryk in Prague]]
| 
|}

===Intellectual legacy===
Masaryk's unique combination of intellectual and political authority has made him a figure of interest to sociology and philosophy, especially within Czechoslovakia, where his significance has been analysed in depth by philosophers such as [[Jan Patočka]] (1991 monograph), [[Milan Machovec]] (1968 monograph) and others.

===Commemorations===

As the [[Father of the Nation|founding father]] of Czechoslovakia, Masaryk remains revered by Czechs and Slovaks.

[[Masaryk University]] in [[Brno]], founded in 1919 as Czechoslovakia's second university, was named after him when it was founded; after 30 years as Univerzita [[Jan Evangelista Purkyně|Jana Evangelisty Purkyně]] v Brně, it was renamed for Masaryk in 1990.

Commemorations of Masaryk have been held annually in the Lány cemetery on his birthday and day of death (7 March and 14 September) since 1989.

The Czechoslovak, now Czech [[Order of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk]], established in 1990, is an [[order (distinction)|honour]] awarded to individuals who have made outstanding contributions to humanity, democracy and human rights.

He is commemorated by a number of statues, busts, plaques, coins and postage stamps. Although most are in or of the Czech Republic and [[Slovakia]], Masaryk has a [[Statue of Tomas Masaryk (Washington, D.C.)|statue]] on [[Embassy Row]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], and in the [[Midway Plaisance]] park in [[Chicago]] and is memorialized in [[San Francisco]]'s Golden Gate Park [[rose garden]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artandarchitecture-sf.com/thomas-garriue-masaryk.html|title = Thomas Garriue Masaryk – Public Art and Architecture from Around the World}}</ref> A plaque with a portrait of Masaryk is on the wall of a hotel in Rakhiv, [[Ukraine]], where he reportedly resided from 1917 to 1918, and a bust was erected in 2002 on Zakhysnykiv Ukrainy Square (former Druzhby Narodiv Square) in [[Uzhhorod]], Ukraine.

[[Avenida Presidente Masaryk]] (President Masaryk Avenue) is a main thoroughfare in the exclusive [[Polanco]] neighbourhood of [[Mexico City]]. In 1999 the city of [[Prague]] donated a statue<ref>http://www.mzv.cz/public/60/43/b3/1

44368_14893_odhaleni.jpg Photo of the unveiling by the President of the City Government Rosario Robles and the Lord Mayor of the City of Prague Jan Kasl</ref> of Masaryk to Mexico City, one of the two originals made when the statue for the [[Prague Castle]] was being prepared for the 150th anniversary of his birth.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.prague.eu/en/object/places/1866/statue-of-tomas-garrigue-masaryk/ |title=Statue of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk  |website=Prague.eu The Official Tourist Website for Prague |access-date=2022-06-17}}</ref>

The community of [[Masaryktown, Florida]], founded by Slovaks and Czechs, is named after him.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=H6xaAAAAIBAJ&pg=5126%2C1819266 | title=Into center of state | work=St. Petersburg Times | date=Mar 23, 1952 | access-date=1 November 2015 | author=Blackstone, Lillian | page=19}}</ref>

[[File:Tomas Garrigue Masaryk, 4c & 8c, 1960 issues.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.5|In 1960 the U.S. government issued two postage stamps in honor of Tomáš Masaryk -- part of the Champion of Liberty postage issues]]

In Israel, Masaryk is considered an important figure and a national friend. A village was named after him - [[Kfar Masaryk|Kibbutz Kfar Masaryk]] near Haifa, which was largely founded by Jewish immigrants from Czechoslovakia. One of the main squares in [[Tel Aviv]] is [[Masaryk Square]] (he had visited the city in 1927). In [[Haifa]], one of the junctions in the city was named after him as well. Many cities in Israel named streets after his name, including [[Jerusalem]], [[Petach Tikva]], [[Netanya]], [[Nahariya]] and others.<ref>Martin Wein, A History of Czechs and Jews: A Slavic Jerusalem. London: Routledge, 2015, specifically pp. 50-63 [https://books.google.com/books?id=0bugBgAAQBAJ&q=wein+slavic+jerusalem]</ref> A Masaryk forest was planted in the Western Galilee.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kkl-jnf.org/about-kkl-jnf/green-israel-news/february-2019/kkl-czech-republic-michael-pakowski-birthday/|title=KKL Czech Presidents' Birthday}}</ref>

