View source for Tiwa languages

{{Short description|Language family in New Mexico, US}}
{{distinguish|Tiwa language (India)|Tewa language}}
{{Infobox language family
| name          = Tiwa
| altname       = Tigua
| ethnicity     = [[Tiwa Puebloans|Tiwa]]
| region        = 4 Pueblos throughout [[New Mexico]], [[Arizona]], [[Ysleta del Sur Pueblo]] in [[El Paso]], [[Texas]]
| familycolor   = American
| fam1          = [[Tanoan languages|Tanoan]]
| child1        = [[Southern Tiwa language|Southern]]
| child2        = Northern ([[Taos language|Taos]]–[[Picuris language|Picuris]])
| child3        = [[Piro Pueblo language|Piro]]? †
| glotto        = tiwa1255
| glottorefname = Tiwa
| child4        = [[Jumano language|Jumano]]? {{extinct}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hickerson |first=Nancy P. |date=October 1988 |title=The Linguistic Position of Jumano |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/jar.44.3.3630262 |journal=Journal of Anthropological Research |language=en |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=311–326 |doi=10.1086/jar.44.3.3630262 |issn=0091-7710|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
}}

'''Tiwa''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|iː|w|ə}} {{respell|TEE|wə}})<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student’s Handbook'', Edinburgh</ref> (Spanish ''Tigua'', also ''E-nagh-magh''<ref>Lane ''in'' Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe (1851-1883) ''Historical and statistical information respecting the history, condition, and prospects of the Indian tribes of the United States; collected and prepared under the direction of the Bureau of Indian Affairs per act of Congress of March 3rd, 1847'' Lippincott, Philadelphia, [http://worldcat.org/oclc/6202862 OCLC 6202862]</ref>) is a group of two, possibly three, related [[Tanoan languages]] spoken by the [[Tiwa Puebloans|Tiwa]] [[Puebloan peoples|Pueblo]], and possibly [[Piro Pueblo]], in the U.S. state of [[New Mexico]].

==Subfamily members and relations==

[[Southern Tiwa language|Southern Tiwa]] is spoken in by around 1,600 people in [[Pueblo of Isleta|Isleta Pueblo]], [[Sandia Pueblo]], and [[Ysleta del Sur Pueblo|Ysleta del Sur Pueblo (Tigua Pueblo)]].

The remaining two languages form a subgrouping known as ''Northern Tiwa''. Northern Tiwa consists of [[Taos language|Taos]] spoken by 800 people in [[Taos Pueblo]] and [[Picuris language|Picuris]] spoken by around 220 people in [[Picuris Pueblo, New Mexico|Picuris Pueblo]].

The extinct language of [[Piro Pueblo]] may also have been a Tiwan language, but this is uncertain (see [[Piro Pueblo language]]).

==History==

After the [[Pueblo Revolt]] against the [[Spain|Spanish]] [[conquistador]]s in 1680, some of the Tigua and Piro peoples fled south with the Spanish to El Paso del Norte (present-day [[Ciudad Juárez]], [[Mexico]]).  There they founded Ysleta del Sur, Texas; [[Socorro, Texas]]; and [[Senecu, Mexico|Senecú del Sur]], Mexico.<ref>Marshall, Michael P. and Walt, Henry J., (1984) "Chapter 11: Pre-Revolt Place Names: Senecú," in ''Rio Abajo: Prehistory and History of a Rio Grande Province,'' New Mexico Historic Preservation Division, Santa Fe, p. 252, {{OCLC|11553460}}</ref> Their descendants continued to live in these communities as late as 1996.<ref>Eickhoff, Randy Lee (1996) ''Exiled: The Tigua Indians of Ysleta del Sur,'' Republic of Texas Press, Plano, Texas, {{ISBN|1-55622-507-5}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Jornada del Muerto]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{Languages of New Mexico}}
{{Tanoan languages}}
{{Indigenous Peoples of NM}}
[[Category:Tanoan languages]]
[[Category:Languages of the United States]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of the Southwestern United States]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of the North American Southwest]]
[[Category:Tiwa Pueblo peoples]]
[[Category:Pueblo culture]]


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