Streets in [[Zagreb]], [[Belgrade]], [[Dubrovnik]], [[Daruvar]], [[Varaždin]], [[Novi Sad]], [[Smederevo]], [[Zenica]] and [[Split, Croatia|Split]] are named Masarykova ulica, and a main thoroughfare in [[Ljubljana]] is named after Masaryk. Streets named Thomas Masaryk can be found in Geneva<ref>Plan of the City Center, Genf 2000 (Thomas Masaryk Chemin)</ref> and [[Bucharest]].{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

Asteroid [[1841 Masaryk]], discovered by [[Luboš Kohoutek]], is named after him.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=(1841) Masaryk |title= Dictionary of Minor Planet Names |page=147 |publisher= Springer |date=2003 |isbn=978-3-540-29925-7 |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_1842 }}</ref>
{{clear}}

Masaryk is pictured in [[Faith No More]]’s ''[[Album of the Year (Faith No More album)|Album of the Year]]'' album cover.

==Honours and awards==
{{main|List of awards and honours received by Tomáš Masaryk}}

He received awards and decorations before and after World War I.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Acović|first=Dragomir|title=Slava i čast: Odlikovanja među Srbima, Srbi među odlikovanjima|year=2012|location=Belgrade|publisher=Službeni Glasnik|pages=369}}</ref><ref name="vyzn">{{cite web|url=http://www.vyznamenani.net/?p=1551 |title=Řády a vyznamenání prezidentů republiky |language=cs |publisher=vyznamenani.net |date=18 December 2012|access-date=24 May 2021}}</ref>

===National honours===
* {{flagu|Austria-Hungary}}: Jubilee Military Medal (1898)
* {{flagu|Austria-Hungary}}: Military Jubilee Cross (1908)
* {{flagu|Czechoslovakia}}: [[Czechoslovak War Cross 1918]] (1919)
* {{flagu|Czechoslovakia}}: Czechoslovak Revolutionary Medal (1919)
* {{flagu|Czechoslovakia}}: [[Order of the Falcon (Czechoslovakia)|Order of the Falcon]] (1919)
* {{flagu|Czechoslovakia}}: Czechoslovak Victory Medal (1922)

===Foreign honours===
* {{flagu|Kingdom of Yugoslavia}}: [[Order of Karađorđe's Star]] (1920)
* {{flagu|France}}: [[Legion of Honour|Légion d'honneur]] (1921)
* {{flagu|Kingdom of Italy}}: [[Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]] (1921)
* {{flagu|Tunisia}}: [[Order of Glory (Tunisia)|Order of Glory]] (1923)
* {{flagu|United Kingdom}}: [[Order of St Michael and St George]] (1923)
* {{flagu|Belgium}}: [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Order of Leopold]] (1923)
* {{flagu|Spain|1874}}: [[Order of Charles III]] (1924)
* {{flagu|Denmark}}: [[Order of the Elephant]] (1925)
* {{flagu|Poland|1919}}: [[Order of the White Eagle (Poland)|Order of the White Eagle]] (1925)
* {{flagu|Austria}}: [[Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria]] (1926)
* {{flagu|Kingdom of Romania}}: [[Order of Carol I]] (1927)
* {{flagu|Kingdom of Romania}}: [[Commemorative Cross of the 1916–1918 War]] (1927)
* {{flagu|Greece|old}}: [[Order of the Redeemer]] (1927)
* {{flagu|Latvia}}: [[Order of the Three Stars]] (1927)
* {{flagu|Empire of Japan}}: [[Order of the Chrysanthemum]] (1928)
* {{flagu|Kingdom of Egypt}}: [[Order of Muhammad Ali]] (1928)
* {{flagu|Netherlands}}: [[Order of the Netherlands Lion]] (1929)
* {{flagu|Holy See}}: [[Order of the Holy Sepulchre (Catholic)|Order of the Holy Sepulchre]] (1929)
* {{flagu|Lithuania}}: [[Order of the Cross of Vytis]] (1930)
* {{flagu|Finland}}: [[Order of the White Rose of Finland]] (1930)
* {{flagu|Portugal}}: [[Military Order of Saint James of the Sword]] (1930)
* {{flagu|Estonia}}: [[Order of the Cross of the Eagle]] (1931)
* {{flagu|Spanish Republic}}: [[Order of the Spanish Republic]] (1935)
* {{flagu|Siam}}: [[Order of the White Elephant]] (1935)
* {{flagu|Colombia}}: [[Order of Boyacá]] (1937)

==Philosophy==
[[File:Praha, Václavské náměstí, Demonstrace 2011, Nebát se a nekrást.jpg|thumb|Motto "Fear not, and steal not" at a demonstration in Prague, 2011]]

Masaryk's motto was "Fear not, and steal not" ({{langx|cs|Nebát se a nekrást}}). A philosopher and an outspoken [[rationalist]] and [[Humanism|humanist]], he emphasised practical [[ethics]] reflecting the influence of Anglo-Saxon philosophers, French philosophy and—in particular—the work of 18th-century German philosopher [[Johann Gottfried Herder]], who is considered the founder of nationalism. Masaryk was critical of [[German idealism]] and [[Marxism]].<ref>Masaryk, T. G.: Otázka sociální, Praha 1896, German 1898 Otázka sociální: základy marxismu filosofické a sociologické I. a II., MÚ AV ČR, Praha 2000 (6. č. vyd.).</ref>

==Personal life==
Masaryk married [[Charlotte Garrigue]] in 1878, and took her family name as his middle name. They met in [[Leipzig]], Germany, and became engaged in 1877. Garrigue was born in [[Brooklyn]] to a Protestant family with French [[Huguenots]] among their ancestors. She became fluent in Czech and published articles in a Czech magazine.<ref>see publications: Charlotta Garrigue Masaryková (Charlie Masaryková): „O Bedřichu Smetanovi“ (About B. Smetana), články v Naší době 1893 (Articles in Journal „Naše doba“ 1893),  Epilogue Miloslav Malý, Masarykovo demokratické hnutí (issued by Masaryk's Democratic Movement, Prague, 2-nd edition), Praha 1993</ref> Hardships during the World War I took their toll, and she died in 1923. Their son, [[Jan Masaryk|Jan]], was a Czechoslovak ambassador in London, [[foreign minister]] in the Czechoslovak government-in-exile (1940–1945) and in the governments from 1945 to 1948. They had four other children: Herbert, [[Alice Masaryková|Alice]], Eleanor and Olga.

Born and raised a [[Catholic]], Masaryk later became a [[Protestant]]; first joining the [[Reformed Church in Austria]] and later the [[Evangelical Church of Czech Brethren]] in 1918 upon Czechoslovak independence, but he was mostly non-practising and rarely attended religious services.<ref name="rozhlas">{{cite web|url=http://www.rozhlas.cz/nabozenstvi/mezinebem/_zprava/masarykuv-vztah-k-nabozenstvi--1464205 |title=Masarykův vztah k náboženství |date=7 March 2015 |language=cs |publisher=rozhlas.cz |access-date=18 July 2016}}</ref> His conversion was influenced by the 1870 declaration of [[papal infallibility]] and by his wife Charlotte, who was raised as a [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]].<ref name="HaanDaskalova2006">{{cite book|author1=Francisca de Haan|author2=Krasimira Daskalova|author3=Anna Loutfi|title=Biographical Dictionary of Women's Movements and Feminisms in Central, Eastern, and South Eastern Europe: 19th and 20th Centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hsgQjbgBOAkC&pg=PA306|access-date=2013-08-07|year=2006|publisher=Central European University Press|isbn=978-963-7326-39-4|pages=306–}}</ref>

==Family tree==
{{tree chart/start}}
{{tree chart|border=0| | | | | | | TGM |-|v|-| Ch | TGM=Tomáš Masaryk|Ch=Charlotte&nbsp;Garrigue}}
{{tree chart|border=0| |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|^|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| }}
{{tree chart|border=0| Alice | | Herbert | |Jan| | Eleanor | | Olga | |Alice=[[Alice Masaryková|Alice]]|Herbert=[[Herbert Masaryk|Herbert]]|Jan=[[Jan Masaryk|Jan]]|Eleanor=Eleanor|Olga =Olga}}
{{tree chart/end}}

==Books==
He wrote several books in Czech, including ''The Czech Question'' (1895), ''The Problems of Small Nations in the European Crisis'' (1915), ''The New Europe'' (1917), and ''The World Revolution'' (''Svĕtová revoluce''; 1925) translated into English as ''The Making of a State'' (1927). [[Karel Čapek]] wrote a series of articles, ''Hovory s T.G.M.'' ("Conversations with T.G.M."), which were later collected as Masaryk's [[autobiography]].

* (1885) ''Základové konkretné logiky'' (''Foundations of Concrete logic''). Prague. ({{langx|de|Versuch einer concreten Logik}}), Vienna, 1887).
* (1898) ''Otázka sociální'' (''The Social Question''). Prague. ({{langx|de|Die philosophischen und sociologischen Grundlagen des Marxismus|link=no}}), Vienna, 1899).
* (1913) ''Russland und Europa'' (''Russia and Europe''). Jena, Germany. (''The Spirit of Russia'', tr. [[Eden Paul|Eden]] and [[Cedar Paul]], London, 1919).
* (1918) ''The New Europe'', London.
* (1919) ''The Spirit of Russia: Studies in History, Literature and Philosophy'', tr. Eden and Cedar Paul, 2 vols. (London: Allen & Unwin, 1919) [https://archive.org/details/cu31924028452336] Vol. 1, [https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.111290/page/n3/mode/2up] Vol. 2.
* (1922) ''The Slavs After the War'', London.
* (1925) ''Světová revoluce'' (''World revolution''). Prague. (''The Making of a State'', tr. H. W. Steed, London, 1927; ''Making of a State'', tr. Howard Fertig, 1970.)

==See also==
* [[1841 Masaryk]], an asteroid
* [[School of Brentano]], a group of philosophers and psychologists who studied with Franz Brentano

== Explanatory notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources and further reading==
* {{cite book | last1 = Bose | first1 = A. C. | year = 1971 | title = Indian Revolutionaries Abroad, 1905–1927 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GkduAAAAMAAJ | publisher = Bharati Bhawan | location = Patna | isbn = 81-7211-123-1}}
* [[Karel Čapek|Čapek, Karel]]. (1931–35). ''Hovory s T. G. Masarykem'' [Conversations with T. G. Masaryk]. Prague. (English translations: ''President Masaryk Tells His Story'', tr. [[M. and R. Weatherall]], London, 1934; and ''Masaryk on Thought and Life'', London, 1938)
* {{cite book | last1 = Masaryk | first1 = T. | year = 1970 | title = Making of a State | publisher = Howard Fertig | isbn = 0-685-09575-4 | url = https://archive.org/details/makingofstate0000masa}}
* {{cite book |last=Orzoff |first=Andrea |title=Battle for the Castle: The Myth of Czechoslovakia in Europe, 1914–1948 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-536781-2}}
* {{cite book | last = Popplewell | first = Richard J | year = 1995 | title = Intelligence and Imperial Defence: British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire 1904–1924. | url = http://www.routledge.com/shopping_cart/products/product_detail.asp?sku=&isbn=071464580X&parent_id=&pc= | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 978-0-7146-4580-3 | access-date = 2008-01-18 | archive-date = 2009-03-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090326193437/http://www.routledge.com/shopping_cart/products/product_detail.asp?sku=&isbn=071464580X&parent_id=&pc= | url-status = dead}}
* {{cite book |last=Preclík|first=Vratislav|title=Masaryk a legie|pages=219|publisher=Paris Karviná in association with the Masaryk Democratic Movement, Prague|year=2019|language=cs|isbn=978-80-87173-47-3}}
* {{cite book | last1=Voska | first1=E.V | last2=Irwin | first2=W | year = 1940 | title = Spy and Counterspy | publisher = New York. Doubleday, Doran & Co}}
* {{cite book | last1=Walzel | first1=Vladimir S. | last2=Polak | first2=Frantisek | last3 = Solar | first3 = Jiri | year = 1960 | title = T. G. Masaryk – Champion of Liberty | publisher = Research and Studies Center of CFTUF, New York}}
* Wein, Martin. ''A History of Czechs and Jews: A Slavic Jerusalem.'' London: Routledge, 2015, 40-65 specifically on T. G. Masaryk and Jews [https://books.google.com/books?id=0bugBgAAQBAJ&q=wein+slavic+jerusalem]
* Wiskemann, Elizabeth. "Masaryk and Czechoslovakia," ''History Today'' (Dec 1968), Vol. 18 Issue 12, pp 844–851 online

==External links==
{{Sister project auto}}
* [https://search.mlp.cz/cz/osoba/16018/#/ak_od=key-eq:16018-amp:navigation-eq:%2Bngeneric4%3A%5E%22ek%22%24n%24-amp:offset-eq:10&ak_o=key-eq:16018 Works by Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk available online and for download from the catalogue of the Municipal Library in Prague]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222054214/https://search.mlp.cz/cz/osoba/16018/#/ak_od=key-eq:16018-amp:navigation-eq:%2Bngeneric4%3A%5E%22ek%22%24n%24-amp:offset-eq:10&ak_o=key-eq:16018 |date=2017-02-22 }} {{In lang|cs}}.
* [http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=ascead;cc=ascead;q1=SC.1983.01;rgn=main;view=text;didno=US-PPiU-sc198301 Thomas G. Masaryk Papers]
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk |sopt=w}}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/019479}}

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